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Brandou, Vincent. "Stéréovision locale et reconstruction 3D/4D". Nice, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NICE4093.
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L’objectif de cette thèse est de proposer une méthodologie complète de reconstruction 3D d’objets sous-marins naturels, améliorée par une nouvelle méthode d’acquisition afin de permettre des mesures quantitatives. Il a d’abord fallu prendre en compte les différents problèmes liés au milieu sous-marin profond ; la contrainte principale est que le système utilisé pour faire l’acquisition des images doit être contrôlé à des profondeurs très importantes, jusqu’à 6000 mètres, à l’aide d’un véhicule positionné sur le fond. Ainsi, une méthode permettant l’acquisition automatique d’images a été développée, adaptée à tout type d’objet sous-marin de faible échelle (environ 1m3). L’acquisition d’image est réalisée avec un système de stéréovision contrÔlé par un bras manipulateur. La méthode que nous proposons permet de connaître les paramètres extrinsèques des caméras du système de vision, par le suivi d’une trajectoire définie par la géométrie de la tête stéréo. Ainsi, la trajectoire est générée par le déplacement d’une caméra sur la position de l’autre caméra par asservissement visuel. Avec cette méthode, nous pouvons enregistrer des images à intervalles réguliers directement liés à la géométrie de la tête stéréo. Ensuite, le modèle 3D de l’objet sous-marin est calculé à partir des images collectées et des paramètres des caméras. Le résultat final est une reconstruction 3D dense avec un plaquage de texture, qui permet de faire des mesures métriques. Mots-clés: métrologie 3D, vision par ordinateur, stéréovision, asservissement visuel, trajectoire d’acquisition, reconstruction 3DThe aim of this study is to propose a complete 3-dimension reconstruction method of natural submarine objects improved by a new acquisition method for quantitative measures, which can be used in operational conditions. First, it was necessary to take into account the various problems connected with the deep sea environment ; the main constraint is that the system used to collect images must be manipulated at very important depths, up to 6000 meters by an underwater vehicle positioned on the sea floor. Thus, a method allowing the automatic acquisition of images was developed, adapted to any type of small-scale submarine object (approximately 1m 3). The image acquisition is performed with a stereovision system operated by a manipulator arm. The method that we propose enables us to know extrinsic camera parameters by following a specific trajectory defined by the geometry of a stereo rig. Indeed, the trajectory is generated by the displacement of one camera onto the position of the other one by visual servoing. With this method, we can register images at regular intervals directly linked to the geometry of the stereo rig. Then, the 3D model of the underwater object is calculated from the collected images and camera parameters. The final result is a dense 3D reconstruction with texture mapping that enables metric measures. Keywords: 3D metrology, computer vision, stereovision system, visual servoing, camera trajectory, 3D reconstruction
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Aubin, Jean-Baptiste. "Estimation fonctionnelle par projection adaptative et applications". Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066473.
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De, Andrade Noémie. "Projections de besoins sociaux à l’échelle locale : apports des projections démographiques et des microsimulations à un questionnement de politiques publiques". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019STRAG024.
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En matière de réduction et de lutte contre les inégalités sociales et économiques, l’État est un acteur incontournable, jouant notamment un rôle de « chef d’orchestre ». Face au constat de déséquilibres territoriaux, l’action des collectivités est majeure en matière sociale et polyforme en fonction des spécificités territoriales et compétences allouées. Afin d’adapter leurs politiques publiques et répondre aux besoins sociaux des populations, les collectivités territoriales peuvent adopter une approche prospective. Dans cette optique, les modèles de projections démographiques localisées apportent des réponses mais celles-ci ne sont que partielles et montrent leur limites pour prévenir l’évolution d’autres phénomènes (isolement, compositions familiales, absence d’activité professionnelle, etc.). Si les microsimulations imposent un certain nombre de limites, elles satisfont cependant à deux aspects primordiaux de notre problématique. D’une part, en prenant en compte un plus large champ de variables et d’hypothèses, elles apportent une réponse plus précise sur les besoins futurs des populations. D’autre part, d’un point de vue méthodologique, les microsimulations sont adaptées à la dimension locale de la problématique et au maintien des liens entre les ménages et leur logement tout au long de la projectionWhen it comes to fighting against and reducing social and economic inequalities, the state is a key actor since it plays a “bandmaster” role. The action of local authorities towards territorial imbalances is crucial in social matters and is also multiform depending on territorial specificities and allocated competencies. In order to adapt their public policies and to answer populations’ social needs, local authorities may choose to adopt a forward-looking approach. In this context, local demographic projection methods might give some answers but those remain partial and show their limits when it comes to preventing the evolution of other phenomena such as seclusion, family setup, lack of professional activity, etc. While microsimulations show certain limits, they answer two primordial aspects of our problematic. On the one hand, by embracing a larger set of variables and hypotheses they offer a more precise answer to future populations’ needs. On the other hand, microsimulations are more adapted to the local aspect of the problematic from a methodological angle and they can preserve the link between households and their housing throughout the projection exercise
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Gazeau, Chrystelle. "La circonscription administrative intermédiaire sous la Révolution et le Consulat : la projection locale d'une volonté politique". Lyon 3, 2010. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/in/theses/2010_in_gazeau_c.pdf.
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La circonscription administrative intermédiaire sous la Révolution et le Consulat. La projection locale d'une volonté politique. La loi du 22 décembre 1789 et celle du 28 pluviôse an VIII, genèses de l’actuelle distribution administrative du territoire, retranscrivent la volonté du pouvoir central de projeter localement son autorité. De l’une à l’autre, l’objectif centralisateur ne cesse d’être affirmé. Il évolue, en revanche, en fonction des variables circonstancielles, idéologiques, et politiques qui redéfinissent ses contours. Si l’organisation et les fonctions des administrations locales expriment de manière évidente cette évolution, il apparaît que c’est au niveau de l’échelon intermédiaire que l’expression est la plus forte. Paradoxalement, c’est également le niveau d’administration qui est le moins considéré par l’historiographie. Entre autres raisons, il en est une qui perdure : ce qui est placé « entre-deux » est par essence destiné à ne guère susciter l’intérêt. Une lecture linéaire et globalisante de la qualité d’intermédiaire qui doit être révisée à la suite de l’observation de la période étudiée. Du district de la Constituante au district de la Convention, de la municipalité de canton du Directoire à l’arrondissement du Consulat : à chaque instant réformateur, la circonscription administrative intermédiaire correspond à une réalité différenteLaws of December 22th 1789 and « 28 pluviôse an VIII », genesis of the ongoing territory’s administrative distribution, symbolize the central power’s will in terms of planning locally it’s authority. From one to the other, the centralizing objective keeps being claimed. On the other hand, it evolves functions of ideological and political variables that define it’s outlines. If local administrations’ organisation and duties obviously express this evolution, it appears it is by the intermediate rung that it’s expression is the the most apparent. Paradoxically, it is also the administration level whom is the less considered by historiography. One reason lasts : what is placed in-between is essentially meant to not give rise to interest. A linear and globalizing reading of the intermediate quality that must be reviewed in the aftermath of the studied period. From the « Constituante » district to the « Convention » district, from Directory township municipality to Consulate arrondissement: at every reforming instant, the intermediate administrative constituency correspond to a different reality
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Larvy, delariviere Ulysse. "Orientation automatique de carte d'environement autour d'une scene locale". Thesis, Reims, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REIMS024.
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Dans cette thèse, nous avons présentons une méthode pour orienter automatiquement une carte d'environnement avec une scène locale.Dans la littérature, de nombreuses méthodes ont besoin d'orienter la carte d'environement pour obtenir une cohérence avec une scène locale. Cette orientation est dans la majorité descas effectuée de manière manuelle par un utilisateur. Nous présentons une méthode pour recaler automatiquement un carte d'environement avec une scène locale. Une caractéristique de notre approche est que nous n'avons pas besoin de créer un modèle 3D complet de la scène locale, ni d'interaction avec l'utilisateur. De plus, nous faisons que de simples hypothèses.Nous proposons un pipeline pour créer une représentation virtuelle de la scène en utilisant nos données d'entrée. Cette représentation comprend la scène globale représentée par la carte d'environement et la scène locale représentée par un objet de référence et son ombre.En utilisant la connaissance de la position de la source lumineuse principale sur la carte d'environnement, nous pouvons simuler l'éclairage et projeter une ombre sur le sol. Il est alors possible de comparer la forme de l'ombre calculée avec celle de l'ombre d'entrée pour récupérer la position correcte de la source lumineuse principale. L'orientation finale de la carte d'environement est directement liée à la position de cette source lumineuse principale.Nous fournissons une évaluation de l'approche proposée en calculant deux métriques qui comparent notre estimation d'angle avec les directions réelles au sol. Notre estimation d'orientation montre que notre méthode récupère une orientation de carte d'environement correcteIn this thesis, we have presented a method to register an environment map with a local scene automatically.In the literature, many methods need to orient the environmental map to be coherent with a local scene. This orientation is mostly done manually by a user. We present a method to register an environment map with a local scene automatically. A characteristic of our approach is that we do not need to create a complete 3D model of the local scene or have interaction with the user. Moreover, we are making simple assumptions.We propose a pipeline to create a virtual representation of the scene using our input data. This representation includes the global scene represented by the environment map and the local scene represented by a reference object and its shadow.By using the knowledge of the position of the main light source on the environment map, we can simulate the lighting and project a computed shadow on the ground. It is possible to compare the computed shadow shape with the input one to recover the correct position of the main light source. The final orientation of the environment map is directly related to the position of this main light source.We provide an evaluation of the proposed approach by calculating two metrics that compare our angle estimate with actual ground truth directions. Our orientation estimation shows that our method recovers a correct environment map orientation.In this thesis, we are interested in real input data. The environment map and the local scene are extracted from photographs or videos, which already contain a lighting rendering. It is therefore important to orient the environment map in a way that is consistent with the existing lighting in the local scene.We propose an automatic method, to orient an environment map to a local scene. This method is inspired by the behavior of light, drawing rays of light towards an object and attempting to match two shadows, one given as input and one calculated.We also use 3D data from the object we are considering. The originality is that we base our method on the way light behaves in order to calculate and match shadows. By matching the shadows, we can estimate the correct position of the environment map
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Vallance, Scott, e scottvallance@internode on net. "Trilinear Projection". Flinders University. School of Informatics & Engineering, 2005. http://catalogue.flinders.edu.au./local/adt/public/adt-SFU20050714.113416.
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In computer graphics a projection describes the mapping of scene geometry to the screen. While linear projections such as perspective and orthographic projection are common, increasing applications are being found for nonlinear projections, which do not necessarily map straight lines in the scene to straight lines on the screen. Nonlinear projections occur in reflections and refractions on curved surfaces, in art, and in visualisation.
This thesis presents a new nonlinear projection technique called a trilinear projection that is based on the trilinear interpolation of surface normals used in Phong shading. Trilinear projections can be combined to represent more complicated nonlinear projections. Nonlinear projections have previously been implemented with ray tracing, where rays are generated by the nonlinear projections and traced into the scene. However for performance reasons, most current graphics software uses scanline rendering, where a scene point is imaged on a screen as a function of the projection parameters. The techniques developed in this thesis are of this nature.
