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Ghosh, Santanu, Tushar Adsul, Balram Tiwari, Dinesh Kumar e Atul Kumar Varma. "Exploring Geochemical Signatures in Production Water: Insights from Coal Bed Methane and Shale Gas Exploration—A Brief Review". Methane 3, n.º 1 (4 de março de 2024): 172–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/methane3010011.
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This article furnishes a brief review of the geochemistry of waters produced during coal bed methane and shale gas exploration. Stable deuterium and oxygen isotopes of produced waters, as well as the stable carbon isotope of dissolved inorganic carbon in these waters, are influenced by groundwater recharge, methanogenic pathways, the mixing of formation water with saline water, water–rock interactions, well completion, contamination from water from adjacent litho-units, and coal bed dewatering, among many others. Apart from the isotopic fingerprints, significant attention should be given to the chemistry of produced waters. These waters comprise natural saturated and aromatic organic functionalities, metals, radioisotopes, salts, inorganic ions, and synthetic chemicals introduced during hydraulic fracturing. Hence, to circumvent their adverse environmental effects, produced waters are treated with several technologies, like electro-coagulation, media filtration, the coupling of chemical precipitation and dissolved air flotation, electrochemical Fe+2/HClO oxidation, membrane distillation coupled with the walnut shell filtration, etc. Although produced water treatment incurs high costs, some of these techniques are economically feasible and sustain unconventional hydrocarbon exploitation.
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Oilfield Produced Water Management: Treatment, Reuse and Disposal". Baghdad Science Journal 9, n.º 1 (4 de março de 2012): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.9.1.124-132.
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Produced water is accompanied with the production of oil and gas especially at the fields producing by water drive or water injection. The quantity of these waters is expected to be more complicated problem with an increasing in water cut which is expected to be 3-8 barrels water/produced barrel oil.Produced water may contain many constituents based on what is present in the subsurface at a particular location. Produced water contains dissolved solids and hydrocarbons (dissolved and suspended) and oxygen depletion. The most common dissolved solid is salt with concentrations range between a few parts per thousand to hundreds parts per thousand. In addition to salt, many produced waters also contain high levels of heavy metals like zinc, barium, chromium, lead, nickel, uranium, vanadium and low levels of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM).This study will highlight the main aspects of the different international experiences with the produced water treatment for subsequent reuse or disposal. These different treatment methods vary considerably in effectiveness, cost and their environmental impacts. Samples of produced water from Al-Mishrif formation in ten wells belongs to five fields southern Iraq were taken and analyzed chemically to define the basic features of these waters and to have guide lines for the best strategy that required handling the increased water cut in these fields.
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Al-Razaq, Ayad A. Al-Haleem A. "Oilfield Produced Water Management: Treatment, Reuse and Disposal". Baghdad Science Journal 9, n.º 1 (4 de março de 2012): 124–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2012.9.1.124-132.
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Produced water is accompanied with the production of oil and gas especially at the fields producing by water drive or water injection. The quantity of these waters is expected to be more complicated problem with an increasing in water cut which is expected to be 3-8 barrels water/produced barrel oil.Produced water may contain many constituents based on what is present in the subsurface at a particular location. Produced water contains dissolved solids and hydrocarbons (dissolved and suspended) and oxygen depletion. The most common dissolved solid is salt with concentrations range between a few parts per thousand to hundreds parts per thousand. In addition to salt, many produced waters also contain high levels of heavy metals like zinc, barium, chromium, lead, nickel, uranium, vanadium and low levels of naturally occurring radioactive materials (NORM).This study will highlight the main aspects of the different international experiences with the produced water treatment for subsequent reuse or disposal. These different treatment methods vary considerably in effectiveness, cost and their environmental impacts. Samples of produced water from Al-Mishrif formation in ten wells belongs to five fields southern Iraq were taken and analyzed chemically to define the basic features of these waters and to have guide lines for the best strategy that required handling the increased water cut in these fields.
4
Miadonye, Adango, e Mumuni Amadu. "Theoretical Interpretation of pH and Salinity Effect on Oil-in-Water Emulsion Stability Based on Interfacial Chemistry and Implications for Produced Water Demulsification". Processes 11, n.º 8 (17 de agosto de 2023): 2470. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11082470.
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The petroleum industry produces thousands of barrels of oilfield waters from the initial stage driven by primary production mechanisms to the tertiary stage. These produced waters contain measurable amounts of oil-in-water emulsions, the exact amounts being determined by the chemistry of the crude oil. To meet strict environmental regulations governing the disposal of such produced waters, demulsification to regulatory permissible levels is required. Within the electric double layer theory, coupled with the analytical solutions to the Poisson–Boltzmann Equation, continuum electrostatics approaches can be used to describe the stability and electrokinetic properties of emulsions. In the literature, much of the surface charge density and zeta potential relationship to emulsion stability has been confined to systems with less salinity. In this paper, we have exploited the theoretical foundations of the electric double layer theory to carry out theoretical evaluations of emulsion salinity based on zeta potential and surface charge density calculations. Most importantly, our approaches have enabled us to extend such theoretical calculations to systems of the higher salinity characteristic of oil-in-water emulsions found in oilfield-produced waters, based on crude oil samples from the literature with varying surface chemistry. Moreover, based on the definition of acid crude oils, our choice of samples represents two distinct classes of crude oils. This approach enabled us to evaluate the stability of emulsions associated with these produced oilfield waters in addition to predicting the potential of demulsification using demulsifiers. Given that the salinity range of this study is that encountered with the vast majority of produced oilfield waters, the findings from our theoretical predictions are perfect guides as far as emulsion stability is concerned.
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Wang, Jingbo, Dian Tanuwidjaja, Subir Bhattacharjee, Arian Edalat, David Jassby e Eric M. V. Hoek. "Produced Water Desalination via Pervaporative Distillation". Water 12, n.º 12 (18 de dezembro de 2020): 3560. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12123560.
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Herein, we report on the performance of a hybrid organic-ceramic hydrophilic pervaporation membrane applied in a vacuum membrane distillation operating mode to desalinate laboratory prepared saline waters and a hypersaline water modeled after a real oil and gas produced water. The rational for performing “pervaporative distillation” is that highly contaminated waters like produced water, reverse osmosis concentrates and industrial have high potential to foul and scale membranes, and for traditional porous membrane distillation membranes they can suffer pore-wetting and complete salt passage. In most of these processes, the hard to treat feed water is commonly softened and filtered prior to a desalination process. This study evaluates pervaporative distillation performance treating: (1) NaCl solutions from 10 to 240 g/L at crossflow Reynolds numbers from 300 to 4800 and feed-temperatures from 60 to 85 °C and (2) a real produced water composition chemically softened to reduce its high-scale forming mineral content. The pervaporative distillation process proved highly-effective at desalting all feed streams, consistently delivering <10 mg/L of dissolved solids in product water under all operating condition tested with reasonably high permeate fluxes (up to 23 LMH) at optimized operating conditions.
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Naomi Amoni Ogolo, Pascal Ugwu, Martins Otokpa, Imo Ukut e Mike O. Onyekonwu. "Detecting Scaling Potential in Oilfield Waters". Journal of Applied Science & Process Engineering 10, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2023): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.33736/jaspe.5092.2023.
