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Bergouignan, Christophe. "Prospective démographique localisée : de la diversité des méthodes à l’importance des données de recensement". Cahiers québécois de démographie 41, n.º 2 (15 de janeiro de 2013): 341–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/1013495ar.
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La prospective démographique localisée est susceptible de recouvrir plusieurs démarches distinctes. Cette diversité méthodologique renvoie à la fois à des différences de degré d’élaboration et de respect des exigences de cohérence interne et au contexte qui a conduit à projeter une ou plusieurs populations locales. Après avoir présenté les principales méthodes de projection démographique utilisées en démographie locale, ce texte explique et illustre, par un exemple caractéristique, la façon dont elles peuvent être articulées pour répondre aux demandes de plus en plus composites des collectivités territoriales. Il décrit ensuite les données de recensement nécessaires à la mise en oeuvre de ces démarches de prospective démographique localisée en fonction de leur degré d’élaboration.
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Griffiths, Anne. "Law, Space, and Place: Reframing Comparative Law and Legal Anthropology". Law & Social Inquiry 34, n.º 02 (2009): 495–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-4469.2009.01154.x.
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In her book Mapping Marriage Law in Spanish Gitano Communities (2006), Susan Drummond challenges the disciplinary perspectives of comparative law and legal anthropology in her study of Gitano marriage practices. By reframing the way in which the “local” or “locale” is viewed—through an ethnographic study of Gitanos—she displaces the traditional boundaries ascribed to comparative law, with its focus on taxonomy and structure, and with legal anthropology's approach to culture. Her study not only elucidates how national and transnational law intersect, but highlights the complex interconnections between local law and the larger systems of law that attempt to regulate it. This detailed interdisciplinary depiction of the spatial and temporal dimensions of law demonstrates the importance of taking account of scale, projection, and representation that requires both comparative law and legal anthropology to rethink the nature of space and place and their relationship with law from both their macro‐ and microperspectives.
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Wolfart, Johannes. "Why Was There Even a Reformation in Lindau? The Myth and Mystery of Lindau’s Conflict-Free Reformation". Renaissance and Reformation 40, n.º 4 (28 de janeiro de 2018): 43–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.33137/rr.v40i4.29268.
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Histories of Lindau emphasize a remarkably conflict-free course of early reform in that particular locale. This view is established and maintained by multiple means, including hyper-credulity towards the peacefulness asserted by local authorities, anachronistic projections of the confessional “compromise” that was the Tetrapolitana back into the 1520s, and a deliberately narrow definition of key subjects, to exclude obvious contrary evidence. While Bernd Moeller has recently remarked that Lindau society was so harmonious that it is surprising there was any Reformation at all, archival sources actually indicate conflict in several areas pertaining to the early Reformation in Lindau, including interpersonal violence over key theological issues, the social conflict of the Peasant’s War, and stark communal divisions over iconoclasm, resulting in the ritual conflict of a feud. This article is both a particular historical corrective and a general historiographical illustration of how mythographic and historiographic modes may be entangled in early Reformation studies.
Les ouvrages d’histoire montrent un début de Réforme remarquablement exempt de conflit dans l’histoire de Lindau. Cette interprétation fut établie et renforcée de plusieurs façons, dont une excessive crédulité envers les assertions de paix faites par les autorités locales, la projection anachronique de l’esprit de compromis confessionnel propre au Tetrapolitana de 1520, ainsi que la restriction délibérée des définitions de certains sujets essentiels, menée afin de réduire les contradictions patentes. Bien que Bernd Moeller ait récemment fait remarquer que la société de Lindau apparaît comme si harmonieuse que l’on peut s’étonner qu’il s’y soit même déroulé une Réforme, les documents d’archives révèlent plutôt l’existence de conflits dans plusieurs secteurs de Lindau au début de la Réforme, conflits prenant la forme, par exemple, de violences entre interlocuteurs lors de discussions sur des questions théologiques centrales, de conflits sociaux participant de la Guerre des Paysans, et de sérieuses divisions marquant la communauté au sujet de l’iconoclasme, ayant pour résultat un échange formel de représailles. Cet article cherche donc à la fois à corriger l’histoire et à mettre en lumière, par ce cas de figure, comment les usages mythographiques et historiographiques s’enchevêtrent et marquent les études des débuts de la Réforme.
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S, Shantharaju, e Vivian Peter. "The Jallikattu Fiasco: Week Long Protest against the Ban Enforced and the Role Played by Print Media". Artha - Journal of Social Sciences 16, n.º 3 (1 de julho de 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.12724/ajss.42.1.
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As the fourth pillar of democratic governments, media has a significant influence in the formation of general conclusions among the masses. The bull has stomped its way into featured news story in Tamil Nadu several times in the last decade. From the time that people of Tamil Nadu prepared to celebrate Pongal in 2017, a large number of individuals from different urban communities of the state came together in open spaces, such as coastal areas and playgrounds, challenging a Supreme Court directive prohibiting the essentially provincial spectacle of Jallikattu. Convenient conclusions have frequently been drawn with regard to debilitating injuries and even deaths. The ‘game’ has never been directed by anyone with precise control. The present paper is an attempt to understand how a section of media, mostly newspapers, portrayed this sensitive issue. The review conducts a comparison between one English daily and one vernacular daily, both covering the Chennai locale in Tamil Nadu and attempts to examine the stand taken by print media in the projection of Jallikattu.
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Muhammad Lawan Ali, Gumel, Mohd Khairul Amri Kamarudin e Muhammad Alhaji. "Application of CA-Markov Model for the Analysis of Urban Growth in Gumel Town Jigawa State of Nigeria". Journal of Social Sciences Research, n.º 71 (13 de janeiro de 2021): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.32861/jssr.71.1.6.
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The land use land cover change and its modeling approach has recently been considered by the scientific community to observe environmental changes. Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) give major techniques which can be useful in the analysis at the town locale as well as the city levels. RS data from Thematic Mapper sensor of 1998, 2002, 2010, 2014, and 2018, Operational Land Imager of 2018 were used for the analysis. The study used a supervised classification technique for classification, and Cellular Automata Markovian (CA-Markov) Model analysis was used for future projection of 2038. The result shows that the projected the year 2038 with 0.9079 K-standard value of stimulation, the study further uses Maximum likelihood classifier (MLC) a supervised classification method to classify the images. The study reveals a continuous pattern of urban growth from 3.96 km2 in 2018 to 4.73 in 2038 in terms of settlement growth, dense vegetation has decreased from 11.73 in 2018 to 8.55 in 2038 also shrubland has decreased from 44.82 to 36.30, the last bare land has increased more than all the classes from 162.69 to 173.69. The findings of the present study are useful for planners and decision-makers in sustainable natural resource management.
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Norkin, V. I. "A new projective exact penalty function for a general constrained optimization". Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, n.º 5 (28 de outubro de 2022): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/dopovidi2022.04.023.
