Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Potsdam Conference (1945 : Potsdam, Germany) http"

This article presents the issue of war reparations from Germany in political and legal terms. The settlement of property claims resulting from war between states is a problem in which political factors always play the most important role in addition to legal issues. The article discusses the conceptual difference between indemnisation of war and war reparations, the legal basis of the war reparations demanded by Poland from Germany for the consequences of World War II in a broad political context, including the development of Polish-German relations after 1945. Great emphasis is placed on the arrangements of the Potsdam Conference and the legal analysis of the question of the legality of the Polish People's Republic's renunciation of war reparations from Germany in 1953. Finally, the article briefly presents the contemporary efforts of the Polish authorities to obtain war reparations from Germany.

The year 2021 marked the 30th anniversary of the entry into force of the Social Security Agreement between the Republic of Poland and the Federal Republic of Germany, drawn up in Warsaw on 8 December 1990. In this connection, it is worth emphasising both its timeless significance and the impact it has had on the legal orders of Poland and Germany. The progressive political and economic integration of Europe has resulted in both countries redefining pension rights in Polish-German relations. It should be recalled that only a few days earlier, on 14 November 1990, Poland and Germany had signed an agreement on a common border on the Oder and Lusatian Neisse rivers. This played a huge role in the history of both countries. This was due to the fact that at the Potsdam Conference in 1945, when the course of the common German-Polish border was decided, neither side had a seat at the conference table and had any influence on the outcome of the negotiations.

The article presents the procedure for the conclusion of peace treaties with the five former satellites of Nazi Germany after the end of the Second World War. The paper uses the methodology of the historical and legal analysis. The focus is on the accessible State Department archives for the Potsdam Conference of the Big Three, the first session of the Council of Foreign Ministers in London, and the December 1945 conference of the Foreign Ministers of the USSR, the United States, and the United Kingdom in Moscow. The negotiations between the three Great Powers leading to the decision to hold the Paris Peace Conference in 1946 are examined. Conclusions are made about how the USA, the United Kingdom and the USSR did not spare efforts to maintain complete control over the process without allowing other powers to interfere.

The object of this article is to examine the impact of the Marshall Plan (ERP) on the strategy of reparations from Germany that was pursued by the British government in the postwar era. In order to put this into some kind of context it will first be necessary to provide a brief survey of the mechanism of reparations and then of the rationale behind the system of financial assistance afforded by the USA to Western Europe known as Marshall Aid (its title derived from the US Secretary of State, George Marshall, who pioneered the scheme). The idea of extracting some form of compensation from Germany, to be apportioned among the victors, came to be debated in Whitehall during hostilities, but little attempt was made to coordinate plans among the Allies until the conference at Yalta in February 1945. No consensus could be attained there among the participants (the UK, the USA and the USSR). Stalin lodged a claim for $10 billion of reparations in ten years, which entailed that the Soviet Union would be allocated half of all payments from Germany. The lack of assent from the Western powers led to a new body, the Allied Reparations Commission (ARC), being convened in Moscow, which also failed to reach a conclusion. Reparations were then settled at the Potsdam Conference between the same three powers in July–August 1945.

Great Britain participated in the decision at the Potsdam Conference to hand over to Poland the territory of the former Free City of Danzig. The area was not recognized as part of Germany by the Great Powers. The aim of the article is to analyze the role that Gdańsk played in British policy towards Poland from the end of the Second World War to the fall of communist rule. It is based on archival research in the National Archives, Kew, supplemented by published British and Polish diplomatic documents, diaries and academic literature on the subject. Based on these sources, the author argues that the importance of the city of Gdańsk in British policy toward the region of East Central Europe diminished during the Cold War in comparison to the city’s role as the Free City of Danzig 1919–1939. However, its place was dynamic as Gdańsk became an important center of protests against the communist authorities in the 1970s and 1980s. The city played a special role since the strikes in August 1980, becoming the center of activity of the Solidarity Trade Union. The culmination of British interest was Margaret Thatcher’s visit to Gdańsk in 1988.