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Production of formation water during petroleum exploitation is sometimes inevitable, necessitating disposal strategies. Produced formation water can be re-injected back into the reservoir either for enhanced oil recovery schemes or for the purpose of disposal. In any case, there is a need to prevent scale formation because it leads to permeability impairment. In this work, formation water compatibility tests were conducted to detect scaling potentials using the Langelier Saturation Index (LSI). Six water samples were used; four produced water samples intended for use in water injection schemes and two water samples obtained from reservoirs needing water injection programs. The water composition of scale-forming elements such as barium, strontium and calcium were determined for all the samples. Other determined parameters included pH values, total dissolved solids (TDS) and LSI. The LSI for different ratios of produced and reservoir water mixtures were determined. Laboratory results indicated that all the water samples contained scale-forming elements and compounds, and they all had to scale potential at ambient temperature but especially at higher temperatures. The produced formation waters were incompatible with the reservoir waters in terms of their scale-forming tendency. To prevent scale formation, especially at higher temperatures, it was recommended that scale inhibitors be used with the least scale-forming produced water. It was also recommended that produced formation waters be subjected to fluid compatibility studies before use in water injection schemes to prevent scale formation.
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Harasymchuk, Vasyl, Halyna Medvid, Oleh Cheban e Olha Telehuz. "Observance of the principle of environmental conversion in the extraction of hydrocarbon raw material on the example of the Dobrivliany gas condensate field (Precarpathian oil-and-gas-bearing region)". Geology and Geochemistry of Combustible Minerals 3-4, n.º 195-196 (2024): 87–99. https://doi.org/10.15407/ggcm2024.195-196.087.
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The implementation of the principle of ecological conversion during the extraction of hydrocarbons at the Dobrivliany gas condensate field consists in the return of highly mineralized and enriched with microcomponents and organic matter produced waters to depleted horizons. From 2022 the volumes of produced water reach 275 m3/year. From the beginning of the development of the field to the end of 2023, 572.37 m3 of produced water were from the beginning of the development of the deposit to the end of 2023, 250 m were accumulated and utilized. It has been established that the chemical parameters of produced waters are identical to those of the aquifers of the field. They have a calcium-sodium chloride, magnesium-sodium composition, with increased mineralization values. Total dissolved solids of waters, depending on the aquifer from which they came, is 28.5–100.3 g/dm3. Its lower values are characteristic of the Badenian-Sarmatian aquifer complex, while higher values are characteristic of the Mesozoic-Carpathian complex. The values of total dissolved solids of these waters almost do not change during 2017–2023. Total dissolved solids of waste water mixtures in collection tanks (settling tanks) during the period of analytical research was 31.72–77.66 g/dm3. The waters were characterized by a slightly acidic reaction (pH 6.07–6.80). The content of total Ferrum does not exceed 16.8 mg/dm3, ammonium – 105.1 mg/dm3, Bromine – 193 mg/dm3, Iodine – 42.3 mg/dm3, petroleum products – no more than 7.3 mg/dm3, methanol – < 0.1 mg/dm3. Injection of produced waters is carried out through well No. 4. The reservoir-collector ND-12a in this well is characterized by favourable conditions: average porosity – 19.5 %, permeability – 0.1–0.8 mD, thickness – up to 86 m. It is well isolated by waterproof rocks that provide hydrodynamic closure of the system. The acceptability of well No. 4 is 15 m3/h (360 m3/day). The geochemical compatibility of produced waters with waters of the horizon ND-12a was evaluated, which does not involve precipitation of salts and clogging of the pore space. The results of monitoring studies of the chemical composition of the waters of the Quaternary aquifer of the field site and nearby settlements indicate the absence of the impact of the utilization of produced waters.
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Kurchikov, A. R., e M. V. Vashurina. "ASPECTS OF ECOLOGY SAFETY AT OPERATING THE FRESH GROUND WATERS INTAKE FACILITIES FOR RESERVOIR PRESSURE MAINTENANCE PURPOSES IN OIL FIELDS OF WEST SIBERIA". Oil and Gas Studies, n.º 1 (28 de fevereiro de 2016): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31660/0445-0108-2016-1-21-27.
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The aspects of ecology safety related to operation of underground fresh waters intake facilities aimed at maintenance of reservoir pressure at development of oil fields are discussed in the article. When speaking about a change of the fresh underground waters state in the process of their use the authors imply the produced water quality degradation (pollution of productive water-bearing intervals); lowering of the water level in the reservoir (damage of hydrodynamic conditions, depression cone formation). The main, most significant factors determining the change, mentioned above, include inadequacy to meet the normative requirements toward the technical condition of wells of different purposes and the adjacent territory, absence of systematic control of the produced water quality and the impact of the produced fluid (water, oil, gas) quantity on the level conditions of the underground fresh waters. The suggested ways for optimization of these factors and the methods of control will permit to improve the ecology safety of the discussed above waters use.
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Amakiri, Kingsley Tamunokuro, e Naomi Amoni Ogolo. "QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF DISPOSED OILFIELD PRODUCED WATER IN THE NIGER DELTA". Romanian Journal of Petroleum & Gas Technology 4 (75), n.º 1 (2023): 89–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.51865/jpgt.2023.01.08.
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Oilfield produced water is the largest waste stream generated during oil and gas production and it has a high potential for contamination of marine environments when disposed without treatment. However, effective treatment before disposal is acceptable, but meeting the approved standards for discharge remains a challenge for the petroleum industry. To determine the extent of compliance with regulated standards in the Niger Delta, the physicochemical properties of produced water from two oil fields before and after treatment were investigated in this study. Concentrations of heavy metals and organic compounds in the water samples were analysed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer and gas chromatography respectively. Results show that oilfield waters from the Niger Delta contain high concentrations of heavy metals and organic compounds. It is observed that treated produced waters for disposal fall below the approved standards for heavy metals and organic compounds while concentrations of dissolved oxygen fall below 5mg/l which is detrimental to aquatic organisms. Disposal of large volumes of such waters into the ecosystem over an extended period of time endangers aquatic lives and degrades the marine environment. It is therefore recommended that produced water be re-injected back into the very formations from where they are produced to ensure environmental protection and preservation of marine ecosystems.
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Shafer-Peltier, Karen, Colton Kenner, Eric Albertson, Ming Chen, Stephen Randtke e Edward Peltier. "Removing scale-forming cations from produced waters". Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 6, n.º 1 (2020): 132–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ew00643e.
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Smith, J. P., A. O. Tyler e Z. A. Sabeur. "Ecotoxicological assessment of produced waters in Indonesia". Environmental Toxicology and Water Quality 13, n.º 4 (1998): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2256(1998)13:4<323::aid-tox5>3.0.co;2-9.
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Bern, Carleton R., Justin E. Birdwell e Aaron M. Jubb. "Water–rock interaction and the concentrations of major, trace, and rare earth elements in hydrocarbon-associated produced waters of the United States". Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts 23, n.º 8 (2021): 1198–219. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1em00080b.
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Miettinen, I., T. Vartiainen e P. J. Martikainen. "Microbial growth and assimilable organic carbon in finnish drinking waters". Water Science and Technology 35, n.º 11-12 (1 de junho de 1997): 301–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0750.