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A new projective exact penalty function method is proposed for the equivalent reduction of constrained optimization problems to unconstrained ones. In the method, the original objective function is extended to infeasible points by summing its value at the projection of an infeasible point on the feasible set with the distance to the set. The equivalence means that local and global minimums of the problems coincide. Nonconvex sets with multivalued projections are admitted, and the objective function may be lower semicontinuous. The particular case of convex problems is included. So the method does not assume the existence of the objective function outside the allowable area and does not require the selection of the penalty coefficient.
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Montiel Olea, José Luis, e Mikkel Plagborg-Møller. "Local Projection Inference Is Simpler and More Robust Than You Think". Econometrica 89, n.º 4 (2021): 1789–823. http://dx.doi.org/10.3982/ecta18756.
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Applied macroeconomists often compute confidence intervals for impulse responses using local projections, that is, direct linear regressions of future outcomes on current covariates. This paper proves that local projection inference robustly handles two issues that commonly arise in applications: highly persistent data and the estimation of impulse responses at long horizons. We consider local projections that control for lags of the variables in the regression. We show that lag‐augmented local projections with normal critical values are asymptotically valid uniformly over (i) both stationary and non‐stationary data, and also over (ii) a wide range of response horizons. Moreover, lag augmentation obviates the need to correct standard errors for serial correlation in the regression residuals. Hence, local projection inference is arguably both simpler than previously thought and more robust than standard autoregressive inference, whose validity is known to depend sensitively on the persistence of the data and on the length of the horizon.
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Shell, R. C. H., e P. Rama. "The sero-conversion of the people of the Nelson Mandela metropole, 1985-2021". New Contree 50 (30 de novembro de 2005): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/nc.v50i0.437.
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The authors draw attention to the little researched pandemic of HIV/AIDS in the Western area of the Eastern Cape, South Africa. They use population projection programs and new historical case level data which has a broader base than the national ante natal clinic (anc) data. They demonstrate the utility of the component method for projecting urban population trends as opposed to commonly used mathematical (exponential or logistic) projections. While there is much more work involved in an urban component projection because of problems of recovering reliable in-migration data, the final product of the component projection are of such value to planners that it is suggested that all South African city planners could benefit from such projections. This study also attempts to establish that if the HIV pandemic is allowed to run unchecked, the total population of the Nelson Mandela Metropole will be just under two million people by the year 2021. Without Aids it would be between 2.5 and 4 million. The authors analyze the new data with a view to understand the probable historical vectors of the pandemic and to enable policy formulation, interventions and planning. Any attempt to forecast the course of an urban HIV pandemic is fraught with difficulties and uncertainties. These relate primarily to the number of assumptions which must be made in building forecasting models, often with historical data that is not reliable. The results of any model should therefore be treated with caution and must be used responsibly. That uncertainty, however, should not deter attempts at developing realistic forecasts for the future course of the HIV/AIDS pandemic at the urban level, since these local projections are essential in attracting and recruiting the attention of the stakeholder urban planners and managers who need to understand the possible impact of this disease on their communities, and to plan appropriately.
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Wallis, Christopher G. R., Matthew A. Price, Jason D. McEwen, Thomas D. Kitching, Boris Leistedt e Antoine Plouviez. "Mapping dark matter on the celestial sphere with weak gravitational lensing". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society 509, n.º 3 (10 de novembro de 2021): 4480–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab3235.
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ABSTRACT Convergence maps of the integrated matter distribution are a key science result from weak gravitational lensing surveys. To date, recovering convergence maps has been performed using a planar approximation of the celestial sphere. However, with the increasing area of sky covered by dark energy experiments, such as Euclid, the Vera Rubin Observatory’s Legacy Survey of Space and Time (LSST), and the Nancy Grace Roman Space Telescope, this assumption will no longer be valid. We recover convergence fields on the celestial sphere using an extension of the Kaiser–Squires estimator to the spherical setting. Through simulations, we study the error introduced by planar approximations. Moreover, we examine how best to recover convergence maps in the planar setting, considering a variety of different projections and defining the local rotations that are required when projecting spin fields such as cosmic shear. For the sky coverages typical of future surveys, errors introduced by projection effects can be of the order of tens of percent, exceeding 50 per cent in some cases. The stereographic projection, which is conformal and so preserves local angles, is the most effective planar projection. In any case, these errors can be avoided entirely by recovering convergence fields directly on the celestial sphere. We apply the spherical Kaiser–Squires mass-mapping method presented to the public Dark Energy Survey science verification data to recover convergence maps directly on the celestial sphere.
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Diao, Chen, Ai-Hua Zhang e Bin Wang. "Spectral Clustering with Local Projection Distance Measurement". Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2015 (2015): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/829514.
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Constructing a rational affinity matrix is crucial for spectral clustering. In this paper, a novel spectral clustering via local projection distance measure (LPDM) is proposed. In this method, the Local-Projection-Neighborhood (LPN) is defined, which is a region between a pair of data, and other data in the LPN are projected onto the straight line among the data pairs. Utilizing the Euclidean distance between projective points, the local spatial structure of data can be well detected to measure the similarity of objects. Then the affinity matrix can be obtained by using a new similarity measurement, which can squeeze or widen the projective distance with the different spatial structure of data. Experimental results show that the LPDM algorithm can obtain desirable results with high performance on synthetic datasets, real-world datasets, and images.
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Aniago, Emeka, Uche-Chinemere Nwaozuzu e Christian Maduka. "Didactic Nuances in Emeka Nwabueze’s Presentation of Characters’ Social Worldviews on Concealment/Deception in Spokesman for the Oracle and Rainstorm in the Desert". Academic Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 9, n.º 4 (10 de julho de 2020): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.36941/ajis-2020-0080.
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This study examines the application language and speech for the purpose of deception as a means of achieving concealment of information as portrayed in two plays of a Nigerian playwright Emeka Nwabueze. Thus, this study attempts to discuss some typologies of deception and concealment of information as a means of understanding better, the reasons and circumstances that inform the description of concealment of information as good, bad, devious, ugly, legal or illegal. This attempt will help us to interpret why and when concealment of information as well as deception are essential in achieving survival, progress, redress, defence, discovery, illumination, satisfaction or vendetta directly or indirectly. Though concealment of information can occur through inaction and nonverbal mediums, we are focusing on deception through language and speech, and how worldview aids in locale specific definition and perception of forms of deception and concealment of information. The discussion in this study revolves around interpretive analysis approaches as means of accessing applicability of some theories of concealment and deception in describing behaviours in these categories as universal common with shades of interpretive community perspectives. Lastly, the didactic relevance of Nwabueze’s projection of presumed propelling forces and the consequences of concealment of information in the plays understudy, subsumes the understanding of deception as a universal common with trajectories of interpretive community suppositions.
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Zhang, Jiabei, Debra Berkey, Luke Kelly, Daniel Joseph e Shihui Chen. "The Prevalence-Based Need for Adapted Physical Education Teachers in the United States". Adapted Physical Activity Quarterly 17, n.º 3 (julho de 2000): 297–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1123/apaq.17.3.297.