At the Potsdam Conference of 1945, the victorious powers committed themselves to denazification in the occupied zones in order to destroy the consequences of National Socialism. This is directly related to culture, education, science, art. In the Soviet occupation zone (SOZ), the main tasks of denazification, among others, were performed by the SMAG, which included structures with a large staff, whose responsibility was to update the ideology and culture in SOZ. The work was huge and responsible. Therefore, specialists were sent to East Germany from the USSR, who, interacting with left-wing parties, German communists, anti-fascists, representatives of education, science, culture, actually, even before the creation of the GDR, predetermined its socialist choice. There were difficulties, problems, as shown in the article on the example of restructuring of school and higher education, the activities of writing, theater and other unions and organizations. There is still a debatable problem — the degree of “Sovietization” of German culture. The fact that the experience of the “cultural revolution” in the USSR was used on German soil is undeniable. But what concrete results did this bring to German culture? The certain influence of Soviet culture on the cultural life of the GDR should not be denied. At the same time, it remained a “German country”, having achieved impressive achievements in economic, social and cultural development over the forty years of its existence. Her disappearance is due to other factors, causes and circumstances.

On June 15, 1945, a mass attack took place in the French city of Chambery on a train carrying Spaniards traveling from Germany to their homeland. As a result, more than a hundred people were killed and injured. The French authorities presented this incident as a spontaneous wave of popular indignation against the soldiers of the Spanish “Blue Division”, who fought as part of the Nazi Wehrmacht. However, this version is unlikely (this division was disbanded and withdrawn long ago). There are many indications that this action was carried out with the sanction of the French authorities. According to some researchers, such reprisals, not uncommon for liberated France, demonstrating “national hatred of fascism”, were intended — not least оf all — to change the skeptical attitude of the victorious powers to France. This was especially relevant on the eve of the Potsdam Conference. The events in Chambery can also be seen as an attempt to “atone” for the Spanish Republicans for the cruel treatment of refugees from a neighboring country after the end of the Spanish Civil War of 1936—1939.

The article is devoted to studing the trunsformation (changes) in the world after the Second World War, as well as the role and the place in it of two powerful states – the USA and the USSR. The article is devoted to the study of the question of the universe after the Second World War, as well as the role and the place in it of two powerful states – the USA and the USSR. In the article, the author emphasizes the objective and subjective circumstances that transformed Soviet-American relations since 1945. At the same time, it is emphasized that relations are complicated by the emergence of a new factor – atomic. Consideration of Soviet-USA relations is proposed through the lens of attempting to establish USA-USSR cooperation in the economic sphere, the development of nuclear weapons, and a technological approach in strategic arms. Much attention is paid to the meeting of the Big Three, which took place in Potsdam. In particular, on the one hand, the focus is on the direct procedure for concluding peace treaties and establishing diplomatic relations with Bulgaria, Hungary, Italy, Romania and Finland; on the other, the distribution of spheres of influence across Germany, based on the relevant protocol. In general, the author attempted to prove that the Berlin Conference made it possible to find mutually agreed solutions and to reach compromises, despite the escalation.

The border shifts and population exchanges between Central and East European states agreed at the 1945 Potsdam Conference continue to reverberate in the culture and politics of those countries. Focusing on Poland, this article proposes the term “border trouble” to interpret the politicized split in memory that has run through Polish culture since the end of the Second World War. Border trouble is a form of cultural trauma that transcends binaries of perpetrator/victim and oppressor/oppressed; it is also a tool for analyzing the ways in which spatial imagination, memory, and identity interact in visual and literary narratives. A close analysis of four recent feature films demonstrates the emergence of a visual grammar of cosmopolitan memory and identity in relation to borderland spaces. Wojciech Smarzowski’s Róża (“Rose,” 2011) and Agnieszka Holland’s Pokot (“Spoor,” 2017) are both set in territories that were transferred from Germany to Poland in 1945. Wołyń (“Volhynia,” released internationally as “Hatred,” 2016) and W ciemności (“In Darkness,” 2011), also directed by Smarzowski and Holland respectively, are set in regions that were under Polish administration before the war but were transferred to Soviet Ukraine in 1945. All four productions break new ground in the memorialization of the post-war legacy in Poland. They deconstruct hitherto dominant discourses of simultaneity and ethnic homogeneity, engaging in Poland’s wars of symbols as a third voice: anti-nationalist, but also refusing to essentialize cosmopolitan identity. They show the evolution of border trouble in response to contemporary political and cultural developments.

