Teses / dissertações: "Proportional representation – United States"

1

Yang, Victor. "Unleashing power : pathways to inclusion and representation in U.S. AIDS activist organisations : a comparative case study of political representation in the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP)". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:5b51086e-cd00-4d92-b39a-2865219ea5a1.

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The thesis proposes a theory for the development of substantive representation among social movement organisations (SMOs). Substantive representation (SR) is the extent to which political institutions advance the policy interests of their constituents, in particular the most disenfranchised. Despite their noble proclamations, institutions of representative democracy often fail to advance the interests of groups who have been ignored and absent at the proverbial table. The thesis establishes a causal process to explain the divergence in SR outcomes among informal SMOs, or all-volunteer groups that disavow formal hierarchy in favour of egalitarian modes of decision-making. It utilises a case study of the AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT UP), an umbrella organisation dedicated to ending the HIV/AIDS crisis in the United States and worldwide. It explains an anomalous story of SR attainment through the ACT UP Philadelphia chapter, compared to sister groups in New York City and Boston. The analysis draws from 92 semi-structured interviews, 13 months of participant observation, periodical review, and archival databases. ACT UP Philadelphia translated common SMO intentions of inclusivity into the uncommon rituals of practice. It forged a deliberate pipeline to invest not only in the presence but also the power of disenfranchised people with HIV, people too dark and poor to interest counterpart groups in other cities. Through an analytic retelling of ACT UP's history, the thesis argues that the fulfilment of SR depends on the ability of SMOs to appeal to member self-interest. Critically, SMOs can offer material incentives and nurture feelings of debt and obligation: causal steps to recruitment and sustainability of a heterogeneous membership. In building a crucial if contentious core of dissimilar people and partnerships, SMOs can unleash an oft-unrealised power for collective action and SR, by and for disenfranchised peoples who had thought change to be impossible.

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Lewis, Joshua Reid Lewis Shannon FitzPatrick. "Gender representation trends and relations at the United States Naval Academy /". Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Jun%5FLewis%5FJ.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Leadership and Human Resources Development)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2005.
Thesis Advisor(s): Janice H. Laurence, Gail F. Thomas. Includes bibliographical references (p. 95-96). Also available online.

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Faber, Jennifer A. "HOLOCAUST MEMORY AND MUSEUMS IN THE UNITED STATES: PROBLEMS OF REPRESENTATION". Connect to this document online, 2005. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1114120239.

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Lewis, Joshua R. Lewis Shannon FitzPatrick. "Gender representation trends and relations at the United States Naval Academy". access online version, LEAD access online version, DTIC (Note: may not work with Internet Explorer), 2005. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA435528.

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Lewis, Shannon FitzPatrick. "Gender representation trends and relations at the United States Naval Academy". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1721.

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This study employed quantitative and qualitative methods to examine gender trends and the quality of gender interactions at the United States Naval Academy (USNA). In addition to gender, midshipmen demographics, experiences, personality types, interests, and graduation outcomes were compared within and across gender for graduation years, 1980, 1985, 1990, 1995, 2000, and 2004. Representation of women has increased to the current high of around 16%. Further, the data revealed similarities and differences between men and women in terms of their non-gender characteristics. Women's SAT scores and Cumulative Quality Point Ratios (QPRs) are on par with the men's. Proportionally, women are more likely to be extroverts and varsity athletes than are men. Women are less likely to be technical majors. Women are being afforded leadership experiences to the same extent as men. Perceptions regarding gender relations and cohesion were assessed through focus groups conducted with 110 midshipmen. Although gender representation has increased, and the Administration is credited with improving the explicit climate, there does not yet exist a completely gender-neutral or women "friendly" climate. The preponderance of findings regarding gender interactions at the Naval Academy suggests that male midshipmen have yet to fully accept female midshipmen. The Naval Academy must continue to confront the subsurface issues and dynamics persisting amongst male and female midshipmen. Recommendations include making an institutional commitment to improving gender interactions and company cohesion, securing alumni cooperation, and involving midshipmen in improving the gender climate.

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Beverung, Meghan Elizabeth Williams Stephen L. "Evaluation of gender representation of museum collection positions in the United States". Waco, Tex. : Baylor University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2104/5046.

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Martin, James Paul. "When repression and elitism are democratic : the 'Republican' theory of representation and its twilight /". Digital version accessible at:, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Sandri, Sarah, e Sarah Sandri. "Performance, Politics, and Identity in African Dance Communities in the United States". Thesis, University of Oregon, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/12328.

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This thesis investigates the representation of African dance in the United States, particularly through African dance classes and public performances. It chronicles the motivations that catalyze participation for students and instructors and studies the effects of practice on Americans' understanding of Africa as an imagined place. My findings are based on ethnographic field research in community dance classes and dance troupes in Eugene, Oregon and southern New Hampshire and Vermont from 2009-2012. The project details dance practices produced for the stage in West Africa that are reinterpreted and re-produced in American dance class settings and then subsequently retranslated for the stage by Americans. It illustrates how West African griot culture, economic realities, and audience demand influence transnational dance instruction and suggests alternative ways of understanding concepts of representation, agency, and authorship. Further, it explores how American dance students apply narratives about African dance they learn in class to forge new communities that provide fulfillment absent in their daily lives. Ultimately, the thesis demonstrates how intersections between personal and social histories and performance and performativity in African dance communities in the United States can both reaffirm and disrupt official discourses about race, ethnicity, and artistic expression.

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Paules, Marian Helen Boroujerdi Mehrzad. "United States relations with Iran: American identity, foreign policy, and the politics of representation". Related Electronic Resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.

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Fox, Marion Blakely. "Minority differences in congressional representation : evidence from the U.S. House of Representatives /". Digital version accessible at:, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/utexas/main.