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The amount of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) and bacterial regrowth was studied in drinking waters from seven Finnish surface and groundwater works. Bacterial regrowth in drinking waters was studied by in vitro laboratory incubation tests and by enumerating the microbes in distribution networks. Bacterial numbers were counted as heterotrophic viable counts and as total direct counts (AODC). The bacterial production activity was studied as 3H-thymidine uptake. AOC, measured with a bioassay was 390±130mg/l and 170±60mg/l in drinking waters produced from surface waters and from groundwaters respectively. The content of AOC was slightly reduced in distribution pipelines of groundwater works whereas in the distribution pipelines of surface water works it was reduced by 40%. Bacterial regrowth occurred in all drinking waters. Surprisingly, the heterotrophic regrowth was greater in drinking waters produced from groundwaters than in those produced from surface waters. AOC levels correlated poorly with the in vitro bacterial growth tests and with occurrence of bacteria in distribution networks.
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Carter, Christy T., Catherine M. Grieve e James A. Poss. "(119) Celosia argenteaCan Be Produced Using Saline Wastewaters". HortScience 40, n.º 4 (julho de 2005): 1084B—1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.21273/hortsci.40.4.1084b.
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Salinity tolerance of two cultivars of Celosiaargentea (`Chief Rose' and `Chief Gold') was investigated using a completely randomized design with three replications. Seedlings grown in greenhouse sand tanks were exposed to six salinity levels (2.5, 4, 6, 8, 10, and 12 dS·m–1) and two water ionic compositions mimicking sea water and drainage waters from the Imperial and Coachella valleys. Phenotypic measurements were made when plants were harvested during flowering, and concentrations of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl-, total-S, and total-P were also determined from leaf tissues. Overall, phenotypic measurements (including stem length, stem weight, stem diameter, inflorescence length, inflorescence weight, and number of leaves) tended to decrease as salinity increased, yet stem lengths were still above the minimum stem length recommended for marketability (41 cm). Significant interactions were found for salinity and water ionic composition for all mineral analyses for both cultivars. As salinity increased, Ca2+, K+, and total-P decreased as Mg2+, Na+, and Cl- increased for both cultivars. `Chief Gold' can be produced commercially in either water composition up to 12 dS·m–1. `Chief Rose' can be produced up to 8 dS·m–1 in sea water and 10 dS·m–1 in water ionic compositions similar to those of the Imperial and Coachella valleys. Saline waters dominated by chloride and sulphate salts can be used to produce Celosiaargentea commercially.
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Piemonte, Vincenzo, Luisa Di Paola e Marina Prisciandaro. "Two phase partitioning bioreactor applied to produced water treatment". Journal of Water Reuse and Desalination 6, n.º 2 (7 de outubro de 2015): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wrd.2015.039.
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Produced waters are the largest waste associated with the production of oil and gas; they contain dissolved salts, oil (dissolved and scattered organic compounds), chemicals and additives involved in the oil well operations, suspended particles, sand and other compounds, making their treatment very complex. In this paper, we propose the use of a TPPB (two phase partitioning bioreactor) for the biological treatment of produced waters. We model the application of the TPPB on the stream after classical pre-treatment stages: the reactor behaviour is based on the controlled release of substrate by means of an organic solvent. This study aims at developing a mathematical model for a TPPB adopting oleic alcohol (Adol 85 NF) as a solvent: we test model reliability by means of a sensitivity analysis in order to evaluate the reactor efficiency for chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal in a produced water stream, aimed at water reuse.
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Ziganshina, Elvira, e Ayrat Ziganshin. "Bacteria in the produced water and wastewater samples from the oil industry". E3S Web of Conferences 462 (2023): 03052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202346203052.
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Today, studying the diversity of microbial communities associated with samples of highly mineralized oil industry waters is expanding our knowledge of the ecology of polyextremophilic microorganisms. During this work, samples of produced water and wastewater from the oil industry were thoroughly analyzed. The analyzed waters were characterized by very high concentrations of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, and Cl– ions. Furthermore, enriched and pure bacterial cultures from oilfield waters were obtained. Additionally, enriched cultures were analyzed using high-throughput sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene on the Illumina platform. Among the representatives of the studied bacterial communities, members of the genera Halomonas, Marinobacter, Modicisalibacter, Bacillus, Clostridium, Prauserella, and Rubrobacter were identified. They can be considered for various biotechnological applications.
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Kharaka, Yousif, Kathleen Gans, James Thordsen, Madalyn Blondes e Mark Engle. "Geochemical data for produced waters from conventional and unconventional oil and gas wells: Results from Colorado, USA". E3S Web of Conferences 98 (2019): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20199803002.
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Geochemical data for more than 120,000 oil and natural gas wells from the major sedimentary basins in the USA are listed in the USGS National Produced Waters Geochemical Database [1]. In this summary, we report and discuss the geochemical data on produced waters obtained from published literature and the Colorado Oil and Gas Conservation Commission (COGCC) from close to 4,000 new oil and gas wells in Colorado. We emphasize geochemical data of produced waters from shale and tight reservoirs that have increased dramatically in Colorado since 2011, due to deep horizontal drilling, downhole telemetry and massive multi-stage hydraulic fracturing. These operations require large volumes of fresh water, but contamination of groundwater is the major environmental concern. Also, induced seismicity caused by water injection has been reported from several areas in Colorado, including Trinidad, Raton basin, and Greely, Denver basin. Produced water salinities in Colorado obtained from unconventional oil and gas wells are relatively low, generally less than 30,000 mg/L TDS. Produced water salinities from conventional oil and gas wells overlap those from unconventional wells, but many wells have higher salinities (up to 90,000 mg/L TDS) and different chemical compositions.
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Vilalta, E., H. Guasch, I. Muñoz, A. Romaní, F. Valero, J. J. Rodriguez, R. Alcaraz e S. Sabater. "Nuisance odours produced by benthic cyanobacteria in a Mediterranean river". Water Science and Technology 49, n.º 9 (1 de maio de 2004): 25–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2004.0525.
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Geosmin dynamics in the Llobregat waters were related to the waxing and waning of benthic cyanobacterial mats developing in the river. Geosmin concentration in the water during 2002 reached a maximum of 204 ng L-1, and coincided with an abundance of cyanobacteria in the river. Cyanobacterial mats were favoured by the high nutrient content of the waters. The cyanobacterial mats experienced a process of growth in thickness (attached forms), until they became unattached and drifted downstream (free-floating forms), accumulating in shallow areas of the river. Geosmin in the biofilm ranged from 0.55 ± 0.97 ng geosmin per mg DW-1 in the attached biofilms and 5.25 ± 4.96 ng geosmin per mg DW-1 in the free-floating biofilms. While the attached mats could be responsible for the local occurrence of geosmin at a given site, the free-floating mats became a relevant agent for the dispersion of the metabolite downstream. This impression was reinforced by the extremely high correlation between the geosmin content in the free-floating biofilm and in the water (r = 0.917, p = 0.00001). In order to reduce the geosmin concentration and accumulation of the cyanobacterial mats in shallow river waters, the nutrient content should be controlled and the natural flow conditions restored, to prevent the growth and accumulation of the geosmin-producing cyanobacterial mats.
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Shelton, Allen. "Dark waters, dark waters". Sociological Review 70, n.º 4 (julho de 2022): 733–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/00380261221109028.