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The purpose was to develop a method for projecting the need for adapted physical education (APE) teachers in the public schools in the United States. This method was derived from a prevalence-based model—dividing the number of APE students enrolled by the APE student-teacher ratio and then subtracting the number of APE teachers hired. This model used the findings of Kelly and Gansneder (1998) that (a) 4% of the school population required APE services and (b) the overall national APE student-teacher ratio was 104:1. The results revealed a need for 22, 116 additional APE teachers nationwide as well as specific projections for each state. The prevalence-based projection method is recommended for policy makers at local, state, and national levels; for APE advocates; and for all concerned with APE personnel preparation and employment.
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Godard, Simon. "L’URSS au défi de la gouvernance économique internationale du bloc socialiste (1984-1990)". Parlement[s], Revue d'histoire politique N° 39, n.º 4 (7 de fevereiro de 2024): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/parl2.039.0063.
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Dans les années 1980, l’URSS est une entité politique multiscalaire, à la fois simple État et superpuissance de guerre froide. L’interaction entre ces deux espaces de projection (national et transnational) met en jeu la capacité des institutions – étatiques et partisanes – soviétiques à configurer la doctrine de l’internationalisme socialiste. Celle-ci, au sens foucaldien du terme, fonctionne comme un double système de contrainte : elle lie l’URSS à un discours particulier, qui lui donne en retour un pouvoir sur les membres du bloc socialiste qui le reçoivent. La réforme de la gouvernance économique de l’URSS avec la Perestroïka doit donc être pensée dans l’impact qu’elle a sur les démocraties populaires autant que dans l’effet retour que cette évolution des principes économiques du socialisme à l’échelle du bloc a sur l’URSS. Cet article s’intéresse à la façon dont l’organisation de coopération économique multilatérale des États socialistes, le CAEM, devient un agent d’une production transnationale de la réforme économique du socialisme dans les années 1980, qui échappe en partie à l’URSS, tout en influençant politiquement et économiquement les marges de manœuvre de celle-ci dans ses propres réformes. L’impossible décorrélation entre principes de rationalité de la gouvernance soviétique à l’échelle de l’URSS et gouvernementalité socialiste de l’économie-monde, construite depuis 1949 à l’échelle du bloc de l’Est, éclaire alors la dimension transnationale des réformes soviétiques des années 1980, dont la mise en œuvre locale ne peut s’affranchir d’une compréhension de leur mise en débat à l’échelle internationale.
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WALL, C. T. C. "Geometry of projection-generic space curves". Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 147, n.º 1 (julho de 2009): 115–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305004108002168.
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AbstractIn earlier work I defined a class of curves, forming a dense open set in the space of maps from S1 to P3, such that the family of projections of a curve in this class is stable under perturbations of C: we call the curves in the class projection-generic. The definition makes sense also in the complex case. The partition of projective space according to the singularities of the corresponding projection of C is a stratification. Its local structure outside C is the same as that of the versal unfoldings of the singularities presented.To study points on C we introduce the blow-up BC of P3 along C, and a family of plane curves, parametrised by z ∈ BC; we saw in the earlier work that this is a flat family.Here we show that near most z ∈ BC, the family gives a family of parametrised germs which versally unfolds the singularities occurring. Otherwise we find that the double point number δ of Γz drops by 1 for z ∉ EC. We establish a theory of versality for unfoldings of A or D singularities such that δ drops by at most 1, and show that in the remaining cases, we have an unfolding which is versal in this sense.This implies normal forms for the stratification of BC; further work allows us to derive local normal forms for strata of the stratification of P3.
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Cai, Zongwu, e Elias Masry. "NONPARAMETRIC ESTIMATION OF ADDITIVE NONLINEAR ARX TIME SERIES: LOCAL LINEAR FITTING AND PROJECTIONS". Econometric Theory 16, n.º 4 (agosto de 2000): 465–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266466600164011.
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We consider the estimation and identification of the components (endogenous and exogenous) of additive nonlinear ARX time series models. We employ a local polynomial fitting scheme coupled with projections. We establish the weak consistency (with rates) and the asymptotic normality of the projection estimates of the additive components. Expressions for the asymptotic bias and variance are given.
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Shu-Yeng Chung, Simone. "Projecting Presence - The 20th Busan International Film Festival". Localities 5 (30 de novembro de 2015): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.15299/local.2015.11.5.141.
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Sastry, Challa S., e P. C. Das. "A convolution back projection algorithm for local tomography". ANZIAM Journal 46, n.º 3 (janeiro de 2005): 341–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1446181100008300.
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AbstractThe present work deals with the problem of recovering a local image from localised projections using the concept of approximation identity. It is based on the observation that the Hilbert transform of an approximation identity taken from a certain class of compactly supported functions with sufficiently many zero moments has no significant spread of support. The associated algorithm uses data pertaining to the local region along with a small amount of data from its vicinity. The main features of the algorithm are simplicity and similarity with standard filtered back projection (FBP) along with the economic use of data.
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Wilson, Tom. "An introduction to population projections for Australia". Australian Population Studies 3, n.º 1 (25 de maio de 2019): 40–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37970/aps.v3i1.46.
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Background Population projections for Australia are produced by many organisations. They differ in projected population numbers, methods used, level of output detail, temporal extent, frequency of revision, quality and purpose, and they are not always easy to find. Aims This paper provides a brief guide to many of the population projections prepared for Australia in recent years. It gives an overview of projection methods and selected results, a brief commentary on key aspects of the projections, and shows readers where to find more data and information. Data and methods Projections data were obtained from the various organisations producing projections. They are presented in order of spatial detail: national scale, States and Territories; large sub-state regions; and then local and small areas. Results The ABS and State and Territory Governments are the main producers of population projections and forecasts in Australia, and generally these projections are good quality. They cover a wide variety of spatial scales from the national level to local areas, such as SA2s. A great deal of projections data and information is now freely available online. Conclusions Population projections and forecasts can be very useful data for a wide variety of planning, policy and research purposes. But it is important to be aware of their limitations.
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Benedini Riul, P., e R. Oset Sinha. "A relation between the curvature ellipse and the curvature parabola". Advances in Geometry 19, n.º 3 (26 de julho de 2019): 389–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/advgeom-2019-0002.
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Abstract At each point in an immersed surface in ℝ4 there is a curvature ellipse in the normal plane which codifies all the local second order geometry of the surface. Recently, at the singular point of a corank 1 singular surface in ℝ3, a curvature parabola in the normal plane which codifies all the local second order geometry has been defined. When projecting a regular surface in ℝ4 to ℝ3 in a tangent direction, corank 1 singularities appear generically. The projection has a cross-cap singularity unless the direction of projection is asymptotic, where more degenerate singularities can appear. In this paper we relate the geometry of an immersed surface in ℝ4 at a certain point to the geometry of the projection of the surface to ℝ3 at the singular point. In particular we relate the curvature ellipse of the surface to the curvature parabola of its singular projection.
