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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Psychoanalysis and literature – england"
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Archard, Philip John, e Michelle O'Reilly. "Containment and beneficence in psychoanalytically informed social work research". Social Work and Social Sciences Review 22, n.º 3 (20 de setembro de 2022): 28–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1921/swssr.v22i3.1755.
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This article adds to literature addressing research beneficence from a psychoanalytic perspective, providing reflections focussing on notions of containment and container-contained dynamics as derived from the Kleinian/post-Kleinian tradition of psychoanalysis. It does so by reference to the accounts of participants in a study which explored how professionals working in local authority children’s services in England experience the suffering of parents. In this research, a psychoanalytically informed interview approach was used, and space was provided for participants to reflect on the experience of participation. The variable representation of this experience is considered along with the experience of the researcher carrying out the interviews. Questions are raised about using the language of containment in the context of this research approach and whether this may say more about a researcher’s desire to be helpful to participants and less about participants’ actual experiences (and a genuinely psychoanalytically based understanding of them).
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Yunita, Wina, Sarwiji Suwandi e Edy Suryanto. "KEPRIBADIAN TOKOH UTAMA DAN NILAI KERJA KERAS DALAM NOVEL RANTAU 1 MUARA KARYA FUADI SERTA RELEVANSINYA DENGAN PEMBELAJARAN APRESIASI SASTRA DI SMA". Basastra: Jurnal Bahasa, Sastra, dan Pengajarannya 6, n.º 2 (6 de dezembro de 2019): 191. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/basastra.v6i2.37706.
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<em>This study aims to describe and explain (1) the intrinsic element;(2) personality aspect of the main character;(3) character education; and(4) the relevance of the personality of the main character and the value of character education in the novel Rantau 1 Muara Fuadi with learning literature appreciation in High School.This research is a descriptive-qualitative research which used psychology literature approach. The data collection techniques used in this study were document analysis techniques and interviews. The data validity techniques used were data triangulation and source triangulation.The results of this research showed that the structural elements that build include: the theme of education, groove mix, setting a place located in Bandung, Jakarta, Maninjau, America, and England, the personality, the standpoint of using the technique of acknowledgment and the message to consistently pursue ideals.Through the three dimensional character is obtained figures of Alif and Dinara. The personality of the main characters in the novel, analyzed using Freud’s psychoanalytic theory which includes three personality structures Id, Ego, and Superego. Novel Rantau 1 Muara also contains the value of hard work education found on the main characters, Alif and Dinara. Novel Rantau 1 Muara is relevant to the learning of literature appreciation in high school class XII.</em>
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Rahayu, Anik Cahyaning. "THREE CRITICAL APPROACHES IN LITERARY CRITICISM: AN EXAMPLE ANALYSIS ON MATTHEW ARNOLD’S DOVER BEACH". ANAPHORA: Journal of Language, Literary and Cultural Studies 2, n.º 2 (9 de março de 2020): 64–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30996/anaphora.v2i2.3366.
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To approach a work of literature can be done in different ways. Some approaches can be used to analyze a literary work, such as psychological, historical, sociological, etc. To analyze one literary work, more than one approach can be applied. This article is an example of analyzing a poem, Mattew Arnold's Dover Beach from three different critical positions, the formalist, the sociological, and psychoanalytical. The formalist critics view work as a timeless aesthetic object. We may find whatever we wish in the work as long as what we find is in the work itself The sociological critic views that to understand Arnold’s ‘Dover Beach’, we must know something about the major intellectual social current of Victorian England and how Arnold responded to them. All psychoanalytic critics assume that the development of the psyche in humans is analogous to the development of the physique. ‘Dover Beach’ is richly suggestive of the fundamental psychic dilemma of man in civilization.
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Tingle, Nicholas, Marshall W. Alcorn e Mark Bracher. "Literature and Psychoanalysis". PMLA 101, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1986): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/462538.
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Ingersoll, Earl G., e Garry M. Leonard. "Literature and Psychoanalysis". Canadian Journal of Irish Studies 23, n.º 2 (1997): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25515228.
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Dawson, Terence. "Literature and psychoanalysis". European Legacy 21, n.º 1 (24 de agosto de 2015): 90–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10848770.2015.1072432.
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Mladek, Klaus, Thomas Anz, Christine Kanz e Rainer J. Kaus. "Psychoanalysis in Literature". German Quarterly 75, n.º 4 (2002): 440. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3252213.
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Berman, Emanuel. "Psychoanalysis as Literature?" Contemporary Psychoanalysis 43, n.º 2 (abril de 2007): 298–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00107530.2007.10745911.
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Beattie, Hilary J. "Psychoanalysis and Literature". Contemporary Psychoanalysis 53, n.º 4 (2 de outubro de 2017): 614–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00107530.2017.1391541.
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Woodward, James, e Daniel Rancour-Laferriere. "Russian Literature and Psychoanalysis". Modern Language Review 86, n.º 3 (julho de 1991): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3731138.
Texto completo da fonteTeses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Psychoanalysis and literature – england"
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O'Rourke, Teresa. "The poetics and politics of liminality : new transcendentalism in contemporary American women's writing". Thesis, Loughborough University, 2017. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/33558.
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By setting the writings of Etel Adnan, Annie Dillard, Marilynne Robinson and Rebecca Solnit into dialogue with those of the New England Transcendentalists, this thesis proposes a New Transcendentalism that both reinvigorates and reimagines Transcendentalist thought for our increasingly intersectional and deterritorialized contemporary context. Drawing on key re-readings by Stanley Cavell, George Kateb and Branka Arsić, the project contributes towards the twenty-first-century shift in Transcendentalist scholarship which seeks to challenge the popular image of New England Transcendentalism as uncompromisingly individualist, abstract and ultimately the preserve of white male privilege. Moreover, in its identification and examination of an interrelated poetics and politics of liminality across these old and new Transcendentalist writings, the project also extends the scope of a more recent strain of Transcendentalist scholarship which emphasises the dialogical underpinnings of the nineteenth-century movement. The project comprises three central chapters, each of which situates New Transcendentalism within a series of vertical and lateral dialogues. The trajectory of my chapters follows the logic of Emerson s ever-widening circles , in that each takes a wider critical lens through which to explore the dialogical relationship between my four writers and the New England Transcendentalists. In Chapter 1 the focus is upon anthropological theories of liminality; in Chapter 2 upon feminist interventions within psychoanalysis; and in Chapter 3 upon the revisionary work of Post-West criticism. In keeping with the dialogical analogies that inform this project throughout, the relationship examined within this thesis between Adnan, Dillard, Robinson and Solnit and the nineteenth-century Transcendentalists is understood as itself reciprocal, in that it not only demonstrates how my four contemporary writers may be read productively in the light of their New England forebears, but also how those readings in turn invite us to reconsider our understanding of those earlier thinkers.
