Livros: "Post-hoc"

1

Post hoc. Bolinas, CA: Avenue B, 1990.

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2

Rea, Elsbeth. Post hoc survey, final report. Belfast: Northern Ireland Post Qualifying Education and Training Partnership, 2002.

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3

United States. Congress. House. Committee on Post Office and Civil Service. Ad Hoc Task Force on Presidential Pay Recommendations. Presidential pay recommendations: Hearings before the Ad Hoc Task Force on Presidnetial Pay Recommendations of the Committee on Post Office and Civil Service, House of Representatives, One Hundredth Congress, first session, February 2 and 3, 1987. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 1987.

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4

Post-catastrophe crisis: Addressing the dramatic need and scant availability of mental health care in the Gulf Coast : hearing before the Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Disaster Recovery of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Tenth Congress, first session, October 31, 2007. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2008.

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5

United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs. Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Disaster Recovery. Post-catastrophe crisis: Addressing the dramatic need and scant availability of mental health care in the Gulf Coast : hearing before the Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Disaster Recovery of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Tenth Congress, first session, October 31, 2007. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2008.

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6

Planning for post-catastrophe housing needs: Has FEMA developed an effective strategy for housing large numbers of citizens displaced by disasters? : hearing before the Ad Hoc Subcommittee on Disaster Recovery of the Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, United States Senate, One Hundred Tenth Congress, second session, July 30, 2008. Washington: U.S. G.P.O., 2009.

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7

Mommsen, Jens Karl Friedrich. Wider das Post Hoc Ergo Propter Hoc. Creative Media Partners, LLC, 2018.

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8

Dane Mitchell: Post Hoc. Mousse Magazine and Publishing, 2019.

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9

Jeffery, Commission, e Moloo Rahim. 11 Post-Award Applications. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198729037.003.0011.

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This chapter focuses on International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) and UNCITRAL tribunal practice on post-award applications. It begins with a discussion of certain post-award remedies under the ICSID Convention and ICSID Additional-Facility arbitral rules, including requests for supplementary decision, rectification/correction, interpretation and revision. It then considers annulment under the ICSID Convention, with emphasis on the conduct and procedure for annulment proceedings, the number of annulment applications and rates of success, and the constitution and composition of ad-hoc committees. It also examines the practice of stays of enforcement in annulment proceedings, and in particular the relatively long line of ICSID decisions rendered by ad-hoc committees on such applications. Finally, it outlines the post-award remedies available to parties under the UNCITRAL Arbitration Rules.

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10

Reimmann, Jacob Friedrich. Jacobi Friderici Reimmanni Ilias Post Homerum: Hoc Est, Incunabula Omnium Scientiarum Ex Homero Eruta Et Systematice Descripta. Arkose Press, 2015.

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11

May, Joshua. Reasoning beyond Consequences. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198811572.003.0003.

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Experimental research demonstrates that moral judgment involves both conscious and unconscious reasoning or inference that is not mere post-hoc rationalization. The evidence suggests in particular that we treat as morally significant more than the consequences of a person’s actions, including characteristically deontological distinctions between: intentional vs. accidental outcomes, actions vs. omissions, and harming as a means vs. a byproduct (familiar from the Doctrine of Double Effect). And the relevant empirical evidence relies on more than responses to unrealistic moral dilemmas characteristic of the trolley problem. The result is an extremely minimal dual process model of moral judgment on which we at least compute both an action’s outcomes and the actor’s role in bringing them about. This view resembles the famous linguistic analogy (or moral grammar hypothesis) in only its least controversial aspects, particularly the emphasis on unconscious reasoning in moral cognition.

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12

Darcy, Shane. The Principle of Legality at the Crossroads of Human Rights and International Criminal Law. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190272654.003.0012.

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This chapter explores the treatment of the principle of legality in international criminal law, in particular the rule against ex post facto application of criminal laws, as enshrined in human rights law. It demonstrates that a broadly liberal interpretation of nullum crimen has facilitated judicial creativity and the development of international criminal law by international courts and tribunals. The chapter begins with a general discussion of the principle of legality under international law, before turning to a consideration of the treatment of the principle at Nuremberg and the ad hoc international criminal tribunals for Rwanda and the former Yugoslavia. The final section of the chapter turns to the European Court of Human Rights and examines how it has addressed the rule of non-retroactivity in the context of national prosecutions of international crimes, in particular in Kononov v. Latvia.

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13

Stock, Kathleen. Extreme Intentionalism and its Rivals. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198798347.003.0004.