A century ago the New Age philosopher Dr Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925) called for the development of a differentiated. agriculture, one focussed on biology rather than chemistry. At his Agriculture Course at Koberwitz (now Kobierzyce), in the summer of 1924, Steiner founded the Experimental Circle of Anthroposophical Farmers and Gardeners. The Experimental Circle members each signed a non-disclosure agreement (NDA). Their task was to test Steiner’s ideas, establish what worked, and to publish the results. That injunction was arguably satisfied by the publication of Ehrenfried Pfeiffer’s book ‘Bio-Dynamic Farming and Gardening’ in 1938. The results reported in the present paper are Experimental Circle results that were subject to the secrecy provisions of the NDA at that time (1936), and are now finally revealed. Immanuel Voegele (1897-1959) recorded yields for five crops under Biodynamic (BD) management in the years 1931-1933, comparing these results to yields in the pre-BD years 1920-1926. He reported yield increases for potatoes to 55%, rye up to 48%, oats to 31%, wheat to 14%, and barley to 9%. Voegele was well credentialed and grounded to report on Biodynamics. He had studied agriculture at Stuttgart, he attended the Agricultural Course of Rudolf Steiner at Koberwitz, and he was an inaugural member of the Experimental Circle. Voegele had served as a farm manager at the Koberwitz estate of Count Carl Keyserlingk (1869-1928) (until 1925). He subsequently worked at the Biodynamic farm of Ernst Stegemann (1882-1943) at Marienstein. The present paper reports longitudinal yield results for five crops at Voegele’s farm at Pilgramshain, Silesia, Germany, before and after the conversion to BD. These early BD yield data were shared amongst ‘the faithful’ at the time, and only now publicly. From the high point of his reported successes with BD, life and prospects for Voegele would rapidly deteriorate. The Nazi regime was hostile to Rudolf Steiner, Anthroposophy, and Anthroposophic ventures (of which Biodynamics was one). All books by Rudolf Steiner were banned by the Nazis in 1935 (including the Agriculture Course). Germany invaded Poland in 1939 and slaughtered millions of Polish civilians, before eventually in 1945 the Russian Army routed the Nazi army. The Russians marched on ‘Fortress Breslau’ and on to Berlin, sparking a mass westward exodus of Germans, including Immanuel Voegele. Territory, including Pilgramshain, was relinquished to Poland at the Potsdam Conference of 1945. Immanuel Voegele’s legacy of reported successes with Biodynamics at a time when secrecy prevailed is now shared.