This thesis presents several algorithms used in trilinear projection:
1. An algorithm to analytically determine which screen locations image a given scene point.
2. An algorithm that correctly connects projected vertices. Each scene point may be imaged multiple times, which means a projected scene triangle may form from one to four different shapes of from two to nine vertices. Once connected, the projected shapes may be rendered with standard scanline algorithms.
3. An algorithm to more accurately render the curved edges between projected vertices.
4. A scene-space edge-clipping algorithm that handles continuity issues for projected shapes across composite projections.
The trilinear projection technique is demonstrated in two different application areas: visualisation, and reflections and refractions. Specifically, various nonlinear projections that are congruent with pre-existing visualisation techniques are implemented with trilinear projections and a method for approximating the reflections and refractions on curved surfaces with trilinear projections is presented. Finally, the performance characteristics of the trilinear projection is explored over various parameter ranges and compared with a naive ray tracing approach.
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Shen, Chenyang. "L1-norm local preserving projection and its application". HKBU Institutional Repository, 2012. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1388.
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Özcan, Orçun Orkan. "Characterization of the Purkinje cell to nuclear cell connections in mice cerebellum". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017STRAJ085/document.
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Le cervelet permet l’apprentissage moteur et la coordination des mouvements fins. Pour ce faire, il intègre les informations sensorielles provenant de l’ensemble du corps ainsi que les commandes motrices émises par d’autres structures du système nerveux central. Les noyaux cérébelleux profonds (DCN) constituent la sortie du cervelet et intègre les informations provenant des cellules de Purkinje (PC), des fibres moussues et des fibres grimpantes. Nous avons étudié les connexions fonctionnelles entres les PC et les DNC in vivo, grâce à une stimulation optogénétique des lobules IV/V du cortex cérébelleux et à l’enregistrement multi unitaire du noyau médian. Nous avons ainsi identifié deux groupes de cellules au sein des DCN, présentant des caractéristiques propres au niveau de leur fréquence de décharge et de la forme des potentiels d’action, en accord avec la dichotomie établie par une précédente étude in vitro permettant de séparer les neurones GABAergiques des autres neurones. Nos résultats suggèrent que les PC contrôlent la sotie du cervelet d’un point de vue temporel. De plus, la ciruiterie interne des DCN conforte ce résultat de part le fait que les cellules GABAergiques ne produisent pas d’effet temporel au travers de l’inhibition localeThe cerebellum integrates motor commands with somatosensory, vestibular, visual and auditory information for motor learning and coordination functions. The deep cerebellar nuclei (DCN) generates the final output by processing inputs from Purkinje cells (PC), mossy and climbing fibers. We investigated the properties of PC connections to DCN cells using optogenetic stimulation in L7-ChR2 mice with in vivo multi electrode extracellular recordings in lobule IV/V of the cerebellar cortex and in the medial nuclei. DCN cells discharged phase locked to local field potentials in the beta, gamma and high frequency bands. We identified two groups of DCN cells with significant differences in action potential waveforms and firing rates, matching previously discriminated in vitro properties of GABAergic and non-GABAergic cells. PCs inhibited the two group of cells gradually (rate coding), however spike times were controlled for only non-GABAergic cells. Our results suggest that PC inputs temporally control the output of cerebellum and the internal DCN circuitry supports this phenomenon since GABAergic cells do not induce a temporal effect through local inhibition
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Li, Liubo Li. "Trend-Filtered Projection for Principal Component Analysis". The Ohio State University, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1503277234178696.
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Assogbavi, Koutchogna. "Global imbalances and international trade in the era of climate challenges". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0120.
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Cette thèse examine empiriquement différentes questions-clés d'économie et de finance internationales sous le prisme de la montée des risques liés au changement climatique et aux politiques d'atténuation. Le premier chapitre analyse les déséquilibres mondiaux des comptes courants, particulièrement depuis la crise de 2008, en identifiant des facteurs comme le développement financier et les variables institutionnelles influençant ces déséquilibres par des variations de l’épargne et des investissements. Les prédictions de comptes courants montrent des excédents au Japon, en Chine et en Allemagne. Dans cette première partie, nous évaluons également l'impact des politiques d'atténuation du changement climatique en intégrant certaines variables politiques dans notre analyse. Les résultats montrent que des politiques environnementales plus strictes ou des taxes environnementales plus élevées sont associées à des excédents de la balance courante. Le deuxième chapitre examine l’impact des politiques environnementales sur le commerce international, concluant qu’une politique stricte réduit les émissions de CO2 dans les échanges, bien qu’une fuite de carbone soit observée via les importations de pays à politique environnementale plus souple. Le troisième chapitre évalue l’effet des catastrophes naturelles sur la balance des paiements, révélant un impact négatif à court terme, plus marqué dans les pays émergents, tropicaux, insulaires et côtiers. La thèse conclut que les risques climatiques et les politiques d’atténuation influencent les échanges internationaux et les flux de capitaux, et ces effets devraient s’intensifier à l’avenirThis thesis empirically examines various key issues in international economics and finance through the lens of rising risks associated with climate change and mitigation policies. The first chapter analyzes global current account imbalances, particularly since the 2008 crisis, identifying factors such as financial development and institutional variables that influence these imbalances through shifts in savings and investments. Current account predictions indicate surpluses in Japan, China, and Germany. In this first part, we also assess the impact of climate change mitigation policies by incorporating certain policy variables into our analysis. The results show that stricter environmental policies or higher environmental taxes are associated with current account surpluses. The second chapter examines the impact of environmental policies on international trade, concluding that strict policies reduce CO₂ emissions in trade, although carbon leakage is observed through imports from countries with less stringent environmental policies. The third chapter assesses the effect of natural disasters on the balance of payments, revealing a short-term negative impact, which is more pronounced in emerging, tropical, island, and coastal countries. The thesis concludes that climate risks and mitigation policies influence international trade and capital flows, with these effects expected to intensify in the future
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Ahiati, Veroncia Sitsofe. "Cardinal spline wavelet decomposition based on quasi-interpolation and local projection". Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2580.
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Thesis (MSc (Mathematics))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009.Wavelet decomposition techniques have grown over the last two decades into a powerful tool in signal analysis. Similarly, spline functions have enjoyed a sustained high popularity in the approximation of data. In this thesis, we study the cardinal B-spline wavelet construction procedure based on quasiinterpolation and local linear projection, before specialising to the cubic B-spline on a bounded interval. First, we present some fundamental results on cardinal B-splines, which are piecewise polynomials with uniformly spaced breakpoints at the dyadic points Z/2r, for r ∈ Z. We start our wavelet decomposition method with a quasi-interpolation operator Qm,r mapping, for every integer r, real-valued functions on R into Sr m where Sr m is the space of cardinal splines of order m, such that the polynomial reproduction property Qm,rp = p, p ∈ m−1, r ∈ Z is satisfied. We then give the explicit construction of Qm,r. We next introduce, in Chapter 3, a local linear projection operator sequence {Pm,r : r ∈ Z}, with Pm,r : Sr+1 m → Sr m , r ∈ Z, in terms of a Laurent polynomial m solution of minimally length which satisfies a certain Bezout identity based on the refinement mask symbol Am, which we give explicitly. With such a linear projection operator sequence, we define, in Chapter 4, the error space sequence Wr m = {f − Pm,rf : f ∈ Sr+1 m }. We then show by solving a certain Bezout identity that there exists a finitely supported function m ∈ S1 m such that, for every r ∈ Z, the integer shift sequence { m(2 · −j)} spans the linear space Wr m . According to our definition, we then call m the mth order cardinal B-spline wavelet. The wavelet decomposition algorithm based on the quasi-interpolation operator Qm,r, the local linear projection operator Pm,r, and the wavelet m, is then based on finite sequences, and is shown to possess, for a given signal f, the essential property of yielding relatively small wavelet coefficients in regions where the support interval of m(2r · −j) overlaps with a Cm-smooth region of f. Finally, in Chapter 5, we explicitly construct minimally supported cubic B-spline wavelets on a bounded interval [0, n]. We also develop a corresponding explicit decomposition algorithm for a signal f on a bounded interval. ii Throughout Chapters 2 to 5, numerical examples are provided to graphically illustrate the theoretical results.
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Hønsen, Morten. "Compactifying locally Cohen-Macaulay projective curves". Doctoral thesis, Stockholm, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-470.
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Rodrigues, Inês Isabel Faria Lopes Gouveia. "Financial Crises meet society : economic turmoil and societal stress through a local projection approach". Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20998.
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Mestrado em Mathematical FinanceEsta dissertação estuda o perfil temporal do impacto das crises bancárias sistêmicas sobre as taxas de suicídio usando um painel de 53 países entre 1980 e 2016. Usamos a metodologia desenvolvida por Oscar Jordà em 2005, as Projeções Locais, para medir este impacto. Com foco num horizonte de cinco anos, fica claro que os efeitos adversos das crises bancárias sistémicas persistem ao longo desse horizonte de tempo nas taxas de suicídio. Com este estudo, foi identificado um efeito positivo entre crises bancárias e taxas de suicídio. Além disso, este estudo está de acordo com estudos anteriores, uma vez que foi observado que esse efeito é de curta duração.
This thesis studies the temporal profile of the impact of systemic banking crises on suicide rates using a panel from 53 countries between 1980 and 2016. A methodology developed by Oscar Jordà in 2005, the Local Projections, was used to measure this impact. Focusing on a five-year horizon, it is clear that systemic banking crises' adverse effects persist throughout this time horizon on suicide rates. With this study, a positive effect was identified between banking crises and suicide rates. Moreover, this study is consistent with previous studies since it was observed that this effect does not last for long.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Moubandjo, Desiree V. "Polynomial containment in refinement spaces and wavelets based on local projection operators". Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16418.
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Saulnier, Jessica L. "Spatial Organization of Local Inputs to Spiny Projection Neurons in the Striatum". Thesis, Harvard University, 2015. http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:24078349.
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GABAergic interneurons are important for balanced activity of the principal projection neurons of the striatum (spiny projection neurons, SPNs) and dysfunction of striatal GABAergic interneurons can lead to movement-related disorders. Despite this importance, very little is known about the connectivity of striatal interneurons and their functional spatial arrangement. In preliminary experiments our group optogenetically identified a group of interneuron connections that had not previously been seen in paired recordings. Here we tested the hypothesis that this finding is due to long-range connections of genetically defined interneuron classes. Using a pseudotyped Rabies Viral (RV) monosynaptic retrograde tracing strategy in sparsely identified SPNS, followed by three-dimensional reconstruction, we tested the spatial attributes of connections from different striatal interneuron classes, and lateral connections between SPNs.
Our results demonstrate the feasibility of an RV-dependent approach for local distance mapping and for the first time identify distinct projection properties of different striatal neuron classes. Importantly, our experiments reveal short, local connections of Fast Spiking (FS), but long-ranging projections of Low-Threshold Spiking (LTS) interneurons, which together form the majority of striatal GABAergic interneurons. These findings can resolve the opposing results from paired and optogenetic recordings and also suggest distinct signaling modalities for these two types of interneurons.