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Russell, Ona Claire. "Discourses of crossing : reconceptualizing representation in the nineteenth-century United States, 1840-1900 /". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1998. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p9835396.

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Yeung, Yuk-ngan, e 楊玉顔. "Gender representation in films". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31953773.

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Cox, Jamesha. "The Influence of Campaign Contributions on Proportionality of Representation in the United States Congress". Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2013. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/945.

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There are proportionally fewer Hispanic Americans, African Americans and women in Congress than in the United States population. Existing literature prescribes a variety of explanations for this disparity including skewed nominations procedures, differing participation rates, racial gerrymandering, voting biases, and funding inequities. This study revisits one aspect of the underrepresentation issue: campaign contributions. Money has been an integral component of the electoral process since before the American Revolution and its impact on the current composition of Congress ought to be explored to a greater extent. Previous research shows that contributors rarely, if at all, discriminate on the basis of gender. This study intends to further investigate the congressional campaign funding of African Americans and provide some much needed insight regarding the campaign financing of Hispanic American candidates. Using financial and biographical data from each candidate within the 2004 and 2008 election cycles, a multiple regression model will be employed to evaluate the extent to which gender and minority status determine the distribution of congressional campaign funds independent of other electability traits considered influential by contributors (the percentage of vote received in the last election, incumbency, and the leadership position held are indications of candidate strength that affect campaign contributions). The magnitude and statistical significance of these coefficients provides further understanding into funding inequities
B.A.
Bachelors
Sciences
Political Science

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14

Round, Thomas. "Representation-Reinforcement and Australian Constitutionalism". Thesis, Griffith University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/367951.

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Constitutional theory in Australia, as in the USA and other liberal democracies, is contested by rival views of the proper roles of courts and legislatures. Simple adherence to the literal text of the Constitution or the original intentions of its framers is inadequate to protect against unjust actions by legislative and executive officials (the raison d'Ã©tre of an entrenched Constitution) when these appear in novel guises. But empowering judges to strike down laws they consider 'unjust' risks sacrificing democratic self-government, and the process can undercut the very goal (equal respect for all citizens) that it is supposed to ensure as an outcome. American theorists of 'representation-reinforcing' or 'process-policing' judicial review - outlined by Justice Harlan Stone in US v Carolene Products (1938), then elaborated by Professor John Hart Ely in Democracy and Distrust (1980) - offer a solution. Representation-reinforcement opposes judicial activism except on two grounds. The first is protecting majority rule, invalidating laws that entrench those in power against opposition or removal. The second is protecting minority rights, by invalidating laws motivated by prejudice that discriminate against unpopular groups. Constitutional courts should avoid dictating substantive policy outcomes, lest this undermine democracy. Instead, judges should concentrate on 'reinforcing representation' - on ensuring that political processes function properly, producing decisions that have maximum popular support. Many US constitutional scholars have criticised Ely's theory. But even so, representation-reinforcement remains a promising doctrine for Australia to adopt. Ely's American critics disagree even more with each other than with Ely, and most of their criticisms carry weight only in the USA's rights-based, individualistic context. Australia's Benthamite culture of majoritarian constitutionalism is more receptive to representation-reinforcement. And most other criticisms of Ely can be answered by revising, instead of abandoning, the concept of process-policing judicial review.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Politics and Public Policy
Arts, Education and Law
Full Text

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Rozenska, Agnieszka. ""Outsider" - moder: en undersökning av identitetskonstruktioner i TV-serie "United States of Tara"". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för journalistik, medier och kommunikation (JMK), 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-70983.

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Abstract Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur bilden av ”moderskapet” gestaltas i den amerikanska TV-serien ”United States of Tara”. De frågor som ligger till grund för undersökningen är: hur skapas och definieras identiteten av modern i serien ”United States of Tara”? Hur konstrueras relationen mellan modern och de andra familjemedlemmarna i serien? Hur förändras framställningen av den kvinnliga huvudpersonen Tara från det första till det sista avsnittet? Analysen utgår från en metod för analys av TV-program som presenteras i boken ”How to Study Television” (1995) av Keith Selby & Ron Cowdery, med fokus på begreppen narrativ och konstruktion. Materialet består av första säsongens första avsnitt och sista säsongens sista avsnitt av serien ”United States of Tara”. De teoretiska utgångspunkterna som ligger till grund för undersökningen är en teoriblandning av begrepp som: representation, performativitet, identitet, identitetsordningar samt Rosalind Gills teorier kring den postfeministiska kvinnan. Resultatet visar på att i serien ”United States of Tara” presenteras en ovanlig bild av modern, en outsider-moder som, i enlighet med den postfeministiska synen på kvinnan, genomgår en tydlig förändring under seriens gång från en svag och förvirrad kvinna till en självsäker person.

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Howard, Lesley. "Membership representation in the issue-focus selection process of national environmental nonprofit organizations". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/42067.

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Public interest groups, environmental nonprofit organizations (ENPOs) among them, play a large role in the formulation and implementation of public policy. Much of their legitimacy comes from their claim that they represent their members' interests. This thesis examines ENPO communication forms to ascertain whether and how ENPOs seek their members' opinions, and if so, whether or not those opinions influence the ENPOs' issue-focus selection process, which is the issues on which the ENPO's financial and human resources will be expended.

The research addresses these questions at two related levels of representation: internal to the organization (e. g., how do ENPOs seek their members' opinions) and inter - organizational (e.g., what role do ENPOs play in the political arena). On the level of internal democracy, elitist theory and Seymour Martin Lipset's "factors that encourage organizational democracy" provide a base for interpreting the results. At the inter-organizational level both pluralist and elitist theories of democratic governance provide the base for interpretation of the results. Finally, speculation is made about ENPO membership as "symbolic" political participation

The results suggest that support for both pluralist and elitist interpretation of both internal and inter-organizational democracy may be appropriate. All ENPOs use a variety of communication forms to inform their members, and all ENPO survey respondents stated that they are open to membership suggestions. The findings also suggest that another appropriate interpretation of ENPO membership may be that membership is a symbolic purchase of political participation.
Master of Urban Affairs

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17

McAndrews, John Russell. "Representation and lawmaking in the United States Congress and the Canadian House of Commons". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/59099.

