Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Processus épidémique"
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Klai, Amira. "Clostridium difficile : étude du processus de colonisation et d'hypervirulence de la souche épidémique 027". Phd thesis, Université Paris Sud - Paris XI, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00922985.
Texto completo da fonteBarketi-Klai, Amira. "Clostridium difficile : étude du processus de colonisation et d’hypervirulence de la souche épidémique 027". Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA114844/document.
Texto completo da fonteClostridium difficile is an enteropathogenic bacterium that causes post-antibiotic nosocomial diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. During the last decade, the incidence and the severity of C. difficile infections have significantly increased in America and Europe. This evolution seems to be related to the emergence and to the rapid dissemination of a particularly virulent clone of PCR-ribotype 027. The main virulence factors of C. difficile are the TcdA and TcdB cytotoxins which are responsible for intestinal lesions. However, the intestinal colonization by the bacterium is considered as an indispensible step for infection.To better understand the hypervirulence mechanisms of strain 027, we focused on the study of intestinal colonization process of this strain compared to the colonization process of the non-epidemic strain 630Δerm. First, we studied the role of the fibronectin binding protein FbpA. In vitro and in vivo characterization of a mutant FbpA showed the involvement of this protein in the colonization process of the non-epidemic strain 630Δerm. The difficulty of obtaining a mutant in the epidemic strain R20291 027 does not allow us to compare the adhesive properties of FbpA between the two strains.In a second step, we studied the characteristics of flagellar proteins FliC, FliD, FlgE and MotB. We showed that the flagella have a role in the adhesion and colonization of strain 027 and that this role is less important in strain 630Δerm. We also showed that flagella are involved in other cellular processes than adhesion and colonization. A transcriptomic study of a FliC mutant in 027 R20291 shows that flagellin is also involved in toxin production, sporulation and in the adaptation of bacteria to stress conditions. Further study should be performed to better understand the regulation system that governs these different cellular processes. Finally, we performed a transcriptomic analysis of the kinetic of in vivo colonization of the 027 R20291 strain. The study revealed a very early expression of toxin and sporulation genes during the first stages of the infection process. This analysis also allowed us to identify some genes, specific to 027 strains, which appeared regulated during the infection process. These genes could be involved in the virulence of C. difficile 027 strains and could provide new issues of study to better understand C. difficile virulence
Philippon, Solenne. "De la veille sanitaire à l'urgence épidémique : méningite cérébrospinale e système de santé au Mali : une approche géographique". Paris 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA010687.
Texto completo da fonteAmiri, Arij. "Ruptures, singularités : détection et estimation". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ULILB030.
Texto completo da fonteThis Ph.D. thesis gathers some works concerning change-point problems for stochastic processes. In Part one, we are interested in the problem of the estimation, from [dollar]n[dollar] independent observations of an inhomogeneous Poisson process, of the location of what we call a smooth change-point (a point in which the intensity function of the process switches from one level to another smoothly, but over such a small interval, that its length [dollar]delta_n[dollar] can be considered as converging to~[dollar]0[dollar]). We show that in the case where [dollar]delta_n[dollar] goes to zero slower than [dollar]1/n[dollar] (slow case), our model is locally asymptotically normal (though with an unusual rate), and that in the case where [dollar]delta_n[dollar] goes to zero faster than [dollar]1/n[dollar] (fast case), our model is non-regular and behaves like a classic change-point model. All these results are obtained using the likelihood ratio analysis method of Ibragimov and Khasminskii, which equally yields the convergence of moments of the considered estimators. However, in order to apply this method in the fast case, we first had to adapt it to the topology [dollar]M_1[dollar] on the Skorokhod space of càdlàg functions, as well as to develop some tools for the study of convergence of functions in this topology. The Part two deals with the detection of a change in the Hölder regularity. We study the detection of an epidemic change in the regularity of an [dollar]n[dollar]-sample of i.i.d. random functions with Hölder regularity [dollar]alpha[dollar] under null hypothesis. Under the alternative hypothesis, a segment of the sample of an unknown location and length [dollar]l^star
Machens, Anna. "Processus épidémiques sur réseaux dynamiques". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM4066/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn this thesis we contribute to provide insights into questions concerning dynamic epidemic processes on data-driven, temporal networks. In particular, we investigate the influence of data representations on the outcome of epidemic processes, shedding some light on the question how much detail is necessary for the data representation and its dependence on the spreading parameters. By introducing an improvement to the contact matrix representation we provide a data representation that could in the future be integrated into multi-scale epidemic models in order to improve the accuracy of predictions and corresponding immunization strategies. We also point out some of the ways dynamic processes are influenced by temporal properties of the data
Kubasch, Madeleine. "Approximation of stochastic models for epidemics on large multi-level graphs". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Institut polytechnique de Paris, 2024. https://theses.hal.science/tel-04717689.