Contents: Production and Applications of Chitin and Chitosan Krill as a promising raw material for the production of chitin in Europe - Containerized plant for producing chitin - Preparation and characterization of chitosan from Mucorales - Chitosan from Absidia orchidis - Scaling up of lactic acid fermentation of prawn wastes in packed-bed column reactor for chitin recovery - Preparation of chitin by acetic acid fermentation - Inter-source reproducibility of the chitin deacetylation process - Comparative analysis of chitosans from insects and crustacea - Effect of the rate of deacetylation on the physico-chemical properties of cuttlefish chitosan - Deacetylation of chitin by fungal enzymes - Production of partially degraded chitosan with desired molecular weight - Chitin-containing materials Mycoton for wounds treatment - Biological activity of selected forms of chitosan - Application of chitosan on the preservation quality of cut flowers - Preparation and characterization of chitosan films: application in cell cultures - Transport phenomena in chitin gels - Symplex membranes of chitosan and sulphoethylcellulose - Preparation and use of chitosan-Ca pectinate pellets - Bioseparation of protein from cheese whey by using chitosan coagulation and ultrafiltration membranes - Preparation of silk fibroin/chitosan fiber - Preparation of paper sheets containing microcrystalline chitosan - Applications of chitosan in textile printing - Permanent modification of fibrous materials with biopolymers - Ion exchanger from chitosan - Chitosan in waste water treatment - The immobilization of tyrosinase on chitin and chitosan and its possible use in wastewater treatment - Utilization of modified chitosan in aqueous system treatment Biomaterials Chemical and preclinical studies on 6-oxychitin - Diverse biological effects of fungal chitin-glucan complex - Effect of concentration of neutralizing agent on chitosan membrane properties - Preliminary investigation of the compatibility of a chitosan-based peritoneal dialysis solution - Influence of chitosan on the growth of several cellular lines - A new chitosan containing phosphonic group with chelating properties - Biocompatibility of chitin materials using cell culture method Oral Administration of Chitosan Recent results in the oral administration of chitosan - Reduction of absorption of dietary lipids and cholesterol by chitosan, its derivatives and special formulations - Chitosan in weight reduction: results from a large scale consumer study - Conformation of chitosan ascorbic acid salt - Trimethylated chitosans as safe absorption enhancers for transmucosal delivery of peptide drugs - Chitosan derivates as intestinal penetration enhancers of the peptide drug buserelin in vivo and in vitro - Chitosan microparticles for oral vaccination: optimization and characterization - Effect of chitosan in enhancing drug delivery across buccal mucosa - Influence of chitosans on permeability of human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells: The effect of molecular weight, degree of deacetylation and exposure time - Oral polymeric N-acetyl-D-glucosamine as potential treatment for patients with osteoarthritis - Clinicoimmunological efficiency of the chitin-containing drug Mycoton in complex treatment of a chronic hepatitis - Interactions of chitin, chitosan, N-laurylchitosan, and N-dimethylaminopropyl chitosan with olive oil - The chitin-containing preparation Mycoton in a pediatric gastroenterology case - Antifungal activity and release behaviour of cross-linked chitosan films incorporated with chlorhexidine gluconate - Release of N-acetyl-D-glucosamine from chitosan in saliva - Physical and Physicochemical Properties Recent approach of metal binding by chitosan and derivatives - As(V) sorption on molybdate-impregnated chitosan gel beads (MICB) - Influence of medium pH on the biosorption of heavy metals by chitin-containing sorbent Mycoton - Comparative studies on molecular chain parameters of polyelectrolyte chains: the stiffness parameter B and temperature coefficient of intrinsic viscosity of chitosans and poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) - Crystalline behavior of chitosan - The relationship between the crystallinity and degree of deacetylation of chitin from crab shell - Reversible water-swellable chitin gel: modulation of swellability - Syneresis aspects of chitosan based gel systems - In situ chitosan gelation using the enzyme tyrosinase - Preparation and characterization of controlling pore size chitosan membranes - Fabrication of porous chitin matrices - Changes of polydispersity and limited molecular weight of ultrasonic treated chitosan - A statistical evaluation of IR spectroscopic methods to determine the degree of acetylation of ?-chitin and chitosan - Products of alkaline hydrolysis of dibutyrylchitin: chemical composition and DSC investigation - Chitosan emulsification properties Chemistry of Chitin and Chitosan Chemically modified chitinous materials: preparation and properties - Progress on the modification of chitosan - The graft copolymerization of chitosan with methyl acrylate using an organohalide-manganese carbonyl coinitiator system - Grafting of 4-vinylpyridine, maleic acid and maleic anhydride onto chitin and chitosan - Peptide synthesis on chitosan/chitin - Graft copolymerization of methyl methacrylate onto mercapto-chitin - Thermal depolymerization of chitosan salts - Radiolysis and sonolysis of chitosan - two convenient techniques for a controlled reduction of molecular weight - Thermal and UV degradation of chitosan - Heat-induced physicochemical changes in highly deacetylated chitosan - Chitosan fiber and its chemical N-modification at the fiber state for use as functional materials - Preparation of a fiber reactive chitosan derivative with enhanced microbial activity - Chromatographic separation of rare earths with complexane types of chemically modified chitosan - The effects of detergents on chitosan - Chitosan-alginate PEC films prepared from chitosan of different molecular weights - Enzymology of Chitin and Chitosan Biosynthesis and Degradation Enzymes of chitin metabolism for the design of antifungals - Enzymatic degradation of chitin by microorganisms - Kinetic behaviours of chitinase isozymes - An acidic chitinase from gizzards of broiler (Gallus gallus L.) - On the contribution of conserved acidic residues to catalytic activity of chitinase B from Serratia marcescens - Detection, isolation and preliminary characterisation of a new hyperthermophilic chitinase from the anaerobic archaebacterium Thermococcus chitonophagus - Biochemical and genetic engineering studies on chitinase A from Serratia marcescens - Induction of chitinase production by Serratia marcescens, using a synthetic N-acetylglucosamine derivative - Libraries of chito-oligosaccharides of mixed acetylation patterns and their interactions with chitinases - Approaches towards the design of new chitinase inhibitors - Allosamidin inhibits the fragmentation and autolysis of Penicillium chrysogenum - cDNA encoding chitinase in the midge, Chironomus tentans - Extraction and purification of chitosanase from Bacillus cereus - Substrate binding mechanism of chitosanase from Streptomyces sp. N174 - Chitosanase-catalyzed hydrolysis of 4-methylumbelliferyl ?-chitotrioside - A rust fungus turns chitin into chitosan upon plant tissue colonization to evade recognition by the host - Antibiotic kanosamine is an inhibitor of chitin biosynthesis in fungi - PCR amplification of chitin deacetylase genes - Amplification of antifungal effect of GlcN-6-P synthase and chitin synthase inhibitors - ?-N-Acetylhexosaminidases: two enzyme families, two mechanisms - Purification and characterisation of chitin deacetylase from Absidia orchidis - Effect of aluminium ion on hydrolysis reaction of carboxymethyl- and dihydroxypropyl-chitin with lysozyme - Structure and function relatioship of human N-acetyl-D-glucosamine 2-epimerase (renin binding protein) - Identification of active site residue(s)