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Frenay, Arnaud. "Sur l'estimation par projection de la densité marginale d'un processus à temps continu". Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066432.
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Junghanns, P., e U. Weber. "Local theory of projection methods for Cauchy singular integral equations on an interval". Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 1998. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-199801281.
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We consider a finite section (Galerkin) and a collocation method for Cauchy singular
integral equations on the interval based on weighted Chebyshev polymoninals, where
the coefficients of the operator are piecewise continuous.
Stability conditions are derived using Banach algebra techniques, where
also the system case is mentioned. With the help of
appropriate Sobolev spaces a result on convergence rates is proved.
Computational aspects are discussed in order to develop
an effective algorithm. Numerical results, also
for a class of nonlinear singular integral equations,
are presented.
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Costa, Ercília Gonçalves. "Poder local e exclusão social: projecto Porto Feliz". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/4642.
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Mestrado em Gestão PúblicaNo Porto, as ruas e os parques de estacionamento estão cheios de arrumadores de automóveis sem licença. Este fenómeno, essencialmente urbano, assume a forma visível de miséria urbana. Os arrumadores concentram em si vários factores e expressão de pobreza e exclusáo social e a maioria corporiza o "fim da linha" de um processo de exclusão social. O combate a exclusão social envolve, certamente, muitos sectores da socieda depara além do poder político. Tentar encontrar soluções para os problemas passa, muitas vezes, por questões de prioridades políticas, nomeadamente do Poder Local, pela sua proximidade das populações e dos problemas. Para tentar dar resposta ao problema dos arrumadores e tendo em consideração a necessidade de um plano de actuação, a autarquia do Porto decidiu, em 2002, implementar o Projecto Porto Feliz.
In Porto both the streets and the parking spaces are crowded with "arrumadores"o without a permit. This phenomenon, essentially urban, assumes the visible shape of urban misery. The "arrumadoreS' consubstantiate severa1 factors of poverty and social exclusion and most of them embody the "end of the line" of a whole process of social exclusion. Tackling social exclusion certainly involves many sectors of society along with political authorities. Seeking solutions to problems is often linked to issues of political priorities, namely in what concerns Local Government, due to its proximity to population and their problems. To find a solution to the issues that the existence of "arrumadorei' raise and considering the need of a plan of action, the local council of Porto decided, in 2002, to launch an action plan called "Porto Feliz" o. o People who voluntarily help park vehicles in exchange for some money. (Sort of usher). o Feliz - happy
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Gomado, Kwamivi Mawuli. "Essais sur les réformes structurelles dans les pays en développement". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Normandie, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023NORMLH24.
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Cette thèse vise à comprendre l'incidence des réformes structurelles sur la croissance de la productivité du travail et les inégalités de revenu dans les pays en développement, tout en évaluant l'efficacité des programmes de conditionnalité du Fonds Monétaire International (FMI) dans la promotion de ces réformes.Le premier chapitre examine comment les réformes, en particulier celles liées au commerce, aux finances nationales et au marché des produits, influent sur la croissance de la productivité du travail. Il contribue à la littérature en documentant principalement les canaux et l'ordre dans lequel les réformes doivent être menées.Les résultats montrent que ces réformes augmentent la productivité du travail. Une analyse des mécanismes impliqués révèle que les réformes structurelles ne favorisent pas tant un changement structurel, mais plutôt une croissance de la productivité au sein des secteurs. Cependant, nos résultats soulignent que le niveau de capital humain joue un rôle crucial dans la détermination de la réponse du changement structurel aux réformes structurelles. Pour optimiser les effets de productivité des réformes, nos conclusions suggèrent la nécessité d'adopter une ``approche graduelle'' dans la mise en œuvre des réformes.Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous mettons l'accent sur les effets de distribution des réformes financières, c'est-à-dire comment celles-ci affectent la répartition et l'inégalité des revenus. Les résultats indiquent que les réformes de libéralisation financière sont associées à une réduction significative des inégalités de revenu. Il est également montré l'importance d'adopter une stratégie de réforme garantissant un séquençage et une complémentarité entre les réformes financières domestiques et les réformes financières externes afin de maximiser les bénéfices de réduction des inégalités de revenu.Enfin, le troisième chapitre met en évidence le rôle du FMI dans la promotion des réformes structurelles. Les résultats indiquent que le FMI favorise les réformes structurelles à travers ses programmes de conditionnalité.Nos conclusions montrent que la diversité des conditions imposées a un impact différencié sur les réformes à l'échelle sectorielle, et que l'impact des programmes de conditionnalité ne peut pas être dissocié des facteurs politiques nationauxThis thesis aims to understand the impact of structural reforms on labour productivity growth and income inequality in developing countries, while assessing the effectiveness of International Monetary Fund (IMF) conditionality programs in promoting these reforms.The first chapter examines how reforms, particularly those related to trade, domestic finances, and product markets, influence labour productivity growth. It contributes to the literature by documenting primarily the channels and the order in which reforms should be implemented.The results show that these reforms increase labour productivity. An analysis of the mechanisms involved reveals that structural reforms do not so much favor structural change, but rather productivity growth within sectors. However, our results underscore that the level of human capital plays a crucial role in determining the response of structural change to structural reforms. To optimize the productivity effects of reforms, our conclusions suggest the need to adopt a ``gradual approach'' in implementing the reforms.In the second chapter, we focus on the distributional effects of financial reforms, namely how they affect income distribution and inequality. The results indicate that financial liberalization reforms are associated with a significant reduction in income inequality. It is also shown the importance of adopting a reform strategy ensuring sequencing and complementarity between domestic financial reforms and external financial reforms to maximize the benefits of reducing income inequality.Finally, the third chapter highlights the role of the IMF in promoting structural reforms. The results indicate that the IMF promotes structural reforms through its conditionality programs. Our conclusions show that the diversity of imposed conditions has a differentiated impact on sectoral reforms and that the impact of conditionality programs cannot be separated from national political factors
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Bulla, Christopher Verfasser], Jens-Rainer [Akademischer Betreuer] Ohm e Dorit [Akademischer Betreuer] [Merhof. "Local feature description with invariance against affine projection / Christopher Bulla ; Jens-Rainer Ohm, Dorit Merhof". Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1161853448/34.
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Bulla, Christopher [Verfasser], Jens-Rainer Akademischer Betreuer] Ohm e Dorit [Akademischer Betreuer] [Merhof. "Local feature description with invariance against affine projection / Christopher Bulla ; Jens-Rainer Ohm, Dorit Merhof". Aachen : Universitätsbibliothek der RWTH Aachen, 2017. http://d-nb.info/1161853448/34.
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Bilgot, Anne. "Méthodes locales d'identification de surfaces de discontinuité à partir de projections tronquées pour l'imagerie interventionnelle". Phd thesis, Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10147.
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Ce mémoire présente des algorithmes de reconstruction conçus pour le développement de nouveaux systèmes d’imagerie par rayons X adaptés aux contraintes du bloc opératoire, notamment pour guider des interventions orthopédiques telles que le vissage pédiculaire. Après une présentation du contexte médical et technologique, nous rassemblons les principaux résultats de tomographie 2D permettant de comprendre les spécificités des problèmes de tomographie à données tronquées ; le comportement souvent très satisfaisant de la méthode de rétroprojection filtrée, d’ordinaire ignoré en tomographie locale, est notamment souligné. Un état de l’art sur l’utilisation des ondelettes en tomographie 2D est ensuite dressé, dans lequel nous mettons en évidence l’existence de liens forts entre des travaux adaptés de la méthode de rétroprojection filtrée et les approches de type ondelettes-vaguelettes. Une nouvelle méthode d’inversion de la transformée de Radon par ondelettes est ensuite proposée, bâtie à partir de résultats théoriques établis par M. Holschneider : nous montrons que cette nouvelle méthode se prête très bien au traitement de données locales (aussi bien pour le problème intérieur que pour le problème à angle limité). Nous présentons enfin une approche totalement différente, dans laquelle est reconstruite la surface d’une vertèbre à partir de deux images fluoroscopiques et d’un modèle statistique de surface de vertèbre; nous utilisons différents détecteurs de contours pour traiter les images fluoroscopiques (par ondelettes, ou avec des contours actifs), et montrons qu’ils conduisent à des résultats de reconstruction satisfaisants sur un fantôme numériqueThis dissertation deals with reconstruction algorithms designed for the development of new X-Ray imaging systems compliant with interventional conditions, and dedicated to surgeon guidance for interventions such as pedicle screw insertion. After a presentation of the medical and technological background, we gather the main results in 2D tomography that enable the comprehension of truncated data tomographic problems, and we underline that the filtered backprojection method, though traditionally ignored in literature of local tomography, behaves very well in many cases. A state-of-the-art of the use of wavelets in tomography is then performed, in which we enhance links between approaches based on the filtered backprojection method, and wavelet-vaguelette-like methods. A new method for inversion of the Radon transform is then proposed; it relies on theoretical results by M. Holschneider, and we show that this new method is well suited for the processing of local data (for the interior problem, or the limited-angle problem as well). We finally present a completely different approach, in which a vertebra surface is reconstructed according to two fluoroscopic images and a statistical model of vertebra surface; we use several edge detectors (with wavelets, or active contour methods), and we show that they lead to satisfying reconstruction results when applied to a numerical phantom
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Bilgot, Anne. "Méthodes locales d'identification de surfaces de discontinuité à partir de projections tronquées pour l'imagerie interventionnelle". Phd thesis, Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00303324.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Ce mémoire présente des algorithmes de reconstruction conçus pour le développement de nouveaux systèmes d'imagerie par rayons X adaptés aux contraintes du bloc opératoire, notamment pour guider des interventions orthopédiques telles que le vissage pédiculaire. Après une présentation du contexte médical et technologique, nous rassemblons les principaux résultats de tomographie 2D permettant de comprendre les spécificités des problèmes de tomographie à données tronquées ; le comportement souvent très satisfaisant de la méthode de rétroprojection filtrée, d'ordinaire ignoré en tomographie locale, est notamment souligné. Un état de l'art sur l'utilisation des ondelettes en tomographie 2D est ensuite dressé, dans lequel nous mettons en évidence l'existence de liens forts entre des travaux adaptés de la méthode de rétroprojection filtrée et les approches de type ondelettes-vaguelettes. Une nouvelle méthode d'inversion de la transformée de Radon par ondelettes est ensuite proposée, bâtie à partir de résultats théoriques établis par M. Holschneider : nous montrons que cette nouvelle méthode se prête très bien au traitement de données locales (aussi bien pour le problème intérieur que pour le problème à angle limité). Nous présentons enfin une approche totalement différente, dans laquelle est reconstruite la surface d'une vertèbre à partir de deux images fluoroscopiques et d'un modèle statistique de surface de vertèbre; nous utilisons différents détecteurs de contours pour traiter les images fluoroscopiques (par ondelettes, ou avec des contours actifs), et montrons qu'ils conduisent à des résultats de reconstruction satisfaisants sur un fantôme numérique.