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Pantyushin, V. A. "Creating the spatial data infrastructure elements by local areas of digital images". Zemleustrojstvo, kadastr i monitoring zemel' (Land management, cadastre and land monitoring), n.º 7 (5 de julho de 2023): 424–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-04-2307-06.
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The article discusses the main features of creating spatial data infrastructure (SDI) elements based on digital images that lack orientation elements, survey parameters, and imagery projection data. The technology for analyzing such images is based on the photogrammetric processing of single images, using the analytical and geometric features of the transformation of local areas – fragments of images obtained by an ultra-narrow bunch of projecting rays.
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Ito, Noboru, e Yusuke Takimura. "Strong and weak (1, 2, 3) homotopies on knot projections". International Journal of Mathematics 26, n.º 09 (agosto de 2015): 1550069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129167x1550069x.
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A knot projection is an image of a generic immersion from a circle into a two-dimensional sphere. We can find homotopies between any two knot projections by local replacements of knot projections of three types, called Reidemeister moves. This paper defines an equivalence relation for knot projections called weak (1, 2, 3) homotopy, which consists of Reidemeister moves of type 1, weak type 2, and weak type 3. This paper defines the first nontrivial invariant under weak (1, 2, 3) homotopy. We use this invariant to show that there exist an infinite number of weak (1, 2, 3) homotopy equivalence classes of knot projections. By contrast, all equivalence classes of knot projections consisting of the other variants of a triple type, i.e. Reidemeister moves of (1, strong type 2, strong type 3), (1, weak type 2, strong type 3), and (1, strong type 2, weak type 3), are contractible.
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Bartlett, M. G. "Mapping uncertainties through the POM-SAT model of climate reconstruction from borehole data". Climate of the Past Discussions 8, n.º 4 (5 de julho de 2012): 2503–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/cpd-8-2503-2012.
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Abstract. Borehole temperature-depth profiles contain information about the ground surface temperature (GST) history of a locale and can be employed in climate reconstruction. The borehole method of climate reconstruction assumes that the dominant heat transport mechanism in the upper few hundred meters of the earth's crust is conduction; mathematically, conduction is a compressive (information losing) mapping from the temperature-time space of GST to the temperature-depth profile (T−z). Because the mapping is compressive, multiple GST histories can map into the same T−z profile; the solution suffers from non-uniqueness. One means of dealing with the non-uniqueness problem is to limit the number of parameters sought in the solution space. However, even when only a single parameter (the pre-observation mean GST, or POM) is sought in the inversion, a certain amount of a priori information must be introduced prior to inverting for a GST history. In the POM-SAT method, a priori information introduced includes the surface-air temperature history (SAT), the thermal diffusivity of the conductive medium, and the reducing parameter used to remove the background (non-climatic) heat flux. I perform a set of Monte Carlo analyses to investigate how uncertainties in these a priori model parameters are mapped into the solution space of the POM-SAT method of climate reconstruction. Results indicate that uncertainties in the thermal diffusivity are generally reduced by an order of magnitude when mapped to the POM. Uncertainties in the SAT time series are approximately equivalent in magnitude to their projection onto the POM. However, uncertainties in the adjustment for the background (non-climatic) thermal regime are magnified by an order of magnitude in the POM solution-space. These results suggest a degree of prudence should be exercised in interpreting surface temperature histories from reduced borehole data.
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Sounon, Adam K. L. S., Alexandre Ickowicz, Matthieu Lesnoff, Samir Messad, Hugo Valls-Fox e Marcel R. B. Houinato. "Impact de la sédentarisation des éleveurs sur la production bovine au nord du Bénin". Revue d’élevage et de médecine vétérinaire des pays tropicaux 72, n.º 3 (7 de outubro de 2019): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.19182/remvt.31778.
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Deux principaux systèmes d’élevage bovin cohabitent dans le bassin de la Donga au nord du Bénin : l’élevage semi-sédentaire et l’élevage mobile. Ce bassin, situé dans la zone agroécologique subhumide de l’Afrique de l’Ouest, a subi ces dernières décennies deux changements majeurs : a) une augmentation des besoins en produits animaux et b) l’expansion des terres cultivées qui entraîne une diminution de l’accès aux ressources fourragères et à l’eau, une plus grande mobilité des troupeaux, et des conflits plus fréquents entre cultivateurs et éleveurs mobiles. Face à ces contraintes, les pouvoirs publics privilégient la sédentarisation des éleveurs mobiles. L’élevage mobile étant pourvoyeur de jeunes animaux aux élevages semi-sédentaires, la dynamique de sédentarisation crée une incertitude quant à l’approvisionnement de la région en bétail bovin et en viande par un élevage semi-sédentaire qui deviendrait largement majoritaire. Pour appréhender la question de besoins croissants en produits animaux, la production de bétail a été simulée afin d’évaluer l’effet d’une incitation des pouvoirs publics à la sédentarisation des éleveurs mobiles. Les productivités numérique et en viande ont été simulées sous différentes hypothèses d’amélioration des performances zootechniques des élevages semi-sédentaires. L’ensemble des scénarios ont été construits à partir de l’hypothèse de l’augmentation du cheptel semi-sédentaire directement liée à la sédentarisation d’une partie des éleveurs mobiles. Une simulation obtenue à l’aide du modèle de projection démographique Dynmod suggère que la sédentarisation des éleveurs mobiles romprait la complémentarité locale entre les systèmes d’élevage et conduirait à une perte de production de viande. En outre, aucun des scénarios d’amélioration explorés ne suffirait à compenser la perte de production de viande résultant de la politique de sédentarisation. Pour maintenir la production de viande bovine par les éleveurs semi-sédentaires il faudrait développer les liens commerciaux régionaux avec les élevages des pays sahéliens.
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Guttorp, Peter, Alex Januzzi, Marie Novak, Harry Podschwit, Lee Richardson, Colin D. Sowder, Aaron Zimmerman, David Bolin e Aila Särkkä. "Assessing the Uncertainty in Projecting Local Mean Sea Level from Global Temperature". Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology 53, n.º 9 (setembro de 2014): 2163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/jamc-d-13-0308.1.
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AbstractThe process of moving from an ensemble of global climate model temperature projections to local sea level projections requires several steps. Sea level was estimated in Olympia, Washington (a city that is very concerned with sea level rise because parts of downtown are barely above mean highest high tide), by relating global mean temperature to global sea level; relating global sea level to sea levels at Seattle, Washington; and finally relating Seattle to Olympia. There has long been a realization that accurate assessment of the precision of projections is needed for science-based policy decisions. When a string of statistical and/or deterministic models is connected, the uncertainty of each individual model needs to be accounted for. Here the uncertainty is quantified for each model in the described system and the total uncertainty is assessed in a cascading effect throughout the system. The projected sea level rise over time and its total estimated uncertainty are visualized simultaneously for the years 2000–2100, the increased uncertainty due to each of the component models at a particular projection year is identified, and estimates of the time at which a certain sea level rise will first be reached are made.
