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1

Sifferd, Katrina Lee. "Psychology and the criminal law". Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.412928.

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2

Lavin, Michael. "Understanding limits: Morality, ethics, and law in psychology". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/284605.

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Work by Sales and Lavin has suggested that it is possible to improve the moral and ethical thinking of psychologists. In particular, moral and ethical thinking by psychologists could be improved if psychologists learned to use defensible moral metrics. The usefulness of formal training in ethics and morality, with the implicit condemnation of the moral metrics that might be taught in such training, has been challenged by writers such as Justice Holmes. He has alleged that professionals learn how to behave in their professional roles by practicing them. A variety of problems are noted with Holmes' view. Further, psychologists cannot rely on expert advice from Institutional Review Boards or Ethics Committees, even if they wished to do so. Institutional Review Boards, and by implication Ethics Committees, have serious deficiencies. However, psychologists can make considerable progress in their moral and ethical thinking, if they distinguish ethics from morality and also notice the similarities between moral thinking and scientific thinking and theorizing. A controversy over the recovered-memory therapy is employed to illustrate some of these distinctions and similarities. The argument continues by developing two moral metrics. The first begins with ethics and culminates in moral appraisal. The second makes moral appraisal an earlier step than ethical appraisal. With these metrics described, it is then noted that a popular metric in psychology, that of Koocher and Keith-Spiegel, is inadequate. It is then shown that the two moral metrics earlier described are reasonably believed to be adequate. The adequacy of one of them is directly illustrated with an example involving the question of whether persons with serious mental illnesses should be allowed to enter into contracts that would relax the criteria for their involuntary hospitalization and treatment. It is concluded that teachable, intellectually defensible moral metrics are possible, and that their use would improve the moral and ethical thinking of psychologists.
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3

Smith, Robert Lee. "Educational psychology and the law in child care cases". Thesis, University of Exeter, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.436425.

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4

Frias-Armenta, Martha. "Law, psychology, family relations and child abuse in Mexico". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/288957.

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The purpose of this study was to empirically assess the validity of legal assumptions regarding the use of physical punishment by Mexican parents with their children. Three legal assumptions were identified and tested in the studied Mexican legal framework: (1) parents always act in the best interest of their children; (2) non-severe physical punishment is an adequate and nonharmful strategy for rising children; and (3) parents discriminate between moderate/corrective punishment and severe child abuse. One hundred-fifty mothers living in the Northwestern Mexican State of Sonora were interviewed regarding their use of physical punishment with their children, their knowledge of the law regarding their and their children's' rights and duties, their perceptions of their legal obligations in regard to their disciplinary practices with their children, their disciplinary beliefs, their monitoring of their children, the frequency of maltreatment they received from their parents, their levels of depression/anxiety, their antisocial behaviors, and their alcohol consumption levels. In order to validate the legal assumptions, three structural models were specified and tested. The first model tested the assumption that physical punishment is used in the best interest of children. In this model, the perception of a legal prerogative to use physical punishment was found to increase violence against children. In contrast, parental knowledge of child and parental rights and obligations was inversely related to punitive disciplinary beliefs, while such beliefs were positively associated with child punishment and negatively associated with child monitoring. The second model estimated the effect of a history of mothers' vicitimization during childhood on their adult behavior. It was found that being maltreated as a child was associated positively with antisocial behavior and depression/anxiety, which in turn affected positively alcohol consumption and harsh parenting. The third model estimated the covariance between moderate punishment and severe punishment. Results showed that the correlation between them was higher than the factor loadings between each latent construct and their corresponding observed variables. This finding indicates that parents do not discriminate between moderate and severe punishment, invalidating the assumption that parents are aware of limits between what can be considered abuse and disciplinary punishment. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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5

Charbonneau, Amanda K. "The Law and Psychology of Suspicion and Police Decision-Making". Thesis, University of California, Berkeley, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13423893.

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Police officers decide to detain and search civilians under uncertainty and risk, and both false positive and false negative errors can be costly. The courts apply the reasonable suspicion standard of proof to evaluate the constitutionality of nonconsensual stops and searches, placing an ambiguous and subjective assessment of a poorly understood psychological state at the center of laws, policies, and trainings on police-civilian contact. The law and psychology of suspicion may have important effects on the frequency, accuracy, and reporting of policing decisions. Investigating those effects requires an understanding of the policy landscape of police decision-making and the basic psychology of suspicion.

In this dissertation, I explore suspicion as a legal concept and as a psychological experience. I describe the role of the reasonable suspicion standard in judicial evaluations of the constitutionality of police practices, and the implications for the guidelines and trainings that agencies provide to officers. I contend that legal and quantitative analyses of policing practices should incorporate an understanding of the psychology of individual decision-making and the incentives created by the regulatory environment. The constitutional analysis assumes that civilian behavior, situational circumstances, and prior knowledge all affect an officer’s experience of suspicion and subsequent actions. Very little is known, however, about the basic psychology of suspicion and how it might affect judgment and decision-making.

I investigate the psychological properties and covariates of interpersonal suspicion as reported by lay participants in a series of studies, establishing a baseline to which I will compare the effects of training and professional experience in future research. Using latent variable models and automated text analyses, I find that during experiences of interpersonal suspicion of a stranger, people tend to question the stranger’s intentions and experience intuition, attentiveness, and wariness. In these situations, distrust is more closely associated with emotional arousal than interpersonal suspicion. On average, female participants report slightly higher situational interpersonal suspicion relative to male participants, and participants who identify as Black or African American report lower suspicion relative to those who identify as White, Latino, or Hispanic.

Relative to participants, the people who are targets of situational suspicion are more often described as male, Black, and Latino. On average, participants report a similar degree of suspicion across perceived target gender and racial categories, but there are significant differences among the associated emotions, inferences, and behavioral responses. Participants describing male and Black targets report experiencing greater fear and believing that the target’s behavior was dangerous. Participants describing male targets are more likely to report inferring that the target’s behavior was criminal, relative to participants describing female targets.

The dispositional tendency toward interpersonal suspicion is associated with neuroticism and low agreeableness in two samples of university students, and these findings are insensitive to variations in measurement instruments. In a simulation where university students take on the role of a police officer and report their suspicion in response to either Black or White male targets, I find that aggregate measures of dispositional interpersonal suspicion are uncorrelated with ratings of situational suspicion in response to the stimuli, which do not differ significantly by race of the target. An exploratory analysis suggests that dispositional suspicion, as measured by a single item, is associated with higher ratings of situational suspicion in response to White targets only.

My findings suggest that during experiences of interpersonal suspicion of strangers, people tend to question the stranger’s intentions and experience intuition, attentiveness, and wariness, and that the type of cognitive arousal associated with suspicion may be context-specific. In the concluding discussion, I also identify findings that could be particularly relevant in the legal context, including the salience of intuition in experiences of suspicion and the variation associated with target race in the correlates of suspicion. I aim to advance the current understanding of suspicion and establish a foundation for future research on its role in legal decision-making.

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6

Mullins, Eddie. "The process of the law of attraction and the 3rd law, law of allowing". Online version, 2008. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2008/2008mullinse.pdf.

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7

Bullard, González Alfredo, Domingo Rivarola, Crovetto Guillermo Cabieses e Rozas Freddy Escobar. "Discussion on the contribution of behavioral psychology and neuroscience in Law". IUS ET VERITAS, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/122648.

