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Behie, Alison M., e Mary S. M. Pavelka. "Food selection in the black howler monkey following habitat disturbance: implications for the importance of mature leaves". Journal of Tropical Ecology 28, n.º 2 (13 de fevereiro de 2012): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467411000678.
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Abstract:Primates commonly consume leaves that are high in protein but low in digestion-inhibiting fibre. Due to the fact that mature leaves do not meet these criteria, they are typically avoided and many leaf-eating primates select for leaves high in protein and low in fibre leading to the theory that food selection is based on protein maximization. However, feeding records for a population of black howler monkey (Alouatta pigra) in Monkey River, Belize, collected over a 5-y period, together with synchronous phenological data, indicate that this population does not meet the expectation and actually prefer mature leaves. This study aims to describe the nutritional composition of the food supply and investigate the possibility that, rather than to maximize protein ingestion, mature leaves are eaten to balance nutrient intake. Macronutrient analyses (moisture, lipids, protein, NDF, ADF and simple sugars) were conducted on a sample of 96 plant samples from 18 food species of this population of black howler. Results reported here show that mature leaves eaten by howlers in this forest contain sufficient protein to meet minimum metabolic requirements (range: 11.6–24%; mean: 16.4% ± 3.8%) and have significantly higher concentrations of simple sugars than young leaves (means of 7.2% ± 2.7% vs. 4.4% ± 2.3% respectively). Thus, it appears that mature leaf ingestion is likely serving to balance energy and protein intake. This result may be due to the disruptive effects of a hurricane in 2001 that resulted in a loss of 80% of the howler population, changed forest composition and may have affected plant chemistry. Despite this, the data reported here suggest that the accepted view that mature leaves are simply fallback foods for primates, eaten only in times of preferred food scarcity, may have to be revised.
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Zaborowska, Julia, Bartosz Łabiszak, Annika Perry, Stephen Cavers e Witold Wachowiak. "Candidate Genes for the High-Altitude Adaptations of Two Mountain Pine Taxa". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, n.º 7 (27 de março de 2021): 3477. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22073477.
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Mountain plants, challenged by vegetation time contractions and dynamic changes in environmental conditions, developed adaptations that help them to balance their growth, reproduction, survival, and regeneration. However, knowledge regarding the genetic basis of species adaptation to higher altitudes remain scarce for most plant species. Here, we attempted to identify such corresponding genomic regions of high evolutionary importance in two closely related European pines, Pinus mugo and P. uncinata, contrasting them with a reference lowland relative—P. sylvestris. We genotyped 438 samples at thousands of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, tested their genetic differentiation and population structure followed by outlier detection and gene ontology annotations. Markers clearly differentiated the species and uncovered patterns of population structure in two of them. In P. uncinata three Pyrenean sites were grouped together, while two outlying populations constituted a separate cluster. In P. sylvestris, Spanish population appeared distinct from the remaining four European sites. Between mountain pines and the reference species, 35 candidate genes for altitude-dependent selection were identified, including such encoding proteins responsible for photosynthesis, photorespiration and cell redox homeostasis, regulation of transcription, and mRNA processing. In comparison between two mountain pines, 75 outlier SNPs were found in proteins involved mainly in the gene expression and metabolism.
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Lang, Yifei, Wentao Li, Zeshi Li, Danielle Koerhuis, Arthur C. S. van den Burg, Erik Rozemuller, Berend-Jan Bosch et al. "Coronavirus hemagglutinin-esterase and spike proteins coevolve for functional balance and optimal virion avidity". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, n.º 41 (29 de setembro de 2020): 25759–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006299117.
