Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Provocatieve kunst"

Der Beitrag beginnt mit Adornos provokanter Aussage »Nach Ausschwitz ein Gedicht zu schreiben, ist barbarisch« und fragt, ob Kunst im Zeitalter der Völker- morde überhaupt noch möglich ist. Im Anschluss untersuche ich Adornos Begriff des Engagements in der Kunst, der ja eng mit dieser Frage verbunden ist, und die Bedeutung von »Auschwitz« in seiner Philosophie. Adornos Vorstellung von »wahrer« Kunst (d. h. Kunst mit einem relevanten »Wahrheitsgehalt«) führt dazu, den Gegenbegriff »falsche« oder »unwahre« Kunst, insbesondere Massenkultur und Popmusik, zu untersuchen. Adorno hätte es wahrscheinlich als eine Art Blasphemie angesehen, über Themen wie den Völkermord Pop- oder Rock-Songs zu schreiben und aufzuführen, aber das hier vertretene Argument ist, dass seine diesbezügliche Meinung auf Vorurteilen beruht, die seine Kunst- und Musikphilosophie negativ beeinflussen. Die Lieder über den Armenischen Völkermord, die von der Heavy Metal-Band System of a Down geschrieben und aufgeführt wurden, dienen dem Autor als ein Beispiel, das ein kritisches Überdenken einiger Aspekte von Adornos Ästhetik fördern soll. In this paper I start with Adorno’s famous and provocative statement “To write poetry after Auschwitz is barbaric”, aimed at asking whether art was still possible in the age of genocides. Then, I take into examination Adorno’s concept of commitment in art – which is closely related to these questions - and the meaning itself of the notion of “Auschwitz” in Adorno’s philosophy. Analyzing what Adorno called “true” art (i.e. art provided with a relevant “truth content”) leads to take into consideration what he understood vice-versa as false or untrue art, in particular mass culture and popular music. Adorno would have probably considered as a sort of blasphemy or heresy the idea itself to write and perform pop-rock songs about such subjects as genocide, but I argue that his views rely on some prejudices that negatively condition his philosophy of art and especially of music. The songs on the Armenian genocide written and performed by the heavy metal band System of a Down serve here as a profitable example that may be of help to foster a critical rethinking of some aspects of Adorno’s aesthetics.

Building on Friedrich Schiller’s canonisation as a poet of the entire nation that was united in the reception of his works, at least in the 19th century, I examine his utilisation and functionalisation of the term ›Pöbel‹ (rabble). According to concepts of history of ideas and cultural studies, I understand the usage, however pejorative and excluding, as a provocative means of addressing the audience. Analysing selected dramas (‘Die Räuber’, ‘Die Verschwörung des Fiesko zu Genua’, ‘Don Karlos’, ‘Wallensteins Tod’ and ‘Maria Stuart’) as well as some of Schiller’s theoretical texts (for example ‘Gedanken über den Gebrauch des Gemeinen und Niedrigen in der Kunst’), I map out the semantic tendencies of the term which are expressed by the ‘dramatis personae’. Although it could be assumed that Schiller’s view of the people may have changed over the events of the French Revolution, I conclude that Schiller used the term ›Pöbel‹ as a dramaturgical tool to ›aesthetically ­educate‹ his audience during all stages of his career.