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The current round table gathers four renowned specialists infields such as Law and Economics, Civil Law, Litigation, and others, inorder to discuss the relevance and impact of the development of behavioral psychology and neuroscience in Law. thus, the guests addressthe criticism directed from the mentioned study fields to the modelof individual rationality that underlies traditional legal institutions.
La presente mesa redonda convoca a cuatro reconocidos especialistas en materias como el Análisis económico del Derecho, Derecho Civil, Derecho Procesal, entre otras, con la finalidad de discutir la relevancia e impacto que tienen los recientes descubrimientos realizados por el desarrollo de la psicología conductual y las neurociencias en el Derecho. De esta forma, los invitados abordan el cuestionamiento que se dirige desde las áreas de estudio referidas hacia el modelo de racionalidad individual que subyace a las instituciones jurídicas clásicas.
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8

Mastro, Puccio Fernando del. "The animic dimension of law: a preliminary approach from analytic psychology". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2016. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/116207.

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This paper presents a proposal of interdisciplinary approach between analytic psychology and law. From the basis of Carl G. Jung’s theoretical framework, we argue that the law is animated by psychic contents of archetypical nature, which shape the way in which humans relate with rules and authority and impact how we regulate as a society. The paper introduces myth interpretation as a means to comprehend that animic dimension of law and describes the concepts, techniques and cares that should guide the analysis. An interpretation of the fall of Adam and Eve is conducted as an example of the proposed interdisciplinary approach. The analysis leads us to argue that the psychic tendency to separate the inner self from the outer self, with the relegation of the former, derives in the domination of the masculine over the feminine and in a relationship characterized by distance and fear between humans and the authority. The regulation that arises from that context is one also marked by separation, fear of sanctions and is focused on the external behavior. The image of Jesus is thus presented as compensatory one since it tends to the reunion of the inner with the outer and of the feminine with the masculine, which derives in a regulation substantially different from that of the Old Testament.
En el presente artículo compartimos una propuesta de aproximación interdisciplinaria entre la psicología analítica y el derecho. Partiendo del marco teórico de Carl G. Jung, argumentamos que el derecho está animado por contenidos psíquicos de naturaleza arquetípica que moldean el modo en que el ser humano se vincula con la norma y la autoridad, marcando también anímicamente el modo en que nos regulamos como sociedad. En el trabajo se presenta la interpretación de mitos como herramienta para comprender dicha base anímica y se desarrollan los conceptos, técnicas y cuidados que deben guiar dicho análisis. Se presenta también un ejemplo de interpretación de la historia bíblica de la caída de Adán y Eva, relatada en el capítulo tercero del Génesis. Nuestra interpretación nos lleva a postular que la tendencia a separar la realidad interior de la exterior en el ser humano, con olvido de la primera, lleva a la dominación de lo masculino frente a lo femenino y al establecimiento de una relación de lejanía y temor entre el ser humano y la autoridad, fuente de la norma, lo que conduce a un modelo de regulación también lejana, centrada en el temor a la sanción y enfocada en el exterior de la conducta. Frente a esta lectura, la figura de Jesús será mostrada como compensatoria, en tanto busca la reunión de lo interior con lo exterior y de lo masculino con lo femenino, lo que da lugar a un modo de regulación sustancialmente diferente al del Antiguo Testamento.
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9

Silkstone, Christine. "Psychopathy in South African criminal case law between 1947 and 1999: an exploration of the relationship between psychology and law". Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/12009.

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Includes bibliographical references.
This study drew on South African criminal case reports containing judicial pronouncements on psychopathy between 1947 and 1999 to explore the historical relationship between psychology and the law. In criminal law, where mental illness is alleged, the issue of responsibility arises. During the period of the study, there were important legal developments in the criminal law relating to criminal responsibility, including the formulation of a statutory test for capacity in 1977 that did away with the M’Naghten Rules and irresistible impulse principle, ... Diminished responsibility was also entrenched in the criminal law in the same Act. Psychopathy provided an interesting case study as, in terms of legal thinking, a diagnosis may indicate pathology but is not of a degree that it necessarily follows that it would be unreasonable to assign blame in law.
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10

Holtgrave, Vanessa M. "Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Traits in Law Enforcement". Thesis, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3673014.

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This research provides original data on the study of obsessive-compulsive personality traits in law enforcement. The study explored prevalence of obsessive-compulsive personality traits (OCPT) in law enforcement (compared to the general population) in association with the occupational need for such characteristics in that profession (orderliness, organized, attentive to detail, display restricted affect, adhere to laws and regulations, and assume leadership roles). While many studies seek to explain police personality, no literature could be found regarding prevalence of OCPT in sworn peace officers. Degree of OCPT was measured by the total mean score on the Five Factor Obsessive-Compulsive Inventory (FFOCI) and compared using a one-tailed independent samples t-test. Differences between two groups across 12 subscales were analyzed retroactively using a MANOVA for qualitative descriptions of each group. Research revealed, with statistically significant results (p<.01), that prevalence of OCPT is significantly higher overall in law enforcement peace officers when compared to non-law enforcement participants. Results from this study contribute meaningfully to police psychology within the field of forensic psychology. Results have the potential to influence supplemental assessment for peace officer candidacy screening.

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11

Lickiss, Stephanie J. "Pre-Employment Integrity Testing with Law Enforcement and Security Applicants| A Closer Look at the Law Enforcement Applicant Inventory (LEAI)". Thesis, Alliant International University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3639877.

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Law enforcement agencies face the difficult task of identifying suitable individuals to take on jobs that require certain skills and characteristics. Training new hires requires these agencies' resources, so an important aspect of the hiring process is maximizing these resources and ensuring that as many of these individuals as possible will succeed. Pre-employment screening tools can assist with hiring by identifying notable characteristics, pathology, and attitudes either related to, or vastly different from, the position. Many assessment exist that can contribute to the pre-employment screening process, such as the Law Enforcement Applicant Inventory (LEAI).

The goal of this study was to explore the relationships between scales on the LEAI to better understand how these different areas of interest correlate. Pearson's r statistics were compiled to identify the correlations between each of the eight LEAI scales, including the Honesty, Nonviolence, Drug Avoidance, Risk Avoidance, Safety, Stress Tolerance, Criminal Justice Orientation (CJO), and Candidate Potential Index (CPI) scales. The results showed that all of the LEAI scales were statistically significantly correlated, p < .01, with large effect sizes, r2 < .14. A post-hoc power analysis was also run to further investigate these correlations. Each post-hoc analysis yielded a power = 1.00, which may have been affected by the large sample size. Additionally, this study focused on expanding the readily available reliability statistics for the LEAI. Reliability statistics were provided for the Honesty, Nonviolence, Drug Avoidance, Risk Avoidance, Safety, Stress Tolerance, and CJO scales in the form of Cronbach's alpha coefficient and split-half reliability.

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12

Walton, Samantha. "Guilty but insane : psychology, law and selfhood in golden age crime fiction". Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/7793.