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Kotlyar, V. V., e S. S. Stafeev. "A transverse energy flow at the tight focus of light with higher-order circular-azimuthal polarization". Computer Optics 45, n.º 3 (junho de 2021): 311–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.18287/2412-6179-co-839.
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Tight focusing of light with mth-order circular-azimuthal polarization was investigated. This is a new type of inhomogeneous hybrid polarization that combines the properties of mth order cylindrical polarization and circular polarization. Using the Richards-Wolf formalism, we obtained analytical expressions in the focal spot for the projections of the electric and magnetic field, the intensity distribution, the projections of the Poynting vector, and the spin angular momentum. It was shown theoretically and numerically that at the focus, the intensity has 2(m+1) local maxima located on a circle centered on an on-axis intensity null. It was shown that 4m vortices of a transverse energy flow were produced at the focus, with their centers located between the local intensity maxima. It was also shown that in the focal plane, the transverse energy flow changes the direction of rotation 2(2m+1) times around the optical axis. It is interesting that the longitudinal projection of the spin angular momentum at the focus changes sign 4m times. In those areas of the focal plane where the transverse energy flow rotates counterclockwise, the longitudinal projection of the spin angular momentum is positive, and the polarization vector rotates counterclockwise in the focal plane. Conversely, if the energy flow rotates clockwise, the polarization vector rotates clockwise, and the longitudinal projection of the spin angular momentum is negative. Numerical simulations are in agreement with the theoretical investigation.
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Gibbs, Andrew, James E. Pearse, Neill Jones, Jennifer A. Sheehan, Kathleen T. Meleady e Hirani Jayasinha. "Projecting subacute inpatient activity in New South Wales". Australian Health Review 33, n.º 4 (2009): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah090601.
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We describe the development of a method for estimating and modelling future demand for sub- and non-acute inpatient activity across New South Wales, Australia to 2016. A time series linear regression equation was used, which is consistent with projection models found in the literature. Results of the modelling indicated an increase in rehabilitation, palliative care and maintenance episodes and bed-days. Projections for other categories of care are problematic due to smaller levels of activity and data quality issues. This project indicated a need for ongoing monitoring of type-changing by facilities and management of data quality. Local planners will need to consider a range of factors when considering the applicability activity projections at a local level, particularly within the specific age and clinical groupings.
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Mei, Yanjie, Sulei Wang, Zhijie Xu, Chuanjing Song e Yao Cheng. "Convergence Analysis of the LDG Method for Singularly Perturbed Reaction-Diffusion Problems". Symmetry 13, n.º 12 (1 de dezembro de 2021): 2291. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13122291.
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We analyse the local discontinuous Galerkin (LDG) method for two-dimensional singularly perturbed reaction–diffusion problems. A class of layer-adapted meshes, including Shishkin- and Bakhvalov-type meshes, is discussed within a general framework. Local projections and their approximation properties on anisotropic meshes are used to derive error estimates for energy and “balanced” norms. Here, the energy norm is naturally derived from the bilinear form of LDG formulation and the “balanced” norm is artificially introduced to capture the boundary layer contribution. We establish a uniform convergence of order k for the LDG method using the balanced norm with the local weighted L2 projection as well as an optimal convergence of order k+1 for the energy norm using the local Gauss–Radau projections. The numerical method, the layer structure as well as the used adaptive meshes are all discussed in a symmetry way. Numerical experiments are presented.
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Wan, Minghua, Yuxi Zhang, Guowei Yang e Hongjian Guo. "Two-Dimensional Exponential Sparse Discriminant Local Preserving Projections". Mathematics 11, n.º 7 (4 de abril de 2023): 1722. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math11071722.
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The two-dimensional discriminant locally preserved projections (2DDLPP) algorithm adds a between-class weighted matrix and a within-class weighted matrix into the objective function of the two-dimensional locally preserved projections (2DLPP) algorithm, which overcomes the disadvantage of 2DLPP, i.e., that it cannot use the discrimination information. However, the small sample size (SSS) problem still exists, and 2DDLPP processes the whole original image, which may contain a large amount of redundant information in the retained features. Therefore, we propose a new algorithm, two-dimensional exponential sparse discriminant local preserving projections (2DESDLPP), to address these problems. This integrates 2DDLPP, matrix exponential function and elastic net regression. Firstly, 2DESDLPP introduces the matrix exponential into the objective function of 2DDLPP, making it positive definite. This is an effective method to solve the SSS problem. Moreover, it uses distance diffusion mapping to convert the original image into a new subspace to further expand the margin between labels. Thus more feature information will be retained for classification. In addition, the elastic net regression method is used to find the optimal sparse projection matrix to reduce redundant information. Finally, through high performance experiments with the ORL, Yale and AR databases, it is proven that the 2DESDLPP algorithm is superior to the other seven mainstream feature extraction algorithms. In particular, its accuracy rate is 3.15%, 2.97% and 4.82% higher than that of 2DDLPP in the three databases, respectively.
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Zhang, Jian Xin, Zhang E. Zhang e Jian Yang Liu. "Palmprint Recognition Based on Sparse Two-Dimensional Local Discriminant Projections". Advanced Materials Research 998-999 (julho de 2014): 894–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.998-999.894.
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A novel palmprint recognition method based on sparse two-dimensional local discriminant projections (S2DLDP) is proposed. After a description of the basic theory and resolution method for S2DLDP, the paper presents the detail palmprint feature extraction method based on S2DLDP, and tests the algorithm performance by various non-zero elements size and neighborhood size. S2DLDP considerers the class information, local separability, two-dimensional image inherent properties of training samples and sparse projection, which provides an intuitive, semantic and interpretable feature subspace for palmprint representation. The optimal recognition accuracy of EER=2.2% is obtained on PolyU palmprint database, which also illuminates the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
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ADAMS, COLIN, RACHEL HUDSON, RALPH MORRISON, WILLIAM GEORGE, LAURA STARKSTON, SAMUEL TAYLOR e OLGA TURANOVA. "The spiral index of knots". Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society 149, n.º 2 (4 de junho de 2010): 297–315. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305004110000241.
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AbstractIn this paper, we introduce two new invariants that are closely related to Milnor's curvature-torsion invariant. The first, a particularly natural invariant called the spiral index of a knot, captures the number of local maxima in a knot projection that is free of inflection points. This invariant is sandwiched between the bridge and braid index of a knot, and captures more subtle properties. The second invariant, the projective superbridge index, provides a method of counting the greatest number of local maxima that occur in a given projection. In addition to investigating the relationships among these invariants, we use them to classify all those knots for which Milnor's curvature-torsion invariant is 6π.
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VO, BRADLY Q., A. JOSEPH BLOOM e SUSAN M. CULICAN. "Phr1 is required for proper retinocollicular targeting of nasal–dorsal retinal ganglion cells". Visual Neuroscience 28, n.º 2 (16 de fevereiro de 2011): 175–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523810000386.