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Moutinho, Diana Luísa Reduto. "Turismo sustentável e desenvolvimento local: projecto da Mata de Sesimbra". Master's thesis, Escola Superior de Hotelaria e Turismo do Estoril, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/2461.
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A presente dissertação investiga o campo do Turismo Sustentável/Ecológico, caracterizando diferentes conceitos; enquadra a evolução da problemática ambiental; estuda a relação entre o Turismo e o Ambiente, os seus impactos (económicos, sócio-culturais e ambientais) e respectiva medição e controlo; e destaca a importância de um bom planeamento e gestão turísticos.
Numa segunda fase, relativa à área dos Projectos Turísticos Sustentáveis, e de modo a consolidar esta dissertação toma-se o caso de estudo do Projecto da Mata de Sesimbra – o
primeiro projecto integrado de construção, ecoturismo sustentável e conservação da natureza a nível nacional, levado a cabo pela imobiliária Pelicano em parceria com a ONG World Wildlife Fund e a BioRegional – à semelhança do bem sucedido Projecto BedZed no Reino Unido (uma eco-cidade que permite aos seus residentes terem um estilo de vida amigo do ambiente, com o nível de conforto e qualidade de vida de hoje em dia). Então, são
apresentadas as entidades envolvidas e projectos semelhantes, antes da análise do plano de pormenor e plano de gestão ambiental do projecto em estudo.
Esta investigação pretende demonstrar o mérito que projectos como este têm no
desenvolvimento local, os seus impactos positivos e negativos, e indica os instrumentos que os norteiam e os obstáculos que se lhes colocam, como linhas de orientação para projectos semelhantes.
Para o efeito, tendo por base a documentação relativa ao mesmo, o projecto é
analisado na vertente territorial (desenvolvimento do projecto e planos de ordenamento do território seguidos), sócio-cultural (relação entre a população local e o empreendimento turístico) e económica (importância do turismo, em especial de projectos inovadores deste género, na actividade local), tendo em conta a problemática ambiental transversal às três
vertentes, ao tentar responder às perguntas de partida: Como criar valor local com o Projecto da Mata de Sesimbra? Qual a gestão do projecto, barreiras e apoios inerentes ao desenvolvimento turístico sustentável em
Sesimbra?This dissertation investigates the field of Sustainable/Ecological Tourism, characterizes different concepts, within the evolution of the environmental problematic; studies the relation between Tourism and the Environment, its impacts (economic, socialcultural and environmental), evaluation and control; and highligths the importance of an efficient tourism planning and management. In the second part, concerning Sustainable Touristic Projects, to consolidate this work the case-study “Mata de Sesimbra” Project, in Portugal, is presented and analysed – the first national project that combines building constrution, sustainable ecotourism and nature conservation, developed by the real estate company Pelicano in partnership with the ONG World Wildlife Fund and BioRegional – following the example of the well succeeded BedZed Project in the United Kingdom (an eco-village where its residents can have a ecofriendly style of life, with the comfort and quality of life of nowadays). Therefore, the entities involved and similar projects are presented, before the analysis of the project’s detail plan and environmental management plan. This investigation aim consists in demonstrating the merit of such projects in the local development, its positive and negative impacts, indicating the instruments that guide them and the obstacles in its implementation, as a guide line for similar iniciatives. Based on the documentation related to it, the project is analysed by three approaches: territorial (project development and land-use plans followed), social-cultural (the relationship between local community and the touristic endeavour) and economic (tourism importance to the local economy, specially of this kind of innovative projects), taking into account the environmental issue cross-cutting these approaches, trying to answer the starting point questions: How to create local value with the “Mata de Sesimbra” Project? Which are the project management, barriers and supports inherent to sustainable touristic development in Sesimbra?
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Marshall, Alan. "Developing a methodology for the local estimation and projection of limiting long term illness and disability". Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.511749.
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Rafael, Lígia Isabel da Silva. "Os trinta anos do projecto Mértola Vila Museu : Balanços e perspectivas". Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/19535.
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A partir de final da década de setenta do século XX Mértola viveu novos tempos, não tão áureos como os do seu passado de cidade portuária, elo de ligação com as riquezas do Mediterrâneo, mas, pelo menos, de Vila conhecedora das suas raízes, pronta para construir o seu novo futuro. Este novo alento foi sem dúvida dado pela consciencialização relativamente à importância do seu património arqueológico, histórico e natural. Esta tese pretende clarificar a relação existente entre o Projecto Mértola Vila Museu e o desenvolvimento local, caracterizando e analisando o projecto com o objectivo de conhecer as suas acções, implicações e consequências no desenvolvimento de Mértola. Passados trinta anos esta reflexão é essencial para perceber se este projecto foi, ainda é, e será, factor de desenvolvimento local, e quais as suas perspectivas de futuro. ABSTRACT: From the end of the 70s of the 20th century Mértola has experienced a new phase, not as magnificent as when it was a city port in the past, when it was a link in the relationship with the riches of the Mediterranean but at least as a town with knowledge of its roots, a town ready to construct its new future. This new breath of energy was, without doubt, given by the awareness of the importance of its archaeological, historical and natural heritage. This thesis aims to clarify the relationship that exists between the Project “Mértola Museum Town” and local development, characterizing and analyzing the project with the aim of getting to know its actions, implications and consequences in Mértola’s development. With the passing of thirty years, this reflection is essential in order to understand whether this project was, still is and will be a factor in local development and what are its perspectives for the future.
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Santos, Luís Filipe Matos Marques dos. "O projecto educativo local numa "cidade educadora": dos princípios às práticas". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/1058.
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Mestrado em Ciências da Educação - Administração e Políticas EducativasA importância crescente do município no campo educativo, a emergência de novos discursos, de novos actores educativos locais e de novas formas de organização das ofertas educativas formais e não formais coloca a governação local perante novos desafios, exigindo a adopção de novas práticas locais. Este estudo visa compreender o Projecto Educativo Local (PEL) do “Município XXI”, perceber a sua importância e o seu processo de construção e elaboração. Ambiciona conhecer o desenvolvimento deste processo: a sua origem, os actores que se envolveram e o seu grau de participação, o papel do Conselho Municipal de Educação (CME), os parceiros do município e sua cooperação e a assumpção ou não de uma proposta de programas e serviços ao nível da educação formal e não formal. Como questão central procura saber se o PEL e o seu processo de construção traduzem princípios da Carta do Movimento das Cidades Educadoras, no sentido de se testar essa conformidade e de se esclarecer se houve intenção estratégica/política municipal a esse nível, para perceber qual foi o contributo da integração na AICE relativamente à sua construção e ao alcance de um Território Educativo em Rede, de uma “Cidade Educadora". O estudo propõe-se também compreender a aproximação dos cidadãos aos centros e processos de tomada de decisão e dispõe-se quase no final, em género de reflexão, a averiguar, se após o mesmo se verificou maior sensibilização dos agentes educativos locais relativamente a esta problemática. Em síntese, o estudo visa analisar o PEL e a sua primeira etapa, numa dialéctica, dos princípios às práticas. Tendo como enquadramento teórico a Administração Escolar, as Políticas Educativas e alguns referenciais das Ciências Sociais efectuámos no primeiro capítulo abordagens relacionadas com a compreensão do papel dos municípios na educação, da “Cidade Educadora”, da territorialização e projecto educativo local, da descentralização e democracia/formas de participação e das redes educativas, actores e parcerias. Os segundo e terceiro capítulos relacionam-se com a componente prática centralizada num estudo de caso, de carácter exploratório, realizado ao PEL do “Município XXI” e ao desenvolvimento do seu processo de construção. No capítulo IV apresenta-se, analisa-se, interpreta-se os resultados, efectua-te uma análise SWOT, tecem-se as considerações finais e apresenta-se o contributo e as limitações do estudo. O nosso estudo confirmou a existência do PEL, a sua origem é de iniciativa municipal impulsionado pela integração na AICE, consubstanciou-se numa intenção política estratégica dos intervenientes municipais e contempla tanto a educação formal como a não formal. Parece-nos adequado validar a sua importância como um referencial estratégico, articulado e integrador, apesar de nesta primeira etapa ainda não estar articulado com o projecto educativo do agrupamento escolar. O PEL busca um desempenho em respeito pela Carta das Cidades Educadoras, traduzindo os seus princípios em número considerável. O CME aprovou o PEL e um espaço que possibilitasse a participação comunitária. Durante a construção do PEL houve uma Participação Cidadã muitíssimo fraca a deslizar para a não participação. No estudo reforça-se a necessidade de um maior investimento na chamada à participação, do aumento da própria implicação dos cidadãos e da sua aproximação aos centros de decisão, pois ainda se observa um afastamento. ABSTRACT: The increasing importance of the city in the educative field, the emergency of new speeches, new local educative actors and new forms of organization of the formal and not formal educative offers places the local government before new challenges, demanding the adoption of new practical places. This study it aims at to understand Project Educative Local (PEL) of “City XXI”, to perceive its importance and its process of construction and elaboration. It intends to know the development of this process: its origin, the actors that if had involved and its degree of participation, the paper of the City council of Education (CME), the partners of the city and its cooperation and the acceptance or not of a proposal of programs and services to the level of the formal and not formal education. As central question search to know if the PEL and its process of construction translates principles of the letter of the movement of the cities educators, in the direction of if to test this conformity and of if clarifying if had strategical intention/municipal politics to this level, to perceive which was contribute of the integration in the AICE relatively to its construction and the reach of an Educative Territory in Net, of a “City Educator”. The study it is also considered to understand the approach of the citizens to the centers and processes of decision taking and is made use almost in the end, in form of reflection, to inquire, if after the same greater was verified sensitization of the local educative agents relatively to this problematic one. In synthesis, the study it aims at to analyze the PEL and its first stage, in a dialectical, of the principles to the practical ones. Having as theoretical framing the Pertaining to school Administration, the Educative Politics and some references of possible the communitarian participation. During the construction of the PEL very much had a Participation weak Citizen to slide for not the participation. In the study it is strengthened necessity of a bigger investment in the call to the participation, of the increase of the proper implication of the citizens and its approach to the decision centers, therefore still a removal is observed. Social Sciences in the first chapter boardings related with the understanding of the paper of the cities in the education, the “City Educator”, the territory and project educative place, of the decentralization and democracy/forms of participation and of the educative nets, actors and partnerships. As and the third chapters become related with the centered practical component in a case study, of character exploratory, carried through to the PEL of “City XXI” and to the development of its process of construction. In chapter IV it is presented, it analyzed and one interpreted the results, it accomplished an SWOT analysis, are weaved the endings considerations and it presented the contribution and the limitations of the study. Our study it confirmed the existence of the PEL, its origin it is of municipal initiative stimulated by the integration in the AICE, it was constructed in an intention strategical politics of the intervening municipal theatres and contemplates the formal education in such a way as the not formal one. Seem-in the adjusted one to validate its importance as a strategical reference, articulated and integrator, although in this first stage not yet to be articulated with project educative of the pertaining to school grouping. The PEL searchs a performance in respect for the Letter of the Cities Educators, translating its principles in considerable number. The CME approved the PEL and a space that made possible the communitarian participation. During the construction of the PEL very much had a Participation weak Citizen to slide for not the participation. In the study it is strengthened necessity of a bigger investment in the call to the participation, of the increase of the proper implication of the citizens and its approach to the decision centers, therefore still a removal is observed.