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Writers of golden age crime fiction (1920 to 1945), and in particular female writers, have been seen by many critics as socially and politically detached. Their texts have been read as morality tales, theoretically rich mise en scenès, or psychic fantasies, by necessity emerging from an historical epoch with unique cultural and social concerns, but only obliquely engaging with these concerns by toying with unstable identities, or through playful, but doomed, private transgressions. The thesis overturns assumptions about the crime novel as a negation of the present moment, detached and escapist, by demonstrating how crime narratives responded to public debates which highlighted some of the most pressing legal and philosophical concerns of their time. Grounded in meticulous historical research, the thesis draws attention to contemporary debates between antagonistic psychological schools – giving equal space to debates within psychoanalysis and adaptive neuroscience – and charts how these debates were reflected in crime writing. Chapter two explores the contestation of the M’Naghten laws on criminal responsibility in light of Ronald True’s case (1922), followed by readings of crime narratives in which perpetrators have ambiguous and controversial legal status in regard to criminal responsibility. At the intersection of psychiatric discourse and the popular literary imagination, a critical and ethical perspective developed which not only conveyed a version of psychological discourse to a wider public, but profoundly reworked the foundations of the genre as the ritual unveiling of deviancy and the restoration of the rational institutions of society. In similar vein, chapter three explores the status of the ‘Born Criminal’ in law and medicine, and looks at crime writer Gladys Mitchell’s efforts to expose both the pitfalls of categorisation, and competing discourses’ limitations in adequately accounting for crime. Chapter four, whilst maintaining close medical-legal focus, opens up the study to consider how understandings of deviant selfhood in modernist writing inflected crime writers’ representations of unconscious and epileptic killers. Finally, chapter five continues this intertextual approach by asserting that certain crime novels express an exhaustion with the genre’s classic rational and scientific heroes, and turn instead to the affective epistemologies and notions of subconscious synthesis concomitantly being celebrated in modernist writing. Altering the position of the authoritative detective in ways that profoundly alter the politics of the form, the chapter and the thesis in total propose a reading of golden age crime fiction more responsive to cultural, psychological and legal debates of the era, leading to a reassessment of the form as neither escapist nor purely affirmative of the status quo.
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Reyes, Natasha. "The Psychology Surrounding Legal Standards of Competency and Representation for Children in U.S. Immigration Court". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2019. https://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/2097.

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In recent years, immigration detentions have spiked. Further, the Zero Tolerance Policy enacted by President Trump has separated thousands of children from their families. Because many children are without their parents, and immigration court is civil in nature, thousands of children are placed in deportation hearings without representation each year. Child psychological research is at odds with the current deportation practices as psychological research deems children unable to understand the complexities of the court system or the impacts of deportation proceedings. A minimum competency to stand trial must be enacted to protect young children’s due process rights, regardless of citizenship. Further, children should be protected through a guardian ad litem or other legal representatives as they are a vulnerable class. This paper examines the relationship between the current legal standards for immigration court, relevant child psychological research, and explores policy recommendations for immigration competency standards and representation requirements.
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14

Fishfader, Vicki Lynn. "Evidential and extralegal factors in jury verdicts: Presentation mode, retention, and level of emotionality". Scholarly Commons, 1994. https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/uop_etds/2774.

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It is becoming commonplace for video technology of various forms to be utilized in modern courtrooms. However, little research exists on how the use of videos in the courtroom influences jury decision making. Studies on this topic could lead to greater understanding of the mechanisms by which jurors arrive at their decisions. For example, jurors are instructed not to let emotional factors impact their decisions, yet attorneys often appeal to a juror's conscience rather than his or her intellect in trying to win a case. In order to examine these issues, the present study attempted to answer two main questions. First, does video footage influence jurors more than traditional oral testimony? Second, if video evidence does have a strong impact on juror decisions, what are the mechanisms by which this occurs? Participants examined actual materials from a civil case presented in one of three formats: print (transcripts), traditional oral testimony, or traditional testimony plus audiovisual recreation. They were given the Profile of Mood States (POMS) as a pre-and post-test measure of emotional state. Furthermore, they were tested on retention of factual material and asked to designate damage awards as well as responsibility levels of both the plaintiff and defendant in the case. Results indicated that a number of changes in mood state occurred following stimulus presentation, regardless of the stimulus presentation mode or gender of the subject. The five POMS scales on which this pattern appeared were the Depression-Dejection scale, the Fatigue-Inertia scale, the Anger-Hostility scale, the Vigor-Activity scale, and the Total Mood Disturbance scale.
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15

Rizzi, Emanuele. "The Coordinative Structure of Polyrhythmic Performance and Korte’s Third Law". The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1420648641.

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16

Browning, Samuel Lee. "Risk and Resilience in Law Enforcement Stress: Contributions of the Law Enforcement Officer Stress Survey (LEOSS)". Thesis, NSUWorks, 2013. https://nsuworks.nova.edu/cps_stuetd/14.

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Law enforcement is a high-risk profession associated with myriad sources of stress. Stressors from the law enforcement agency, family, law enforcement subculture, special assignments, and critical incidents encountered on the job result in a wide range of negative psychological and physical sequelae for large numbers of law enforcement officers (LEOs). LEOs have increased rates of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), depression, and substance abuse compared to the general population. While nearly all officers are exposed to critical incidents, not all develop posttraumatic stress symptomatology. Research addressing resilience to law enforcement stress remains nascent; however, a growing body of research, borrowing from positive psychology, resilience research, and spirituality, has begun to identify several protective factors. Identifying negative stress reactions is a critical step in prevention, intervention, and recovery for LEOs. Several assessment measures have been proposed over the years to address this issue. One such measure, the Law Enforcement Officer Stress Survey (LEOSS) has shown promise in early detection of law enforcement stress, and has demonstrated strong psychometric properties with regard to validity and internal consistency. The purpose of the current study was to further evaluate psychometric properties of the LEOSS vis-a-vis construct validity. This study utilized archival data from a non-clinical sample of LEOs, who completed the LEOSS, among other measures of law enforcement stress and resilience, in order to identify predictors of both negative stress reactions and positive coping. To assess construct validity, principal components factor analysis was employed. Results indicated strong loadings with other measures of law enforcement and general stress measures, as well as differential loadings for the LEOSS and resilience measures. A correlation matrix was constructed to address specific aspects of convergent and discriminant validity. Findings indicated moderate correlations between the LEOSS and measures of law enforcement stress, as well as a lack of significant correlations with measures assessing resilience and social desirability. Finally, multiple regression analyses were used to reveal predictors of law enforcement stress and resilience. Results from the LEOSS were relatively consistent with other stress measures. Clinical implications and directions for future research are discussed.
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Jenkins, Ginger Lee. "Negative Appraisal Correlation to PTSD Symptoms Among Law Enforcement Officers". ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7155.

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Law enforcement officers are exposed to traumatic events through their daily work responsibilities. Traumatic events have increased within recent decades and can have long-term and critical outcomes on officers such as health concerns, long-term psychological issues, social impairment, and work performance. Thus, this quantitative study was conducted to explore negative appraisals of cumulative traumatic events and their relation to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms in law enforcement officers. Based on the theoretical framework for the study, Ehlers and Clark's cognitive model, negative appraisals involve how an individual interprets a situation, negative appraisals of traumatic events lead to maladaptive behavior and the inability to cope causes persistent PTSD symptoms. Investigative and patrol law enforcement officers from central Florida completed surveys based on cumulative trauma, negative appraisals, and post-traumatic stress symptoms. Results of multiple regression analysis and Pearson's correlation coefficient indicated that cumulative trauma did not predict negative appraisals; however, cumulative trauma and negative appraisals significantly predicted PTSD symptoms. This study can enhance positive social change by encouraging future studies on cognitive processing and the development of specialized prevention and intervention protocols to assist in diminishing long-term effects of traumatic events.
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18

Coey, Charles A. "Complexity and Coordination: Power-Law Scaling in the Temporal Coordination of Complex Systems". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1439282201.

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Hedge, Krystal Anne. "Judicial decision making in Atkins cases| Examining the influence of psychological reports and judicial attitudes". Thesis, The University of Alabama, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3726077.

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The impact of psychological assessment report style (i.e., deficit- versus strength-based reports), report content (e.g., claimant educational background, details of the instant offense, prison behavior), and judicial attitudes toward intellectual disability (ID) were assessed with regard to judicial decision-making in a mock Atkins case. A between-groups study (i.e., strength- and deficit-based report groups) was conducted through the use of a mixed-mode design. Participants included 122 judges serving in either federal or state courts.