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I wrote a book. A blogger rewrote it in nine paragraphs using my own sentences, images, and my name. It was so seamlessly constructed I assumed I had written it until years later when attempting to use the rewrite as a summary of my book, I found no such paragraph existed in my work. He had rearranged sentences and parts of sentences into new paragraphs that produced an alternative me, a double that might have had an entirely different academic career as his version was perhaps stronger, clearer, and more aligned with the disciplinary norms of sociology than my own. This is an investigation into a new war of dreams, the uncanny, the coexistence of doubles, and what a blogger on the far edge of my world was able to do to my work and me.
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Azbar, N., e A. Türkman. "Defluoridation in drinking waters". Water Science and Technology 42, n.º 1-2 (1 de julho de 2000): 403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0346.
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Although water supplies containing excessive amount of fluoride are generally very rare worldwide, there are locations in Turkey where drinking water contains very high fluoride concentrations. Especially in the middle and eastern part of Turkey, some mineral and drinking waters contain very high fluoride concentrations. It is a well known fact that drinking water exceeding the critical fluoride concentration (1 mg F−/L) may cause serious dental and skeletal damages. In this study, various techniques were evaluated to find the most suitable solution for defluoridation for these regions, which have high concentrations of fluoride in their water supplies. For this purpose, various chemical agents including locally produced alumina were investigated. Locally produced alumina gave promising and economically sound results in terms of defluoridation capacity and availability.
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Ringler, Eric, Bill Chatterton, Dave Philbrook e Blaine F. Severin. "An Advanced Clarification Process for Treating Produced Waters". SPE Production & Operations 33, n.º 01 (1 de fevereiro de 2018): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/187940-pa.
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Tanveer, Sheik, e Chau-Chyun Chen. "Extended thermodynamic model for high salinity produced waters". Chemical Engineering Science 243 (novembro de 2021): 116754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ces.2021.116754.
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van Leeuwen, Fijs W. B., Cornelis J. H. Miermans, Hans Beijleveld, Tanja Tomasberger, Jeffery T. Davis, Willem Verboom e David N. Reinhoudt. "Selective Removal of226Ra2+from Gas-Field-Produced Waters". Environmental Science & Technology 39, n.º 14 (julho de 2005): 5455–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es050231b.
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Bessa, Eduardo, Geraldo Lippel Sant’Anna e Márcia Dezotti. "Photocatalytic/H2O2 treatment of oil field produced waters". Applied Catalysis B: Environmental 29, n.º 2 (janeiro de 2001): 125–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0926-3373(00)00199-5.
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Kravtsov, Yuri V., Roman A. Babaev, Marsel A. Kadyrov, Yuri V. Vaganov, Oscar A. Tugushev, Denis A. Drugov e R. N. Abdrashitova. "EVALUATION OF RESERVOIR PROPERTIES OF THE CENOMANIAN AQUIFER SYSTEM AT SITES OF PRODUCED WATER PUMPING AS EXEMPLIFIED BY THE WEST SALYM OILFIELD IN WEST SIBERIA". Water Conservation & Management 6, n.º 2 (2022): 70–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/wcm.02.2022.70.75.
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The paper deals with one of the highly relevant problems arising from disposal of produced waters in West-Siberian oilfields. Produced waters are those co-recovered with oil. The water-cut factor (for oil) is well-known to reach 90% in West Siberia. This has led to widespread events for disposal of produced waters. Improving the procedures for prediction calculations of admissible quantity and quality of disposed waters is a topical problem in petroleum hydrogeology in West Siberia. This study reports a leak-off coefficient estimation for the Cenomanian deposits (the target ones for disposal of produced waters in most of oilfields across the region) of the Mesozoic hydrogeological basin. The calculation procedure widely used at present for a homogeneous confined aquifer does not reflect the true natural picture, as the aquifer into which the produced water is pumped is multilayered and heterogeneous. Here we look into natural processes for the formation of the West-Siberian megabasin, which have resulted in heterogeneous reservoirs: uncompensated sediment accumulation and present vertical fluid migration channels. Here we show that the gross thickness of the aquifer should be employed in leak-off and hydrodynamic estimations, and adduce the leak-off coefficient estimations for five oil wells in the West Salym oilfield based on the procedure suggested herein (factoring in the multilayered nature of the Cenomanian deposits). The average leak-off coefficient of sand streaks was 0.298 m/day, which we believe to reflect the natural condition of the aquifer more adequately than the standard estimation procedure used for a homogeneous confined aquifer.
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Szép, Angéla, e Robert Kohlheb. "Water treatment technology for produced water". Water Science and Technology 62, n.º 10 (1 de novembro de 2010): 2372–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2010.524.
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Large amounts of produced water are generated during oil and gas production. Produced water, as it is known in the oil industry, is briny fluid trapped in the rock of oil reservoirs. The objective of this study was to test produced waters from a Montana USA oilfield using a mobile station to design a plant to cost efficiently treat the produced water for agricultural irrigation. We used combined physical and chemical treatment of produced water in order to comply with reuse and discharge limits. This mobile station consists of three stages: pretreatments, membrane filtration and post treatment. Two spiral-wound membrane units were employed and the rejections of various constituents were examined. The performance of two membranes, 20 kDa weight cut-off (MWCO) ultrafiltration and a polyamide-composite reverse osmosis membrane was investigated. The mobile station effectively decreased conductivity by 98%, COD by 100% and the SAR by 2.15 mgeqv0.5 in the produced water tested in this study. Cost analysis showed that the treatment cost of produced water is less expensive than to dispose of it by injection and this treated water may be of great value in water-poor regions. We can conclude that the mobile station provided a viable and cost-effective result to beneficial use of produced water.
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Nobukawa, T., e S. Sanukida. "The genotoxity of by-products by chlorination and ozonation of the river water in the presence of bromide ions". Water Science and Technology 42, n.º 3-4 (1 de agosto de 2000): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0389.
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This study focused on the evaluation of the genotoxic characteristics of chlorinated and brominated substances produced by ozonation and chlorination of the river waters containing bromide ions. The mutagenic activities of drinking waters and disinfected river waters were measured by Ames tests using S. typhimurium strains TA100 and TA98, and by chromosomal aberration test using cultured Chinese hamster lung cells (CHL/IU) in vitro. After flowing samples through CSP800 or XAD-2 resin column, absorbed substances dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide, and submitted to the mutagenicity assays. Correlation was high between water qualities revealed by chemical analysis and mutagenic potentials. Mutagenic activities of the drinking waters produced by chlorination were observed to be higher than those by ozonation. Chlorinated waters highly increased in cells with the exchange- and chromatid-type of chromosomal aberrations compared with unchlorinated waters. The increase of mutagenic potentials was caused by by-products when bromide ions were substituted for chloride ions with various ratios.
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Abdrashitova, Rimma N., Yulia I. Salnikova, Yurii V. Vaganov, Marsel A. Kadyrov, Andrey A. Ponomarev, Denis A. Drugov e Oskar A. Tugushev. "REGULATORY FRAMEWORK FOR PRODUCED WATER MANAGEMENT AT THE KAMENNY SUBSURFACE PETROLEUM SITE IN WEST SIBERIA". Water Conservation & Management 6, n.º 2 (2022): 115–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/wcm.02.2022.115.136.