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Lindsay, Stuart L. "Reading Chernobyl : psychoanalysis, deconstruction, literature". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/21790.
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This thesis explores the psychological trauma of the survivors of the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, which occurred on April 26, 1986. I argue for the emergence from the disaster of three Chernobyl traumas, each of which will be analysed individually – one per chapter. In reading these three traumas of Chernobyl, the thesis draws upon and situates itself at the interface between two primary theoretical perspectives: Freudian psychoanalysis and the deconstructive approach of Jacques Derrida. The first Chernobyl trauma is engendered by the panicked local response to the consequences of the explosion at Chernobyl Reactor Four by the power plant’s staff, the fire fighters whose job it was to extinguish the initial blaze caused by the blast, the inhabitants of nearby towns and villages, and the soldiers involved in the region’s evacuation and radiation decontamination. Most of these people died from radiation poisoning in the days, weeks, months or years after the disaster’s occurrence. The first chapter explores the usefulness and limits of Freudian psychoanalytic readings of local survivors’ testimonies of the disaster, examining in relation to the Chernobyl event Freud’s practice of locating the authentic primal scene or originary traumatic witnessing experience in his subjects’ pasts, as exemplified by his Wolf Man analysis, detailed in his psychoanalytic study ‘On the History of an Infantile Neurosis’ (1918). The testimonies read through this Freudian psychoanalytic lens are constituted by Igor Kostin’s personal account of the disaster’s aftermath, detailed in his book Chernobyl: Confessions of a Reporter (2006), and by Svetlana Alexievich’s interviews with Chernobyl disaster survivors in her book Voices from Chernobyl: The Oral History of a Nuclear Disaster (2006). The second chapter argues that Freudian psychoanalysis only provides a provisional, ultimately fictional origin of Chernobyl trauma. Situating itself in relation to trauma studies, this thesis, progressing from its first to its second chapter, charts the geographical and temporal shift between these first and second traumas, from trauma-as-sudden-event to trauma-as-gradual-process. In the weeks following the initial Chernobyl explosion, which released into the atmosphere a radioactive cloud that blew in a north-westerly direction across Northern Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Estonia, Finland and Sweden, symptoms of radiation poisoning slowly emerged in the populations of the abovementioned countries. To analyse the psychological impact of confronting this gradual, international unfolding of trauma – the second trauma of Chernobyl – the second chapter of this thesis explores the critique of the global attempt to archivise, elegise and ultimately understand the Chernobyl disaster in Mario Petrucci’s elegies, compiled in his poetry collection Heavy Water: A Poem for Chernobyl (2006), the horror film Chernobyl Diaries (2012, dir. Bradley Parker), and Adam Roberts’ Science Fiction novel, Yellow Blue Tibia (2009). Analysing the deconstructive approach of Jacques Derrida in these texts – his notions of archive fever, impossible mourning and ethical mourning – this chapter argues that the attempt to interiorise, memorialise and mourn the survivors of the Chernobyl disaster is narcissistic, hubristic and violent in the extreme. It then proposes that Derrida’s notion of ethical mourning, outlined most clearly in his lecture ‘Mnemosyne’ (1984), enables us to situate our emotional sympathy for survivors – who, following Derrida’s lecture, are maintained as permanently exterior and inaccessible to us – in our very inability or failure to comprehend or locate the origin of their Chernobyl traumas. The third and final chapter analyses the third trauma of Chernobyl: the psychological and physiological effects of the disaster on second-generation inhabitants living near the Exclusion Zone erected around the evacuated, cordoned-off and still-radioactive Chernobyl region. These second-generation experiences of living near a sealed-away source of intense radiation are reconstructed in literature and videogaming: in Darragh McKeon’s novel All That Is Solid Melts Into Air (2014), Hamid Ismailov’s novel The Dead Lake (2014) and the videogame S.T.A.L.K.E.R: Shadow of Chernobyl (2007), developed by the company GSC Game World. The analysis of these texts is informed by Nicolas Abraham and Maria Torok’s psychoanalytic theory of the intergenerational phantom: the muteness of a generation’s history which returns to haunt the succeeding generations. This chapter will explore the psychological effects upon second-generation Chernobyl survivors, which result from these survivors’ incorporation or unconscious interiorisation of their parents’ psychologically repressed traumatic Chernobyl experiences, by analysing reconstructions of this process in the abovementioned texts. These parental experiences, echoing the Exclusion Zone as a denied physical space, have been interred in inaccessible psychic crypts. By way of conclusion, the thesis then offers an alternative theory of reading survivors’ Chernobyl trauma. Survivors’ restaging of their Chernobyl witnessing experiences as jokes enables them to cathartically, temporarily abreact their trauma through the laughter that these jokes engender.
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Baker, Philip Paul. "Beckett and psychoanalysis". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.334953.
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Johnson, Scott. "Systemic concepts in literature and art". Diss., This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07282008-135409/.
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Chisholm, Dianne Lynn. "H.D.'s Freudian poetics : psychoanalysis in translation". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1988. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.293388.
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Wright, Laurie Jo. "Unravelling countertransference : three case histories from literature". Thesis, University of Kent, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.319225.
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Ray, Nicholas. "Tragedy and otherness : Sophocles, Shakespeare, psychoanalysis". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2002. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3052/.