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Oliveira, Carlota Fonseca de. "The resilience of higher education enrollment to banking crises : an exploratory empirical study". Master's thesis, Instituto Superior de Economia e Gestão, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/20999.
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Mestrado em Mathematical FinanceO impacto das crises bancárias sistémicas tem efeitos severos na economia ? tão severos ao ponto de por vezes não se observar sinais de recuperação. Será que este impacto afeta o sector da educação? Em princípio, durante uma recessão existem fatores que apontam para um aumento nas matrículas terciárias e outros que apontam para o contrário. Tanto quanto sabemos, não existem estudos que usam dados em painéis que investiguem o efeito médio de crises bancárias nas matrículas terciárias. A ambição deste estudo passa por investigar o efeito de crises bancárias sistémicas nas matrículas terciárias num painel de 80 países entre o período de 1980 e 2017. A metodologia adotada foi as projeções locais de Jordà (2005). Os resultados demonstram um efeito nulo, ou seja, as matrículas terciárias parecem "sobreviver" a um choque de grande magnitude. Como o nível de rendimento de um país é um fator que pode influenciar as matrículas terciárias, complementámos a nossa análise com a separação por níveis de rendimento i.e. países de baixo-, meio-, e alto-rendimento. Nos países de baixo-rendimento um choque de uma crise bancária provoca uma diminuição nas matrículas terciárias. As conclusões a que chegámos contribuem para a compressão do impacto de crises bancárias sistémicas na educação.
The impact of systemic banking crises has severe effects on the economy ? so severe that sometimes the economy shows no signs of recovery. Does this impact reach the higher education sector? In principle, during a recession there are factors that point to an increase of tertiary enrollments and others that point in the opposite direction. To the best of our knowledge, there are no studies using panel data that estimate the effect of banking crises on tertiary enrollment. The objective of this paper is to investigate the impact of systemic banking crisis on tertiary enrollments in a large panel of 80 countries between 1980 and 2017. The methodology adopted was local projections by Jordà (2005). The results show a null effect meaning that tertiary enrollment "survives" to a shock of great magnitude. As income level is a factor that may influence tertiary enrollments, we complemented our analysis by looking at different income level groups i.e. low-, middle- , and high-income countries. We find that in low-income countries a banking crisis shock leads to a decrease of tertiary enrollments. Our findings contribute to improve our understanding of the impact of systemic banking crises on tertiary education.
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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Betancur, Ramirez Santiago. "Recherches sur la projection internationale des entités subétatiques : théories, pratiques et enseignements croisés". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GREND002.
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Les processus de globalisation, régionalisation et décentralisation ont eu des effets sur les dynamiques locales, nationales et internationales, provoquant une participation plus élevée des entités subétatiques sur la scène internationale. Cette action, pouvant être encouragée par l'incapacité du gouvernement central à satisfaire les intérêts des autorités locales sur la scène nationale et internationale, ainsi que par divers éléments politico-administratifs, culturels et économiques, est devenue un phénomène prenant de plus en plus d'ampleur et de reconnaissance. Elle s'est constituée comme une initiative se déployant non seulement sur le continent européen mais aussi sur d'autres zones géographiques, comme l'Amérique latine. Ces actions ont atteint une portée et un intérêt à des dynamiques non seulement régionales mais aussi mondiales, en faveur des intérêts de l'échelle locale. Dans ce volet international, les collectivités territoriales ont projeté, d'une part, à travers des différents outils (individuels et/ou collectifs), des actions stratégiques contribuant à leur développement local et, d'autre part, des actions leur permettant de coopérer et de conquérir des espaces significatifs sur des scènes supérieures, ainsi que de se consolider comme des acteurs incontournables dans des processus et sur des scènes régionales et mondiales importants. Cette insertion des gouvernements non centraux sur la scène internationale, accompagnée de la mise en valeur de l'échelle locale, de l'ouverture d'espaces et d'une évolution du discours international concernant leur rôle dans les problématiques mondiales, régionales et nationales, est un élément permettant de designer le début d'un changement du paysage du système international. Ce travail étudie l'émergence des nouveaux acteurs sur la scène internationale et particulièrement la projection internationale des gouvernements locaux sur cette arène. Dans ce contexte, nous avons également identifié le processus d'engagement et de mise en place de ce type d'actions par des villes de différentes parties du monde, notamment, les activités développées par Barcelone, en Espagne, et Medellín, en Colombie. De plus, nous nous sommes intéressés à la reconnaissance et l'insertion des collectivités territoriales à des structures supérieures dans des cadres régionaux et mondiaux, comme le Mercosur et l'ONU. Ceci a été réalisé, en partie, à travers d'une action collective de villes et d'une organisation réticulaire, comme les réseaux Mercociudades et CGLUThe processes of globalization, regionalization and decentralization have created different effects on local dynamics, national and international, causing a higher participation of sub-state entities in the international arena. This action, which may be encouraged by the central government's inability to meet the interests of local authorities on the national and international scene, as well as various political and administrative elements, cultural and economic, has become a phenomenon increasingly taken with greater importance and recognition. This has established an initiative that has spread not only on the European continent but also other geographical areas, such as Latin America. These actions have achieved great traction and interest in a dynamic regarding not only regional but also global in the interests of the local sphere. In this international front, local authorities have projected, on the one hand, through different tools (individual and / or collective), strategic actions contributing to local development, on the other hand, actions that allow them to cooperate and conquer significant spaces on top scenes and consolidated as essential players in processes and important regional and global scenes. This inclusion of non-central governments on the international scene, accompanied by the appreciation of the local sphere, the opening of spaces and an evolution of the international discourse about their role in global issues, regional and national, is an element to project the beginning of a change in the landscape of the international system. This paper studies the emergence of new actors on the international scene and particularly the international influence of local governments on this arena. In this context, we have also identified the process of commitment and implementation of such actions by cities around the world, particularly the activities of Barcelona in Spain, and Medellín in Colombia . Additionally, we have been concerned about the recognition and inclusion of local government in higher structures within regional and global frameworks, such as Mercosur and the UN. This has been done, in part, through the collective action of cities and a network organization, such as networks of Mercociudades and UCLG
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Anonuevo, Adam Manuel Smith. "Local and distal origins of limbic-related projections to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/44997.
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Cortico-limbic circuits are often activated in response to emotional stress to provide salient information about individual stimuli. This allows organisms to recruit adequate response mechanisms, one of which is the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. Cellular groups directly adjacent to the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) are in position to integrate and relay cortico-limbic projections to the PVN directly. Using a neuroanatomical approach we discovered unique patterns and strengths of cortico-limbic projections to separate cell groups in the PVN surround. Further, in response to restraint stress, dual retrograde labeling with the cellular activation marker FOS suggests these PVN surround circuits are involved in adaptive responses to emotional stress. Of the PVN surround subregions, the zona incerta (ZI) showed particularly dense connectivity with the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), lateral septum, and paraventricular thalamus. Due to the strength of this connectivity we sought to confirm that it can act as a relay site to the PVN through targeted injections of anterograde tracer. ZI injections of anterograde tracer led to terminally labeled fibers in the PVN confirming the capacity to influence hypophysiotropic neurons of the PVN. Additionally, there is the potential for the ZI to share functional cross-talk with other PVN surround subregions. In our final experiment we directed injections of retrograde tracer into the PVN in concert with anterograde injections in the mPFC resulting in convergence of tracer labeling within the ZI. The abutted signals strongly indicate the PVN surround is a promising site for limbic influence on HPA.
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Baratov, Rishat. "Efficient conic decomposition and projection onto a cone in a Banach ordered space". Thesis, University of Ballarat, 2005. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/61401.
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Ahmed, Mohammad Iqbal. "Essays in asymmetric empirical macroeconomics". Diss., Kansas State University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/36208.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Economics
Steven P. Cassou
This dissertation consists of three essays in asymmetric empirical macroeconomics. Making macroeconomic policies has become increasingly difficult because of intricate relationships among macroeconomic variables. In this dissertation, we apply state-of-the-art macroeconometric techniques to investigate asymmetric relationships between key macroeconomic aggregates. Our findings have important macroeconomic policy implications. An analogue to the Phillips curve shows a positive relationship between inflation and capacity utilization. Some recent empirical work has shown that this relationship has broken down when using data after the mid-1980s and several popular explanations for this changing relationship, including advancements in technology and globalization, were put forward as possible explanations. In the first essay, we empirically investigate this issue using several threshold error correction models. We find, in the long run, a 1% increase in the rate of inflation leads to approximately a 0.0046% increase in capacity utilization. The asymmetric error correction structure shows that changes in capacity utilization show significant corrective measures only during booms while changes in inflation correct during both phases of the business cycle with the corrections being stronger during recessions. We also find that, in the short run, changes in the inflation rate do Granger cause capacity utilization while changes in capacity utilization do not Granger cause inflation. The Granger causality from inflation to capacity utilization can be interpreted as supporting recent calls made in the popular press by some economists that it may be desirable for the Federal Reserve Bank to try to induce some inflation in an effort to stimulate the economy. In the second essay, we examine the role of consumer confidence on economic activities like households’ consumption in good and bad economic times. We consider the “news” versus “animal spirit” approach interpretation of consumer confidence. In the wake of the Great Recession of 2008-09, many have called for confidence-boosting policies to help speed up the recovery. A recent study has reinforced these policy calls by showing that the Michigan Consumer Confidence Index contains important information about “news” on future productivity that has long-lasting effects on economic activities like aggregate consumption. Using US data, we show this conclusion is more nuanced when considering an economy that has different potential states. We investigate regime-switching models which use the National Bureau of Economic Research US business cycle expansion and contraction data to create an indicator series that distinguishes bad and good economic times and use this series to investigate impulse responses and variance decompositions. We show the connection between consumer confidence to some types of consumer purchases is important during good economic times but is relatively unimportant during bad economic times. We also use this type of model to investigate the connection between news and consumer confidence and this connection is also shown to be state dependent. In the context of the animal spirits versus news debate, our findings show that during economic expansions, consumer confidence shocks likely reflect news, while during economic contractions, consumer confidence shocks are consistent with animal spirits. These findings also have important implications for recent policy debates which consider whether confidence boosting policies, like raising inflation expectations on big-ticket items such as automobiles or business equipment, would lead to a faster recovery. The third essay investigates expectation shocks and their effect on the economy. For instance, this essay investigates whether the economy responds to expectation shocks in an importantly asymmetric way. A growing literature shows that agents' expectation about the future can lead to boom-bust cycles. These studies so far ignore the transmission effects of expectations on current economic activities across the policy regimes. Using the Survey of Professional Forecasters and Livingstone Survey data, this study empirically investigates the effects of expectation shocks on macroeconomic activities when policy regimes shift. Identifying a structural shock to expectations by using the timing of information in the forecast surveys and actual data releases, we show that the effects of agents' expectations about the future on current macroeconomic activities are asymmetric across the policy regimes. In particular, we find that a perception of good times ahead typically leads to a significant rise in current measures of economic activity in a hawkish regime relative to a dovish regime. We also find that monetary policy's reactions to agents' expectations are asymmetric across the policy regimes. Our findings do not support the views of critics of the central banks, who argued that keeping monetary policy too easy for too long is responsible for fueling the booms. Instead, our findings support the traditional view that a positive (negative) expectation about the future coincides with an anticipatory tightening (easing) of monetary policy.