Results supported the hypothesis that the style in which a psychological assessment report is written is influential in final case outcome. Specifically, the strength-based report group was significantly more likely to find against ID than the deficit-based group, and the deficit-based group was more likely to find in favor of ID than the strength-based group. Contrary to the hypotheses, judicial attitudes toward ID did not predict the extent to which participants weighed certain report content in their final decision (i.e., relevant evidence against ID, not relevant to the decision, relevant evidence in favor of ID). However, the results showed that the extent to which participants weighed the claimant’s index offense to be evidence in support of ID was a significant predictor of final case outcome; when the index offense was viewed as evidence against ID, participants were more likely to find against ID. Personal experience with the ID population was not a significant predictor of final case outcome, but as knowledge of the diagnostic criteria increased, participants were more likely to find in favor of ID. The perceived credibility of the psychologist who authored the mock report did not predict participant agreement with the report’s final conclusion regarding ID.

Overall, the results of this study indicated that the general style in which psychological assessment reports were written influenced judicial decision-making in a mock Atkins case. In addition, the results of this study revealed that attitudes toward and experience with ID were less influential in judicial decision-making than initially believed. Knowledge of ID was revealed to be a significant predictor of final case outcome. The limitations of this study and suggested directions for future research are discussed.

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20

Gavin, Paul. "The lived experiences of Irish prisoners in England and Wales in the context of their mental health". Thesis, Kingston University, 2017. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/41908/.

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This thesis is a qualitative study into the lived experiences of Irish prisoners in England and Wales in the context of their mental health. It is the first such study to examine the mental health of Irish prisoners in this jurisdiction and it is hoped that it may pave the way for future research to be conducted in this area. This study utilises an indicative approach and can be considered as a postmodernist examination of mental health in the prison setting. In order to examine this topic a series of semi-structured interviews were conducted with 37 Irish ex-prisoners who had served a sentence in England and Wales. Thematic analysis of data was undertaken. Theoretical and data led themes include: identifying mental health needs, the availability of healthcare services, depression, isolation and paranoia in prison, self-harm and suicide in prison, addiction, education, family contact, accommodation and being Irish in prison. This research addresses a gap in the prison literature by providing a sociological and criminological assessment of Irish prisonersm as well as investigating aspects of mental ill-health amongst this group of prisoners in England and Wales. previous research has identified foreign nationals as a vulnerable group within the prison system and there has been an increasing amount of research undertaken on the subject of foreign national prisoners in recent years. However, there has been very little research undertaken on the various sub-categories of foreign national prisoners and this includes Irish prisoners. This thesis considers the position of foreign national prisoners, Irish prisoners, and Irish Travellers in prison in England and Wales. It demonstrates that Irish prisoners in England and Wales appear to share a similar mental health experience to that of the general prisoner population. It also demonstrates that Irish Travellers suffer a wide range of difficulties in prison on a daily basis, including racism and discrimination, mental health problems and difficulties relating to poor levels of literacy.
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Fihla, Priscilla Mandlakazi. "Relationships among Law School Experience and Selected Personality and cognitive Style Variables". The Ohio State University, 1986. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1392220414.

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VASCONCELLOS, URSULA SIMOES DA COSTA CUNHA. "HAPPINESS AND THE LAW: A CRITICAL APPROACH FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF EXPERIMENTAL PHILOSOPHY AND BEHAVIOURAL PSYCHOLOGY". PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO, 2017. http://www.maxwell.vrac.puc-rio.br/Busca_etds.php?strSecao=resultado&nrSeq=31972@1.

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PONTIFÍCIA UNIVERSIDADE CATÓLICA DO RIO DE JANEIRO
CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO
O direito à felicidade vem, recentemente, ganhando destaque dentro do universo jurídico brasileiro. Sua relevância ganhou uma dimensão ainda maior com a apresentação de duas Propostas de Emenda à Constituição (n.º 19 e 513, de 2010) que tiveram como objetivo inclui-lo no rol de direitos fundamentais. Apesar do arquivamento destas PECs, o posicionamento que vem ganhando destaque entre os juristas brasileiros é que o direito à felicidade está implícito em nosso ordenamento. Entretanto, isso pode não ser benéfico para o ordenamento jurídico, tendo em vista as pesquisas recentes produzidas pela filosofia experimental e pela psicologia comportamental. As primeiras demonstram que o conceito ordinário de felicidade, além de capturar o estado psicológico do agente, possui – diferentemente do esperado – um componente valorativo; enquanto as segundas demonstram que as pessoas, de maneira sistemática, falham em prever ou escolher (caso tenham previsto) aquilo que maximiza sua felicidade. Partindo dessas contribuições, trabalha-se com três hipóteses: (1) O conceito de felicidade, por ser simultaneamente psicológico e valorativo, é bastante variável em virtude da concepção moral de cada sujeito, o que pode trazer resultados negativos para a tomada de decisão judicial; (2) Os diferentes vieses aos quais os indivíduos estão sujeitos no momento de avaliar o que lhes traz mais felicidade podem gerar resultados contrários ao esperado em casos juridicamente relevantes; e (3) Devido às limitações impostas a todos os sujeitos, é prejudicial para o direito a positivação do direito à felicidade. A partir da utilização de uma metodologia tanto bibliográfica quanto experimental, foi possível comprovar as duas primeiras hipóteses da pesquisa, além de terem sido encontrados fortes indícios de que a terceira também está correta. Conclui-se que não vale a pena para o ordenamento jurídico, ao menos no atual cenário jurídico brasileiro, positivar o direito à felicidade às custas da assunção de riscos possivelmente desastrosos para o direito.
The right to happiness has recently gained relevance in Brazil s Constitutional Law debate, mostly because of two Proposed Constitutional Amendments aiming to constitutionalize such right. Even though such amendments did not pass, most legal scholars have adopted the position that the right to happiness is implicit in our legal system. However, this might not be beneficial for the legal system, when taken into consideration the recent finding from the fields of experimental philosophy and behavioral psychology. Research from the former demonstrates that the ordinary concept of happiness, besides capturing the psychological states of an agent, captures – unexpectedly – moral evaluations; while research from the latter demonstrates that people, systematically, fail in predicting and making decisions (if they had predicted) that maximize their happiness. From this point, the research attempts to prove three hypotheses: (1) the concept of happiness, because of its psychological and evaluative components, is highly variable due to the moral conceptions of each subject, what might implicate in negative results for cases based on its grounds; (2) The different types of biases that affect people s decision on what makes them happier might lead to results contrary to the expected in legally relevant cases; (3) Due to the limitations imposed to all people, the insertion of the right to happiness might be extremely harmful to the legal system. With the use of a bibliographical and experimental methodology, it was possible to prove the first two hypotheses presented, as well as to find reliable grounds that point toward the correctness of the third. Therefore, the work concludes that, at least in Brazil s current legal scenario, it is not worth constitutionalizing the right to happiness if this means taking the risks of producing possibly disastrous results for the legal system.
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23

Goss, Cynthia L. "Utilizing the brotherhood of law enforcement personnel| The need for a statewide peer officer support model". Thesis, State University of New York Empire State College, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1549120.

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The purpose of this project was to demonstrate the need for a state-wide peer officer support model. Although support services were available, there were inconsistencies in how they were made available throughout the state. A survey was carried out to identify these discrepancies and advise on best practices and recommendations. One major obstacle was the issue of stigma attached to seeking assistance that prevents most officers from seeking services. The survey identified that peer officer support programs have higher rates of utilization over EAPs and mental health professionals. The vast majority of supervisors and officers were supportive of an option for peer officer training and supportive training programs. Smaller departments had fewer services available than larger departments showing a need for a state-wide peer support program. By utilizing the brotherhood of law enforcement personnel, administrators can help to build the foundation of a strong peer support model.