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The thesis is concerned with the relationship between psychoanalysis and tragedy, and the way in which psychoanalysis has structured its theory by reference to models from tragic drama - in particular, those of Sophocles and Shakespeare. It engages with some of the most recent thinking in contemporary French psychoanalysis, most notably the work of Jean Laplanche, so as to interrogate both Freudian metapsychology and the tragic texts in which it claims to identify its prototypes. Laplanche has ventured an ‘other-centred’ re-reading of the Freudian corpus which seeks to go beyond the tendency of Freud himself, and psychoanalysis more generally, to unify and centralise the human subject in a manner which strays from and occults some of the most radical elements of the psychoanalytic enterprise. The (occulted) specificity of the Freudian discovery, Laplanche proposes, lies in the irreducible otherness of the subject to himself and therefore of the messages by which subjects communicate their desires. I argue that Freud’s recourse to literary models is inextricably bound up with the ‘goings-astray’ in his thinking. Laplanche’s work, I suggest, offers an important perspective from which to consider not only the function which psychoanalysis cells upon them to perform, but also that within them for which Freud and psychoanalysis have remained unable to account. Taking three tragic dramas which, more or less explicitly, have borne a formative impact on Freud’s thought, and which have often been understood to articulate the emergence of ‘the subject’, I attempt to set alongside Freud’s own readings of them, the argument that each figures not the unifying or centralising but the radical decentring of its principal protagonists and their communicative acts. By close textual analyses of these three works, and by reference to their historical and cultural contexts, the crucial Freudian motif of parricide (real or symbolic) which structures and connects them is shown ultimately to be an inescapable and inescapably paradoxical gesture: one of liberty and autonomy at the cost of self-division, and of a dependence at the cost of a certain autonomy.
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Bayley, Melanie. "Mathematics and literature in Victorian England". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.527279.
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Keir, Kenneth J. "The translating effect : Neil M. Gunn, psychoanalysis and Scottish modernism". Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2012. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=194785.
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Neil Gunn was one of the principal writers of the Scottish Literary Renaissance movement, the earlytwentieth century flowering of modernist literature in Scotland. Although some commentators have noticed the frequent mentions of psychoanalysis in his work, until now no wider study has been undertaken. In this thesis, I look at Gunn's interest in psychoanalysis in a number of different ways. This is down with the two-fold aim of first, providing a modern assessment of Gunn's work, and second, examining more broadly the history of modernism in Scottish literature. In the introduction, I propose an understanding of modernism based on the literary exploration of new theories of, in this case the mind. I argue that a complex understanding of the interplay of these new theories and literature serves better than a more simple concern with either intellectual developments or changes in literary form alone. In the first section, I look at Sun Circle and The Serpent in the light of psychoanalytic theories of 'primitive' psychology and the history of religion. In the second, I look at Highland River and The Silver Darlings in the light of Freudian and Jungian theories of personal development, regression, and childhood. In the third, I look at the way in which Gunn explores Freud's theories of the warring life- and deathinstincts in both The Shadow and The Lost Chart. I conclude by looking briefly at how Gunn's literary explorations of psychoanalysis link with the work of later writers such as Muriel Spark, Robin Jenkins, Alexander Trocchi, Alasdair Gray, Kenneth White and Alan Spence.
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Crook, H. Marie. "The writing cure : psychoanalysis and the contemporary memoir". Thesis, University of York, 2002. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/10823/.
Texto completo da fonteLivros sobre o assunto "Psychoanalysis and literature – england"
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J, Sokol B., ed. The Undiscover'd country: New essays on psychoanalysis and Shakespeare. London: Free Association Books, 1993.
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Kaplan, Louise J. The family romance of the impostor-poet Thomas Chatterton. New York: Atheneum, 1988.
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Kaplan, Louise J. The family romance of the impostor-poet Thomas Chatterton. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.
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Kaplan, Louise J. The family romance ofthe impostor-poet Thomas Chatterton. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.
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Vine, Steve, ed. Literature in Psychoanalysis. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-21354-8.
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Parkin-Gounelas, Ruth. Literature and Psychoanalysis. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-13362-5.
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Rancour-Laferriere, Daniel, ed. Russian Literature and Psychoanalysis. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/llsee.31.
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Daniel, Rancour-Laferriere, e Conference on Russian Literature and Psychoanalysis (1987 : University of California, Davis), eds. Russian literature and psychoanalysis. Amsterdam: J. Benjamins Pub. Co., 1989.
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Valentine, Kylie. Psychoanalysis, Psychiatry and Modernist Literature. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403919366.
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Shlomith, Rimmon-Kenan, ed. Discourse in psychoanalysis and literature. London: Methuen, 1987.
Encontre o texto completo da fonteCapítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Psychoanalysis and literature – england"
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Long, Will. "Psychoanalysis". In The Palgrave Handbook of Philosophy and Literature, 489–517. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-54794-1_23.
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Cooper, Seiso Paul. "Literature Review". In Psychoanalysis and Zen Buddhism, 33–50. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003289821-6.
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Vine, Steve. "Introduction". In Literature in Psychoanalysis, 1–15. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-21354-8_1.
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Derrida, Jacques. "Fors: The Anglish Words of Nicolas Abraham and Maria Torok". In Literature in Psychoanalysis, 160–77. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-21354-8_10.
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Clément, Catherine, e Hélène Cixous. "The Untenable". In Literature in Psychoanalysis, 187–95. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-21354-8_11.
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Brown, Erella. "The Lake of Seduction: Body, Acting, and Voice in Hélène Cixous’s Portrait de Dora". In Literature in Psychoanalysis, 196–210. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-21354-8_12.
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Bronfen, Elisabeth. "“You Freud, Me Jane”". In Literature in Psychoanalysis, 211–19. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-21354-8_13.
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Charnes, Linda. "Dismember Me: Shakespeare, Paranoia, and the Logic of Mass Culture". In Literature in Psychoanalysis, 25–35. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-21354-8_2.