Texto completo da fonteWe study an SIR model with two levels of mixing, namely a uniformly mixing global level, and a local level with two layers of household and workplace contacts, respectively. More precisely, we aim at proposing reduced models which approximate well the epidemic dynamics at hand, while being more prone to mathematical analysis and/or numerical exploration.We investigate the epidemic impact of the workplace size distribution. Our simulation study shows that if the average workplace size is kept fixed, the variance of the workplace size distribution is a good indicator of its influence on key epidemic outcomes. In addition, this allows to design an efficient teleworking strategy. Next, we demonstrate that a deterministic, uniformly mixing SIR model calibrated using the epidemic growth rate yields a parsimonious approximation of the household-workplace model.However, the accuracy of this reduced model deteriorates over time and lacks theoretical guarantees. Hence, we study the large population limit of the stochastic household-workplace model, which we formalize as a measure-valued process with continuous state space. In a general setting, we establish convergence to the unique deterministic solution of a measure-valued equation. In the case of exponentially distributed infectious periods, a stronger reduction to a finite dimensional dynamical system is obtained.Further, in order to gain a finer insight on the impact of the model parameters on the performance of both reduced models, we perform a sensitivity study. We show that the large population limit of the household-workplace model can approximate well the epidemic even if some assumptions on the contact network are relaxed. Similarly, we quantify the impact of epidemic parameters on the capacity of the uniformly mixing reduced model to predict key epidemic outcomes.Finally, we consider density-dependent population processes in general. We establish a many-to-one formula which reduces the typical lineage of a sampled individual to a time-inhomogeneous spinal process. In addition, we use a coupling argument to quantify the large population convergence of a spinal process
Kissami, Abdelghani. "Problèmes d'urnes et processus épidémiques :modélisation et résultats asymptotiques". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/212812.
Texto completo da fonteMontagnon, Pierre. "Dynamiques de populations et processus épidémiques sur des réseaux d'échanges". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLX025/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis discusses the mathematical modelling of population dynamics on cattle trade networks coupled with epidemic processes.We first consider metapopulation models taking into account local demographic dynamics (immigration, births, deaths and animal movements due to trade between the nodes of the network). Recurrence and ergodicity criteria are stated for Markovian models with deterministic local dynamics and stochastic inter-nodal transferts, for a multitype branching process with immigration and for a jump process with logistic rates on a finite state space. In these last two cases, we study scaling limits of processes over finite time intervals and their stability over time scales that are exponentials of the scaling parameter.In a second part, we define a coupling of the jump population models considered with an SIR (Susceptible --- Infected --- Removed) epidemic dynamics. The resulting process accounts for local infectious contacts and pathogen propagation on the network due to movements of infective animals. We approximate the epidemic process by a multitype branching process on finite time intervals, then provide an iterative method to compute the probability of a emph{major epidemic outbreak}, defined as the event of survival of the approximating branching process. We then show that conditionally on a major epidemic outbreak and under a stability condition for an endemic equilibrium of the associated dynamical system, the extinction time and final size of the epidemic grow at least exponentially with respect to the scaling parameter of the model.We finally perform a numerical application of the theoretical results obtained on the SIR model coupled with logistic population dynamics. Calibrating the demographical model parameters on the 2015 Finistère cattle trade network, we compute indicators of the epidemic vulnerability of the network induced by individual holdings. We detail a protocol to assess the relative efficiency of three types of control strategies (screening at importation, isolation and vaccination) targeting the holdings identified as critical for the computed indicators
Temine, Laura. "Modélisation déterministe et stochastique de processus épidémiques : application à la résistance aux antibiotiques". Paris 6, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003PA066491.
Texto completo da fonteBouzalmat, Ibrahim. "Modélisation probabiliste de la dynamique de transmission de la fièvre typhoïde à Mayotte avec étude de risques épidémiques". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UMONS064.