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The defence of extreme intentionalism is concluded by attacking its main rivals in the analytic tradition: ‘modest’ intentionalism, hypothetical intentionalism, and value-maximizing theory. First a source of apparent support for all three is addressed: the thought that extreme intentionalism takes an implausible stance towards unsuccessful authorial intentions that a fiction should have specific content. The author argues that in fact, extreme intentionalism is better positioned to accommodate unsuccessful intentions than its rivals. This is followed by general criticisms of hypothetical intentionalism and value-maximizing theory, with a particular focus on the extent to which each can accommodate the plausible thought that fictions often contain reliable testimony, and can act as a respectable source of belief. Also in this chapter the issue of ‘post hoc’ meanings is discussed; and how extreme intentionalism, though a monistic position, is compatible with many of the critical judgements which have tempted some towards critical pluralism.

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14

Anderson, Amanda. Psychology contra Morality. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198755821.003.0002.

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This chapter summarizes key elements of the challenge psychology has posed to morality beginning with Freud and extending to three consequential claims of the current literature on social psychology and cognitive science: the undermining of deliberative moral agency by intuitive or automatic processes; the post-hoc or rationalizing nature of moral reasoning; and the emphasis on psychological mechanisms of self-justification. A clear resonance between the challenge to rational agency in the history of literary studies and the claims of more recent forms of psychology is established, leading to discussion of those elements of moral experience that elude both of these frameworks. Focusing on the importance of moral experience in time (especially with respect to slow processes such as grief or repair), this chapter establishes the persistent importance of moral understanding and moral transformation, both in ordinary life and in literary genres and modes.

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15

Miles, Robert. Gothic and Anti-Gothic, 1797–1820. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199574803.003.0013.

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This chapter discusses the Gothic from 1797 to 1820. The Gothic reached its apogee in the late 1790s, when it secured a third share of the novel market, after which it withered. From 1797 onward, the Gothic seems inseparable from an anti-Gothic shadow that materialized in myriad forms, from ad hoc animadversions found in the reviews mocking the genre's formulaic character, to full-blown parodies. While the quantity of novels advertising themselves as products of the ‘terror-system’ declined during the first two decades of the century, the Gothic migrated downmarket, sustaining itself, post-1820, by embedding itself in other ‘genres’. Putting aside the tale, which the Gothic dominated, one quickly perceives that the Gothic is a variety of the novel—one of its subgenres best labelled ‘romance’. Moreover, one can best and most accurately represent the Gothic novel during the period as the proliferation of several schools, above all, of Radcliffe, Godwin, Lewis, and Schiller.

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16

Kurt T, Lash. Six Federalism and Liberty, 1794–1803. Oxford University Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195372618.003.06.

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This chapter focuses on the Alien and Sedition Acts. The present chapter and the previous chapter on the Eleventh Amendment illustrate something generally missed—or misrepresented—about republican constitutional theory in the early republic. The so-called compact theory of the Constitution, the idea that the Constitution represents a compact between the states and the national government, is often presented as having emerged out of the proslavery ideology of the 1830s and viewed in opposition to the (entirely) more reasonable theories of Chief Justice John Marshall. This school of constitutional history places the initial seeds of southern secessionist theory in the naive hands of James Madison and Thomas Jefferson, who embraced the inflammatory language of states' rights and interposition in their Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions. According to this view, compact theory is a post hoc political invention that departs from the original understanding of the Constitution and that arose years after the founding as part of a political effort to displace the Federalist Party in the election of 1800.

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17

Farrell, Justin. Buffalo Crusaders: The Sacred Struggle for America’s Last Wild and Pure Herd. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691164342.003.0004.

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This chapter examines the bitter, long-lasting, and sometimes violent dispute over the Yellowstone bison herd—America's only remaining genetically pure and free-roaming herd, which once numbered more than 30 million but was exterminated down to a mere 23 single animals. This intractable issue hinges on current scientific disagreements about the biology and ecology of the disease brucellosis (Brucella abortus). But in recent years, a more radical, grassroots, and direct action activist group called the Buffalo Field Campaign (BFC) has found success by shifting the focus of the debate away from science, toward the deeper religious dimensions of the issue. The chapter shows how the infusion of the conflict with moral and spiritual feeling has brought to the fore deeper questions that ultimately needed to be answered, thus making this a public religious conflict as much as a scientific one, sidestepping rabbit holes of intractability. It observes the ways in which BFC activists engaged in a phenomenon called moral and religious “muting.” This has theoretical implications for understanding how certain elements of culture (e.g., individualism and moral relativism) can organize and pattern others—especially in post hoc explanations of religiously motivated activism.

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18

Hutchison, Alastair J., e Michael L. Picton. Fractures in patients with chronic kidney disease. Editado por David J. Goldsmith. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0121.