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This dissertation considers two aspects of legislative representation: (1) how citizens use information about legislative activities and outcomes to assess the performance of the US president and the congressional majority party, and (2) why Canadian MPs debate government bills—even when the government controls the outcome. An investigation of these questions is divided into three principal chapters. First, I examine the effects of legislative outcomes on citizens’ assessment of the president and the majority party in Congress. Prominent theories of legislative behavior argue—and media pundits often assert—that Americans reward these actors if they succeed in passing their bills. But what if the bill is divisive, as is likely the case with well-publicized legislation? Using survey experiments, I show that, on average, citizens still express greater approval for the president and the majority party if Congress passes their ideologically contentious bills—compared with if Congress does not pass them. However, I also find that this reward is typically concentrated among those who already favor the underlying policy change; among policy opponents, the effect is often statistically indistinguishable from zero. Second, I investigate the sophistication of citizens’ judgments of legislative performance. Specifically, do inferential biases—common in other domains—interfere with how citizens evaluate the president and the congressional majority party in light of bill failure? Again using survey experiments, I find that citizens avoid the serious inferential mistake of treating these actors as if they had performed poorly. Instead, I show that their assessments—even in the absence of diagnostic information about those involved—are broadly consistent with realistic beliefs about legislative performance and the obstacles to success in Congress. Third, I explore why Canadian MPs debate government bills. Whereas recent research tends to emphasize legislative speech as a means of communicating with the electorate, the particular rules of government bill debate—coupled with the relatively low visibility of such deliberations—suggest alternative motivations. Using an original dataset of 53 debates, I find no evidence of personal vote seeking; instead, I find patterns of debate participation consistent with attempted obstruction by bill opponents and attempted persuasion by bill proponents.
Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate

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Fogarty, Peter John. "The Constitutional Convention of 1787 : the issues of representation, slavery and economics /". Full-text of dissertation on the Internet (423 KB), 2009. http://www.lib.jmu.edu/general/etd/2009/Honors/Fogarty_Peter/fogartpj_honors_11-11-2009_01.pdf.

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Nilson, Chad. "Handcuffs or Stethoscopes: A Cross-National Examination of the Influence that Political Institutions and Bureaucracy have on Public Policies Concerning Illegal Drugs". ScholarWorks@UNO, 2008. http://scholarworks.uno.edu/td/661.

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This dissertation attempts to explain why cross-national variation exists in government approaches to dealing with illegal drugs. As other scholars have shown, several domestic and international political factors do account for some of this variance. However less is known of the effect that bureaucratic dominance and political institutions may have on drug policy. This research argues that bureaucrats define problems in ways that make their services the best possible solution to policymakers. Mediating the ability of bureaucrats to influence drug policy outcomes are political institutions. Certain institutional structures foster a competitive policymaking environment while others foster a more cooperative policymaking environment. In the former of these, law enforcement approaches to the drug problem are often retained as the status quo because competition between policy actors prevents consideration of alternatives. In the latter environment however, prevention, treatment, and harm reduction approaches to the drug problem are developed because cooperation between policymakers allows other actors. namely public health bureaucrats.to influence drug policy decision making. To test this argument, I constructed an original dataset that includes over 4,000 observations of drug policy in 101 democracies. Institutional data on intergovernmental relations, regime type, political bargaining, electoral design, and cameralism were regressed on 6 different drug policy indices: law enforcement, deterrence-based prevention, abstinence-based treatment, educationbased prevention, substitution-based treatment, and harm reduction. While controlling for government resource capacity, severity of the drug problem, international pressure, and political ideology, I found that institutions explain a portion of the variance in drug policy outcomes. Providing in-depth information about these phenomena is a large amount of field data I collected while interviewing 155 politicians, bureaucrats, interest group leaders, and service providers. Respondents from all four of the case countries examined in this research.including United States, Canada, Austria, and Netherlands.report that bureaucrats play a major role in the formation of drug policy. Which bureaucrats have the most influence on policymakers is largely a function of domestic political conditions, international political factors, and political institutions.

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Ellery, Margaret. "Making the frontier manifest : the representation of American politics in new age literature". University of Western Australia. School of Social and Cultural Studies, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0043.

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This thesis explores the history of the New Age movement through a political analysis of influential New Age books. By drawing upon cultural, religious and American studies, and concepts from literary criticism and political science, a new understanding of the movement becomes possible. This thesis analyses the ideological representations and rhetorical strategies employed in both New Age literature and American presidential discourse. It is argued that their shared imagery and discursive features indicate that New Age writings derive their ideological underpinnings and textual devices from dominant beliefs of American nationalism. This historical examination begins with the Cold War in the late 1940s and ends with the 1990s. Each chapter traces parallels between a particular presidential discourse and New Age texts published in the same decade commencing with Dwight D. Eisenhower and The Doors of Perception and finishing with William J. Clinton and The Celestine Prophecy: An Adventure. It argues that the appropriation of particular spiritualities in New Age texts is closely related to contemporary American geo-political interests and understandings. Major New Age spiritual trends are derived from regions, most often in the third world, which are considered to be under threat from forces such as Communism. New Age writings construct an imaginary possession of these worlds, reconfiguring these sites into frontiers of American influence. In particular, this study examines the influence of the jeremiads and the ensuing Monroe Doctrine and Manifest Destiny ideologies upon post-war national beliefs and the extent to which these understandings of nationalism inform New Age discourse. Representations of time and space, destiny and landscape, and self and other in these literary and political contexts are analysed. From this perspective, the eclecticism that marks the New Age can be historically understood as a shifting cultural expression of Cold War and post-Cold War political responses. Consequently, New Age literature is one of the means by which dominant American identity is reproduced and disseminated in what seems to be an alternative spiritual context.