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AbstractPrecise targeting of retinal projections is required for the normal development of topographic maps in the mammalian primary visual system. During development, retinal axons project to and occupy topographically appropriate positions in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) and superior colliculus (SC). Phr1 retinal mutant mice, which display mislocalization of the ipsilateral retinogeniculate projection independent of activity and ephrin-A signaling, were found to have a more global disruption of topographic specificity of retinofugal inputs. The retinocollicular projection lacks local refinement of terminal zones and multiple ectopic termination zones originate from the dorsal–nasal (DN) retinal quadrant. Similarly, in the dLGN, the inputs originating from the contralateral DN retina are poorly refined in the Phr1 mutant. These results show that Phr1 is an essential regulator of retinal ganglion cell projection during both dLGN and SC topographic map development.
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Nourali, Zahra, Julie E. Shortridge, Anamaria Bukvic, Yang Shao e Jennifer L. Irish. "Simulation of Flood-Induced Human Migration at the Municipal Scale: A Stochastic Agent-Based Model of Relocation Response to Coastal Flooding". Water 16, n.º 2 (11 de janeiro de 2024): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w16020263.
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Human migration triggered by flooding will create sociodemographic, economic, and cultural challenges in coastal communities, and adaptation to these challenges will primarily occur at the municipal level. However, existing migration models at larger spatial scales do not necessarily capture relevant social responses to flooding at the local and municipal levels. Furthermore, projecting migration dynamics into the future becomes difficult due to uncertainties in human–environment interactions, particularly when historic observations are used for model calibration. This study proposes a stochastic agent-based model (ABM) designed for the long-term projection of municipal-scale migration due to repeated flood events. A baseline model is demonstrated initially, capable of using stochastic bottom-up decision rules to replicate county-level population. This approach is then combined with physical flood-exposure data to simulate how population projections diverge under different flooding assumptions. The methodology is applied to a study area comprising 16 counties in coastal Virginia and Maryland, U.S., and include rural areas which are often overlooked in adaptation research. The results show that incorporating flood impacts results in divergent population growth patterns in both urban and rural locations, demonstrating potential municipal-level migration response to coastal flooding.
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Jordà, Òscar, e Alan M. Taylor. "Local Projections". Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco, Working Paper Series 2024, n.º 24 (12 de agosto de 2024): 01–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24148/wp2024-24.
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A central question in applied research is to estimate the effect of an exogenous intervention or shock on an outcome. The intervention can affect the outcome and controls on impact and over time. Moreover, there can be subsequent feedback between outcomes, controls and the intervention. Many of these interactions can be untangled using local projections. This method’s simplicity makes it a convenient and versatile tool in the empiricist’s kit, one that is generalizable to complex settings. This article reviews the state-of-the art for the practitioner, discusses best practices and possible extensions of local projections methods, along with their limitations.
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Eberharter, Johannes K., e Bahram Ravani. "Local Metrics for Rigid Body Displacements". Journal of Mechanical Design 126, n.º 5 (1 de setembro de 2004): 805–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1767816.
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One hundred years ago, Eduard Study introduced a very elegant method to describe a rigid body displacement in three-space. He mapped each position of a rigid body onto a point on a quadric, now called the Study quadric. This quadric is a six-dimensional rational hyper-surface, embedded in a seven-dimensional projective real space, called Study’s soma space. More than half a century later Ravani and Roth reconfigured Study’s soma space into a three-dimensional dual projective space, and defined a geometric metric for rigid body displacements. Here, approximately 20 years later, we again use Study’s quadric and define a new metric for rigid body displacements based on an optimized local mapping of the quadric. The local mappings of the quadric are achieved using stereographic projections, resulting in an affine space where the Euclidean definition of a metric can be used for rigid body displacements and techniques from design of curves and surfaces can be directly utilized for motion design. The results are illustrated by examples.
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Nasse, J., D. Terman, S. Venugopal, G. Hermann, R. Rogers e J. B. Travers. "Local circuit input to the medullary reticular formation from the rostral nucleus of the solitary tract". American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology 295, n.º 5 (novembro de 2008): R1391—R1408. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpregu.90457.2008.
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The intermediate reticular formation (IRt) subjacent to the rostral (gustatory) nucleus of the solitary tract (rNST) receives projections from the rNST and appears essential to the expression of taste-elicited ingestion and rejection responses. We used whole cell patch-clamp recording and calcium imaging to characterize responses from an identified population of prehypoglossal neurons in the IRt to electrical stimulation of the rNST in a neonatal rat pup slice preparation. The calcium imaging studies indicated that IRt neurons could be activated by rNST stimulation and that many neurons were under tonic inhibition. Whole cell patch-clamp recording revealed mono- and polysynaptic projections from the rNST to identified prehypoglossal neurons. The projection was primarily excitatory and glutamatergic; however, there were some inhibitory GABAergic projections, and many neurons received excitatory and inhibitory inputs. There was also evidence of disinhibition. Overall, bath application of GABAA antagonists increased the amplitude of excitatory currents, and, in several neurons, stimulation of the rNST systematically decreased inhibitory currents. We have hypothesized that the transition from licks to gapes by natural stimuli, such as quinine monohydrochloride, could occur via such disinhibition. We present an updated dynamic model that summarizes the complex synaptic interface between the rNST and the IRt and demonstrates how inhibition could contribute to the transition from ingestion to rejection.
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Mueller, Adrienne, Rebecca M. Krock, Steven Shepard e Tirin Moore. "Dopamine Receptor Expression Among Local and Visual Cortex-Projecting Frontal Eye Field Neurons". Cerebral Cortex 30, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2019): 148–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cercor/bhz078.
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Abstract Dopaminergic modulation of prefrontal cortex plays an important role in numerous cognitive processes, including attention. The frontal eye field (FEF) is modulated by dopamine and has an established role in visual attention, yet the underlying circuitry upon which dopamine acts is not known. We compared the expression of D1 and D2 dopamine receptors (D1Rs and D2Rs) across different classes of FEF neurons, including those projecting to dorsal or ventral extrastriate cortex. First, we found that both D1Rs and D2Rs are more prevalent on pyramidal neurons than on several classes of interneurons and are particularly prevalent on putatively long-range projecting pyramidals. Second, higher proportions of pyramidal neurons express D1Rs than D2Rs. Third, overall a higher proportion of inhibitory neurons expresses D2Rs than D1Rs. Fourth, among inhibitory interneurons, a significantly higher proportion of parvalbumin+ neurons expresses D2Rs than D1Rs, and a significantly higher proportion of calbindin+ neurons expresses D1Rs than D2Rs. Finally, compared with D2Rs, virtually all of the neurons with identified projections to both dorsal and ventral extrastriate visual cortex expressed D1Rs. Our results demonstrate that dopamine tends to act directly on the output of the FEF and that dopaminergic modulation of top-down projections to visual cortex is achieved predominately via D1Rs.