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Human coronaviruses OC43 and HKU1 are respiratory pathogens of zoonotic origin that have gained worldwide distribution. OC43 apparently emerged from a bovine coronavirus (BCoV) spillover. All three viruses attach to 9-O-acetylated sialoglycans via spike protein S with hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) acting as a receptor-destroying enzyme. In BCoV, an HE lectin domain promotes esterase activity toward clustered substrates. OC43 and HKU1, however, lost HE lectin function as an adaptation to humans. Replaying OC43 evolution, we knocked out BCoV HE lectin function and performed forced evolution-population dynamics analysis. Loss of HE receptor binding selected for second-site mutations in S, decreasing S binding affinity by orders of magnitude. Irreversible HE mutations led to cooperativity in virus swarms with low-affinity S minority variants sustaining propagation of high-affinity majority phenotypes. Salvageable HE mutations induced successive second-site substitutions in both S and HE. Apparently, S and HE are functionally interdependent and coevolve to optimize the balance between attachment and release. This mechanism of glycan-based receptor usage, entailing a concerted, fine-tuned activity of two envelope protein species, is unique among CoVs, but reminiscent of that of influenza A viruses. Apparently, general principles fundamental to virion–sialoglycan interactions prompted convergent evolution of two important groups of human and animal pathogens.
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Hodges, K. E., e A. R. E. Sinclair. "Does predation risk cause snowshoe hares to modify their diets?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 81, n.º 12 (1 de dezembro de 2003): 1973–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z03-192.
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Snowshoe hares (Lepus americanus) undergo a 10-year population cycle with several years of low densities. Several authors have suggested that snowshoe hares modify their foraging behaviour to reduce predation risk during the low phase, resulting in protein-poor diets and poor body condition. We test that idea by using a factorial manipulation of food supplementation and predator reduction and by examining the species composition, browse size, and nutritional quality of snowshoe hare diets during 3 years of low snowshoe hare abundance in southwestern Yukon. Our results negate the hypothesis that snowshoe hares change their diets in response to mammalian predators during the cyclic low phase. Snowshoe hares on the different treatments had diets that differed in species composition and twig sizes, but protected hares did not have higher protein diets than unprotected hares. Snowshoe hares with access to supplemental food ate more fibrous and lower protein natural browse than unfed hares, showing that they did not choose diets primarily for protein content. Instead, snowshoe hares converted a wide range of forage availabilities into similar intakes of protein and fibre, despite variation in predator presence. Our results suggest that snowshoe hares select their diets to balance the protein and fibre contents. Although sublethal effects of predators may influence cyclic dynamics, our results show that such a feedback does not occur via a nutritional mechanism, counter to previous suggestions.
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Lou, Marjorie F. "Glutathione and Glutaredoxin in Redox Regulation and Cell Signaling of the Lens". Antioxidants 11, n.º 10 (1 de outubro de 2022): 1973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox11101973.
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The ocular lens has a very high content of the antioxidant glutathione (GSH) and the enzymes that can recycle its oxidized form, glutathione disulfide (GSSG), for further use. It can be synthesized in the lens and, in part, transported from the neighboring anterior aqueous humor and posterior vitreous body. GSH is known to protect the thiols of the structural lens crystallin proteins from oxidation by reactive oxygen species (ROS) so the lens can maintain its transparency for proper visual function. Age-related lens opacity or senile cataract is the major visual impairment in the general population, and its cause is closely associated with aging and a constant exposure to environmental oxidative stress, such as ultraviolet light and the metabolic end product, H2O2. The mechanism for senile cataractogenesis has been hypothesized as the results of oxidation-induced protein-thiol mixed disulfide formation, such as protein-S-S-glutathione and protein-S-S-cysteine mixed disulfides, which if not reduced in time, can change the protein conformation to allow cascading modifications of various kinds leading to protein–protein aggregation and insolubilization. The consequence of such changes in lens structural proteins is lens opacity. Besides GSH, the lens has several antioxidation defense enzymes that can repair oxidation damage. One of the specific redox regulating enzymes that has been recently identified is thioltransferase (glutaredoxin 1), which works in concert with GSH, to reduce the oxidative stress as well as to regulate thiol/disulfide redox balance by preventing protein-thiol mixed disulfide accumulation in the lens. This oxidation-resistant and inducible enzyme has multiple physiological functions. In addition to protecting structural proteins and metabolic enzymes, it is able to regulate the redox signaling of the cells during growth factor-stimulated cell proliferation and other cellular functions. This review article focuses on describing the redox regulating functions of GSH and the thioltransferase enzyme in the ocular lens.