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Marrapu, Pallavi. "Local and regional interactions between air quality and climate in New Delhi: a sector based analysis". Diss., University of Iowa, 2012. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/3497.
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Deteriorating air quality is one of the major problems faced worldwide and in particular in Asia. The world's most polluted megacities are located in Asia highlighting the urgent need for efforts to improve the air quality. New Delhi (India), one of the world's most polluted cities, was the host of the Common Wealth Games during the period of 4-14 October 2010. This high profile event provided a good opportunity to accelerate efforts to improve air quality. Computational advances now allow air quality forecast models to fully couple the meteorology with chemical constituents within a unified modeling system that allows two-way interactions. The WRF-Chem model is used to simulate air quality in New Delhi.
The thesis focuses on evaluating air quality and meteorology feedbacks. Four nested domains ranging from South Asia, Northern India, NCR Delhi and Delhi city at 45km, 15km, 5km and 1.67km resolution for a period of 20day (26thsep-15thoct, 2010) are used in the study. The predicted mean surface concentrations of various pollutants show similar spatial distributions with peak values in the middle of the domain reflecting the traffic and population patterns in the city. Along with these activities, construction dust and industrial emissions contribute to high levels of criteria pollutants. The study evaluates the WRF-Chem capabilities using a new emission inventory developed over Delhi at a fine resolution of 1.67km and evaluating the results with observational data from 11 monitoring sties placed at various Game venues.
The contribution of emission sectors including transportation, power, industry, and domestic to pollutant concentrations at targeted regions are studied and the results show that transportation and domestic sector are the major contributors to the pollution levels in Delhi, followed by industry. Apart from these sectors, emissions outside of Delhi contribute 20-50% to surface concentrations depending on the species. This indicates that pollution control efforts should take a regional perspective.
Air quality projections in Delhi for 2030 are investigated. The Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Interactions and Synergies (GAINS) model is used to generate a 2030 future emission scenario for Delhi using projections of air quality control measures and energy demands. Net reductions in CO concentrations by 50%, and increases of 140% and 40% in BC and NOx concentrations, respectively, are predicted. The net changes in concentration are associated with increases in transport and industry sectors. The domestic sector still has a significant contribution to air pollutant levels.
The air quality levels show a profound effect under this scenario on the environment and human health. The increase in pollution from 2010 to 2030 is predicted to cause an increase in surface temperature by ~0.65K. These increasing pollution levels also show effects on the radiative forcing. The high aerosols loading i.e. BC, PM2.5 and PM10 levels show strong influence on the short and longwave fluxes causing strong surface dimming and strong atmosphere heating due to BC. These results indicate transport and domestic sectors should be targeted for air quality and climate mitigations.
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Sun, Hong. "Multi-Year Projections and Fiscal Planning in Local Governments| Does It Work and What Affects Its Effectiveness?" Thesis, The George Washington University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=3641080.
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Local governments in the United States have generally experienced fiscal distress in the past decade, due to the economic downturn, reduction in Federal and State aid, and rising costs for providing services partly due to pensions and healthcare. Many governments are worried about their long-term financial sustainability.
Professional organizations such as Government Finance Officers Association (GFOA) have been recommending budgeting with a multi-year fiscal planning framework as a best practice, noting that it can assist local governments in understanding their fiscal outlook and in making budget decisions that strategically address their future fiscal issues and support their long-term strategic priorities. Internationally, Medium-Term Expenditure Frameworks (MTEFs) have been practiced by the central governments of 132 countries with empirical studies showing a positive impact on improving fiscal discipline, financial sustainability and allocative efficiency. (World Bank, 2013) However, limited studies exist on such practices among local governments in the United States.
This dissertation draws on existing literature on MTEFs, multi-year (revenue) projections, and financial sustainability to examine the factors that may affect the usefulness of multi-year fiscal planning to policy makers. A survey instrument, which serves as the primary data source for this research, was distributed to local governments. Five hundred and thirty-seven effective responses were collected from different types of local governments in 44 states. Statistical analysis was then conducted, using multiple regression and cumulative logistic regression, to evaluate the potential impact from different features of multi-year framework on its perceived usefulness as measured by survey respondents' ratings. In addition, panel data studies were employed on certain municipalities that use multi-year fiscal planning to study the impact of different features of this framework on nine fiscal health indicators. Five-year financial data from years 2003, 2005, 2007, 2009 and 2011 in the GFOA database was used to construct these fiscal health indicators developed largely based on a modified version of Brown's 10-point system (Brown, 1993).
The results contribute to a better understanding of the current status and practices of multi-year projections and fiscal planning used in local governments in the United States. It also helps shed light on whether implementing multi-year framework makes a positive impact on achieving different policy goals (e.g., fiscal health) and what factors affect its effectiveness or usefulness.
In particular, statistical analysis results suggest that several features of multi-year fiscal planning have a statistically significant positive impact on fiscal health and other budget goals. Identified factors include: the quality and content of projection material (e.g., whether strategies or options are included to address identified issues); the purpose of multi-year projections and fiscal planning (e.g., whether it targets at achieving certain fund balance levels); the timing of presenting multi-year projections results the legislative authority (which shows the connection between multi-year projections and the annual budget); the engagement of key stakeholders in developing multi-year projections and fiscal plans; the integration between multi-year fiscal planning and strategic planning; and the history or experience of using this policy tool.
These findings support the claims by researchers and practitioners that multi-year projections and fiscal planning can help improve a local government's fiscal health and promote other budget goals. In particular, it offers empirical evidence that certain features of the multi-year fiscal planning framework can affect its usefulness. This research fills a gap in existing literature and collects useful information that lay the groundwork for future research.
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Ståhlberg, Simon. "Identifying Unsolvable Instances, Forbidden States and Irrelevant Information in Planning". Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Institutionen för datavetenskap, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-84846.
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Planning is a central research area in artificial intelligence, and a lot of effort has gone into constructing more and more efficient planning algorithms. In real-world examples, many problem instances do not have a solution. Hence, there is an obvious need for methods that are capable of identifying unsolvable instances efficiently. It is not possible to efficiently identify all unsolvable instances due to the inherent high complexity of planning, but many unsolvable instances can be identified in polynomial time. We present a number of novel methods for doing this. We adapt the notion of k-consistency (a well-studied concept from constraint satisfaction) for testing unsolvability of planning instances. The idea is to decompose a given problem instance into a number of smaller instances which can be solved in polynomial time. If any of the smaller instances are unsolvable, then the original instance is unsolvable. If all the smaller instances are solvable, then it is possible to extract information which can be used to guide the search. For instance, we introduce the notion of forbidden state patterns that are partial states that must be avoided by any solution to the problem instance. This can be viewed as the opposite of pattern databases which give information about states which can lead to a solution. We also introduce the notion of critical sets and show how to identify them. Critical sets describe operators or values which must be used or achieved in any solution. It is a variation on the landmark concept, i.e., operators or values which must be used in every solution. With the help of critical sets we can identify superfluous operators and values. These operators and values can be removed by preprocessing the problem instance to decrease planning time.
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Valivarthi, Mohan Varma, e Hema Chandra Babu Muthyala. "A Finite Element Time Relaxation Method". Thesis, Högskolan i Halmstad, Sektionen för Informationsvetenskap, Data– och Elektroteknik (IDE), 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-17728.
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In our project we discuss a finite element time-relaxation method for high Reynolds number flows. The key idea consists of using local projections on polynomials defined on macro element of each pair of two elements sharing a face. We give the formulation for the scalar convection–diffusion equation and a numerical illustration.
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Grech, Sophie. "Mesures locales des propriétés de transmission d'électrons de basse énergie par une couche métallique ultrafine". Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX30024.
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Ce travail de thèse a été motivé par la volonté de mesurer la transmission d’un faisceau électronique de basse énergie à travers un film. Ce type de mesures a été réalisé à l’aide du microscope électronique à projection MEP, dont l’utilisation est basée sur trois éléments clés : la pointe émettrice, l’objet, le système de détection. Les mesures effectuées permettent, sur un même objet, de déterminer la transmission en fonction de l’énergie cinétique des électrons incidents pour des énergies comprises entre quelques dizaines et plusieurs centaines d’électronvolts. Afin de mener à bien ces mesures, nous avons développé une procédure de fabrication de films ultra fins autosupportés. Leur caractérisation en MEB et MET a montré que cette procédure est fiable et qu’elle permet d’obtenir des films autosupportés de quelques nanomètres d’épaisseur sur des tailles latérales de quelques dizaines de micromètres. Nous nous sommes plus particulièrement penchés sur des films d’or nano poreux et sur des films continus de nickel. Cependant, des essais encourageants (Co, Au/Co/Au, oxyde d’aluminium, tétracontane) utilisant cette procédure indiquent que cette méthode de fabrication peut être étendue. Les mesures de transmission que nous avons réalisées sur l’or et le nickel ont permis d’accéder à des caractéristiques inhérentes au matériau. En effet, elles constituent une nouvelle méthode de détermination du potentiel interne U et du libre parcours moyen Λ. Nous démontrons donc à travers ce travail que la mesure de l’intensité transmise d’un faisceau cohérent d’électrons par un film ultra fin peut être réalisée à une échelle locale voire sur un cristallite unique. De plus, les films nano poreux constituent des objets agissant sur l’onde électronique aussi bien au niveau de l’amplitude que de la phase. Il nous est donc possible de moduler la fonction d’onde électronique par la maitrise de l’épaisseur et de la porosité du filmThis work of thesis was motivated by the will to measure the transmission of an electronic beam of low energy through a film. These measures were realized with the electron projection microscope, the use of which is based on three key elements: the tip, the object, the system of detection. The made measures allow, on the same object, to determine the transmission according to the kinetic energy of the incidental electrons for energies included between some tens and several hundreds of électronvolts. To bring to a successful conclusion these measures, we developed a procedure to fabricate freestanding ultra thin films. Their characterization by electronic microscopy showed that this procedure is reliable and that it allows to obtain freestanding films of some nanometers of thickness about side sizes of some tens of micrometers. We more particularly bent over golden nano porous films and over continuous nickel films. However, encouraging attempts (Co, Au/Co/Au, aluminum oxide, tétracontane) using this procedure indicate that this fabrication method can be spread. Transmission measurements realized on gold and nickel allowed to reach characteristics inherent to the material. Indeed, they constitute a new method of determination of the inner potential U and of inelastic mean free path Λ. We thus demonstrate through this work that the measure of the transmitted intensity of a coherent electrons beam by an ultra thin film can be realized in a local scale even on a unique cristallite. Furthermore, nano porous films constitute objects acting on the amplitude and the phase of the electronic wave. It is thus possible to modulate the wave electronic function by the control of the thickness and the porosity of the film
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Silva, Ana Cristina Martins. "Projectos inovadores para a sustentabilidade local ancorados em dinâmicas sociais e redes de cidadãos. ensinamentos a registar e o papel do engenheiro do ambiente". Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/8642.