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Lupton, Julia Reinhard, e Kenneth Reinhard. "Hamlet’s Flesh: Lacan and the Desire of the Mother". In Literature in Psychoanalysis, 36–46. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-21354-8_3.
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Rand, Nicholas. "Family Romance or Family History? Psychoanalysis and Dramatic Invention in Nicolas Abraham’s “The Phantom of Hamlet”". In Literature in Psychoanalysis, 47–58. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-21354-8_4.
Texto completo da fonteTrabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Psychoanalysis and literature – england"
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Dynnychenko, T. A. "Polar psychoanalysis images of late European modernism literature". In PHILOLOGICAL SCIENCES AND TRANSLATION STUDIES: EUROPEAN POTENTIAL. Baltija Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/978-9934-26-261-6-13.
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KARABULUT, Mustafa. "AN INVESTIGATION ON NECIP FAZIL KISAKÜREK'S POEMS WITHIN THE CONTEXT OF PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY OF LITERATURE". In 3. International Congress of Language and Literature. Rimar Academy, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47832/lan.con3-5.
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Psychoanalysis is a branch of science that focuses on the subconscious and unconscious aspects of human beings. “When it comes to the human soul, it is seen that almost the entire human ego is based on psychology.” (Emre, 2006: 16). The psychoanalytic literary theory is a theory that tries to reveal the unconscious and subconscious aspects of the artist in general, and is shaped on the theories of Sigmund Freud. This theory has a feature that reflects the bonds between the identity of the artist and his work. “Until Freud, the origin of human behavior was generally associated with physiology. After long studies, Freud reveals that the unconscious is as effective as physiological conditions and disorders on the basis of human behavior. (Cebeci, 2009: 72). Necip Fazıl Kısakürek, one of the important names of Turkish poetry in the Republican period, is generally known for his mystical and metaphysical poems. There are many uses in his poems that are suitable for psychoanalytic analysis. In the poems of Kısakürek, "subconscious and image, rebirth, sense of emptiness, self-complexity, struggle for existence" etc. elements are included. Key words: Necip Fazıl Kısakürek, Literary theory, Psychoanalytic.
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de Castro, Larissa Leão, e Terezinha de Camargo Viana. "THE PSYCHOANALYTIC THOUGHT OF HÉLIO PELLEGRINO (1924-1988): INITIAL REFLECTIONS". In International Psychological Applications Conference and Trends. inScience Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36315/2021inpact068.
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"This theoretical study is part of a doctoral thesis and aims to investigate how the psychoanalytic thinking of Hélio Pellegrino - the Brazilian psychoanalyst, poet and writer - is structured and its ethical and political implications in the formation of psychoanalysis. We note the importance of thematic research, since there is no scientific publication that has as its object of study a systematic analysis of the author's psychoanalytic production. Furthermore, investigations of this kind contribute to the establishment of a reference bibliography on psychoanalysis in Brazil. That said, this research was developed and completed through a study of a large part of his psychoanalytic production, which is under the custody of the personal archives of the Museum of Brazilian Literature, at the Casa Rui Barbosa Foundation (FCRB). In this work, we outline some elements of the analysis found in his work, whose focus is on reflecting on the epistemological, conceptual and practical foundations of psychoanalytic theory. It has, as a constant concern, the analysis of the problems that structure Brazilian society, observed through his own reading of the Oedipus complex, the constitution of subjectivity and the social pact, in general, and in Brazil, in particular. As such, he discusses the explicit commitment of psychoanalysis in transforming the serious social problems faced by Brazil, which are related to the serious structural problems of international capitalism, and which are also reflected in the problems of the development of psychoanalytic institutions around the world."
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Rebora, S. "A Software Pipeline for the Reception of Italian Literature in Nineteenth-Century England". In DATeCH2017: 2nd International Conference on Digital Access to Textual Cultural Heritage. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3078081.3078102.
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BACIU, Ana-Maria, e Angela BODEA. "Realism and naturalism in romanian literature". In Învățământul superior: tradiţii, valori, perspective. "Ion Creanga" State Pedagogical University, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46727/c.29-30-09-2023.p236-250.
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Realism and Naturalism are two of the main literary movements in the XIX-th century European Literature. In fact, Naturalism is a form of radical Realism, which appears towards the end of Realism.The most important realis is Honore de Balzac, as Realism appeared in France at the end of the XVIII-teen century due to many political and social events, such as:The French Revolution from 1789, The Revolution between 1830-1831, the impact of Restauration, The Revolution from 1848 and the Industrial Revolution in England. The main goal of realism is to reflect reality as in a mirror. On the other hand, Naturalism is a literary movement developped from Realism as a more brutal reflection of reality, the impact of society and genetic pathologies upon human being.
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Oliveira Neto, Benjamim Machado de. "Psychoanalysis and pedagogy as a study that brought the concept of pedalysis to life: a method that works on learning and subjectivity". In II INTERNATIONAL SEVEN MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/homeinternationalanais-041.
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Abstract The article will have the proposal to develop a study on the relationship between psychoanalysis and education as an educational practice in Early Childhood Education, considering that the educational model is undergoing transformations due to the advancement of technology, political changes and innovations of globalization. The objective of the work is to reflect on the importance of the concept of Pedanalysis as an instrument that allows working with the learning process and the stages of development of children. The methodology will encompass a bibliographical review, based on specialized literature on the subject in question, in the quest to present the theoretical framework and how such works contribute to building a human, technical and meaningful teaching. The bibliographic content covers a set of authors and professionals in the field of psychology, education and psychoanalysis, in this case: Brenner (1987), Hal; Layton (2013); Lindsey (1984); Siqueira (2003); Shultz (1992); Tales (2001); Taquette (2013). In this way, research is of paramount importance to offer an investigation tool that makes it possible to identify conflicts, emotions and problematic behavior in childhood, which is capable of bringing a sensitive look to the level of learning difficulties and to intervene in such situations. situations that occur in the classroom. It was concluded that the value of the object is to think about the existing connection between pedagogy and psychoanalytic action as a method that allows explaining certain conflicts in the school environment and working on the subjectivity of students.