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24

Kohlrieser, George A. "The role of personality characteristics in cardiovascular reactivity and recovery in law enforcement officers /". The Ohio State University, 1988. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487587604131216.

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Edmands, Lilian S. "The effect of legal judgements on responsibility taking behaviour : an exploratory study". Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2006. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/328.

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Proponents of the therapeutic jurisprudence school of law point out that legal decisions may have important psychological consequences. They propose that research should peristently examine the impact of legal decisions on the psychological functioning of individuals. Judged by letters and articles within the media, one area of legal decision making that requires such an examination is the effect that judgements within prominent civil cases may have ,on subsequent individual responsibility taking of members of the community.
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Stein, Lilian Milnitsky 1959. "Memory falsification in children: A developmental study of spontaneous and implanted false memories". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282700.

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Stimulated by applied concerns, the literature on children's false memories has proliferated for the past decade. Two different types of memory falsification have been identified: spontaneous and implanted. The former results from endogenous distortion processes, and, the later arises exogenously through accidental or deliberate suggestion or misinformation. This study is the first to look at developmental trends in children's memory falsification comparing spontaneous and implanted false memories under similar conditions, by introducing a new experimental paradigm. Two age groups participated in this study: (1) 50 first and second graders, and (2) 49 seventh and eighth graders. Children first studied 42 sentences about everyday events. Either in the same day or a week later, misinformation was presented by replacing some of the original sentences with misleading ones. Children's memory was assessed by both an immediate and a one-week delayed forced-choice recognition test. The test choices included original items and unpresented items, some of which were related to the originals. Item repetition was manipulated within and between tests. Results indicated that children's memories were susceptible to the effects of misinformation. Developmentally, true memory reports increased with age, but there were no age differences in children's false report rates. The comparison between spontaneous and implanted false memories under specific experimental manipulations yielded the following results: (1) Memory accuracy was greater when children were tested immediately following study; (2) the misinformation effect was greater with delay; (3) within-test repeated questioning generated neither gains nor losses in memory accuracy; (4) a prior test produced a gain in memory accuracy on a week-later test only for older children; (5) implanted false memories were preserved across a one-week forgetting interval better than spontaneous false memories, and this effect increased with age. Different theoretical accounts of memory falsification were analyzed in light of the results. Fuzzy-trace theory provided new explanations that could account for the data by assuming that different classes of memory representations about experienced events--verbatim and gist--are retrieved on memory tests.
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Fortney, Michael B. "The Relationship among Stress Appraisals, Personality Traits, and Coping Strategies within Law Enforcement Agencies| A Quantitative Analysis". Thesis, Northcentral University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10128496.

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The importance of understanding how individuals appraise and cope with stressors is essential in the overall effective management of stress, especially in high-stress professions such as law enforcement. This study focused on understanding the reasons behind the dissimilarities in the appraisal of stressors and subsequent employment of different coping strategies among a sample of law enforcement officers. Although different variables have been examined independently, there was no clear understanding of the potential relationships between variables such as personality characteristics and coping strategies, especially when considering the appraisal of stressors. The purpose of this quantitative, correlational study was to examine the relationship among appraisal of occupational stressors, personality traits, and coping strategies for a sample of 97 law enforcement officers from the West Virginia State Police and the Federal Bureau of Investigation National Academy Associates. This study included the appraisals of occupational stressors and personality traits as predictor variables and coping strategy choices will serve as the criterion variable. Multiple regression analyses were planned in order to evaluate how stress appraisals and personality traits predict coping strategies. Data were collected by using questionnaires consisting of the Operational Police Stress Questionnaire to measure stress appraisals, the Brief COPE Inventory Questionnaire to identify coping strategies, and the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-3) to provide information on the Big Five Personality constructs. An insufficient number of officers completed the stress questionnaire to complete all of the planned analyses. However, results from multiple regression analyses using personality traits to predict coping suggested that certain personality traits are strongly associated with particular types of problem and emotion-focused coping. These findings have provided a better understanding of personalities and how those fit within the coping process for law enforcement officers.

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Kashani, Reza. "The Needs of At-Risk Residents and the Design of Community Policing in Detroit". Thesis, Ashford University, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13862597.

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Detroit has high rates of criminal activities and significant numbers of at-risk residents who have challenges with different types of hardship that include economic issues. Although hardships may include various types of challenges, at-risk residents of Detroit are economically challenged because of Detroit’s economic downfall. The economic hardships lead to the inability to provide for dependent family members, to battle poverty and addiction, and to possibly other family and societal problems. In larger cities, particularly those economically challenged such as Detroit, because of the inability to hire more patrol officers as the result of insufficient financial resources, police seek the collaboration efforts of community members in the form of community policing to reduce crime. Community policing programs are used to reduce the crime and improve the perception of the police among the residents of Detroit, but they are not effective community policing programs as they do not relate to the needs of economically challenged at-risk citizens. The problem is that ineffective community policing increases the crime in Detroit. The purpose of this study was to investigate and identify the needs of the economically challenged at-risk residents of Detroit as perceived by those at-risk residents of Detroit who are identified through private-public organizations and to compare those needs with those perceived by the police pertaining to community policing programs. This may help in developing effective community policing programs. It was important in this study to identify the needs of the community residents who may perceive that there is no other way to survive but to commit crime that should be considered in developing community policing programs. The study identified education and training as the most significant issues that challenge the economically at-risk residents of Detroit. This study found that the economically at-risk residents of Detroit believe no help is available to them, but the members of the community police officers stated that some help is available for the economically at-risk residents; however, they are unaware of the programs that can benefit them. Police stated that various programs that can feed, clothe, educate, and teach various skills to the economically at-risk residents of Detroit are available and the community policing officers through current neighborhood policing programs can direct the residents to proper resources that they may need. The research instrument consisted of semi-structured interviews of at-risk residents focusing on issues that could identify the people’s needs and attempt to understand if the current community policing programs have been addressing these needs of Detroit’s at-risk residents. In this study, the results of the interviews and the questionnaires’ responses were used to identify, code, and categorize patterns found in the improving the community policing in Detroit data.

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Lieberman, Joel David 1967. "Cognitive-experiential self-theory and juror decision-making". Diss., The University of Arizona, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/282446.

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Cognitive-experiential self-theory maintains that there are two principal ways of processing information. The first is in a rational mode; the second is in an experiential (emotional) mode. Previous research has demonstrated that when participants are motivated to process information experientially, they tend to rely on heuristic cues in their decision making. However, when participants are motivated to think in a rational mode, they devote greater attention to the information presented to them, and make more accurate decisions. This may have an impact on legal decision making. Attorneys in personal injury trials often attempt to present their case in a manner directed at either rational or emotional processing, under the assumption that emotional jurors will be supportive of the plaintiff while rational jurors will be supportive of the defendant. However, in an attempt to motivate emotional processing attorneys may inadvertently activate heuristic cues that have an impact on juror decision making, such as the defendant attractiveness bias (previous research has demonstrated that attractive defendants receive more lenient sentences than unattractive defendants). The hypothesis that an attractiveness-leniency effect would occur when individuals were in an experiential mode, but not when they were in a rational mode was tested. Mock jurors were put into either an experiential or rational mode through the use of a number of materials and trial evidence. They were then presented with a photograph of a defendant who was either high or low in physical attractiveness. Following this, a transcript of a personal injury trial and relevant jury instructions were presented. Finally, participants rendered verdicts on a number of measures including monetary damages, liability verdicts, and assessments of negligence. The results indicated that an attractiveness-leniency effect was operative when individuals were in an experiential mode, but not when they were in a rational mode. However, this effect appears to be limited to variables that are emotionally oriented, rather than ones that require analytic reasoning. The paper concludes with a discussion of the potential implications of cognitive-experiential self-theory on juror decision making in a variety of related areas.
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30

Avalle, Diana. "A Study of the Perspectives of Law Students Regarding False Confessions and Coercive Interrogation Tactics". Thesis, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10788415.