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Dissertação para obtenção do Grau de Mestre em
Engenharia do Ambiente, perfil de Ordenamento do Território e Impactes AmbientaisA actualidade tem sido marcada por várias crises, não só a nível económico mas também a nível ambiental e social. De forma a contornar estas dificuldades é urgente actuar a nível dos problemas que ocorrem na sociedade. No entanto, é necessário que as comunidades se adaptem, que sejam resilientes, ou seja, tenham a capacidade de suportar perturbações sem colapsar, adaptando-se às novas condições de forma a reequilibra-las e a tornar a sociedade mais sustentável. Este discurso de sustentabilidade tem sido largamente discutido devido aos problemas que a sociedade enfrenta, e tem enfrentado, ao longo dos anos. Para a atingir é fundamental agir de forma mais incisiva. No entanto, a maioria dos problemas que impedem a sua prossecução possuem raízes locais, sendo assim indispensável actuar num âmbito territorial mais reduzido. De acordo com esta abordagem, é fundamental agir a nível da sustentabilidade local, com a colaboração de todos, como factor estratégico para uma sustentabilidade global. A realização desta dissertação teve como principal objectivo avaliar projectos inovadores, na Área Metropolitana de Lisboa, que contribuem para a sustentabilidade local. A sua avaliação foi realizada de modo a compreender as dinâmicas sociais e os motivos de sucesso, incidindo também na análise do papel que o Engenheiro do Ambiente desempenha ou que pode desempenhar neste tipo de projectos. Deste modo, foi possível verificar que os projectos em estudo seguiam um modelo de desenvolvimento integrado. Este facto é um dos motivos de sucesso dos projectos, pois torna-os eficazes na resolução dos problemas locais. Relativamente à mobilização da população, verificou-se que esta é cada vez maior. Os cidadãos demonstram, cada vez mais, uma preocupação e sentido de pertença pelo espaço público, e a sua cooperação com as autoridades locais e a participação nas acções a realizar para a execução dos projectos é visível de uma forma crescente na nossa sociedade. A colaboração de um Engenheiro do Ambiente foi verificada em alguns dos projectos, sendo que noutros essa participação não ocorreu. No entanto, considera-se que a colaboração do Engenheiro do Ambiente é sempre uma mais-valia para este tipo de projectos devido às suas competências profissionais e ao contributo que pode oferecer para a sua realização e sucesso.
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Krémé, Ama Marina. "Modification locale et consistance globale dans le plan temps-fréquence". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0340.
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Aujourd'hui, il est devenu facile de retoucher des images, par exemple de flouter une région, ou de la modifier pour faire disparaître ou apparaître un objet, une personne, etc. La retouche d'images fait partie des outils de base de la plupart des logiciels d'édition d'images. Dans le cadre des signaux audio, il est souvent plus naturel d'effectuer de telles retouches dans un domaine transformé, en particulier le domaine temps-fréquence. Là encore, c'est une pratique assez courante, mais qui ne repose pas nécessairement sur des arguments théoriques solides. Des cas d'applications incluent la restauration de régions du plan temps-fréquence où une information a été perdue (par exemple l'information de phase), la reconstruction d'un signal dégradé par une perturbation additive bien localisée dans le plan temps-fréquence, ou encore la séparation de signaux localisés dans différentes régions du plan temps-fréquence. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons et développons des méthodes théoriques et algorithmiques pour résoudre ce type de problème. Nous les abordons dans un premier temps comme un problème de reconstruction de données manquantes dans lequel il manque certaines phases des coefficients temps-fréquence. Nous formulons mathématiquement le problème, puis nous proposons trois méthodes pour le résoudre. Dans un second temps, nous proposons une approche qui consiste à atténuer une source de dégradation avec l'hypothèse que celle-ci est bien localisée dans une région spécifique du plan temps-fréquence. Nous obtenons la solution exacte du problème qui fait intervenir des opérateurs appelés multiplicateurs de GaborNowadays, it has become easy to edit images, such as blurring an area, or changing it to hide or add an object, a person, etc. Image editing is one of the basic tools of most image processing software. In the context of audio signals, it is often more natural to perform such an editing in a transformed domain, in particular the time-frequency domain. Again, this is a fairly common practice, but not necessarily based on sound theoretical arguments. Application cases include the restoration of regions of the time-frequency plane where information has been lost (e.g. phase information), the reconstruction of a degraded signal by an additive perturbation well localized in the time-frequency plane, or the separation of signals localized in different regions of the time-frequency plane. In this thesis, we propose and develop theoretical and algorithmic methods to solve this issue. We first formulate the problem as a missing data reconstruction problem in which the missing data are only the phases of the time-frequency coefficients. We formulate it mathematically, then we propose three methods to solve it. Secondly, we propose an approach that consists in attenuating a source of degradation with the assumption that it is localized in a specific region of the time-frequency plane. We consider the case where the signal of interest is perturbed by an additive signal and has an energy that is more widely spread in the time-frequency plane. We formulate it as an optimization problem designed to attenuate the perturbation with precise control of the level of attenuation. We obtain the exact solution of the problem which involves operators called Gabor multipliers
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Martins, Miguel Carapucinha. "Desenvolvimento de um Projecto Agenda 21 Local para o Município de São Brás de Alportel". Master's thesis, Faculdade de Ciências Sociais e Humanas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/7310.
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Relatório de Estágio de Mestrado em Globalização e AmbienteO Programa Agenda 21 Local é um projecto que nasceu dos compromissos adoptados pelos países participantes na Conferência das Nações Unidas sobre Ambiente e Desenvolvimento (CNUAD) também conhecida por Cimeira do Rio, na qual foram estipulados uma serie de objectivos com vista à promoção e divulgação de praticas de Desenvolvimento Sustentável à escala global. Para obter uma sociedade mais sustentável era necessário uma mudança de paradigma de métodos de desenvolvimento e de envolvimento cívico, um facto consagrado na Agenda 21 Local, dada a ênfase que o programa coloca na realidade local, e no papel que os principais stakeholders locais assim como toda a comunidade têm na elaboração de respostas para problemas localmente contextualizados e portanto específicos. Existem processos Agenda 21 Local um pouco por todo o mundo, mas é na Europa, e mais especificamente na União Europeia, que foram desenvolvidos e aplicados o maior numero de processos, tendo sido alguns países europeus pioneiros a nível mundial na implantação dos mesmos. Em Portugal só recentemente a Agenda 21 Local começou a ser tomada em consideração como instrumento de gestão local, potenciador de desenvolvimento sustentável, permitindo uma participação e envolvimento dos cidadãos, e gerador de oportunidades a nível económico e social. A Agenda 21 Local tem-se deparado com vários obstáculos à sua efectiva difusão e implementação no território nacional, um facto que se relaciona com problemas de cariz politico e institucional, bem como de cultura cívica e participativa no geral. O presente trabalho teve como objectivo central realizar uma caracterização social, económica e ambiental do município de São Brás de Alportel, com o propósito de desenvolver um Fórum Agenda 21 Local, discutindo os resultados do processo de investigação, e potenciando o debate e elaboração de propostas de intervenção por parte dos participantes, traçando o caminho para um futuro desenvolvimento e aplicação das restantes fases do processo Agenda 21 Local no município de São Brás de Alportel.
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Dallmann, Helene [Verfasser], Gert [Akademischer Betreuer] Lube e Malte [Akademischer Betreuer] Braack. "Finite Element Methods with Local Projection Stabilization for Thermally Coupled Incompressible Flow / Helene Dallmann. Gutachter: Gert Lube ; Malte Braack. Betreuer: Gert Lube". Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1076673600/34.
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Teles, Daniela Maria Pires. "Aula de la naturaleza de berriozar: um projecto de educação ambiental para a sustentabilidade urbana local". Master's thesis, Instituto Politécnico de Bragança, Escola Superior de Educação, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10198/5909.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
O presente relatório final respeita aos cinco meses de estágio realizados em
Berriozar, um município de Espanha pertencente à província de Navarra.
O local de estágio foi o Ajuntamento local, estabelecendo-se, porém, uma estreita
relação com um novo edifício ecológico que ganhava forma, em resultado da
implementação da Agenda 21 Local: a Aula de la Naturaleza. Para além das inúmeras
experiências de aprendizagem e desenvolvimento de competências através do
envolvimento nos procedimentos formais, foi-nos incumbida a particular tarefa de
realização de uma Memória oficial, onde constassem todos os dados referentes ao
edifício e ainda a delineação global dos projectos educativos a implementar nesse
edifício, por parte das duas únicas escolas desse município (Infantil/Primária e
Secundária). Acompanhámos também todo o processo de ultimação da construção do
edifício e zonas envolventes, participámos na divisão e atribuição de finalidades a essas
áreas e auxiliámos na promoção da inauguração da Aula de la Naturaleza.
A metodologia de trabalho passou por um contacto regular e frequente com os
professores de ambos os centros escolares e com os técnicos do supracitado
Ajuntamento, para responder inteiramente às necessidades de ambas as partes.
Concluiu-se que, para promover comportamentos e ideais favoráveis a um
ambiente mais são e justo, é necessário um envolvimento activo e dinâmico, individual
ou colectivo, para desenvolver a consciencialização, a sensibilização e a aquisição de
competências de intervenção no meio ambiente, de forma não prejudicial e
preservadora.This final report is in respect of the five months of training conducted in
Berriozar, a municipality belonging to the Spanish province of Navarra.
The training took place in the local Town Council, while establishing, however, a
close relationship with a new ecological building that was taking shape as a result of the
implementation of Local Program 21: the Aula de la Naturaleza.
Besides the numerous learning experiences and skills (to be) developed through
(the) involvement in the formal procedures, we were entrusted the particular task of
making an official Record, which should contain all (the) data related to the building
itself and its surrounding area and also a global explanation of the education(al) projects
to be implemented in this building, by the only two schools of this town (Infant /
Primary and Secondary).
We followed closely all the final stages of the building’s construction and its
surrounding areas, participating in the division and distribution of these areas and
helping to promote the inauguration day of the Aula de la Naturaleza.
The methodology was based on regular and frequent contacts with the teachers
from both schools as well as the employees of the aforementioned Town Council, (in
order) to respond fully to the needs of both parts.
It was concluded that to promote behaviors and ideals favorable to a sound and
just environment, we need an active and dynamic involvement, individually or
collectively, to develop awareness, sensitization and (to) acquire skills of intervention in
the environment in a non-harmful and conservationist way.
43
Alves, Renan Santos. "O impacto da política fiscal sobre a atividade econômica ao longo do ciclo econômico: evidências para o Brasil". Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/12/12138/tde-15092017-114100/.