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Singh, Robert. "The Congressional Black Caucus : representation and policy-making in the United States Congress, 1971-1990". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.241339.

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Inloes, Tory Dawn Swim. "Enriching Representation| Finding the Voice and Perspective of Children in California History Museums". Thesis, University of California, Santa Barbara, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3637419.

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This dissertation explores how California history museums represent the history of children and childhood. This work is inspired by earlier studies in the fields of anthropology, sociology, museum studies, and public history that question and analyze the underrepresentation or misrepresentation of groups, such as women and ethnic minorities, in US museums. How US museums represent children and their history has yet to receive scholarly attention.

This dissertation contributes to filling this gap in the literature and bases its conclusions on a state-wide survey of more than 200 California museums, interviews with 110 museum professionals or volunteers, site visits to 40 museums, and in-depth field research at 10 museums. I argue that too often the experiences, stories, and contributions of children are overlooked, absent, or marginalized in California history museums. When representations of children's history do emerge, they often reflect ideals rather than realities, universalize the historical experience of childhood, and, in the process, romanticize the past. This dissertation acknowledges obstacles that get in the way of richer representation and offers potential solutions.

During my study it became clear that multiple meanings of children's history are at work in the California museum community: the history of children, history for children, and history by children. This dissertation examines each in turn and demonstrates how conceptions of children, many with deep historical roots, influence not only museum exhibitions but also programming for children. Central to this dissertation is the study of history by children at the Pasadena Museum of History, which provides middle-school students the opportunity to teach history as docents to younger children. Drawing upon my three years of participant observation at this site and interviews with forty middle-school students, I contend that inviting children to participate, create, and co-produce in museum spaces improves children's attitudes towards museums, enriches representation, and brings to light perspectives that may otherwise remain marginalized.

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Daldin, Jacqueline. "Representations of Teen Pregnancy and Motherhood in the United States". Thesis, Malmö högskola, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-21952.

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The teen pregnancy rate in the United States has been rapidly and steadily declining across all ethnic groups and races over the past two decades and is now at an all-time low. Most academic studies attribute this decline to increased and consistent use of contraception. Despite this good news, instead of or in addition to focusing on evidence-based advocacy in their prevention efforts, many social institutions, including public health entities and private sector organizations, continue to use representations of teen pregnancy and motherhood that stigmatize young mothers – or construct narratives of failure – as part of their communication interventions. The advent of social media, however, has given young mothers the means to challenge these mainstream representations and create positive social identities – or construct narratives of success. My research focuses on how images used in prevention campaigns construct or resist representations of teen pregnancy. My methodological framework consists of a combination of textual analysis and qualitative interviews with the image-producers. Theories related to language as an important tool for constructing and resisting representations, communication for social change as a rights-based framework and social media as a site to build identity and interject voice in public discourse are also explored and should be of interest to communication for development practitioners.

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Cooks, Bridget Rochelle. "Seen and not seen : a history of Black representation and self-representation in art exhibitions in the United States, 1893-1998". Ann Arbor, Mich. : ProQuest Information and Learning, 2005. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?res_dat=xri:ssbe&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_dat=xri:ssbe:ft:keyresource:Coll_Diss_02.

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Salman, Rania Camille. "The (Mis)representation of the Middle East and Its People in K-8 Social Studies Textbooks: A Postcolonial Analysis". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc799522/.

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Critical examinations of cultural groups and the ways in which they are presented in schools are missing from current elementary and middle school curricula. Issues of this nature often fall under the umbrella of “multicultural education” or “cultural pedagogy,” but this rhetoric is dismissive in nature. Constructing the non-Western child as “culturally deprived,” “culturally disadvantaged,” or “at-risk” perpetuates an “us/colonizer” versus “them/colonized” mentality. The purpose of this study was to examine critically how the Middle East and its people are represented in U.S. social studies textbooks. Through the use of qualitative content analysis, 10 elementary and middle school social studies books from Florida, Texas, and Virginia were analyzed. Drawing largely from the postcolonial Orientalist work of Edward Said (1978/2003), this study unveiled the ways in which American public schools other children, specifically children of Middle Eastern or Arab descent. Othering occurs anytime an institution in power constructs a certain reality for a marginalized group of people.

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Hughes-Skallos, Jessica M. "Displaying Archaeology: A Look into the Representation of Archaeology in United States Natural History/History Museums". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1384850209.

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Yelverton, Brittany. "The representation of women's reproductive rights in the American feminist blogosphere: an analysis of the debate around women's reproductive rights and abortion legislation in response to the reformation of the United States health care system in 2009/10". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002949.