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Cooper, Melissa L., Silvia Pasini, Wendi S. Lambert, Karis B. D’Alessandro, Vincent Yao, Michael L. Risner e David J. Calkins. "Redistribution of metabolic resources through astrocyte networks mitigates neurodegenerative stress". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, n.º 31 (20 de julho de 2020): 18810–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2009425117.
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In the central nervous system, glycogen-derived bioenergetic resources in astrocytes help promote tissue survival in response to focal neuronal stress. However, our understanding of the extent to which these resources are mobilized and utilized during neurodegeneration, especially in nearby regions that are not actively degenerating, remains incomplete. Here we modeled neurodegeneration in glaucoma, the world’s leading cause of irreversible blindness, and measured how metabolites mobilize through astrocyte gap junctions composed of connexin 43 (Cx43). We elevated intraocular pressure in one eye and determined how astrocyte-derived metabolites in the contralateral optic projection responded. Remarkably, astrocyte networks expand and redistribute metabolites along distances even 10 mm in length, donating resources from the unstressed to the stressed projection in response to intraocular pressure elevation. While resource donation improves axon function and visual acuity in the directly stressed region, it renders the donating tissue susceptible to bioenergetic, structural, and physiological degradation. Intriguingly, when both projections are stressed in a WT animal, axon function and visual acuity equilibrate between the two projections even when each projection is stressed for a different length of time. This equilibration does not occur when Cx43 is not present. Thus, Cx43-mediated astrocyte metabolic networks serve as an endogenous mechanism used to mitigate bioenergetic stress and distribute the impact of neurodegenerative disease processes. Redistribution ultimately renders the donating optic nerve vulnerable to further metabolic stress, which could explain why local neurodegeneration does not remain confined, but eventually impacts healthy regions of the brain more broadly.
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Corson, James A., e Robert M. Bradley. "Physiological and anatomical properties of intramedullary projection neurons in rat rostral nucleus of the solitary tract". Journal of Neurophysiology 110, n.º 5 (1 de setembro de 2013): 1130–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/jn.00167.2013.
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The rostral nucleus of the solitary tract (rNTS), the first-order relay of gustatory information, not only transmits sensory information to more rostral brain areas but also connects to various brain stem sites responsible for orofacial reflex activities. While much is known regarding ascending projections to the parabrachial nucleus, intramedullary projections to the reticular formation (which regulate oromotor reflexive behaviors) remain relatively unstudied. The present study examined the intrinsic firing properties of these neurons as well as their morphological properties and synaptic connectivity with primary sensory afferents. Using in vitro whole cell patch-clamp recording, we found that intramedullary projection neurons respond to depolarizing current injection with either tonic or bursting action potential trains and subsets of these groups of neurons express A-type potassium, H-like, and postinhibitory rebound currents. Approximately half of the intramedullary projection neurons tested received monosynaptic innervation from primary afferents, while the rest received polysynaptic innervation, indicating that at least a subpopulation of these neurons can be directly activated by incoming sensory information. Neuron morphological reconstructions revealed that many of these neurons possessed numerous dendritic spines and that neurons receiving monosynaptic primary afferent input have a greater spine density than those receiving polysynaptic primary afferent input. These results reveal that intramedullary projection neurons represent a heterogeneous class of rNTS neurons and, through both intrinsic voltage-gated ion channels and local circuit interactions, transform incoming gustatory information into signals governing oromotor reflexive behaviors.
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Soldatov, A. I., A. A. Soldatov, P. V. Sorokin, M. A. Kostina e Y. V. Shulgina. "Acoustic Tomography of Composite Materials of the Through-Transition Method". Materials Science Forum 938 (outubro de 2018): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.938.75.
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The article presents the image of the testing area for the through-transition method with an acoustic array. Using linear acoustic array in through-transition method, a set of data from different angles is obtained. Using this data set and the back projection method, the test area imaging is obtained, which is represented by a set of small local areas. The number of initial projections passing through each local area is calculated. Furthermore, the density function is determined and the resulting function, that is encoded whether in color or grayscale, is displayed on the monitor screen.
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KRUGLOV, S. I. ""SQUARE ROOT" OF THE PROCA EQUATION: SPIN-3/2 FIELD EQUATION". International Journal of Modern Physics A 21, n.º 05 (20 de fevereiro de 2006): 1143–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217751x06024980.
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New equations describing particles with spin-3/2 are derived. The nonlocal equation with the unique mass can be considered as "square root" of the Proca equation in the same sense as the Dirac equation is related to the Klein–Gordon–Fock equation. The local equation describes spin-3/2 particles with three mass states. The equations considered involve fields with spin-3/2 and spin-1/2, i.e. multispin 1/2, 3/2. The projection operators extracting states with definite energy, spin, and spin projections are obtained. All independent solutions of the local equation are expressed through projection matrices. The first order relativistic wave equation in the 20-dimensional matrix form, the relativistically invariant bilinear form and the corresponding Lagrangian are given. Two parameters characterizing nonminimal electromagnetic interactions of fermions are introduced, and the quantum-mechanical Hamiltonian is found. It is proved that there is only causal propagation of waves in the approach considered.
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Liu, Xiao-Zhang, e Guan Yang. "Block-Wise Two-Dimensional Maximum Margin Criterion for Face Recognition". Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/875090.
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Maximum margin criterion (MMC) is a well-known method for feature extraction and dimensionality reduction. However, MMC is based on vector data and fails to exploit local characteristics of image data. In this paper, we propose a two-dimensional generalized framework based on a block-wise approach for MMC, to deal with matrix representation data, that is, images. The proposed method, namely, block-wise two-dimensional maximum margin criterion (B2D-MMC), aims to find local subspace projections using unilateral matrix multiplication in each block set, such that in the subspace a block is close to those belonging to the same class but far from those belonging to different classes. B2D-MMC avoids iterations and alternations as in current bilateral projection based two-dimensional feature extraction techniques by seeking a closed form solution of one-side projection matrix for each block set. Theoretical analysis and experiments on benchmark face databases illustrate that the proposed method is effective and efficient.
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Callaway, Edward M., e Anne K. Wiser. "Contributions of individual layer 2–5 spiny neurons to local circuits in macaque primary visual cortex". Visual Neuroscience 13, n.º 5 (setembro de 1996): 907–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523800009159.
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AbstractWe studied excitatory local circuits in the macaque primary visual cortex (V1) to investigate their relationships to the magnocellular (M) and parvocellular (P) streams. Sixty-two intracellularly labeled spiny neurons in layers 2–5 were analyzed. We made detailed observations of the laminar and columnar specificity of axonal arbors and noted correlations with dendritic arbors. We find evidence for considerable mixing of M and P streams by the local circuitry in V1. Such mixing is provided by neurons in the primary geniculate recipient layer 4C, as well as by neurons in both the supragranular and infragranular layers. We were also interested in possible differences in the axonal projections of neurons with different dendritic morphologies. We found that layer 4B spiny stellate and pyramidal neurons have similar axonal arbors. However, we identified two types of layer 5 pyramidal neuron. The majority have a conventional pyramidal dendritic morphology, a dense axonal arbor in layers 2–4B, and do not project to the white matter. Layer 5 projection neurons have an unusual “backbranching” dendritic morphology (apical dendritic branches arc downward rather than upward) and weak or no axonal arborization in layers 2–4B, but have long horizontal axonal projections in layer 5B. We find no strong projection from layer 5 pyramidal neurons to layer 6. In macaque V1 there appears to be no single source of strong local input to layer 6; only a minority of cells in layers 2–5 have axonal branches in layer 6 and these are sparse. Our results suggest that local circuits in V1 mediate interactions between M and P input that are complex and not easily incorporated into a simple framework.