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Tomassoni, Rosella, Melissa Benvenuto e Monica Alina Lungu. "PSYCHOLOGY AND LITERATURE: THE CONSCIOUSNESS OF ZENO BY ITALO SVEVO". In 10th SWS International Scientific Conferences on ART and HUMANITIES - ISCAH 2023. SGEM WORLD SCIENCE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.35603/sws.iscah.2023/fs10.16.
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The present work aims to address the role that psychology plays within literary works starting from a "critical" reading aimed at understanding and recognizing the psychological and in some works also psychopathological traits present within the texts. Our goal will be to present the conscious and unconscious aspects of the various characters and identify the reasons that prompted the author to create and analyze certain psychological issues and certain environmental situations. The methodology that will be used will mainly be that indicated by Professor Antonio Fusco which aims and which tends to enhance the contribution of the Author's conscious Ego, of the emotional centers and of the unconscious contents of the mind following in part the line of the psychiatrist Silvano Arieti who in one of his main works illustrates the concept of �tertiary thinking� and sees it as a synthesis of unconscious, endoceptual and conceptual elements [1]. The aspects that will allow you to better understand the facets of a literary work will be reading, knowledge of the author's biography and identifying with the characteristic features of the characters. On the relationship between mind, art, literature and psychoanalysis over time we have had numerous contributions from not only Sigmund Freud, Carl Gustav Jung, but also many other authors. Just think of the various writers who have dealt with very important psychological and psychoanalytic themes through their novels; in the present work we will limit our attention to a psychological investigation of the work Zeno's conscience by Italo Svevo. Through the analysis of the characters and their inner life, it will be our task to be able to make the reader identify completely with the life described by the authors of the literary works. In this perspective, the psychologist will try to work alongside the traditional literary critic with the sole propose of providing a further humble investigative contribution. In conclusion, it can be said that the thread that binds psychology to many literary works is very thin.
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Higgs, Alison. "‘HOW SHOULD SOCIAL WORK EDUCATION IN ENGLAND RESPOND TO THE 2020 BLACK LIVES MATTER CAMPAIGNS?' KEY THEMES FROM THE LITERATURE". In 15th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. IATED, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2022.0042.
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Rogers, Alice, Jake Tobin, Sebastian Tullie, Asanish Kalyanasundaram, Isla Kuhn e Stephen Barclay. "33 Inequalities in hospice care provision: a systematic literature review and narrative synthesis". In The APM’s Supportive & Palliative Care Conference, Accepted Oral and Poster Abstract Submissions, The Harrogate Convention Centre, Harrogate, England, 21–22 March 2019. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2019-asp.56.
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M Daniel, Sunitha, Joseph Clark, Sam Gnanapragasam, Chitra Venkateswaran e Miriam J Johnson. "80 Systematic literature review on the psychological concerns of indian women undergoing breast cancer treatment". In The APM’s Supportive & Palliative Care Conference, Accepted Oral and Poster Abstract Submissions, The Harrogate Convention Centre, Harrogate, England, 21–22 March 2019. British Medical Journal Publishing Group, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjspcare-2019-asp.103.
Texto completo da fonteRelatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Psychoanalysis and literature – england"
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Ginis, Isaac, Deborah Crowley, Peter Stempel e Amanda Babson. The impact of sea level rise during nor?easters in New England: Acadia National Park, Boston Harbor Islands, Boston National Historical Park, and Cape Cod National Seashore. National Park Service, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/2304306.
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This study examines the potential impact of sea level rise (SLR) caused by climate change on the effects of extratropical cyclones, also known as nor?easters, in four New England coastal parks: Acadia National Park (ACAD), Boston Harbor Islands National Recreation Area (BOHA), Boston National Historical Park (BOST) and Cape Cod National Seashore (CACO). A multi-method approach is employed, including a literature review, observational data analysis, coupled hydrodynamic-wave numerical modeling, 3D visualizations, and communication of findings. The literature review examines previous studies of nor?easters and associated storm surges in New England and SLR projections across the study domain due to climate change. The observational data analysis evaluates the characteristics of nor?easters and their effects, providing a basis for validating the model. Numerical modeling is performed using the Advanced Circulation (ADCIRC) model, coupled with the Simulating Waves in the Nearshore (SWAN) model to simulate storm surges and waves. The model was validated against available observations and demonstrated its ability to simulate water levels, inland inundation, and wave heights in the study area with high accuracy. The validated model was used to simulate three powerful nor?easters (April 2007, January 2018, and March 2018) and each storm was simulated for three sea levels, (1) a baseline mean sea level representative of the year 2020, as well as with a (2) 1 ft of SLR and (3) 1 m of SLR. Analysis of the model output was used to assess the vulnerability of the parks to nor?easters by examining peak impacts in the park areas. Additional simulations were conducted to evaluate the role of waves in predicting peak water levels and the impact of inlet configurations on storm surges within coastal embayments behind the barrier beach systems in the southern Cape Cod region. The project developed maps, three-dimensional visualizations, and an interpretive film to assist the parks in planning for resource management, maintenance, emergency management, visitor access, safety, education, and outreach. These tools provide a better understanding of the potential impacts of nor?easters and SLR and enable the parks to better prepare for future storms.
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Burns, Malcom, e Gavin Nixon. Literature review on analytical methods for the detection of precision bred products. Food Standards Agency, setembro de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ney927.