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This study investigates the representation of women's reproductive rights in the feminist blogopshere during 2009/10 United States health care reform. Focusing on two purposively selected feminist blogsites - Feministing and Jezebel- it critically examines the discursive and rhetorical strategies employed by feminist bloggers to contest the erosion of women's reproductive rights as proposed in health care reform legislation. While the reformation of the U.S. health care system was a lengthy process, my analysis is confined to feminist blog posts published in November 2009, December 2009 and March 2010. These three months have been designated as they are roughly representative of three pivotal stages in health care reform: the drafting of the House of Representatives health care reform bill and Stupak Amendment in November 2009, the creation of the Senate health care bill inclusive of the Nelson compromise in December 2009, and the passage of the finalised health care reform bill, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and supplementary executive order, in March 2010. This study is informed by feminist poststructuralist theory and Foucault's conceptions of discourse and power - an appropriate framework for identifying and analysing the unequal power relations that exist between men and women in patriarchal societies. Foucault conceives of discourse as both socially constituted and constitutive and contends that through the constitution of knowledge, discourses designate acceptable ways of talking, writing, and behaving, while simultaneously restricting and prohibiting alternatives, thereby granting power and authority to specific discourses. However, Foucault also stresses the multi-directionality of power and asserts that though hegemonic discourses are privileged over others, power lays in discursive practice at all social sites; hence the socially and politically transformative power of contesting discourses. Critical discourse analysis is informed by this critical theory of language and regards the use of language as a form of social practice located within its specific historical context. Therefore, it is through engaging in the struggle over meaning and producing different 'truths' through the reappropriation of language that the possibility of social change exists. Employing narrative, linguistic and rhetorical analysis, this study identifies the discursive strategies and tactics utilised by feminist bloggers to combat and contest anti-choice health care legislation. The study further seeks to determine how arguments supportive of women's reproductive rights are framed and how feminist discourses are privileged while patriarchal discourse is contested. Drawing on public sphere theory, I argue that the feminist blogosphere constitutes a counter-public which facili tates the articulation and circulation of marginalised and counter-discourses. I conclude this study by examining the feminist blogopshere's role in promoting political change and transformation through alternative representations of women and their reproductive rights.

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Pate, Tanvi. "The United States and the global nuclear order : narrative identity and the representation of India as the 'other' 1993-2009". Thesis, University of Warwick, 2015. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/79947/.

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Post-Cold War US nuclear policies towards India witnessed a major swing as they developed from being a demand for the ‘halt, cap, rollback’ during Bill Clinton administration (1993-2001) to the signing and implementation of the historic ‘civil nuclear deal’ during the George W. Bush administration (2001-2009). This thesis addresses this change in US nuclear foreign policy by focusing on three core categories of identity, inequality and great power narratives. First, building upon the theoretical paradigm of critical constructivism, the thesis problematises the concept of the ‘state’ by focusing on identity-related questions arguing that the ‘state’ becomes a constructed entity standing as valid only within relations of identity and difference. Secondly, focusing on postcolonial principles, it argues that imperialism as an organising principle of identity/difference enables us to understand how difference was maintained in unequal terms through US nuclear foreign policy and that foreign policy is manifested in five great power narratives constructed around: peace and justice; India-Pakistan deterrence; democracy; economic progress; and scientific development. Thirdly, identities of ‘race’, ‘political economy’ and ‘gender’, in terms of radical otherness and otherness were recurrently utilised through these narratives to maintain a difference, which enabled the Bill Clinton and the George W. Bush administrations to maintain ‘US’ identity as a progressive and developed western nation, intrinsically justifying the US role as an arbiter of the global nuclear order. The contribution of the thesis: an interdisciplinary perspective on US state identity as connected to the global nuclear order and implications of nuclear policy towards India; a comparative perspective on great power narratives of the Clinton and the Bush administrations that are historically contingent; and methodological insights into temporal and spatial dimensions of textuality through the discourse analysis of primary material.

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Davis, Siobhan. "Migrant mother to Rosie the Riveter : the visual representation of women in the United States 1930-1940". Thesis, Keele University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.275246.

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Bevacqua, Michael Lujan. "Chamorros, ghosts, non-voting delegates GUAM! where the production of America's sovereignty begins /". Diss., [La Jolla] : University of California, San Diego, 2010. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3398029.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2010.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed May 5, 2010). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 447-492).

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Chang, Gordon C. "The politics of representation and the social order in the War on Terror /". Diss., View abstract only; access to full text of dissertation for UC campuses will be available after December 1, 2010, 2008. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3337189.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of California, San Diego, 2008.
Title from first page of PDF file (viewed January 6, 2009). Available via ProQuest Digital Dissertations. Vita. Embargoed until 12/1/2010. Includes bibliographical references (p. 278-292).

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Jideonwo, Thelma Ukachi. "Exploring Under-Representation of Women in Top Executive Positions in The United States' Banking Industry: A Phenomenological Study". Franklin University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=frank1613567219813127.

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Hoglin, Phillip J. "Survival analysis and accession optimization of prior enlisted United States Marine Corps officers". Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/1673.

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Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited
The purpose of this thesis is to firstly analyze the determinants on the survival of United States Marine Corps Officers, and secondly, to develop the methodology to optimize the accessions of prior and non-prior enlisted officers. Using data from the Marine Corps Officer Accession Career file (MCCOAC), the Cox Proportional Hazards Model is used to estimate the effects of officer characteristics on their survival as a commissioned officer in the USMC. A Markov model for career transition is combined with fiscal data to determine the optimum number of prior and non-prior enlisted officers under the constraints of force structure and budget. The findings indicate that prior enlisted officers have a better survival rate than their non-prior enlisted counterparts. Additionally, officers who are married, commissioned through MECEP, graduate in the top third of their TBS class, and are assigned to a combat support MOS have a better survival rate than officers who are unmarried, commissioned through USNA, graduate in the middle third of their TBS class, and are assigned to either combat or combat service support MOS. The findings also indicate that the optimum number of prior enlisted officer accessions may be considerably lower than recent trends and may differ across MOS. Based on the findings; it is recommended that prior enlisted officer accession figures be reviewed.
Major, Australian Army

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Willey, Elaine Ann. "Explaining the Vote: Claiming Credit and Managing Blame in the United States Senate". Connect to this title online, 2002. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1015617172.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2002.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 175 p.). Includes abstract and vita. Advisor: Kathleen M. McGraw, Dept. of Political Science. Includes bibliographical references (p. 167-175).

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Eltantawy, Nahed Mohamed Atef. "U.S. Newspaper Representation of Muslim and Arab Women Post 9/11". Digital Archive @ GSU, 2007. http://digitalarchive.gsu.edu/communication_diss/18.