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The present study aimed to assess the safety in use of the Aptian-Albian-Cenomanian aquifer system within the Kamenny subsurface site, located in the West-Siberian petroleum region of Russia, when the produced waters resulting abundantly from oil extraction are injected thereto. The relevance of this study is necessitated by the need to dispose of produced waters (co-extracted with oil) within the Kamenny site, whose accumulated volume is currently estimated to be over 10,000 thousand m3. That said, the most important challenge facing the subsurface users is to minimize the adverse impact on the geological environment by water injection into the lost-circulation horizon and preserve the natural balance of the geological environment. This study has addressed the following problems: the natural geological-hydrogeological conditions of the Aptian-Albian-Cenomanian aquifer complex were assessed; the stability of hydrogeochemical measures of groundwaters was analyzed from the monitoring survey results (starting from the 1960s); the compatibility between the produced and reservoir waters was evaluated by estimating the carbonate balance of the system; and the stability of hydrogeochemical measures of the Atlym-Novomikhailovsk aquifer complex that holds fresh potable waters valuable for the drinking and domestic water supplies and overlies the Aptian-Albian-Cenomanian aquifer system. The solution found for each of the above-listed problems evidences the consistency of the hypothesis suggested herein that the Aptian-Albian-Cenomanian aquifer system is currently safe to use for the purpose of produced water (co-extracted with oil) injection. This paper also places emphasis on the necessity of continually improving the monitoring system for both the lost-circulation horizon and the overlying ones, and of scrupulously complying with all of the environmental safeguards, which is a mandatory prerequisite for retaining the natural balance of the subsurface resources of the West-Siberian petroleum region in Russia.
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Lepokurova, Olesya E., e Evgeniia V. Domrocheva. "Isotopic composition of natural waters of Kuzbass in coalbed methane production areas". Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University Geo Assets Engineering 335, n.º 10 (30 de outubro de 2024): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.18799/24131830/2024/10/4775.
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Relevance. In Kuzbass, a coalbed methane production project is being implemented for the first time in Russia. Formation water extracted together with coalbed methane plays an important role, since it has been in contact with the coal-bearing rocks for a long time, therefore it contains rich geochemical information. Over the period 2002–2022, new isotopic data were accumulated both on the waters of the region coal deposits and on overlying waters, including surface waters. Aim. Based on the material accumulated on the isotopic composition (δD, δ18O, δ13C, 34S, 3H, 14C) of natural waters in coal-bearing areas, create an evolutionary scheme for the formation of waters within the framework of the developed hypothesis on the interaction of water-rock-coal-methane. Objects. River, underground waters of the zone of active water exchange, upper and lower parts of the zone of slow water exchange (extracted together with coalbed methane). Methods. Studies of the isotopic composition of waters were carried out in several laboratories: in the Multielement and Isotope Research Center of the SB RAS, the Technical Branch of the Federal State Unitary Enterprise “SNIIGGIMS”, in the radiocarbon AMS laboratory based on the Center for Collective Use “Cenozoic Geochronology” and in the Pacific Oceanological Institute Far Eastern Branch Russian Academy of Sciences (POI) FEB RAS. Results and conclusions. The paper introduces the data on δD, δ18О, δ13С и δ34S for surface and groundwater in Kuzbass in coalbed methane production areas. It is shown that all the waters under consideration are infiltration based on their isotopic composition (δD and δ18О). The waters of the lower part of the slow water exchange, produced together with coalbed methane, are characterized by a positive oxygen shift and very light hydrogen. A diagram of the evolution of the isotopic composition of water-dissolved carbon in the region has been compiled according to the data obtained. It is noted that the atmospheric source of CO2 is characteristic only of river waters, and only biogenic carbon dioxide is present in groundwater. The wide range of δ13СDIC values of the latter is explained by the varying degrees of participation of light soil carbon dioxide and heavy biochemical carbon dioxide formed during methane formation in the coal seam. The heaviest values are typical for waters produced together with coalbed methane, which is associated with long-term interaction with coal and methane. The time of such interaction was determined using the radiocarbon method: 17–30 thousand years. In areas where coalbed methane is produced, an increase in δ13СDIC values for all natural waters is observed, which requires further study.
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Manfra, Loredana, Chiara Maggi, Jessica Bianchi, Michela Mannozzi, Olga Faraponova, Livia Mariani, Fulvio Onorati, Andrea Tornambè, Claudia Virno Lamberti e Erika Magaletti. "Toxicity evaluation of produced formation waters after filtration treatment". Natural Science 02, n.º 01 (2010): 33–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ns.2010.21005.
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Tasaki, Masaharu, Keisuke Kojima e Kazuo Okamura. "Valuation of COD Analysis Methods for Oilfield Produced Waters". Journal of the Japan Petroleum Institute 56, n.º 4 (2013): 244–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1627/jpi.56.244.
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Hong, Soklida, Thunyalux Ratpukdi, Jayaraman Sivaguru e Eakalak Khan. "Glutaraldehyde Removal from Flowback and Produced Waters using Photolysis". Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2016, n.º 5 (1 de janeiro de 2016): 2448–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864716819715356.
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Maguire-Boyle, Samuel J., e Andrew R. Barron. "Organic compounds in produced waters from shale gas wells". Environ. Sci.: Processes Impacts 16, n.º 10 (13 de agosto de 2014): 2237–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4em00376d.
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Chudyk, Ihor, Lubomyr Poberezhny, Andrii Hrysanchuk e Liubov Poberezhna. "Corrosion of drill pipes in high mineralized produced waters". Procedia Structural Integrity 16 (2019): 260–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.prostr.2019.07.050.
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CE, Njie. "Iron Stress Testing of Oilfield Produced Waters and Hydraulic Fracturing Fluids in the Bakken". Petroleum & Petrochemical Engineering Journal 7, n.º 4 (5 de outubro de 2023): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/ppej-16000368.
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Friction reducers are a major additive in almost all water-based hydraulic fracturing fluids. Despite the important role they play in friction reduction during hydraulic fracturing, they pose a veritable threat to the permeability of tight reservoirs upon precipitation. In the industry today, the potential for such precipitation is seldom assessed and as a result, an additional contributor to the formation damage problem has been given little attention. In this work, the sensitivity and affinity of friction reducers to very low concentrations of ferric ions are exploited to provide a qualitative assessment of their propensity to precipitate in hydraulically fractured hydrocarbon reservoirs. Representative samples of produced water and a routinely utilized hydraulic fracturing fluid recipe were spiked with 50ppm Iron (III) trichloride and incubated for 24 hours in a water bath at 200 degrees Fahrenheit. The results showed that precipitation of friction reducers in fracturing fluid is highly likely at low concentrations of ferric ions. This precipitate formed turned from yellow to brown color over time upon heating. The test showed presence of fragmented/unfragmented Partially Hydrolyzed Polyacrylamide (PHPAM) in the produced water, with varying degrees of FR gel precipitation depending on the processing treatment given to the water used for hydraulic fracturing. Evidence for the presence of partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide was demonstrated in one of the produced waters while the rest did not produce any discernable precipitates. The results indicate that formations with lower iron concentrations may be more vulnerable to Fe3+-PHPAM precipitation than those with higher ferric ion concentration. Therefore, to mitigate formation damage through precipitation of FRs during hydraulic fracturing, a routine iron stress test like the one described herein is required on both hydraulic fracturing fluid and produced water to determine the vulnerability of the reservoir to formation damage by fragmented/unfragmented anionic PHPAMs.