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Larsen, Torben, Shakuntala H. Thilsted, Katja Kongsbak e Marianne Hansen. "Whole small fish as a rich calcium source". British Journal of Nutrition 83, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2000): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114500000246.
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The present rat balance study investigated Ca availability from the whole indigenous small fish species, mola (Amblypharyngodon mola) from Bangladesh and from skimmed milk. Four groups of six young male rats each were fedad libitumwith diets containing either small fish or milk, at 100 or 160 g crude protein/kg diet dry matter. The study was conducted for 28 d and faeces and urine samples were collected in two balance periods: days 8–14 and 22–28. The Ca and N contents of the diets, faeces and urine were analysed. Ca intake, fractional Ca absorption and Ca retention in relation to N retention were measured. Digestibility and protein utilization of the experimental diets, weight gain of the rats, femur bone weight and mineral composition as well as bone alkaline phosphatase activity were also determined. It was concluded from the values of these variables that Ca from small fish with bones was available and appeared to be a useful Ca source in rats, though perhaps not as available as Ca from milk. This study suggests that small fish with bones may be an important source of Ca in human diets. Promotion of the production and consumption of small fish in population groups with low intakes of milk and milk products should therefore be encouraged.
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Ellsworth, Ethan, Aaron J. Wirsing, Lisa A. Shipley e Dennis L. Murray. "Do measures of plant intake and digestibility from captive feeding trials align with foraging patterns of free-ranging snowshoe hares?" Wildlife Research 40, n.º 5 (2013): 349. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr13106.
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Context Measures of intake and digestibility from captive feeding experiments are often used to evaluate the nutritional value of plant species to herbivores; however, there is question about how well plant-quality rankings from these trials predict foraging patterns of free-ranging animals. Studies addressing the alignment of results from feeding trials and herbivory in the field using captive and free-roaming conspecifics are needed. Aims Our goal was to compare the feeding patterns of snowshoe hares in captive intake and digestion trials with those of free-living conspecifics in the species’ south-western range. Methods We conducted in vivo intake and digestion trials using captive hares to determine quality and consumption levels of the predominant conifer species in our study system. In the field, we quantified browsing intensity and over-winter depletion patterns of these conifers. We then compared voluntary intake and nutritional quality measured in captivity to consumption in the field. Key results Digestible energy (DE, kJ g–1) of conifers ranged from 11.0 (Pinus contorta) to 13.8 (Pseudotsuga menziesii) among six conifers, and digestible protein (DP, g protein per 100 g feed) from 1.2 (Thuja plicata) to 2.7 (P. contorta). During digestion trials, single-species intake was correlated with the content of digestible protein (DP) and digestible energy (DE). Hares maintained energy balance when fed two single-species diets (Pinus contorta, Pseudotsuga menziesii) and a mixed-species diet. Conifer species on which hares were able to maintain body mass (Pinus contorta, Picea engelmannii, Pseudotsuga menziesii) also tended to be the most heavily exploited by free-living hares. DP content of browse species predicted both browsing intensity and overwinter depletion of conifer species. Conclusions Voluntary intake and nutritional quality of browse, especially DP, successfully predicted foraging patterns of free-ranging conspecifics. Implications Intake and digestion trials can be a useful tool for better understanding patterns of herbivory in the field, and winter habitat quality for populations in this region is likely to be influenced by access to the most energy- and protein-rich conifers.
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Vinod, Nikhra. "The Trans-zoonotic Virome interface: Measures to balance, control and treat epidemics". Annals of Biomedical Science and Engineering 4, n.º 1 (9 de abril de 2020): 020–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.29328/journal.abse.1001009.