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This study examines U.S. newspaper representation of Muslim-Arab women post 9/11 with an aim of better understanding how women are portrayed in relation to religion, society, politics and the economy. Through a discourse analysis, I examined local articles from across the nation, in addition to international articles, that examine various aspects of Muslim-Arab women’s lives between 9/11/2001 and 9/11/2005. With the increasing focus on the Muslim world in general, and Muslim women in particular, it is necessary to determine how women are portrayed. Muslim-Arab women have increasingly been on the face covers of magazines and front pages of newspapers since 9/11 and all the events that followed; among the major topics covered were the war in Afghanistan, the U.S.-led Iraqi invasion, as well as the elections in both countries. This project aims to provide a comprehensive examination of the diverse stereotypes used by Western reporters to describe Muslim-Arab women, their appearance, status, roles, obligations,responsibilities and aspirations. The analysis also examines the journalistic practices that contribute to distortion and stereotyping.

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Paz, Pérez Elisa. "Gender representation and television talk show: An analysis of prime time and late-night shows in Europe and the United States". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670726.

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Aquesta investigació analitza la representació de gènere en programes televisius emesos en franges de prime-time i nit a Europa i als Estats Units. El principal objectiu d’aquesta tesi és determinar si aquest popular format televisiu perpetua estereotips de gènere o si, per contra, les representacions de gènere que es duen a terme proposen nous rols que desafien presumpcions socials tradicionals. Per assolir aquest objectiu s’ha realitzat un anàlisi de contingut aplicat a la mostra que conforma la tesi. Aquesta mostra inclou tots els talk shows televisius que s’han emès durant les franges horàries de màxima audiència o nit, en cadenes generalistes emeses en obert a Europa (Espanya, França, Itàlia i Regne Unit) i els Estats Units. A la mostra d’aquesta investigació apareixen dos tipus de participants pel que fa al gènere: homes i dones. D’una banda, els participants masculins solen ocupar rols de major autoritat dins del programa, especialment el càrrec de presentador. Les dones participants tendeixen a ocupar rols que impliquen una menor dominància i utilitzen l’humor en moltes menys ocasions. No obstant això, aquests programes mostren imparcialitat a l’hora de presentar els participants, independentment del seu gènere, i també solen tractar temes de les esferes públiques i privades amb homes i dones per igual. El més rellevant pel que fa a la comparació per països és que l’ús de l’humor te molta més presència en països anglosaxons que en aquells que fan servir una llengua evolucionada del llatí. Aquest fet es tradueix en una major equitat en la representació de gènere en els primers. La principal conclusió d’aquesta investigació és que el talk show de prime-time i nit s’enfronta a reptes concrets pel que fa a la representació de gènere, tant per l’absència de dones al capdavant dels programes com pels estereotips de gènere existents en la realització de l’humor per part de les dones.
Esta investigación analiza la representación de género en talk shows televisivos emitidos en franjas de prime-time y noche en Europa y Estados Unidos. El principal objetivo que persigue esta tesis es determinar si este popular formato televisivo perpetúa estereotipos de género o si, por el contrario, las representaciones de género que se llevan a cabo proponen nuevos roles que desafían presunciones sociales tradicionales. Para alcanzar este objetivo se ha llevado a cabo un análisis de contenido aplicado a la muestra que conforma la tesis. Dicha muestra incluye todos los talk shows televisivos que se han emitido durante las franjas horarias de prime time o noche, en cadenas generalistas emitidas en abierto en Europa (España, Francia, Italia y Reino Unido) y Estados Unidos. En la muestra que atañe a esta investigación aparecen dos tipos de participantes en cuanto al género: hombres y mujeres. Por una parte, los participantes masculinos suelen ocupar roles de mayor autoridad dentro del programa, especialmente el cargo de presentador. Las mujeres participantes tienden a ocupar roles que implican menor dominancia y utilizan el humor en muchas menos ocasiones. Sin embargo, por otra parte, estos programas muestran imparcialidad a la hora de presentar a los participantes, independientemente de su género, y también suelen tratar temas de las esferas públicas y privadas con hombres y mujeres por igual. Lo más llamativo en cuanto a la comparación por países es que el uso del humor es mucho más acentuado en países anglosajones que en aquellos que usan un idioma evolucionado del latín, lo cual se traduce en una mayor equidad en representación de género en los primeros. La principal conclusión de esta investigación es que el talk show de prime-time y noche se enfrenta a retos concretos en cuanto a representación de género tanto por a la ausencia de mujeres al frente de los programas, como por estereotipos de género existentes en cuanto a la ejecución del humor por parte de las mujeres.
This research analyses the representation of gender on prime time and late-night television talk shows in Europe and the United States. The main goal is to assess whether traditional gender stereotypes are depicted in this popular form of television genre or if, on the contrary, representations found on late-night talk shows are challenging hegemonic notions of gender and encouraging new portrayals. To achieve this goal, content analysis is carried out for examining the sample, which is composed by every television talk show which aired on prime time or late-night timeslots. More particularly, programmes aired in general-interest channels in Europe (Spain, France, Italy and the United Kingdom) and the United States have been selected. Results show that only binary expressions of gender have participated: male and female participants. On the one hand, men are more likely to perform a dominant role within these programmes, especially that of the host which is of the utmost relevance towards the dynamics of the format. Women tend to appear on roles that are less dominant and use far less humour than their male counterparts. On the other hand, late-night talk shows do show equity at the time of introducing female and male guests and are also likely to discuss themes from both the personal and private spheres with either gender. In this cross-national research, what can also be concluded is the fact that English-speaking countries (the United Kingdom and the United States) use much more humour than the remaining ones (Spain, France, and Italy). The main conclusion that can be drawn is that this format is still challenging in terms of a fair gender representation mainly due to both the lack of female participants performing dominant roles, as well as traditional assumptions of women performing humour.