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Patients with any degree of chronic kidney disease (CKD) have a much higher risk of fractures than the general population, and the risk of death at 1 year post hip fracture in a dialysis patient is over 60%, compared to less than 20% for a non-CKD patient. The assessment of fracture risk and diagnosis of the underlying skeletal pathology in CKD patients is a significant clinical challenge. Non-invasive imaging techniques are not totally reliable in the general population, and the presence of advanced CKD (stages 4, 5, and 5D) renders them largely useless. Bone strength is not determined only by quantity of bone, and renal osteodystrophy can significantly affect bone quality, rendering it liable to fracture even in the presence of a normal bone density measurement. Currently, the only reliable method of assessing both quantity and quality of bone is the examination of trans-iliac bone biopsy, which is generally, but probably incorrectly, perceived to be overly invasive. However, identifying the cause of reduced bone strength and fractures may influence the choice of therapy. For example, in the presence of low-turnover states such as adynamic bone, antiresorptive agents may be ineffective. Pharmaceuticals licensed for the treatment of osteoporosis in the general population can be used similarly in patients with CKD 1–3 without dosage alteration. In CKD 4, post-hoc analyses suggest denosumab is effective and safe, based on a 3-year study that included 73 such patients. In CKD 5 and 5D no dependable data exists to guide therapy, and it should probably be reserved for patients who have already suffered and survived a fracture, and are therefore at high risk of death from a second event.

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19

Crocker, Thomas P. Overcoming Necessity. Yale University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12987/yale/9780300181616.001.0001.

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Using emergency as a cause for action ultimately leads to an almost unnoticed evolution in the political understanding of presidential powers. The Constitution of the United States, however, was designed to function under “states of exception,” most notably through the separation of powers, and provides ample internal checks on emergency actions taken under claims of necessity. This book urges the United States Congress, the courts, and other bodies to put those checks into practice. The book analyzes the constitutional norms that fail to guide and constrain the choice of action through an analysis of what is appropriate. It explores how constitutional norms always apply as unavoidably normative constitutional questions during an emergency. It explains how necessity can produce dictatorship, because the people are willing to allow whatever it takes to solve their immediate needs, and it looks into the theory that a president might suspend the constitutional order in order to post hoc political accountability. It then talks about necessity that enables presidential discretion, and responds to arguments regarding the president having all the power that necessity confers. The book considers the scope of implied presidential power, arguing that even if there is power to do what is necessary, it is still constrained by conceptions of what is proper. It emphasizes how deference to the president is inconsistent with a constitutional tradition that preciously guards decisions about liberty. The book concludes with a review of the commitment to constitutional values as a constitutive feature of political identity in American constitutionalism.

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20

Lederman, Gordon. Reorganizing the Joint Chiefs of Staff. Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc., 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9798216007630.

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The Goldwater-Nichols Department of Defense Reorganization Act of 1986 is the most important legislation to affecting U.S. national defense in the last 50 years. This act resulted from frustration in Congress and among certain military officers concerning what they believed to be the poor quality of military advice available to civilian decision-makers. It also derived from the U.S. military's perceived inability to conduct successful joint or multi-service operations. The act, passes after four years of legislative debate, designated the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff as the principal military advisor to the President and sought to foster greater cooperation among the military services. Goldwater-Nichols marks the latest attempt to balance competing tendencies within the Department of Defense, namely centralization versus decentralization and geographic versus functional distributions of power. As a result of the Goldwater-Nichols Act, the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs has achieved prominence, but his assignment is somewhat contradictory: the spokesman and thus the advocate for the Commander in Chief, while simultaneously the provider of objective advice to the President. While the act did succeed in strengthening the CINCs' authority and in contributing to the dramatic U.S. achievements in the Gulf War, the air and ground campaigns revealed weaknesses in the CINCs' capability to plan joint operations. In addition, the increased role of the military in ad hoc peacekeeping operations has challenged the U.S. military's current organizational structure for the quick deployment of troops from the various services. Rapid technological advances and post-Cold War strategic uncertainty also complicate the U.S. military's organizational structure.

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21

Didaci Covarruvias a Leyva Toletani ... Opera omnia: Iam post varias editiones correctiora, & cum veteribus ac melioris notae exemplaribus de novo collata, & ab innumeris mendis serio repurgata : cum auctoris Tractatu in tit. de frigidis & maleficiatis, septem quaestionibus distincto, quibus an matrimonium cum hoc impedimento constare possit, accurate explicatur : accesserunt de novo Iohannis Vffelii ... in variarum resolvtionvm libros, notae vberiores : cum duplici indice, capitvm & rervm locupletissimo, suis numeris restituto. Genevae: Sumptibus Samvelis de Tovrnes, 1987.

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22

August, Reinisch. Part VI The Post-Award Phase, 29 Enforcement of Investment Treaty Awards. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/law/9780198758082.003.0029.

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Investment arbitration between States and private parties is mostly pursued according to the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Dispute (ICSID) Convention and under various institutional or ad hoc arbitration rules leading to arbitral awards, which are regarded as foreign arbitral awards in the sense of the 1958 Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards. This chapter distinguishes between enforcement possibilities offered by the New York Convention for non-ICSID awards and the special enforcement regime for ICSID awards laid down in the ICSID Convention. In the majority of that fraction of cases in which host States were found to have incurred liability, the awards seem to have been voluntarily complied with.

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Livros sobre o tema "Post-hoc"

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