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The purpose of this research is to address how coercive police interrogation tactics can lead to a phenomenon rising in social consciousness, false confessions, with specific attention paid to the most popular form of police interrogation tactics, the Reid Technique. This research surveyed current law students to understand their perspectives regarding perceived coercion of certain interrogation tactics and the likelihood that such coercive interrogation tactics would elicit a false confession. The researcher also set out to determine if providing the psychology behind coercive interrogation tactics, and how they may lead to false confessions is perceived as useful to law students, and how likely it is that they would utilize such information in their future practices. This research is a first of its kind in that no other research has examined false confessions as related to law students; the only research regarding surveying criminal justice professionals surveyed law enforcement professionals, the interrogators, themselves. Although, presumably, due to a low sample size no significance was determined for the intervention used, there are still practical applications for the results of the research conducted.

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31

Irving, Antionette V. "Occupational Stress and Law Enforcement Officer Significant Relationships". Thesis, Northcentral University, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10600665.

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The purpose of this study was to explore the occupational stress on law enforcement officer relationships and if there is a positive or negative impact. Researchers suggest that law enforcement officers carry occupational stress and work- related behaviors home, which may cause negative impacts on their relationships. To accomplish this task a mixed method study examined occupational stress as perceived by law enforcement personnel assignments throughout the Tri-cities of Richmond Virginia to include the County of Henrico and the City of Richmond to determine the existence of stress experienced and relationships. There is not enough known about the difficulties officers experience in their relationships with their loved ones resulting from occupational stress and whether such factors have negative or positive impacts on their emotions and behaviors when at home. A qualitative method of research included one-on-one interviews with 15 full time active law enforcement officers from various ranks, genders, and assignments. Additionally, quantitative methods of research included the usage of Police Stress Questionnaire (PSQ-Op and PSQ-Org) to measure both operational and organizational stress, and the Revised Dyadic Adjustment Scale (RDAS) to measure the influence on relationships of the officers. These surveys were administered to 89 full time active law enforcement officers from various ranks, genders, and assignments from the City of Richmond and the County of Henrico.

The conceptual themes endorsed by the law enforcement officers were (1) impact of occupational stress, (2) communication and stress (3) whether occupational stress is negative or positive, and (4) resources and support system for significant others. The differences in how the law enforcement officers perceived their stress and the implications on their relationships include (1) lack of resources for significant others, (2) officers finding ways to manage stress, (3) significant others finding ways to manage stress, (4) officer need to communicate with significant other, (5) providing informational and educational sessions for significant others (6) support system for significant others and family members and (7) department providing a support system of resources to manage stress for officers.

The results found suggest implications for law enforcement departments to implement several items to assist with officer occupational stress and their significant relationships. The results of the study described the need for programs, services and resources for officers and their significant others. This includes (1) orientation for officer significant others to assist with understand work schedules and work demands of officers, (2) provide counseling sessions and peer network groups for significant others, (3) provide appreciation and reward to officers that will create a positive work environment, (4) improving training programs to assist officers with physical, emotional and psychological stressors, and (5) intervention measures to assist officers to perform at their highest level and reduce a stressful home environment for their families reducing strain on relationships.

The law enforcement officers perceived that their departments should do more to assist their significant others in understanding their work demands. Additionally, officers explained the departments must do more to ensure that their significant understand what to do if the officer is experiencing occupational stress or a traumatic incident. The officers expressed that their occupational stress have both negative and positive implications in their significant relationships. The officers explained the importance of communication with their significant other as it relates to occupational stress and their relationships

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Pedigo, Leslie. "Cognitive Ability Testing and Selection: A Review of Court Decisions Since 1991". TopSCHOLAR®, 2004. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/511.

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Cognitive ability testing is utilized by many organizations in the selection process. Historically, cognitive ability testing has resulted in group differences in scores, particularly between Caucasians and African-Americans. Such group differences can result in adverse impact. This impact can lead to legal ramifications for the organization utilizing the cognitive ability test. The present study examined ten factors to determine their relationship to the findings of the courts in cases involving cognitive ability tests. The factors examined were gender of the plaintiff, reason for the lawsuit, workplace setting, group or individual plaintiffs, standardadized versus unstandardized tests, validation of the tests, development in-house or by a consultant, other test involvement, jury versus summary judgment, and the verdict of the court. As hypothesized, courts tend to rule in favor of defendants when the cognitive ability test in question has been properly validated. The majority of the plaintiffs were members of a minority group, and the number of race-based discrimination court cases was significantly greater than the number of gender-based discrimination court cases. Only one court case was included in the study that had utilized a jury; no determination of jury versus judge rulings could be made.
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33

Sicafuse, Lorie L. "Mock Jurors' Attributions and Attributional Processes in a Medical Malpractice Case| Examining the Influence of Plaintiff Weight, Juror Characteristics, and Deliberations". Thesis, University of Nevada, Reno, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3707907.

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Research suggests that most Americans harbor weight-related prejudices, which can translate into discrimination against the obese across a variety of contexts. Yet, little is known about how anti-fat bias may influence juror decisions in cases involving an obese trial participant. This study examined the main and interactive effects of plaintiff weight, deliberations, and individual differences on jurors’ decisions in a medical malpractice case. The Culpable Control Model (CCM) was used to ground the research and to help illuminate the attributional processes underlying mock jurors’ decisions.

College student mock jurors were presented with a photograph of either a normal weight or obese plaintiff and assigned to non-deliberating or deliberating conditions. After reading the case summary, non-deliberating jurors rendered case judgments independently and responded to a series of items designed to measure attributional processes in accordance with the CCM. Deliberating jurors also reviewed the case summary independently but then discussed the case in small groups; each group rendered case judgments as a jury. Following deliberations, jury group members were instructed to provide independent, “individual level” responses to the same series of items completed by the non-deliberating jurors. Several individual differences were assessed in the total sample, including belief in a just world (BJW), belief in the protestant work ethic (BPWE), and anti-fat attitudes (AFAs).

Results revealed no main effects of plaintiff weight on case-related judgments or on any of the measures of attributional processes. However, deliberations and several individual difference variables moderated the effects of plaintiff weight on the dependent variables. Contrary to expectations, deliberations appeared to exacerbate rather than attenuate the effects of anti-fat bias on jurors’ decisions. Compared to non-deliberating jurors, deliberating jurors were more likely to find the obese plaintiff responsible for the negative medical outcome and awarded fewer non-economic damages to the obese plaintiff. Numerous individual differences variables moderated the effects of plaintiff weight on the dependent variables, but BJW was the strongest, most consistent moderator. As expected, those with stronger just world beliefs were less likely to find the defendant liable and were overall more punitive toward the obese plaintiff than those with weaker beliefs. Analyses further indicated that jurors’ attributional processes were consistent with those proposed by the CCM, such that their initial reactions to the case and the plaintiff and defendant influenced their interpretation of attributional information and criteria, which in turn influenced their case decisions. Significant findings not directly tied to formally advanced hypotheses also emerged. Overall, deliberating jurors were more lenient toward the defendant than non-deliberating jurors. In addition, analyses revealed several main effects of individual difference variables on case judgments and attributional processes.