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Hoersting, Raquel Carvalho. "The Effects of Priming, Culture, and Context on Perception of Facial Emotion, Self-representation and Thought: Brazil and the United States". Thesis, University of North Texas, 2011. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc115096/.

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Individualist and collectivist cultural approaches describe the relationship between an individual and his or her social surroundings. the current study had a two-fold purpose. the first was to investigate whether Brazilians, like other collective peoples, displayed more group self-representations, categorized items more relationally and paid more attention to context than Americans. the second purpose of this study was to investigate if counter-cultural primes played a role in activating either collective or individual selves. Both American (n = 100) and Brazilian (n = 101) participants were assigned either to a no-prime condition or a counter-cultural prime condition and then were asked to rate emotion cartoons, categorize items, complete the Twenty Statement Test (TST), and choose a representative object. As expected, unprimed Brazilian participants displayed more collectivist patterns on emotional (F[1,196] = 10.1, p = .001, ?²= .049; F[1,196] = 7.9, p = .006, ?²= .038; F[1,196] = 9.0, p = .005, ?²= .044) and cognitive (F[1, 196] = 6.0, p < .01, ?² = .03) tasks than Americans. However, Brazilians offered more individualist self-representations (F[1, 195] = 24.0, p < .001, ?² = .11) than American participants. Priming only had a marginal effect on item categorization (F[1,194] = 3.9, p = .051, ?² = .02). Understanding such cultural differences is necessary in the development of clinicians’ multicultural competence. Therefore, these findings, along with the strengths and limitations of this study and suggestions for future research, are discussed.

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Ferello, Jamie. "Thick: Re-presenting the Real". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1522335976809235.

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Williams, Tiffany. "The possible benefits of Response to Intervention on the counseling factors affecting the disproportionate representation of African American students in special education". Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2007. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2007/2007williamst.pdf.

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Ellery, Margaret. "Making the frontier manifest : the representation of American politics in new age literature /". Connect to this title, 2007. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0043.

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Miao, Wei. "From National Allegory to Sentimental Fabulations: Gender, Affect and the Representation of Chinese Migration to the United States in the Post-Tiananmen Era". Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/10122.

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Written in the wake of Rey Chow’s theorization of the Chinese sentimental, this thesis deploys an affect-centered conceptual framework to study selected televisual, filmic and literary narratives of Chinese migration to the United States produced in the post-Tiananmen era. The introduction provides some historical background for Chinese migration to the US and reviews the extant scholarship on Chinese- and English-language representations of, in particular, intellectual migration, many of which blend autobiographical and fictional modes. The main body of the thesis comprises four close readings of texts that represent migration as a highly gendered experience. The first close reading centers on the landmark Chinese television drama A Native of Beijing in New York, which reveals how migration puts in tension traditional variants of Chinese masculinity that the migrant male finds difficult to reconcile sentimentally. This argument provides a context for the following two chapters which discuss films that are centered on female protagonists and, coincidentally, more successful in achieving affective resolution through the deployment of the sentimental mood as defined by Chow. The first film considered is Sylvia Chang’s Siao Yu, which deploys a predominantly silent female protagonist to reveal and reconcile the conflicting demands made on Chinese women in the diasporic setting. The second film discussed is Wayne Wang’s A Thousand Years of Good Prayers, which thematically foregrounds the unspoken discord and emotional distance between a visiting Chinese father and his divorced adult daughter who resides in the US. The final chapter examines Ha Jin’s semi-autobiographical novel A Free Life as an instance of unsentimental writing about the male experience of migration. In considering these four narratives, this thesis uncovers that compared with their loudly protesting male counterparts, female characters feature as poignant figures of emotional translation and are thus reflective of a new understanding of the affective labor engaged by migration.

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Craig, Karly. "Gender in local television news presentation: an analysis of TV news markets in the U.S. Northwest". Thesis, Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/35569.

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Master of Science
Department of Journalism and Mass Communications
Tom Hallaq
Traditionally, men have been the primary face and voice of live broadcasting. Limited research has compared Designated Market Areas by news content. This study compared and analyzed gender representations between large and small market news programs in the Northwest region of the United States. Hard news stories are those which audiences expect to be included in a newscast and are more likely time-sensitive. Soft stories, on the other hand, are those known to be not as crucial or time-sensitive as hard stories. The purpose of this study was to examine two major topics: (1) gender representation as news anchors and reporters, and (2) gender representation in types of stories covered. Data of gender representation was compared and analyzed between a large and small news market. Notable differences and similarities between both markets were revealed. This study found female news reporters present 16% more hard stories than male reporters even when females were underrepresented as overall news talent compared to male news talent. Males represented 55% of news talent compared to females at 45% of news talent. Male anchors also presented more news stories as overall news talent, indicating visible gender inequality in the presentation of news stories. Another important purpose of this study was to introduce a preliminary study by comparing and analyzing gender representation data by television market size. An important difference found regarding news anchors, was the large market sample more equally represented both males and females as anchors, whereas the small market sample did not. The data revealed a 56% disparity by exhibiting males 78% of the time and females only 22% of the time in the small news market. Both markets also displayed significant differences in the total count of news anchors, reporters, and news content.

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Rubio, Berdejo Solange. "This Land: A media analysis of Latinx representation in ‘woke’ advertising". Thesis, Malmö universitet, Fakulteten för kultur och samhälle (KS), 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-22789.

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It seems as of late the most acclaimed advertising campaigns have found a formula to commodify the politically correct through what has come to be described as “woke advertising”. This winning strategy has won public appeal for connecting with an ever-evolving audience that is young, diverse and liberal. Specifically, newcomer agency, Anomaly, has publicly proclaimed themselves as the “change-agent” in the space of advertising, capitalizing on the culture wars by positioning themselves as the leading advertising experts in challenging societal stereotypes and biases. This is a case study that explores one of Anomaly’s 2016 campaigns for Johnnie Walker, “Keep Walking America”, as they attempt to engage in cultural politics with the Latinx community during a period of heightened political tension for immigrant populations. Through a Social Semiotics analysis and postcolonial criticism, the focus of this thesis is to explore how Johnnie Walker leveraged woke capital and consequently attempted to represent the lived experiences of marginalized groups whose stories are generally silenced.