Abstract After the complete defeat and collapse of Germany in May 1945, the three Allied heads of governments agreed to hold a conference for the purpose of settling the question of Europe in general and that of Germany in particular. Accordingly, President Truman, Prime Minister Churchill, and Generalissimo Stalin met for a conference at Potsdam from 16 July to 2 August.1 Before his departure for the meeting, the US President decided to issue from the conference table an Allied proclamation to Japan, offering the latter an opportunity for surrender.

Reconstrucción virtual de ambientes urbanos a partir de fotografías históricas a través de Image Based Animations (IBA). La Plaza de la Virgen de Valencia alrededor de 1870. Jose Luis Cabanes Ginés¹, Federico Iborra Bernad², Carlos Bonafé Cervera3 ¹Departamento de Expresión Gráfica Arquitectónica. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. Caminio de Vera s/n 46022 Valencia. 2Departamento de Composición Arquitectónica. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. Caminio de Vera s/n 46022 Valencia 3Departamento de Ing. Cartográf. Geodesia y Fotogramtría. Universidad Politécnica de Valencia. Caminio de Vera s/n 46022 Valencia E-mail: jlcabane@ega.upv.es, f_iborra@yahoo.es, carboce1@topo.upv.es Keywords (3-5): virtual reconstruction, historical urban environment, image based animations Conference topics and scale: City transformations / Tools of analysis in urban morphology The recreation of the historical environment of emblematic urban spaces in our cities through interactive technologies, allows to extend their knowledge among the interested users while contributing to its assessment. When the documentary bases are photographs it is possible to carefully model the recorded elements using photogrammetry techniques based on 3D primitives, so that by means of an immersive navigation limited to certain points of view, an appearance of acceptable tridimensionality is obtained, where only isolated images of dispersed frames are available. The virtual recreation can be completed increasing its realistic appearance through its edition with animations of objects (for example, carriages) and characters, texts, musical setting, etc. The results can be presented in formats such as video or navigation through virtual reality helmets. From a selection of the first historical photographs of the Plaza de la Virgen, that we have obtained searching in several documentary sources, our multidisciplinary team is interested in a reliable, realistic and pleasant presentation of the urban environment of one of the most representative places in the city of Valencia, whose spatial configuration has changed significantly over the years. References (100 words) Braun, C., Kolbe, T. H., Lang, F., Schickler, W., Steinhage, V., Cremers, A. B., Förstner, W., Plümer, L., 1995. Models for photogrammetric building reconstruction. Computers & Graphics, Volume 19, Issue 1, pp. 109-118. Debevec, P., Taylor, C. J. and Malik, J., 1996. Modeling and rendering architecture from photographs: A hybrid geometry and image-based approach. SIGGRAPH’96, pp. 11–20. De Mesa, A., Regot, J., Nuñez, M. A. and Buill, F., (2009). Métodos y procesos para el levantamiento de reconstrucción tridimensional gráfica de elementos del patrimonio cultural. La iglesia de Sant Sever de Barcelona. Revista EGA, nº 14, pp. 82-89. Drap, P., Grussenmeyer, P. and Gaillard, G., 2001. Simple Photogrammetric Methods with ARPENTEUR: 3-D Plotting and Orthoimage generation. XVIII International Symposium CIPA 2001, Potsdam (Germany). International Archives of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences, nº 34 (Part 5/C7), pp. 47-54. El-Hakim, S., Beraldin, J. and Lapointe, A., 2002. Towards Automatic Modeling of Monuments and Towers. IEEE Proceedings of the International Symposium on 3D Data Processing Visualization and Transmission, 3DPVT 2002, Padua, Italy, pp. 526-531. Proyecto Barcelona Darrera Mirada, http://darreramirada.ajuntament.barcelona.cat/#historia/8/1 The Old New York, http://vimeo.com/160024074, https://vimeo.com/162572088