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Zuccarello, Pietro, Gea Oliveri Conti, Maria Fiore, M. G. Elfio, Sonia Saitta, Chiara Copat, Antonio Cristaldi e Margherita Ferrante. "The Relevance of Microcystin Monitoring in Dialysis Centers of Sicilians Cities: An Environmental Study". Open Public Health Journal 13, n.º 1 (31 de dezembro de 2020): 823–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944502013010823.
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Background: Sicilian surface basins are among the most important water supply resources available on the island. They are often affected by harmful cyanobacteria blooms as Planktothrix rubescens and Microcystis aeruginosa. Since dialysates are produced using network water, they could contain cyanotoxins. No study has been conducted yet to evaluate the removal efficiency of osmotic systems for cyanotoxins in abnormal conditions at room temperatures of about 40°C. The aim of this study was to monitor the presence of microcystins in Sicilian dialysis center, network waters and, finally, dialysates produced from these waters in an Agrigento dialysis unit where environmental conditions are favorable for algal bloom. Methods: This clinic normally receives surface water from artificial basins, where several times, traces of cyanobacteria have been detected. Moreover, dialysates and underground supply waters of a clinic in Catania were also sampled as control. Samplings were performed in summer 2018, when room temperatures were above 38 °C. A total of 40 samples were analyzed by ELISA assay. Results: Results of our monitoring highlighted concentrations of MCs in waters of several basins among LOD - 155 ng/L, lower than WHO reference value for drinking waters (1,0 µg/L), that decrease up to undetectable levels whereas no MC contamination was detected both in supply waters and dialysates. Conclusion: Although our first set of data outcomes seem to be quite comforting, an improvement of law and a complete census of the water supplies of dialysate centers would be ideal.
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Tapias, Josefina C., Raquel Melián, Alex Sendrós, Xavier Font e Albert Casas. "Geochemical Characterisation and Health Concerns of Mineral Bottled Waters in Catalonia (North-Eastern Spain)". Water 14, n.º 21 (7 de novembro de 2022): 3581. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w14213581.
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Spain currently produces around 7000 million litres of mineral water a year, of which about 20% is produced in Catalonia, and there is a need for greater regulation and research into bottled waters and their impact on human health. A total of 29 samples were analysed from different brands of commercially bottled water, and 71 chemical elements were determined in each sample. The aim was to classify each brand based on composition, compare lithological origins, verify compliance with international standards for drinking water, and report benefits for human health. More than 60% of the samples were of the calcium bicarbonate type, had a low mineral content, and were associated with granitic aquifers, ranging from leucogranites to granodiorites. In contrast, 17% were of the sodium bicarbonate type, had harder waters, and were related to thermal springs. The thermal springs of the bottled waters from the Montseny-Guilleres massif (Vichy Catalán, Malavella, and San Narciso) emerge at a temperature of 60 °C with their own natural gas. Two samples exceeded European standards for As and Hg concentrations in water for human consumption, while one showed a concentration of U greater than that set out in international recommendations.
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Lorenzoni, Giulia, Clara Minto, Matteo Temporin, Elisa Fuscà, Anna Bolzon, Gianluca Piras, Sabino Iliceto, Marco Silano e Dario Gregori. "(Ab)use of Health Claims in Websites: The Case of Italian Bottled Waters". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n.º 17 (24 de agosto de 2019): 3077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16173077.
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The massive use of web marketing makes the monitoring of nutrition and health claims used in advertising campaigns much more difficult. The present study aimed at reviewing the website content for bottled waters produced in Italy to assess (i) if nutrition and health claims are reported, (ii) what types of nutrition and health claims are reported most frequently, and (iii) if the nutrition and health claims could be considered appropriate according to the current regulation in the field. A review of the website content of the 253 bottled waters produced in Italy and reported in the annual report of Bevitalia 2016–2017 was conducted. For each brand, indications related to the preventive, curative or therapeutic properties of the water reported were examined. Bottled waters that included potentially misleading information apparently not consistent with the European Directive on the exploitation and marketing of natural mineral waters were identified. Forty bottled waters with uncertain website content were identified. The information reported in the websites referred most often to beneficial effects for urinary tract and cardiovascular systems. Present results highlight, using the bottled water case study, that website content sometimes happens to deliver misleading information to consumers, also thanks to uncertain regulation in this sensitive field.
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Feitelson, Eran. "What is water? A normative perspective". Water Policy 14, S1 (1 de março de 2012): 52–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2012.003b.
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In the modernist era, water is discussed as a single substance which has multiple uses. I argue that from a normative perspective water should be discussed in the plural term (‘waters’), as they constitute a variety of ‘things’ with a similar chemical composition. Waters are composed of multiple ‘needs’, which are uses with a normative rationale, and of ‘wants’, which are desires that should be seen as economic demands. Moreover, waters should also be differentiated by source: natural, recycled or produced. This new language of water has direct policy implications. Needs, differentiated into direct human needs, spiritual needs, environmental needs and community needs, which may be prioritized, should be supplied regardless of cost considerations. ‘Wants’ and produced water should be priced at the full social cost of supply. Hence, while the rates at which needs are supplied should be determined by affordability, regardless of spatial differentiation in supply cost, the pricing of water supplied for ‘wants’ will vary over space. Thus water which is supplied through the same pipe to the same house may be subject to different pricing logics. However, there are many nuances to these generalizations, which have still to be fleshed out.
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Conceição Tomaselli Ribeiro, Ilza, Adriana Paiva de Oliveira, Andressa De Souza David, Kamila Cristina Oliveira, Marcia Helena Scabora, Barbara Spessoto Martinez e Ricardo Dalla Villa. "Physicochemical and microbiological evaluation of natural mineral water produced in Mato Grosso State, Brazil". Multi-Science Journal 3, n.º 1 (5 de junho de 2020): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.33837/msj.v3i1.1188.
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The aim of this work was to evaluate the physicochemical and microbiological properties of natural mineral waters bottled in 20 liter containers produced in Mato Grosso - Brazil. For this study, three lots of eight brands produced in the state and commercialized in Cuiabá were analyzed. The physicochemical parameters determined were pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, total alkalinity, metals, ammonium, anions and glyphosate, and the measurements were made according to the Adolfo Lutz Institute and Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. Chromogenic enzymatic substrates were used to determine Coliform bacteria and filtration with a filtering membrane was used for the Pseudomonas aeruginosa count. The results were compared with national and international legislation on bottled water and the labeled values. All physicochemical parameters, except for pH, showed concordant results with maximum values allowed by Brazilian and international law for the quality of bottled natural mineral waters. Six samples were investigated for the presence of coliforms and P. aeruginosa at 35 ºC. The results suggested possible contamination and failure during the industrialization process and the requirement for inspection during collection, manufacturing, labeling and commercialization of the natural mineral water bottled in 20 liter containers.
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Rohbrecht-Buck, K., e I. Sekoulov. "Reduction in Environmental Pollution Caused by Waste Waters from Edible Oil Refineries, Concept and Investigations". Water Science and Technology 22, n.º 9 (1 de setembro de 1990): 215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1990.0085.