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Leung, Wing-kwan, e 梁永坤. "Gender representation in personal ads in Hong Kong and the U.S.: a linguistic investigation". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42128572.

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Herlitz, Gunnarsson Rebecka. "LGBT+ rights and the gender gap : A comparative study of LGBT+ anti-discrimination legislation in the United States". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-432117.

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This thesis seeks to examine if there is a connection between female representation among U.S. legislators at state level and support of legislation protecting LGBT+ people from discrimination in terms of adoption and foster care. Using the theories of substantive and descriptive representation, three hypotheses regarding female representation and partisanship were tested. In the analysis, it became clear that there is a positive significant correlation between female legislators and voting in favour of anti-discrimination legislation in terms of LGBT+ rights. In addition to this, the study found that partisanship also has a significant effect of the voting outcome, in fact one that is even greater than the effect of gender.

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Silva, Andréa Antonieta Cotrim. "O sensível (não) partilhado: a violência poética e política da (ir)representação do negro em Hollywood". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8147/tde-10042018-122248/.

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Esta tese prevê um detalhamento sobre a violência intrínseca ao regime de representação cinematográfica, não somente por meio da figuração, frequentemente, depreciativa de personagens cujo gênero, a classe social, a cor da pele, o nível de escolaridade, o padrão corporal, a espiritualidade, a origem geográfica ou a linha de pensamento sofre algum tipo de exclusão social, mas pela própria composição estética da angulação, do enquadramento, da iluminação, da trilha sonora etc. Pretendemos nos debruçar sobre os processos de violência da (ir) representação fílmica do (a) negro (a) norte-americano (a), desde os primórdios de Hollywood, bem como estudar algumas sensibilidades partilhadas, mais minuciosamente, em Django Livre e Histórias Cruzadas. Para nossa análise, apoiar-nos-emos na fortuna crítica pós-colonial, associada a teorias de identidade, de gênero e étnico-raciais, sob o viés dos Estudos da Cultura e do Letramento Crítico Visual. Em especial, focaremos na definição de violência da representação como o apagamento do Outro (VATTIMO, 2010, 2011) e como a distribuição desigual do sensível (RANCIÈRE, 2005, 2010, 2013).
This doctoral dissertation foresees an investigation of the violence intrinsic to the regime of cinematographic representation, not only the often-derogatory figuration of characters whose gender, social class, skin color, level of education, body pattern, spirituality, geographical origin or line of thought suffers some kind of social exclusion, but by the very aesthetic composition of angulation, framing, lighting, soundtrack etc. We intend to focus on the violence processes of the representation of African-Americans from the earliest days of Hollywood, as well as to study some of the sensibilities shared more closely in Django Unchained and The Help. For our analysis, we will rely on the postcolonial critical fortune, associated with identity, gender and ethnic-racial theories, under the perspective of the Studies of Culture and Visual Critical Literacy. In particular, we will focus on the definition of the violence of representation as the erasure of the Other (VATTIMO, 2010, 2011) and as the unequal distribution of the sensitive (RANCIÈRE, 2005, 2010, 2013).

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Paget, Christine Leigh. "An investigation into the representation of African Americans in grade eight United States history textbooks approved by the California State Board of Education in 2005". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/2321.

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As the connections between textbooks and schools, student self-esteem, and educational success are further articulated, and the ramifications of deficient textbook material are more clearly understood, textbooks become increasingly a source of concern and contention. The purpose of this study is to investigate the representation of African Americans in grade 8 American history textbooks approved by the California State Board of Education in 2005. This study develops a critical approach to identifying embedded power relationships in the text employing five evaluative criteria. These five criteria are ethnocentrism, over-simplification, voice, absence, and inclusiveness. The findings of this study are that, while particular sections of each textbook may be inclusive of African American perspectives and are satisfactory in their representation according to the criteria used in this study, the overarching narrative of American history remains ethnocentric. This study raises pressing concerns regarding the role of teachers and textbooks in delivering an equitable and inclusive curriculum.

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Mayo-Bobee, Dinah. "A Superior Form of Republicanism: James Elliot's Articulation of Free Labor Ideology and the Inequity of Slave Representation". Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2013. https://dc.etsu.edu/etsu-works/729.

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McCafferty, Heather. "The representation of Muslim women in American print media : a case study of The New York Times, September 11, 2000-September 11, 2002". Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98556.

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This thesis is an examination of representations of Muslim women in the American print media. I focus on one particular publication, The New York Times within a time frame surrounding the events of September 11, 2001. Articles were selected from this publication that fell within the time period of September 11, 2000 to September 11, 2002, in selecting articles, I chose those based on their inclusion of any discussion that clearly identified those discussed as Muslim women, through the use of the words "Muslim" or "Islamic" in their descriptions. The case study was carried out by reading through each daily edition of The New York Times in order to identify any articles that fell within my criteria. I also used an online database containing abstracts of the publication to verify that no article of relevance was overlooked. I then devised 5 categories within which to analyze the representations of Muslim women that were found within these articles, "Veil", "Biographical", "Women's Issues", "Politics" and "Muslims in the West". The main goal of this thesis is to determine how Muslim women are represented within this particular publication and to analyze whether the events of September 11, 2001 had any effect on how Muslim women were portrayed in The New York Times articles.

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Morgan, Jerry R. "A study of promotion and attrition of mid-grade officers in the U.S. Marine Corps : are assignments a key factor? /". Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2005. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/05Mar%5FMorgan%5FJerry.pdf.

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Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Proportional representation – United States"

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