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O objetivo deste trabalho é investigar se os multiplicadores de gastos do governo diferem de acordo com o estado do ciclo de negócios para o período 1999: I- 2016: II. Para tanto é utilizado o Método de Projeção Local de Jordà para estimar as funções resposta ao impulso e os multiplicadores fiscais sob dois regimes diferentes: recessão e expansão. Para definir os diferentes regimes foram utilizadas as variáveis comumente usadas na literatura (o hiato do produto, o nível de utilização da capacidade instalada, a taxa de crescimento do PIB, a taxa de desemprego), além da datação oficial de ciclos do CODACE. A estimação do modelo não linear resulta em multiplicadores de gastos do governo, após um e dois anos, maiores nos períodos de recessão do que nos períodos de expansão, independentemente da variável escolhida para diferenciar os regimes. Porém, os multiplicadores obtidos não parecem ser diferentes estatisticamente entre os regimes. Infelizmente, como observado por Ramey e Zubairy (2017) a existência de séries históricas é fundamental para a estimação dos multiplicadores fiscais e sua ausência para a economia brasileira limita muito o que é possível dizer sobre o assuntoThis paper aims to investigate whether government spending multipliers are different according to the state of the business cycle for the Brazilian economy during the period 1999:I-2016:II. In order to do so we use Jordà\'s Local Projection Method to estimate impulse response functions and fiscal multipliers under two different regimes: recession and expansion. To define the different regimes we use several variables commonly used in the literature: the output gap, the capacity utilization level, the GDP growth rate, the unemployment rate and CODACE. The nonlinear model estimations result in larger multipliers, after one and two years, in periods of economic recession than in periods of economic expansion, regardless of the variable chosen to differentiate regimes. However, the multipliers do not seem to be statistically different between regimes. Unfortunately, as observed by Ramey and Zubairy (2017), long historical series are fundamental for the adequate estimation of fiscal multipliers and their absence for the Brazilian economy does not allow anyone to say much about the subject.
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Rabadão, Carlos Manuel da Silva. "Redes de acesso: aspectos de planeamento". Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/17548.
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Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e TelecomunicaçõesAs redes de acesso de telecomunicações estão a evoluir rapidamente, no sentido de poderem vir a suportar novos serviços de banda larga para os mercados empresarial e doméstico. 0s utilizadores empresariais estão a introduzir aplicações multimédia nas suas organizações. Surgem também alguns sinais reveladores do crescimento da indústria de novos serviçoos interactivos de banda larga, para o mercado residencial, grandemente sustentado pela crescente concorrência entre operadores de telecomunicações e de televisão por cabo. Será pois necessário implementar novas estratégias de planeamento de redes de comunicações, com principal incidência para as Rede de Acesso Local. 0 presente trabalho, enquadra-se no âmbito das investigações sobre a evolução futura das Redes de Acesso Local e procura fazer uma análise sobre as potencialidades das soluções tecnológicas emergentes. dando especial destaque aos aspectos de planeamento e instalação de redes ópticas passivas, que possam vir a contribuir para a normalização de sistemas FITL de baixo custo, permitindo desta forma a sua introdução em grande escala, tanto no mercado empresarial como no mercado residencial.
Access Networks are experiencing an accelerated evolution in order to get ready to support new broadband services, both to the residential and business markets. Business customers are already introducing multimedia services in their facilities. There are signs that interactive broadband services to residential customers are becoming a major growth industry mainly due the actual existing competition between Telecoms and CATV operators. Consequently, the necessity of implementing new strategies arose, mainly in what concerns to the Access Network. The present dissertation refers to the above mentioned matters and tries to analyse the potentialities of the emerging technical solutions which will support the new broadband services. A special attention is given to the planning and installation aspects of the optical passive networks that might be a contribution to the low cost mL systems' standardization allowing its massive introduction in the business and residential markets.
45
Debatin, Maurice [Verfasser], e Jürgen [Akademischer Betreuer] Hesser. "Accurate Low-Dose Iterative CT Reconstruction from Few Projections using Sparse and Non-Local Regularization Functions / Maurice Debatin ; Betreuer: Jürgen Hesser". Heidelberg : Universitätsbibliothek Heidelberg, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1180615956/34.
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Henriques, Maria João Brites da Costa. "Manual de procedimentos - apoio na gestão da mudança: Trabalho de Projecto". Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/18994.
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A aproximação dos serviços às populações e a melhoria dos serviços prestados na administração pública leva a que estas organizações tenham de estar constantemente a alterar a sua forma de agir para se conseguirem adequar ao meio onde estão inseridas. É, portanto, necessário um processo de mudança devidamente organizado e gerido. As organizações públicas sentiram a necessidade de adotar sistemas de informação e de controlo de gestão adequados de forma a melhorar as tomadas de decisões, introduzir a avaliação de desempenho e aumentar os índices de eficiência, eficácia e qualidade dos serviços públicos. No entanto, qualquer processo de mudança, por mais necessário e bem preparado que seja, enfrenta sempre resistência, seja ela a nível individual, seja a nível organizacional. É necessário saber gerir estas mudanças, para tal toma-se importante a constituição de uma boa equipa orientadora da mudança, com capacidade de liderança, necessária para uma melhor aceitação por parte dos funcionários envolvidos. Não menos importante é a medição da performance que visa produzir informação relevante para a melhoria da gestão e das tomadas de decisões, contribuindo assim para uma melhoria global dos resultados. O Balanced Scorecard pode ser a ferramenta ideal para trazer inovação aos serviços públicos. Assim, este trabalho de projeto consiste, depois de uma análise às reformas que tem vindo a ocorrer na administração pública bem como aos modelos e ferramentas existentes para a avaliação do desempenho do sector público, na elaboração de um Manual de Procedimentos, que servirá de base na reorganização dos Serviços da Divisão Administrativa da Câmara Municipal de Tomar que se encontra numa fase de mudança, manual esse que servirá também para melhoria do desempenho dos Serviços e para uma possível implementação do Balanced Scorecard. ABSTRACT: The alignment of services to citizens and improve services in public administration means that these organizations have to constantly change their ways if they can adapt to the environment where they operate. It is therefore a necessary process of change properly organized and managed. Public organizations have felt the need for information systems and monitoring of appropriate management to improve decision making, introduce the evaluation of performance and increasing levels of efficiency, effectiveness and quality of public services. However, any process of change, however necessary and well-prepared it is, always face resistance, either individually or at the organizational level. You must know how to manage these changes, for such it is important to set up a good team guiding change, and leadership skills necessary for better acceptance by the employees involved. No less important is the measurement of performance that aims to produce relevant information for improved management and decision making, thus contributing to an overall improvement in results. The Balanced Scorecard can be an ideal tool to bring innovation to public services. Thus, this study design is, after a review of the reforms that have been taking place in public administration and the existing models and tools for evaluating the performance of the public sector, development of a Procedures Manual, which is basic the reorganization of the Administrative Services Division of the City Council to take in a phase of change, that this manual will also serve to improve the performance of services and a possible implementation of the Balanced Scorecard.
47
Conduché, Denis. "Courbes rationnelles et hypersurfaces de l'espace projectif". Phd thesis, Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00115879.
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Une variété algébrique est dite unirationnelle si elle est dominée par un espace projectif ; elle est dite séparablement unirationnelle si on peut prendre le morphisme précédent séparable. Cette dernière propriété n'a d'intérêt qu'en caractéristique positive. En reprenant la démonstration de Paranjape et Srinivas de l'unirationalité des hypersurfaces de degré très petit devant la dimension, nous remarquons qu'elle montre en fait l'unirationalité séparable. Nous nous intéressons aussi à la séparabilité des morphismes fournis par différentes constructions classiques de l'unirationalité des hypersurfaces cubiques.Dans la troisième partie, nous étudions la connexité rationnelle séparable : une variété projective lisse X sur un corps algébriquement clos est dite séparablement rationnellement connexe s'il existe une courbe rationnelle très libre (c'est-à-dire à fibré normal ample) sur X. Nous testons sur les hypersurfaces de Fermat de dimension N-1 et de degré q+1, où q est une puissance de la caractéristique du corps de base, la conjecture que toutes les hypersurfaces lisses de dimension N-1 et de degré plus petit que N sont séparablement rationnellement connexes. Nous montrons que pour N plus grand que 2q-1, l'hypersurface de Fermat de degré q+1 contient une courbe rationnelle très libre définie sur le sous-corps premier ; elle est donc séparablement rationnellement connexe.
48
Enakoutsa, Koffi. "Modèles non locaux en rupture ductile des métaux". Paris 6, 2007. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01492088.
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On évalue dans la première partie, l'efficacité pratique de deux solutions au problème de la concentration infinie de la déformation et de l'endommagement dans le modèle de Gurson, sous l'angle de leur capacité à affranchir les résultats numériques qu'elles prédisent vis-à-vis de la taille de maille et à reproduire de manière satisfaisante les résultats d'expériences de rupture ductile. La première solution consiste à adopter dans les équations du modèle de Gurson une équation d'évolution non locale de la porosité, sous la forme d'une intégrale de convolution. La seconde est une extension de la technique d'homogénéisation de Gurson en condition de taux de déformation homogène au bord, au cas des conditions de taux de déformation inhomogène au bord. Dans la seconde partie, on définit un modèle pour un matériau ductile poreux à deux populations de cavités, étendant celui de Perrin et al. (2000) au cas de la prise en compte de la germination continue des petites cavités de la seconde populationIn the first part, one assess the practical hability of two proposals of modolfication of the Gurson model to circumvent the problem of unlimited strain and damage localization in this model. The assessment of the model is based on two criteria, absence of mesh size effect in finish elements computations and agreement of experimental and numerical results for some typical ductile fracture tests. The first proposal consisted of adopting some nonlocal evolution equation for the porosity involving some convolution integral. The second proposal is an extension of Gurson's condition of homogeneous boundary strain rate, to the case of conditions of inhomogeneous boundary strain rate. In the second part, one define a model for porous ductile material containing two "populations" of cavities, extending that of Perrin et al. (2000) to the case where continuous nucleation of secondary small voids is taking into account
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LePage, Jeffrey Guy. "Projector-augmented wave method calculation of Ga adatom diffusion and local density of states for GaAs and Si surfaces /". The Ohio State University, 1997. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487943341528438.
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Chen, Hao, e 陳灝. "Impulse Response Analysis of Taiwan Using Local Projection". Thesis, 2009. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/96260377497553847809.
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碩士國立臺北大學
經濟學系
97
This article applies local projection to estimate the impulse response function of a small open economy, Taiwan. There are several advantages of local projection: local projection can be calculated by simple ordinary least square; it also perform better than VAR under nonlinear data generation process; local projection may reduce the unavoidable misspecification which occurs in VAR. We compare the impulse responses obtained from a recursive VAR, a structure VAR, and local projection. We find that the central bank of Taiwan raises the interest rate after a positive shock of world interest rate. However, we do not find the same reaction after a positive domestic price shock. Moreover, if the central bank devalues domestic currency, the industry production raises in short run but the effect only lasts for ten months. We also find the by-product of devaluation - it raises the domestic price level in the long run.