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Feng, Xiang, Zhanfeng Zhao, Fengcong Li, Wenqing Cui e Yinan Zhao. "Radar Phase-Coded Waveform Design with Local Low Range Sidelobes Based on Particle Swarm-Assisted Projection Optimization". Remote Sensing 14, n.º 17 (25 de agosto de 2022): 4186. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14174186.
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In modern electronic warfare, cognitive radar with knowledge-aided waveforms would show significant flexibility in anti-interference. In this paper, a novel method, named particle swarm-assisted projection optimization (PSAP), is introduced to design phase-coded waveforms with multi-level low range sidelobes, which mainly considers the stability for randomized initialization under the unimodular constraint. Firstly, the mathematical problem corresponding to avoid the range sidelobe masking from multiple non-cooperative targets or interference is formulated by giving different threat levels. Then, based on the alternating direction decomposition idea, the original problem is divided into triple-variable ones where these non-linear approximations can be solved via alternating projections along with FFT. Furthermore, the PSAP method with swarm intelligence, learning factor, and particle-assisted projection could ensure the optimization convergence in a parallel way, which could relax the non-convex constraint and enhance the global exploiting performance. Finally, simulations for several typical scenarios and numerical results are all provided to assess the waveforms generated by PSAP and other prevalent ones.
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Bacuta, Constantin, e Jacob Jacavage. "A Non-conforming Saddle Point Least Squares Approach for an Elliptic Interface Problem". Computational Methods in Applied Mathematics 19, n.º 3 (1 de julho de 2019): 399–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cmam-2018-0202.
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AbstractWe present a non-conforming least squares method for approximating solutions of second-order elliptic problems with discontinuous coefficients. The method is based on a general Saddle Point Least Squares (SPLS) method introduced in previous work based on conforming discrete spaces. The SPLS method has the advantage that a discrete inf-sup condition is automatically satisfied for standard choices of test and trial spaces. We explore the SPLS method for non-conforming finite element trial spaces which allow higher-order approximation of the fluxes. For the proposed iterative solvers, inversion at each step requires bases only for the test spaces. We focus on using projection trial spaces with local projections that are easy to compute. The choice of the local projections for the trial space can be combined with classical gradient recovery techniques to lead to quasi-optimal approximations of the global flux. Numerical results for 2D and 3D domains are included to support the proposed method.
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Sun Lijun, 孙丽君, 张丹丹 Zhang Dandan, 陈天飞 Chen Tianfei, 黄志远 Huang Zhiyuan e 李石 Li Shi. "一种基于局部单应性的投影仪精确标定方法". Laser & Optoelectronics Progress 59, n.º 13 (2022): 1312003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/lop202259.1312003.
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Liu, Xin, e Lizhe Wang. "Spatial Analysis on Future Housing Markets: Economic Development and Housing Implications". Scientific World Journal 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/838021.
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A coupled projection method combining formal modelling and other statistical techniques was developed to delineate the relationship between economic and social drivers for net new housing allocations. Using the example of employment growth in Tyne and Wear, UK, until 2016, the empirical analysis yields housing projections at the macro- and microspatial levels (e.g., region to subregion to elected ward levels). The results have important implications for the strategic planning of locations for housing and employment, demonstrating both intuitively and quantitatively how local economic developments affect housing demand.
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Joia, P., Fernando V. Paulovich, Danilo Coimbra, Jose Alberto Cuminato e Luis Gustavo Nonato. "Local Affine Multidimensional Projection". IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics 17, n.º 12 (dezembro de 2011): 2563–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tvcg.2011.220.
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Yu, Mengyang, Ling Shao, Xiantong Zhen e Xiaofei He. "Local Feature Discriminant Projection". IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence 38, n.º 9 (1 de setembro de 2016): 1908–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tpami.2015.2497686.
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LI, ZHENG, e KATHERINE V. FITE. "GABAergic visual pathways in the frog Rana pipiens". Visual Neuroscience 18, n.º 3 (maio de 2001): 457–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0952523801183124.
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Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is the most prevalent inhibitory neurotransmitter in the vertebrate brain. It can exert its influence either as GABAergic projection pathways or as local interneurons, which play an essential role in many visual functions. However, no GABAergic visual pathways have been studied in frogs so far. In the present study, GABAergic pathways in the central visual system of Rana pipiens were investigated with double-labeling techniques, combining immunocytochemistry for GABA with Rhodamine microspheres for retrograde tracing. Three GABAergic visual pathways were identified: (1) a retino-tectal projection, from retina to the contralateral optic tectum (OT); (2) an ipsilateral projection from the nucleus of the basal optic root (nBOR) to the pretectal nucleus lentiformis mesencephali (nLM); and (3) a second-order pathway from the nucleus isthmi (NI), bilaterally, to the optic tectum. These results indicate that GABA is involved in both first-order (retina to optic tectum) as well as second-order (nucleus isthmi to optic tectum) visual projections in Rana pipiens, and may play a major role in mediating visuomotor reflexs such as optokinetic nystagmus or other visually guided behaviors.
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Degen, N., K. Brandle e L. Peter. "Histological studies on the development of retinotectal projections from nasoventral quarter-eyes in Xenopus laevis". Development 118, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 1993): 589–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.118.2.589.
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In Xenopus larvae, the size and location of the retinotectal projection of nasoventral quarter-eyes was analyzed in early stages (43–47), midlarval stages (50 and 53) and metamorphic stages (56 and 60), by labelling the optic nerve with the cobalt-lysine complex or with horseradish-peroxidase (HRP). For direct comparison, both fragment and normal eye projections were determined simultaneously in the same specimen in brain whole mounts. During early stages (up to stage 47), the projection fields of normal eyes and quarter-eyes are confined to the rostral part of the tectum. The extension of the projection in rostrocaudal direction of eye fragments does not differ from that of normal eyes. During later development up to metamorphosis, normal eyes expand their projection over the newly formed tectal surface in a caudal direction, whereas the fiber terminations of nasoventral quarter-eyes still remain in the rostral part of the tectum. Quantitative studies revealed that there is no difference in the size of both halves of the tectum. At least for quarter-eyes, however, a strict correlation between eye size and extension of the contralateral projection field could be established. According to our results, it is unlikely that during development local tectal markers are involved in determining the location of the projection field and the retinotopic ordering of the optic fibers. Instead we suggest that the optic fibers separate in accordance with their retinal specificity.