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The Genetic Technology (Precision Breeding) Act (England) aims to develop a science-based process for the regulation and authorisation of precision bred organisms (PBOs). PBOs are created by genetic technologies but exhibit changes which could have occurred through traditional processes. This current review, commissioned by the Food Standards Agency (FSA), aims to clarify existing terminologies, explore viable methods for the detection, identification, and quantification of products of precision breeding techniques, address and identify potential solutions to the analytical challenges presented, and provide recommendations for working towards an infrastructure to support detection of precision bred products in the future. The review includes a summary of the terminology in relation to analytical approaches for detection of precision bred products. A harmonised set of terminology contributes towards promoting further understanding of the common terms used in genome editing. A review of the current state of the art of potential methods for the detection, identification and quantification of precision bred products in the UK, has been provided. Parallels are drawn with the evolution of synergistic analytical approaches for the detection of Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs), where molecular biology techniques are used to detect DNA sequence changes in an organism’s genome. The scope and limitations of targeted and untargeted methods are summarised. Current scientific opinion supports that modern molecular biology techniques (i.e., quantitative real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (qPCR), digital PCR (dPCR) and Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)) have the technical capability to detect small alterations in an organism’s genome, given specific prerequisites of a priori information on the DNA sequence of interest and of the associated flanking regions. These techniques also provide the best infra-structure for developing potential approaches for detection of PBOs. Should sufficient information be known regarding a sequence alteration and confidence can be attributed to this being specific to a PBO line, then detection, identification and quantification can potentially be achieved. Genome editing and new mutagenesis techniques are umbrella terms, incorporating a plethora of approaches with diverse modes of action and resultant mutational changes. Generalisations regarding techniques and methods for detection for all PBO products are not appropriate, and each genome edited product may have to be assessed on a case-by-case basis. The application of modern molecular biology techniques, in isolation and by targeting just a single alteration, are unlikely to provide unequivocal evidence to the source of that variation, be that as a result of precision breeding or as a result of traditional processes. In specific instances, detection and identification may be technically possible, if enough additional information is available in order to prove that a DNA sequence or sequences are unique to a specific genome edited line (e.g., following certain types of Site-Directed Nucelase-3 (SDN-3) based approaches). The scope, gaps, and limitations associated with traceability of PBO products were examined, to identify current and future challenges. Alongside these, recommendations were made to provide the infrastructure for working towards a toolkit for the design, development and implementation of analytical methods for detection of PBO products. Recognition is given that fully effective methods for PBO detection have yet to be realised, so these recommendations have been made as a tool for progressing the current state-of-the-art for research into such methods. Recommendations for the following five main challenges were identified. Firstly, PBOs submitted for authorisation should be assessed on a case-by-case basis in terms of the extent, type and number of genetic changes, to make an informed decision on the likelihood of a molecular biology method being developed for unequivocal identification of that specific PBO. The second recommendation is that a specialist review be conducted, potentially informed by UK and EU governmental departments, to monitor those PBOs destined for the authorisation process, and actively assess the extent of the genetic variability and mutations, to make an informed decision on the type and complexity of detection methods that need to be developed. This could be further informed as part of the authorisation process and augmented via a publicly available register or database. Thirdly, further specialist research and development, allied with laboratory-based evidence, is required to evaluate the potential of using a weight of evidence approach for the design and development of detection methods for PBOs. This concept centres on using other indicators, aside from the single mutation of interest, to increase the likelihood of providing a unique signature or footprint. This includes consideration of the genetic background, flanking regions, off-target mutations, potential CRISPR/Cas activity, feasibility of heritable epigenetic and epitranscriptomic changes, as well as supplementary material from supplier, origin, pedigree and other documentation. Fourthly, additional work is recommended, evaluating the extent/type/nature of the genetic changes, and assessing the feasibility of applying threshold limits associated with these genetic changes to make any distinction on how they may have occurred. Such a probabilistic approach, supported with bioinformatics, to determine the likelihood of particular changes occurring through genome editing or traditional processes, could facilitate rapid classification and pragmatic labelling of products and organisms containing specific mutations more readily. Finally, several scientific publications on detection of genome edited products have been based on theoretical principles. It is recommended to further qualify these using evidenced based practical experimental work in the laboratory environment. Additional challenges and recommendations regarding the design, development and implementation of potential detection methods were also identified. Modern molecular biology-based techniques, inclusive of qPCR, dPCR, and NGS, in combination with appropriate bioinformatics pipelines, continue to offer the best analytical potential for developing methods for detecting PBOs. dPCR and NGS may offer the best technical potential, but qPCR remains the most practicable option as it is embedded in most analytical laboratories. Traditional screening approaches, similar to those for conventional transgenic GMOs, cannot easily be used for PBOs due to the deficit in common control elements incorporated into the host genome. However, some limited screening may be appropriate for PBOs as part of a triage system, should a priori information be known regarding the sequences of interest. The current deficit of suitable methods to detect and identify PBOs precludes accurate PBO quantification. Development of suitable reference materials to aid in the traceability of PBOs remains an issue, particularly for those PBOs which house on- and off-target mutations which can segregate. Off-target mutations may provide an additional tool to augment methods for detection, but unless these exhibit complete genetic linkage to the sequence of interest, these can also segregate out in resulting generations. Further research should be conducted regarding the likelihood of multiple mutations segregating out in a PBO, to help inform the development of appropriate PBO reference materials, as well as the potential of using off-target mutations as an additional tool for PBO traceability. Whilst recognising the technical challenges of developing and maintaining pan-genomic databases, this report recommends that the UK continues to consider development of such a resource, either as a UK centric version, or ideally through engagement in parallel EU and international activities to better achieve harmonisation and shared responsibilities. Such databases would be an invaluable resource in the design of reliable detection methods, as well as for confirming that a mutation is as a result of genome editing. PBOs and their products show great potential within the agri-food sector, necessitating a science-based analytical framework to support UK legislation, business and consumers. Differentiating between PBOs generated through genome editing compared to organisms which exhibit the same mutational change through traditional processes remains analytically challenging, but a broad set of diagnostic technologies (e.g., qPCR, NGS, dPCR) coupled with pan-genomic databases and bioinformatics approaches may help contribute to filling this analytical gap, and support the safety, transparency, proportionality, traceability and consumer confidence associated with the UK food chain.
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Elliott, Jane, Maureen Muir e Judith Green. Trajectories of everyday mobility at older age. Wellcome Centre for Cultures and Environments of Health, janeiro de 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.58182/bnec3269.