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In the refining of edible oil highly concentrated flows of various waste waters, particularly acidic water, are produced. The mixing of these waste waters with other flows that are only slightly contaminated will be prohibited in West Germany in future. Moreover, the legislation will demand biological treatment of the waste waters extending beyond the chemicophysical wastewater purification hitherto employed. A concept is presented for a process for purifying the waste waters produced in the refining of edible oil whose essential innovative element is a two-stage aerobic biological treatment with a discontinuous activated sludge process in the first stage, and a submerged fixed bed reactor in the second stage. The combination of processes was tested in pilot trials, which show that maximum elimination of the relevant waste water constituents can be achieved in this way. COD inlet concentrations of around 3000 mg/l have been reduced to residual contents of approx. 200 mg/l, and fats and easily degradable carbon compounds (BOD5) have been almost completely removed from the waste water. The biological treatment requires prior neutralisation and cooling of the wastewaters to 20 to 30°C, the controlled addition of nitrogen, and careful monitoring and control of the operation of the plant.
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Parsy, Aurélien, Cecilia Sambusiti, Claire Gassie, Patrick Baldoni-Andrey, Frédéric Périé e Rémy Guyoneaud. "Impact of Bioaugmentation on the Bioremediation of Saline-Produced Waters Supplemented with Anaerobic Digestate". Sustainability 15, n.º 3 (24 de janeiro de 2023): 2166. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su15032166.
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Bioremediation of produced waters has been widely investigated in the last decades. More recently, microalgae-based treatments have been developed to produce biomass. The objective of this study was to determine, at lab scale, the remediation efficiency of three origin of microorganisms: a consortium of three halotolerant and halophilic microalgae and their associated bacteria, bacteria from liquid digestate, and aromatic-degrading bacteria selected to perform bioaugmentation. The medium was composed of artificial oil-produced water and seawater, and contained nutrients from liquid digestate. In order to identify what plays a role in nitrogen, chemical oxygen demand, and aromatics compounds elimination, and to determine the effectiveness of bioaugmentation to treat this mix of waters, 16S rRNA analyses were performed. Combination of microorganisms from different origins with the selected aromatic-degrading bacteria were also realized, to determine the effectiveness of bioaugmentation to treat these waters. Each population of microorganisms achieved similar percentage of removal during the biological treatment, with 43–76%, 59–77%, and 86–93% of elimination for ammonium, chemical oxygen demand, and aromatic compounds (with 50% of volatilization), respectively, after 7 days, and up to with 100%, 77%, and 99% after 23 days, demonstrating that in the case of this produced water, bioaugmentation with the specialized aromatic-degrading bacteria had no significant impact on the treatment. Regarding in detail the populations present and active during the tests, those from genus Marinobacter always appeared among the most active microorganisms, with some strains of this genus being known to degrade aromatic compounds.
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Martel-Valles, José Fernando, Rahim Foroughbakchk-Pournavab e Adalberto Benavides-Mendoza. "PRODUCED WATERS OF THE OIL INDUSTRY AS AN ALTERNATIVE WATER SOURCE FOR FOOD PRODUCTION". Revista Internacional de Contaminación Ambiental 32, n.º 4 (1 de novembro de 2016): 463–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.20937/rica.2016.32.04.10.
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Phan, Thai T., Amelia N. Paukert Vankeuren e J. Alexandra Hakala. "Role of water−rock interaction in the geochemical evolution of Marcellus Shale produced waters". International Journal of Coal Geology 191 (abril de 2018): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coal.2018.02.014.
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Pearce, Julie K., Grant K. W. Dawson, Silvano Sommacal e Suzanne D. Golding. "Micro CT and Experimental Study of Carbonate Precipitation from CO2 and Produced Water Co-Injection into Sandstone". Energies 14, n.º 21 (26 de outubro de 2021): 6998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14216998.
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Carbon dioxide geological storage involves injecting captured CO2 streams into a suitable reservoir. Subsequent mineral trapping of the CO2 as carbonate minerals is one of the most secure forms of trapping. Injection of CO2 dissolved in water or co-injection of CO2 with water may enhance trapping mechanisms. Produced waters are already re-injected into reservoirs worldwide, and their co-injection with CO2 could enhance mineral trapping in low reactivity rock by providing a source of cations. Sandstone drill core from a reservoir proposed for CO2 storage was experimentally reacted with supercritical CO2 and a synthetic produced water. Micro computed tomography (CT), QEMSCAN, and SEM were performed before and after the reaction. The sandstone sample was predominantly quartz with minor illite/muscovite and kaolinite. The sandstone sub-plug micro-CT porosity was 11.1% and 11.4% after the reaction. Dissolved Ca, Mg, and Sr decreased during the reaction. After the reaction with CO2 and synthetic produced water, precipitation of crystalline carbonate minerals calcite and dolomite was observed in the pore space and on the rock surface. In addition, the movement of pore filling and bridging clays, as well as grains was observed. Co-injection of CO2 with produced waters into suitable reservoirs has the potential to encourage CO2 mineral trapping.
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Singh, Udayan, e Lisa M. Colosi. "Potable Reuse of Coalbed Methane-Produced Waters in Developing Country Contexts—Could the Benefits Outweigh the Costs to Facilitate Coal Transitions?" Energies 13, n.º 1 (28 de dezembro de 2019): 154. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13010154.
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Development of coalbed methane (CBM) projects is critical to the achievement of climate change goals because it will help facilitate coal-to-gas transitions in Asia-Pacific countries with low conventional gas reserves. However, growth in CBM in these regions will necessitate strategic, sustainable approaches to produced water management. We posit that it may be possible to deliver synergistic water, energy, and health benefits by reusing CBM-produced waters as potable water supply in water-stressed coal-bearing regions. The goal of this study is to probabilistically evaluate life cycle costs and benefits of using reverse osmosis to treat CBM-produced water in the Damodar Valley coalfields in eastern India. Two treatment configurations are assessed, namely, centralized, and decentralized (i.e., in-home). We find that both configurations offer good cost-effectiveness based on two separately computed metrics to account for the value of health improvement benefits (i.e., disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) averted or monetized health benefits). We also observe that centralized systems are more cost-effective than decentralized, because they reduce capital cost and use-phase energy consumption per unit-volume treated. Average estimated values for the cost–benefit ratio are <0.5 and 1.0 for centralized and decentralized, respectively. Normalizing by anticipated health benefits, cost-effectiveness metrics are <$30/DALY for the centralized system versus <$200/DALY for the decentralized system. These results are highly sensitive to the value of statistical life and baseline water access. A related analysis taking into account both CBM-produced waters and mine waters revealed that deployment of reverse osmosis (RO) could provide drinking to approximately 3.5 million people over 20 years in the Damodar Valley region. These results have interesting implications not only for the study region but also for other CBM-producing countries experiencing chronic severe water stress.
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Wright, Blake. "Seeking Clarity in Murky Waters". Journal of Petroleum Technology 74, n.º 12 (1 de dezembro de 2022): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/1222-0030-jpt.