This research is limited in terms of verisimilitude and generalizability; yet, it also yields many significant findings that have thus far been undocumented in published studies. Both the contributions and limitations of this study illuminate exciting directions for future research. In particular, more research is needed to clarify how anti-fat bias may affect jurors’ in particular circumstances, how civil jurors’ decisions may be impacted by deliberations and individual differences more generally, and how the CCM can best be used to help understand decision-making in applied contexts.

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34

Kus, Elizabeth A. "The Relationship Between Sex Offender Legislation and Psychosocial Factors". Thesis, The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3637159.

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Sex offender legislation is designed to make communities feel safer, with little or no empirical data utilized in the law's creation. The existing research indicates that rates of rapes have decreased since major sex offender legislation was developed and implemented. However, the research has also demonstrated that no significant effect occurred regarding recidivism rates following the passage of sex offender legislation.

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Weill, Joanna M. "Incarceration and social networks| Understanding the relationships that support reentry". Thesis, University of California, Santa Cruz, 2017. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10244913.

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Previous research demonstrates that social support is essential for successful reentry into the community after incarceration. However, little research examines how incarceration itself impacts social support and how individuals with different incarceration histories have different experiences of social support. This dissertation examined how individuals’ social networks, social support, and wellbeing are predicted by incarceration history. Formerly incarcerated men returning from jail and prison (N = 68) were interviewed in a procedure designed to collect information about their criminal justice histories, to map their social networks, to provide open-ended feedback about their reentry experience, and to collect a variety of other relevant demographic and scale measures. Analyses of the resulting data provided little evidence that an individual’s most recent incarceration impacts their social network, social support, or wellbeing. However, conditions of individuals’ previous and lifetime incarcerations did have significant predictive power. Individuals who were incarcerated for longer in prison in the past, incarcerated in any setting for longer in the past, incarcerated in any setting for longer throughout their lifetime, and/or incarcerated further from home throughout their lifetime were found to have less support available to them. Conditions of previous and lifetime incarceration also predicted alter closeness, the incarceration history of alters, and participant wellbeing. The relationships between previous and lifetime incarceration and these outcomes were not mediated by participants’ prisonization or by their identification with people inside or people outside of prison and jail. Qualitative analyses provided additional information about support during reentry, including highlighting the physical and emotional distance created by incarceration, the important role that technology and social media plays in support after reentry, and the complicated nature of relationships with other individuals who have been incarcerated. These findings can be used by correctional facilities, probation and parole officers, and non-profit and government service providers to help determine which reentering individuals are least likely to have support and close network members, and which individuals are most likely to have a greater prevalence of formerly incarcerated network members and poor wellbeing. Providing these individuals with additional reentry services has the potential to reduce recidivism and increase public safety.

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Hall, Susan Rebecca. "Assessing emotional distress in abused children during videotaped investigative interviews: The effect of risk and protective factors". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280419.

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Social science research shows that many maltreated children suffer adverse psychological consequences, but less evidence exists to identify which children may be more or less at risk for such effects. In addition, some negative effects may be compounded when abused children interact with the criminal justice system. While public policies and procedures have been modified to address these issues (e.g., courtroom accommodations), little research has assessed which children would benefit most from them. To fill these needs, the present study: (a) tested the concurrent criterion validity of a new clinical-forensic assessment tool, the Videotaped Interview Trauma Assessment List (VITAL), a behavioral observation instrument that, when fully validated, can be used with other methods to assess emotional distress, risk/protective factors, and need for courtroom accommodations in allegedly abused children, and (b) assessed how risk and protective factors affected allegedly abused children's emotions and behaviors during actual investigative interviews. The results from the present study lend support to the concurrent criterion validity of the VITAL, because it functionally measured the children's existing emotional state and assessed the impact of interviewers' questions/statements on children's emotions/behaviors. Results were consistent with prior research on investigative interviewing and risk/protective factors. Specifically, the investigative interviews were generally an uncomfortable experience for the children; however, the presence of one or more sources of social support resulted in statistically significantly lower internalizing ratings (i.e., sadness, anxiety, embarrassment, withdrawal). Similarly, non-offending parental support tended to result in lower internalizing and depression ratings. While ratings of children's internalizing or externalizing emotions/behaviors were not affected by the majority of risk factors proposed in prior research (i.e., higher frequency of abuse, threat or use of force, closer relationship between the alleged abuser and the child, higher degree of intrusiveness of sexual abuse, less time in rapport, and family dysfunction), some trends were indicated (e.g., longest duration of alleged abuse tended to result in the most externalizing behavior, higher number of investigative interviews tended to result in higher internalizing and lower positive ratings). Future validity research on the VITAL is recommended because behavioral instruments are virtually absent in psycho-legal child maltreatment research and practice.
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Krauss, Daniel Avram. "The effect of clinical vs. scientific expert testimony on mock juror decision-making in capital sentencing". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289106.

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The Supreme Court and many state courts have assumed that jurors are capable, with the aid of adversary procedures (i.e., cross-examination and competing experts), of differentiating less accurate clinical opinion expert testimony (testimony based solely on a clinician's years of experience within the field) from expert testimony based on more sound scientific footing, and appropriately weighing these two types of testimony in their decisions. Psychological literature on both persuasion and jury decision-making suggests, however, that this assumption is dubious. Using a simulated capital sentencing hearing based on Texas law, this experiment investigated whether mock jurors are more influenced in their decision-making by clinical opinion expert testimony or actuarial expert testimony (testimony based on standardized risk assessment instrument). The effectiveness of different types of adversary procedures in eliminating the influence of expert testimony was also investigated. Results suggest that jurors are more influenced by clinical opinion expert testimony than they are by actuarial expert testimony, and this preference for clinical opinion expert testimony remains even after the presentation of adversary procedures. Limited empirical support was found for the notion that various types of adversary procedures will have differential impact on the influence of expert testimony on juror decisions. The legal and policy implications of these findings are discussed.
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English, Peter Wayne. "Behavioral and social facts in legal decision making". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/289881.

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Behavioral and Social Facts in Legal Decision Making provides a coherent framework for thinking about the social science and legal decision making interface. It takes as its premise that valuable lessons may be learned by examining a variety of legal decisions and their relationship to pertinent social and behavioral facts. It describes and explains these lessons in three parts. Section I introduces this relationship by demonstrating that behavioral and social factual knowledge can be critical in legal decision making, that the knowledge may have multiple sources, and that it can be used to address a variety of issues, interests and concerns held by various parties with an interest in the legal decision. Having established that the relationship between social science and legal decision making is an important one, Section II shows how and why behavioral and social facts can be used in legal decision making. Five primary uses are illustrated. First, behavioral and social facts can be used to identify and evaluate legal assumptions. Second, behavioral and social facts can be used by legal decision makers to establish social and legal policy. Third, behavioral and social facts can be used to settle factual disputes. Fourth, behavioral and social facts can be used to help resolve constitutional issues. Finally, behavioral and social facts can be used to educate legal decision makers so that they can make more effective and informed decisions. Despite the many potential benefits of using behavioral and social facts in legal decision making, Section III acknowledges that the relationship does not always work out as anticipated. Deficiencies may exist within either the behavioral and social facts or the legal decision maker. For example, the legal decision maker may choose to ignore relevant behavioral and social facts. Other problems may exist: The behavioral and social facts may not yet exist, or if they do exist, they may not directly address the specific issues with which the legal decision maker is concerned. Finally, the behavioral and social facts may suffer from methodological or statistical flaws that limit their application.
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Dring, Kathleen. "Changes Implemented Pursuant to the Insanity Defense Reform Act: Effect on Trial by Jury Outcome". W&M ScholarWorks, 1993. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625843.

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Tufano, Susanne. "Role Identity and the Transition from Police Department to Civilian Life". ScholarWorks, 2018. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/5952.