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Background: This review and exploratory data analysis focuses on everyday mobility at older age; that is, travel outside the house for routine activities. Everyday mobility is an important determinant of health and wellbeing. Although there can be physiological reasons for declines in an individual’s capacity for mobility, trajectories are uneven. A social model of mobility at older age assumes that impairments due to bodily ageing do not inevitably lead to reduced mobility, and that policy and environmental interventions (such as transport provision, quality of built environment) can and should support mobile later lives. We scope the potential for a study of the conditions which foster trajectories of maintained or increased mobility over time, in an equitable way. Aims: With a focus on corporeal mobility in the UK (in particular England), and on social and environmental, rather than physiological factors, our aims were to: 1) scope the existing evidence on trajectories of mobility at older age; 2) assess the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing (ELSA) as a possible source of data on changes in mobility over time; 3) outline the potential for further research through identifying candidate analytical approaches and; draft an initial logic model to inform a study. Literature review findings: Literature on mobility at older age documents physiological, lifecourse, social, and environmental factors that shape trajectories of declining mobility, and the health and wellbeing consequences. There are complex and bidirectional relationships between determinants and consequences of mobility. Points of disruption in the lifecourse are points where mobility practices may change and are therefore potential points for interventions to promote greater mobility. A body of research demonstrates this through the case of concessionary bus travel for older adults in the UK, which both promotes greater mobility and appears to improve health status. There is a more mixed body of research on the environmental factors that can foster greater mobility: more research is needed on how to support mobility in place in the UK, particularly in settings outside urban centres. Compared to research on physiological factors, there is a relative dearth of evidence on population level interventions, with the exception of free bus travel. ELSA summary: The main strength of using the ELSA for understanding what influences trajectories of everyday mobility is that it is an eighteen-year longitudinal study with data collection every two years, focussing on those aged 50 and over. The sample is drawn from across England, detailed contextual information is available via linked geographical identifiers, and longitudinal and cross-sectional weights enable adjustment of the sample for non-response and attrition. The weaknesses (for studies of mobility) are the lack of fine-grained measures of ‘ability’ for many mobility indicators and the potential for reporting biases that intersect with measures of social and cultural capital. In this descriptive analysis, we document six separate measures of everyday mobility that can be derived from ELSA data, and map these to our logic model. Implications: The review identified the potential for studying the conditions for mobility at older age that could help identify and develop population level interventions. Focusing on points of disruption in the lifecourse is a potentially fruitful and tractable area of investigation. We have mapped indicators available from ELSA as a foundation for future study, and as a resource for other researchers. ELSA has some disadvantages for a study, but also many strengths. Given the complexity of causal pathways linking different conditions for maintained or increased mobility, an analysis approach directed specifically at multiple pathways (such as Qualitative Comparative Analysis) could well be fruitful."
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McCarthy, Noel, Eileen Taylor, Martin Maiden, Alison Cody, Melissa Jansen van Rensburg, Margaret Varga, Sophie Hedges et al. Enhanced molecular-based (MLST/whole genome) surveillance and source attribution of Campylobacter infections in the UK. Food Standards Agency, julho de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.46756/sci.fsa.ksj135.
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This human campylobacteriosis sentinel surveillance project was based at two sites in Oxfordshire and North East England chosen (i) to be representative of the English population on the Office for National Statistics urban-rural classification and (ii) to provide continuity with genetic surveillance started in Oxfordshire in October 2003. Between October 2015 and September 2018 epidemiological questionnaires and genome sequencing of isolates from human cases was accompanied by sampling and genome sequencing of isolates from possible food animal sources. The principal aim was to estimate the contributions of the main sources of human infection and to identify any changes over time. An extension to the project focussed on antimicrobial resistance in study isolates and older archived isolates. These older isolates were from earlier years at the Oxfordshire site and the earliest available coherent set of isolates from the national archive at Public Health England (1997/8). The aim of this additional work was to analyse the emergence of the antimicrobial resistance that is now present among human isolates and to describe and compare antimicrobial resistance in recent food animal isolates. Having identified the presence of bias in population genetic attribution, and that this was not addressed in the published literature, this study developed an approach to adjust for bias in population genetic attribution, and an alternative approach to attribution using sentinel types. Using these approaches the study estimated that approximately 70% of Campylobacter jejuni and just under 50% of C. coli infection in our sample was linked to the chicken source and that this was relatively stable over time. Ruminants were identified as the second most common source for C. jejuni and the most common for C. coli where there was also some evidence for pig as a source although less common than ruminant or chicken. These genomic attributions of themselves make no inference on routes of transmission. However, those infected with isolates genetically typical of chicken origin were substantially more likely to have eaten chicken than those infected with ruminant types. Consumption of lamb’s liver was very strongly associated with infection by a strain genetically typical of a ruminant source. These findings support consumption of these foods as being important in the transmission of these infections and highlight a potentially important role for lamb’s liver consumption as a source of Campylobacter infection. Antimicrobial resistance was predicted from genomic data using a pipeline validated by Public Health England and using BIGSdb software. In C. jejuni this showed a nine-fold increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones from 1997 to 2018. Tetracycline resistance was also common, with higher initial resistance (1997) and less substantial change over time. Resistance to aminoglycosides or macrolides remained low in human cases across all time periods. Among C. jejuni food animal isolates, fluoroquinolone resistance was common among isolates from chicken and substantially less common among ruminants, ducks or pigs. Tetracycline resistance was common across chicken, duck and pig but lower among ruminant origin isolates. In C. coli resistance to all four antimicrobial classes rose from low levels in 1997. The fluoroquinolone rise appears to have levelled off earlier and among animals, levels are high in duck as well as chicken isolates, although based on small sample sizes, macrolide and aminoglycoside resistance, was substantially higher than for C. jejuni among humans and highest among pig origin isolates. Tetracycline resistance is high in isolates from pigs and the very small sample from ducks. Antibiotic use following diagnosis was relatively high (43.4%) among respondents in the human surveillance study. Moreover, it varied substantially across sites and was highest among non-elderly adults compared to older adults or children suggesting opportunities for improved antimicrobial stewardship. The study also found evidence for stable lineages over time across human and source animal species as well as some tighter genomic clusters that may represent outbreaks. The genomic dataset will allow extensive further work beyond the specific goals of the study. This has been made accessible on the web, with access supported by data visualisation tools.