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In the oil-rich Permian Basin of west Texas and southern New Mexico, water serves as catalyst and crutch, ally and enemy, asset and liability. It’s water that allows producers to fracture high-potential wells in the region and get robust volumes of oil to flow back to the wellhead. It’s water that has allowed basinwide production to climb from pre-pandemic levels of around 4.7 million to over 5.4 million B/D in November 2022—a new record for the region. However, along with the oil that flows out of each well comes produced water. A lot of it. In some areas of the Permian’s Delaware Basin, for example, for every oil barrel extracted, producers can get 15 bbl of produced water (Fig. 1). Produced water is a complex issue with no true silver bullet to solve the problem of what to do with all of it. In addition, each current handling method employed is a partial solution at best, each with its own set of hurdles. Recycling is growing in popularity and scope, but the infrastructure in place and planned is finite. Disposal is under enhanced scrutiny in both Texas and New Mexico due to its potential seismicity impact and has even been banned within several areas. Even trucking it away adds unfavorably to capital costs and environmental impacts. Produced water is also nasty stuff, full of saline and it can also contain varying amounts of oil residues, sand or mud, naturally occurring radioactive materials, chemicals from fracture fluids, bacteria, and dissolved organic compounds. On the flip side, water demand in the Permian remains high as operators move to boost production as pandemic concerns wane. According to analysis by Wood Mackenzie, the typical 500,000 bbl of water needed to fracture a 10,000-ft lateral is close to the daily demand of the city of Midland, Texas. With numbers like that, you can start to see the appeal of recycling produced water into water that can be reused by oil companies to fracture wells, and limit the reliance on other water sources and the competition for those with municipalities, farms, etc. “There are two main benefits to recycling water that companies talk about quite a lot. First, the more water you recycle, the less water you need to inject into disposal wells, and there’s a lot of scrutiny on that because of the induced seismicity in the region. Secondly, increasing recycled water use reduces sourced water costs,” explained Josh Dixon, senior research analyst with Wood Mackenzie. “Many people don’t realize it, but the cost of sourcing groundwater can be a lot higher than recycled water. If you’re sourcing all your water from water wells, you’ve got to pay the Opex of those wells, as well as royalties to the landowners where those wells are. By recycling your own produced water, you’re just basically treating something that you would otherwise have to pay to dispose of, and then you can reuse it. Water recycling Opex is coming down, and some companies are now citing increased recycling as an economic incentive as opposed to a purely ESG one.”
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Räsänen, Noora H. J., Helena Rintala, Ilkka T. Miettinen e Eila Torvinen. "Comparison of culture and qPCR methods in detection of mycobacteria from drinking waters". Canadian Journal of Microbiology 59, n.º 4 (abril de 2013): 280–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2012-0695.
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Environmental mycobacteria are common bacteria in man-made water systems and may cause infections and hypersensitivity pneumonitis via exposure to water. We compared a generally used cultivation method and a quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) method to detect mycobacteria in 3 types of drinking waters: surface water, ozone-treated surface water, and groundwater. There was a correlation between the numbers of mycobacteria obtained by cultivation and qPCR methods, but the ratio of the counts obtained by the 2 methods varied among the types of water. The qPCR counts in the drinking waters produced from surface or groundwater were 5 to 34 times higher than culturable counts. In ozone-treated surface waters, both methods gave similar counts. The ozone-treated drinking waters had the highest concentration of assimilable organic carbon, which may explain the good culturability. In warm tap waters, qPCR gave 43 times higher counts than cultivation, but both qPCR counts and culturable counts were lower than those in the drinking waters collected from the same sites. The TaqMan qPCR method is a rapid and sensitive tool for total quantitation of mycobacteria in different types of clean waters. The raw water source and treatments affect both culturability and total numbers of mycobacteria in drinking waters.
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Wright, Blake. "Heating Up in Icy Waters". Journal of Petroleum Technology 75, n.º 02 (1 de fevereiro de 2023): 29–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/0223-0029-jpt.
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It was an area once thought to be the last untapped jewel in the hunt for hydrocarbons in the Great White North—a frontier of equal parts promise and peril. The lure of massive oil deposits lurking miles below its icy waters had operators taking a hard look at offshore Eastern Canada as far back as the late 1960s; however initial production from the area—Cohasset-Panuke off Nova Scotia—did not begin until 1992. Logistical challenges related to the remote area and the lack of existing infrastructure made bringing on new production in the region an expensive proposition. The discovered fields would need to be sizable to warrant the required investment. After decades of fits and starts, offshore Eastern Canada has yielded just a handful of major developments, with the best of those facing their own sets of challenges. Newfoundland and Labrador’s Terra Nova, the first development in North America to use floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO) technology in a harsh-weather environment featuring sea ice and icebergs, came on line in 2002, but has been suspended for the past 3 years due to issues with the vessel. White Rose, another FPSO-based development, came on stream in late 2005 via subsea wells tied back to the SeaRose vessel. After successful completion of one expansion project in the 2010s, a further expansion—West White Rose—was planned but halted in 2020 due to unfavorable oil markets caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The project envisaged a wellhead platform supported by a concrete gravity structure (CGS) and topsides. The platform will produce back to the SeaRose FPSO. Cenovus approved the restart of the project in May 2022. The West White Rose project is expected to increase the production life of the field by 14 years. Newfoundland and Labrador’s landmark oil production platform Hibernia became the first to produce oil in the province just over 25 years ago. As of August 2022, the project has produced more than 1.2 billion bbl of oil from the field, with almost 580 million bbl remaining proven and possible reserves. The region’s newest producer is the ExxonMobil-operated Hebron. First oil from the field was produced in November 2017—37 years after the field’s discovery by former operator Chevron. Plans to develop the field were shelved in the early 2000s only to be revived later in the decade. As a result of production interruptions and project delays, overall production trends in the region have been on the decline since the end of 2019 (Fig. 1). Off Nova Scotia, both ExxonMobil’s Sable Offshore Energy Project and Ovintiv’s (formerly Encana) Deep Panuke produced commercially for a combined 24 years (19 and 5, respectively) before each was abandoned and decommissioned in 2018. However, the outlook for offshore Eastern Canada today is somewhat brighter.
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Sanchez-Rosario, Ramon, e Zacariah L. Hildenbrand. "Produced Water Treatment and Valorization: A Techno-Economical Review". Energies 15, n.º 13 (24 de junho de 2022): 4619. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15134619.
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In recent years, environmental concerns have urged companies in the energy sector to modify their industrial activities to facilitate greater environmental stewardship. For example, the practice of unconventional oil and gas extraction has drawn the ire of regulators and various environmental groups due to its reliance on millions of barrels of fresh water—which is generally drawn from natural sources and public water supplies—for hydraulic fracturing well stimulation. Additionally, this process generates two substantial waste streams, which are collectively characterized as flowback and produced water. Whereas flowback water is comprised of various chemical additives that are used during hydraulic fracturing; produced water is a complex mixture of microbiota, inorganic and organic constituents derived from the petroliferous strata. This review will discuss the obstacles of managing and treating flowback and produced waters, concentrating on the hardest constituents to remove by current technologies and their effect on the environment if left untreated. Additionally, this work will address the opportunities associated with repurposing produced water for various applications as an alternative to subsurface injection, which has a number of environmental concerns. This review also uses lithium to evaluate the feasibility of extracting valuable metals from produced water using commercially available technologies.