Texto completo da fonteThe aim of this thesis manuscript is to study the transmission of typhoid fever in Mayotte using mathematical modelling approaches. We first introduce the context of our study, the associated issues, and the objectives of the thesis. A state-of-the-art review on mathematical modeling of typhoid fever transmission is presented, highlighting the specificity of our approach. We propose an initial model in two versions, deterministic and stochastic, to describe the transmission dynamics of the disease in Mayotte. We explore the behavior of the model through numerical simulations in different scenarios, highlighting key factors of transmission. However, due to the limitations of the available dataset, we propose a simplified stochastic model and a parametric estimation method. This approach enables us to fit the model to the available data and to estimate the key characteristics of typhoid fever transmission in Mayotte. In enriching our model, we are introducing new extensions. We include a compartment for individuals exposed, taking into account the incubation period of the disease. The theoretical properties of this model are studied and illustrated by numerical simulations. In addition, we propose a parameter estimation methodology adapted to this new model, and numerical simulations have been carried out to evaluate the performance of our estimation approach. We then examine the impact of rainfall on the transmission of typhoid fever in Mayotte, using publicly available precipitation data. We identify rainfall seasonality and estimate model parameters under different regimes. The results highlight the importance of this meteorological variable in the spread of the epidemic.This manuscript opens up research perspectives, such as the extension of the model to other infectious diseases present in Mayotte and its generalisation to other territories. This work will contribute to a better understanding and management of infectious diseases in Mayotte and other similar regions
Ibrahim, Mouhamad. "Evaluation des performances des réseaux tolérants aux perturbations". Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00339402.
Texto completo da fonteCauchemez, Simon. "Estimation des paramètres de transmission dans les modèles épidémiques par échantillonnage de Monte Carlo par chaine de Markov". Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066572.
Texto completo da fonteKostrygin, Anatolii. "Precise Analysis of Epidemic Algorithms". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLX042/document.
Texto completo da fonteEpidemic algorithms are distributed algorithms in which the agents in thenetwork involve peers similarly to the spread of epidemics. In this work, we focus on randomized rumor spreading -- a class of epidemic algorithms based on the paradigm that nodes call random neighbors and exchange information with these contacts. Randomized rumor spreading has found numerous applications from the consistency maintenance of replicated databases to newsspreading in social networks. Numerous mathematical analyses of different rumor spreading algorithms can be found in the literature. Some of them provide extremely sharp estimates for the performance of such processes, but most of them are based on the inherent properties of concrete algorithms.We develop new simple and generic method to analyze randomized rumor spreading processes in fully connected networks. In contrast to all previous works, which heavily exploit the precise definition of the process under investigation, we only need to understand the probability and the covariance of the events that uninformed nodes become informed. This universality allows us to easily analyze the classic push, pull, and push-pull protocols both in their pure version and in several variations such as when messages fail with constant probability or when nodes call a random number of others each round. Some dynamic models can be analyzed as well, e.g., when the network is a random graph sampled independently each round [Clementi et al. (ESA 2013)]. Despite this generality, our method determines the expected rumor spreading time precisely apart from additive constants, which is more precise than almost all previous works. We also prove tail bounds showing that a deviation from the expectation by more than an additive number of r rounds occurs with probability at most exp(−Ω(r)).We further use our method to discuss the common assumption that nodes can answer any number of incoming calls. We observe that the restriction that only one call can be answered leads to a significant increase of the runtime of the push-pull protocol. In particular, the double logarithmic end phase of the process now takes logarithmic time. This also increases the message complexity from the asymptotically optimal Θ(n log log n) [Karp, Shenker, Schindelhauer, Vöcking (FOCS 2000)] to Θ(n log n). We propose a simple variation of the push-pull protocol that reverts back to the double logarithmic end phase and thus to the Θ(n log log n) message complexity
Ed-Darraz, Abdelkarim. "Modèles de dynamique des populations dans un environnement aléatoire". Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066591/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis addresses some issues associated with population dynamics in random environment. Random environment is described by a Markov process with values in a finite space and which, involve certain forces on the choice of vital rates, will lead the population dynamics. When the dynamic is modeled by a birth and death process, we will answer the question : When almost surely extinction settled ? (Bacaër and Ed-Darraz, 2014). In (Ed-Darraz and Khaladi, 2015) we are interested to the final size of an epidemic in random environment. J Math Biol. 69 (1) :73-90 Ed-Darraz A, Khaladi M (2015) On the final epidemic size in random environnement, Math. Biosc 266 : 10-14
Laperrière, Vincent. "Apport de la modélisation individu-centrée spatialement explicite à la compréhension de L'expression d'une maladie transmissible : la peste bubonique à Madagascar". Phd thesis, Université de Pau et des Pays de l'Adour, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00445563.
Texto completo da fonte