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An individual may internalize their role as a police officer which may affect identity when that role is changed at retirement. The purpose of this study was to measure the identity role effects of former police personnel who have transitioned from a police department to civilian life. Past research has indicated identity change with role transition. Social identity theory addressed individuals who categorize, identify, and compare themselves as part of a group. Role theory addressed behavior based on social membership, which may change when roles are transitioned. Adjustment regarding a voluntarily verses a forced early retirement from a police department was measured, along with continuation of work after retirement versus not continuing to work after retirement. Also, adjustment of retired police officers who continue employment in a police- related field versus a non-police-related field was measured along with length of retirement. A sample of 204 retired police personnel was recruited and participants completed a questionnaire. Data were analyzed to address the research questions using independent sample t-tests and one- way ANOVAs to determine relationships between variables. Results indicated that police officers are significantly better adjusted to a voluntary retirement versus a forced retirement from a police department, as p < .05. No difference in adjustment regarding continuation of employment after retirement from a police department, continued employment in a police-related or non-police-related field, or length of retirement of police officers was found. This study may potentially benefit communities in understanding that police departments could aid retired police officers with identity well-being in retirement.
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41

Wilson, Tierra. "Courtroom Psychology during Criminal Trials and its Therapeutic Role on Victims and Offenders". ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7099.

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In the legal and mental health fields little is known about the therapeutic impact of courtroom psychology during criminal trials. The purpose of this research study was to investigate the inter-relating factors of law and psychology throughout criminal trials as experienced by lawyers and psychologists. Research questions explored the influence of courtroom psychology on criminal trial proceedings and challenges as experienced by both criminal trial attorneys in presenting mental health evidence, and by psychologists when testifying during criminal trials. Further exploration focused on the significance of courtroom psychology, and how lawyers and psychologists perceived courtroom psychology impacting justice for victims and influencing offender rehabilitation sentencing decisions. Procedural justice was the conceptual framework utilized in this investigation, and therapeutic jurisprudence was the theoretical base that guided this study. A qualitative-phenomenological research design was applied by interviewing 4 criminal law attorneys and 4 clinical forensic psychologists. Four themes emerged from the thematic analysis of the data collected: (a) an increase in the enhancement of psycho-legal services, (b) a need for additional education, (c) a desire to improve professional relationships through collaborative efforts, and (d) a demand for requiring advanced training. These results may serve as a foundation for professionals to provide ethically effective and relevant legal-therapeutic services for progressing courtroom psychology measures. Implications for positive social change from this research include recommendations to government, legal, and mental health system entities to consider generating and readjusting standards of practice that govern criminal trial proceedings.
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42

Morrell, Catherine M. "Salivary Cortisol, Rank, and Perceived Control Among Law Enforcement Personnel". Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1322838902.

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43

Pearson, Rachel Quinn. "A Review of Supreme Court Cases Involving Workplace Retaliation: 2006-2018". TopSCHOLAR®, 2018. https://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/2096.

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Employers want to reduce or eliminate claims of employee retaliation whenever possible because of associated negative organizational consequences such as legal liability, various financial costs for the organization, and negative effect on employee morale. As such, it is important to identify the factors that impact the court’s decision to rule in favor of the plaintiff or the defendant. The purpose of the present study is to identify factors driving the court’s decision, as well as to review the implications of recent Supreme Court holdings for retaliation issues. Supreme Court cases involving a claim of employee retaliation from BNSF v. White (2006) to the present were reviewed and coded on factors likely to influence the court’s decision. Implications associated with these factors and the implications of relevant Supreme Court holdings are discussed. The ability of the plaintiff to establish all three prongs of a retaliation claim was found to be important for the court to rule in his/her favor. If the retaliatory act meets or exceeds the EEOC deterrence standard, the court tended to favor the plaintiff. Finally, the results suggest that the plaintiff should use the organization’s grievance policy, if there is one, as the court tended to rule favorably for the plaintiff when he/she used the available grievance policy. Additional implications are explored and limitations are discussed.
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Groebe, Matthew Elliot. "Behavioral mimicry in the courtroom: Predicting jurors' verdict preference from nonconscious mimicry of attorneys". Miami University / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1384364661.

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45

Wasim, Fatima. "South Aasian American daughter-in-law/ mother-in-law relationships, cultural values conflict, and help-seeking for domestic violence". Thesis, Oklahoma State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3641446.

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The South Asian American population growth rate is high, however, there is little research regarding their mental health concerns and low utilization of services. One of the most understudied and complex issues is the interpersonal relationships of South Asian women, specifically the relationship between a daughter-in-law and mother-in-law. This study is a first to examine the relationship between a South Asian daughter-in-law and mother-in-law living in the US through a combination of feminist and relational-cultural perspectives. Also investigated are the help-seeking sources daughter-in-laws use for personal/emotional and domestic violence concerns. Participants in this web-based, descriptive study were 155 married (or previously married) South Asian American women (ages 18-69), who had a mother-in-law. Most identified as Muslims or Hindus. T-tests, correlations, and standard multiple regression analyses were used to examine the relationship between the daughter-in-laws' perceptions of their relationship with their mother-in-laws, cultural values, and formal and informal help-seeking for personal/emotional and domestic violence issues. Instruments used were adapted to be culturally sensitive. Thirty-five percent of the participants reported psychological abuse and 23% reported emotional abuse by their mother-in-laws. All identified caring and controlling aspects of their relationship with their mother-in-law. Most of the women did not meet full criteria for partner violence, however the daughter-in-law/mother-in-law relationship differed between the women who were abused by their partner and those who were not. Perceived care and control from mother-in-law was related to daughter-in-law's sex role expectations, partner violence, and help-seeking. Daughter-in-law's help-seeking sources differed depending on the type of problem; as with previous studies and cultural expectations most identified informal help-seeking sources. Higher care from mother-in-law predicted lower help-seeking intentions from mother-in-law for personal issues and domestic violence. Sex role expectations and partner violence predicted help-seeking from minister for personal issues. Intimate relations and partner violence predicted higher likelihood of help-seeking from minister for domestic violence. To promote interpersonal health among South Asian American women, it is necessary to explore and comprehend the nature of in-law relationships and study both positive and the negative in-law relationships. Implications of these findings for women's personal relationships, for clinical work and future research needs are discussed.

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46

Maleski, David Joseph. "Genetic risk : tort law and the inherited predisposition for dangerous behavior". Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/30018.

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Hamby, Beverly Annette. "Differences in Judging Styles of Law-Students and the Effect on Sentencing". W&M ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626014.

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48

Wilson, K. Spencer. "The effects of stress and social support on health outcomes among first-year law students /". free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2001. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3025664.

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Enfield, Marissa Leigh. "Supply vs. Demand: Re-Entering America's Prison Population into the Workforce". Scholarship @ Claremont, 2012. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/102.

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Because rejoining the workforce may prevent against ex-offender recidivism, securing gainful employment is one of the best indicators of successful societal reintegration for released prisoners. However, the stigma attached to a criminal history, combined with ex-prisoners’ lack of human capital, may threaten their ability to obtain a job. The present study examines hiring managers’ attitudes towards previously imprisoned offenders applying for positions in their workplace. Using a combination of brief, fictional applicant biographies and surveys, this mixed-groups factorial study explores how hiring managers (N= 28) consider gender, type of offense, and race when an ex-offender is assessed during the application process. Results indicated that, regardless of their offense, gender, and race, ex-prisoners were generally perceived to be less employable and less likely to have work-related characteristics such as honesty and the ability to communicate effectively.
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50

Morgan, Barbara M. "Promoting the moral and conceptual development of law enforcement officers: A deliberate psychological educational approach". W&M ScholarWorks, 1998. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1550154137.

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