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Ruisi-Besares, Pia, Matthias Sirch, Alyx Belisle, James Duncan, Josephine Robertson, Jennifer Pontius, Danielle Cook e Elissa Schuett. Technical Report on Assembling Indicators to Monitor Climate-Driven Change in Northeastern Forests. Forest Ecosystem Monitoring Cooperative, setembro de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18125/99o4tq.
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Forest ecosystems are experiencing the impacts of climate change in many forms, however, comprehensive monitoring efforts are not always available to identify changing baselines. In order to improve our understanding of the impacts of climate change on ecosystem processes, the FEMC developed the Forest Impacts of Climate Change: Monitoring Indicators tool (Version 1.0). The Forest Impacts of Climate Change: Monitoring Indicators tool was developed for use by researchers and professionals to be able to easily access protocols used to monitor high priority indicators of the impacts of climate change in New England and New York. The monitoring protocols provide information for landowners and managers to implement their own monitoring programs that will be comparable to other studies being conducted across the region. By centralizing information about this network of monitoring sites, more data will become available to the community to help discern how forest ecosystems are changing. This report describes the methods and implementation used to build this tool. To develop the Forest Impacts of Climate Change: Monitoring Indicators tool, FEMC formed a committee of partners to select indicators and provide guidance about the literature review and eventual tool. The committee identified four ecological categories as important for monitoring climate change in the Northeast: Wildlife, Forest Systems, Trees, and Aquatic Systems. FEMC identified who is currently conducting monitoring efforts, what monitoring protocols are available for replication, gaps in monitoring data, and how we can make data and monitoring information easily available so that land managers can have the most up-to -date information possible. The developed tool compiles over 350 studies across 24 different indicators of the impacts of climate change. Through a filterable webtool users can find these studies, as well as 168 replicable protocols to direct implementation. The tool helps to identify gaps in monitoring efforts and provides a platform for users to contribute to regionally cohesive datasets. Monitoring of indicators across systems is critical for tracking and understanding climate change impacts. The Forest Impacts of Climate Change: Monitoring Indicators tool, developed for use by researchers, professionals, and land managers across the region, lets users find methods and protocols for monitoring climate change impacts and see where these monitoring efforts are already being conducted in our region. In addition, you can quickly visualize where there are gaps in our monitoring. As contributors in the Cooperative region share more information about their own monitoring efforts, this will become available to the community through this tool, increasing our ability to track and identify change in our forested ecosystems.
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Cohen, Deborah J., Annette M. Totten, Robert L. Phillips, Jr., Yalda Jabbarpour, Anuradha Jetty, Jennifer DeVoe, Miranda Pappas, Jordan Byers e Erica Hart. Measuring Primary Healthcare Spending. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), maio de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23970/ahrqepctb44.
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Background. Policy leaders and researchers have identified a range of primary care spending conceptualizations, developed frameworks and methods for measuring primary care spending, and documented the pros and cons of different approaches. However, these efforts have not been comprehensive, particularly as the number of estimates has grown. We continue this work by identifying the definitions, data sources, and approaches used to estimate primary care spending in the United States. Our objective was to identify where there is and is not consensus across methods, and how initial steps toward a standardized approach to estimating primary care spending might be achieved. We approached this comparison from a societal economic perspective. Methods. Searches were conducted in Ovid MEDLINE® and Cochrane CENTRAL databases (inception to May 2, 2023), and were supplemented by manual reviews of reference lists, Scopus searches of key articles, gray literature searches of State and organization websites, and responses to a Federal Register Notice, as well as recommendations from Key Informants. Websites of States and organizations that produced reports were reviewed in November 2023 to identify updates. Publicly available estimates and reports of methods were supplemented by discussions with experts who have supported States’ estimates. Findings. We identified 67 primary care spending estimates for 2010 to 2021: 42 of these were produced by 11 State Governments for their State, 2 were published by the Veterans Health Administration, and 23 were published by researchers or other organizations, which include foundations and policy organizations. Forty-four estimates reported on primary care spending for a single State, one estimate reported spending for the New England States, and 22 reported national spending. To date, 13 State Governments have developed and/or are implementing measurements of primary care spending. When State Governments measure primary care spending, they produce regular, often yearly, estimates. States have produced one to eight estimates, demonstrating some States have more experience with this task than others. Primary care spending estimates in our sample ranged from 3.1 to 10.3 percent. These estimates started with definitions of primary care, which are often labeled narrow or broad. Estimates may use these same labels to mean different things. Narrow definitions of primary care usually include fewer providers, locations, or service types, while broad definitions include more. State, regional, or national estimates are either reported as two estimates, one using a narrow and one using a broad definition of primary care, or as a single estimate labeled neither narrow nor broad. Variations in what providers, services, and locations are included in definitions of primary care are significant and likely contribute to variation in primary care spending estimates. However, it is difficult to distinguish differences in definitions and measurement from differences in actual primary care spending. Conclusions. While there are some core similarities in how primary care spending is measured across State, regional, and national estimates, there are more differences. While there may be rationale behind some of these variations, this variation limits comparisons and what could be understood about the impact of policies. Furthermore, lack of clear, detailed reporting of methods can obscure precisely how and why estimates differ. Research is needed that quantifies the impact different decisions and measurement methods have on spending estimates. To assure the validity and reliability of estimates of primary care spending, and facilitate comparisons and links to health outcomes, Federal, State, and policy leaders need to: (1) collaborate to create a primary care clinician database that can function as a public utility for States to allow for more precise identification of primary care clinics and clinicians, and reduce reliance on Current Procedural Terminology/Healthcare Common Procedure Coding System codes; (2) develop a template for transparent reporting of methods used to estimate primary care spending; (3) foster collaboration among Federal agencies and State leaders to develop a consensus definition of primary care and process for estimating primary care spending, with consideration of methods that are easy to understand and transparent; and (4) support the development and ongoing maintenance of State All-Payer Claims Databases, expand to include nonclaims payments, and supply Medicare and Medicaid estimates for every State.