Artikkel uurib Eesti teatrite repertuaari kujundavaid tegureid perioodil 1986–2006. Kuna sellesse ajajärku jääb Eesti iseseisvuse taastamine, toimusid olulised muutused ka Eesti teatrites, mis selgelt kajastuvad ka repertuaari kujundamises. Totalitaarriigi normeeringutest 1991. aastal vabanenud kultuuriorganisatsioonid pidid kohanema turumajanduse tingimustes toimiva ühiskonnaga. Samuti toimusid 21. saj alguses olulised muutused kunstide arengus: ühelt poolt kunstilise koodi komplitseerumine, teisalt kunsti kokkusulamine meelelahutustööstusega, samuti referentsgruppide areng ning kultuuri ühiskondliku positsiooni muutumine. Artikli teoreetiliseks aluseks on Hollandi kultuuriteoreetiku Hans van Maaneni teos „How to Study Art Worlds” (2009). The article examines the factors which shaped the repertoire of Estonian theatres from 1986–2006. Estonian society was during this period stepping from one social formation into another, from the era of the ESSR (Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic) to the epoch of the newly regained independence of the Estonian Republic. Important changes were under way in Estonian theatres as well, being clearly reflected in the repertoire development. Under the totalitarian regime, the theatre repertoire was naturally subjected to all-round ideological control in the equal forms of preliminary and repressive censorship. All items of the planned repertoire had to pass the joint preliminary censorship of the Ministry of Culture, Glavlit (General Directorate for the Protection of State Secrets in the Press and the Central Committee of the Estonian Communist Party); the finished production underwent a thorough scrutiny as well. With several of the more provocative producers, obtaining a permit to perform in front of the audience could be a long and multi-stage process because at each closed rehearsal the censors discovered new ideological “mistakes”. In the most extreme cases (Merle Karusoo’s student production “Full Rooms”, 1982), the production was not allowed on stage. In such a political period, it would have been unthinkable to use the form of devising theatre, which has by today become fairly common, where the preparation of a production does not start with the search for ways of interpretation of the written play, but the text to be performed will be ready (often, in collaboration with the actors) by the first night, and some parts of the text (or all of it) can be freely ad-libbed at the performances.In 1991, the cultural organisations of the independent Estonia had to change thoroughly their previous order of work. On the one hand – the censorship that had restricted creative work had been done away, and the paperwork required by the Ministry had lessened. In the first decade of the 21st century, the majority of Estonian theatres were reorganised into state foundations, which allowed them sovereignty in making their creative work-related decisions. On the other hand, the state financial support for theatres diminished considerably and the theatres were forced to increase their own earnings. This task was made even more complicated by the global developments in culture and economics. The postmodernist fragmentary view of the world “pushes” the theatre, which had become a cultural phenomenon of crucial importance during the period of the ESSR, into a more marginal position. The interest of especially the younger generation is rather focussed on other genres of art – film, music – and on all the genres that are closely related to the emergence of new media channels. As important is the widening of travel opportunities related to the opening of state borders, leading the Estonian theatre into a direct competition with the world theatre. In the local context, the theatre has to compete with all other cultural and entertainment institutions (cinemas, night clubs, sports clubs, other hobby clubs) for people’s free time. An important factor is also the burst of social activities in the second half of the 1980s and the highly emotional background of the (re)creation of the new state as well as the economic crisis of the early 1990s, which channelled the attention of people and society more on the topics of economic policies. The priorities seen in the repertoire of Estonian theatres at the end of the period under discussion (2001–2006) testify that equal stress was laid on the economic considerations (meeting the interests of potential target groups), new aesthetic pursuits, and on the wish to voice their opinion on Estonian social processes and to move synchronously with the ongoing processes in the world of theatre.We need to pay special attention to important changes in the development of the arts in the early 21st century on the complexity of artistic code, the primacy of conceptualism, the withdrawal of coherence and emergence of associativeness and fragmentariness. In the context of theatre development, we could primarily talk about the marginalisation of narrativity and clear message as well as the important changes regarding the aesthetics of directing, acting and theatre space. In some cases, these changes in the Estonian theatre may have been so abrupt (in order to achieve synchronicity and to join the paradigms of the Western European contemporary exploratory theatre) that a noticeable part of the audience could not relate to what the stage offered. In a longer perspective, the result of such a communication block may be that certain spectator groups would drift away from the theatre and in turn reducing the numbers of the audience, but also marginalising the social context of the theatre. As the first remedy, the theatres would increase the share of more entertaining repertoire, which can only partly be justified. In the second half of the 1990s, we can see another renaissance of Estonian original plays (Madis Kõiv, Andrus Kivirähk, Jaan Tätte), as well as the growing interest of the public in new interpretations of the works of the Estonian classics. The boom of summer productions refers on one hand to the fact that the theatre is becoming a part of the entertainment industry and internal tourism, but on the other hand, among the summer productions are several significant and artistically solid works that remain in the history of the Estonian theatre. The aesthetic development of the Estonian theatre moves together with its organisational changes. New, smaller and more mobile theatres emerge and prove to be sustainable, identifying with some smaller reference groups of the audience (Theatrum, Von Krahl). At the same time, Estonia has inherited from the former regime several theatre buildings with large halls seating 500–700 people. “Filling” these halls, especially in smaller cities (Tartu, Pärnu, Viljandi, Rakvere) proved to be a difficult task for the theatres in these cities.The present article is theoretically based on the book How to Study Art (2009) by the Dutch theorist Hans van Maanen, who sees the act of cultural communication in close functional relations fitting the creation, production, interpretation, communication, reception and the wider cultural and socio-economics of the work into a single integrated system. The notional lines of force, determining the resulting twelve subspaces, shape different socio-cultural processes and the birth process of a work of art starting from the moment of its emergence up to the possibilities for reshaping the reality. In the context of the theatre, this line could begin with the elementary preconditions for the emergence of creative inspiration (existence of the theatre tradition, theatre buildings, existence of professional actors and stage directors and potential audiences) and end with the complicated processes occurring in the sensory organs of the audience members.The main part of the article deals with the transposing of the stages, presented in Maanen’s discussion, onto the development of the repertoire politics (which can be treated as an independent subspace) of Estonian theatres during twenty years, and with identifying its strategic focal points: which levers (aesthetic, economic, political) have been prevalent in the choices made by theatres? Who (theatre administrators or other institutions) have been behind these choices? How much have these choices been influenced by the profile, location and ownership form of the theatre? How has the process of shaping the repertoire changed in twenty years?