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The global virome: The viruses have a global distribution, phylogenetic diversity and host specificity. They are obligate intracellular parasites with single- or double-stranded DNA or RNA genomes, and afflict bacteria, plants, animals and human population. The viral infection begins when surface proteins bind to receptor proteins on the host cell surface, followed by internalisation, replication and lysis. Further, trans-species interactions of viruses with bacteria, small eukaryotes and host are associated with various zoonotic viral diseases and disease progression. Virome interface and transmission: The cross-species transmission from their natural reservoir, usually mammalian or avian, hosts to infect human-being is a rare probability, but occurs leading to the zoonotic human viral infection. The factors like increased human settlements and encroachments, expanded travel and trade networks, altered wildlife and livestock practices, modernised and mass-farming practices, compromised ecosystems and habitat destruction, and global climate change have impact on the interactions between virome and its hosts and other species and act as drivers of trans-species viral spill-over and human transmission. Zoonotic viral diseases and epidemics: The zoonotic viruses have caused various deadly pandemics in human history. They can be further characterized as either newly emerging or re-emerging infectious diseases, caused by pathogens that historically have infected the same host species, but continue to appear in new locations or in drug-resistant forms, or reappear after apparent control or elimination. The prevalence of zoonoses underlines importance of the animal–human–ecosystem interface in disease transmission. The present COVID-19 infection has certain distinct features which suppress the host immune response and promote the disease potential. Treatment for epidemics like covid-19: It appears that certain nutraceuticals may provide relief in clinical symptoms to patients infected with encapsulated RNA viruses such as influenza and coronavirus. These nutraceuticals appear to reduce the inflammation in the lungs and help to boost type 1 interferon response to these viral infections. The human intestinal microbiota acting in tandem with the host’s defence and immune system, is vital for homeostasis and preservation of health. The integrity and balanced activity of the gut microbes is responsible for the protection from disease states including viral infections. Certain probiotics may help in improving the sensitivity and effectivity of immune system against viral infections. Currently, antiviral therapy is available only for a limited number of zoonotic viral infections. Because viruses are intracellular parasites, antiviral drugs are not able to deactivate or destroy the virus but can reduce the viral load by inhibiting replication and facilitating the host’s innate immune mechanisms to neutralize the virus. Conclusion: Lessons from recent viral epidemics - Considering that certain nutraceuticals have demonstrated antiviral effects in both clinical and animal studies, further studies are required to establish their therapeutic efficacy. The components of nutraceuticals such as luteolin, apigenin, quercetin and chlorogenic acid may be useful for developing a combo-therapy. The use of probiotics to enhance immunity and immune response against viral infections is a novel possibility. The available antiviral therapy is inefficient in deactivating or destroying the infecting viruses, may help in reducing the viral load by inhibiting replication. The novel efficient antiviral agents are being explored.
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Buzoianu, Stefan G., Ava M. Firth, CallaBria Putrino e Fabio Vannucci. "Early-Life Intake of an Isotonic Protein Drink Improves the Gut Microbial Profile of Piglets". Animals 10, n.º 5 (18 de maio de 2020): 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10050879.
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A healthy microbial community in the gut of piglets is critical to minimize the negative performance consequences associated with dietary and environmental changes that occur at weaning. Tonisity Px, an isotonic protein drink, is a potential alternative to balance the gut microbiota as it contains key ingredients for nourishing the small intestine. In the present study, 16 litters comprising 161 piglets were randomly allocated to a group to which Tonisity Px was provided from days 2 to 8 of age (TPX group) or to a control group, to which no Tonisity Px was provided. The TPX group also received Tonisity Px in the 3 days before and after weaning. At days 9, 17, and 30 of age, fecal and ileum samples were collected from piglets belonging to both groups and analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, semiquantitative PCR of Rotavirus serogroups, and semiquantitative Escherichia coli culture. Overall, Tonisity Px increased the abundance of beneficial bacterial populations (Lactobacillus and Bacteroides species) and reduced potentially pathogenic bacterial populations (E. coli and Prevotellaceae), in both the pre-weaning and post-weaning periods.
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Wang, Yanwen, Sean Tibbetts e Patrick McGinn. "Microalgae as Sources of High-Quality Protein for Human Food and Protein Supplements". Foods 10, n.º 12 (4 de dezembro de 2021): 3002. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10123002.
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As a result of population growth, an emerging middle-class, and a more health-conscious society concerned with overconsumption of fats and carbohydrates, dietary protein intake is on the rise. To address this rapid change in the food market, and the subsequent high demand for protein products, agriculture, aquaculture, and the food industry have been working actively in recent years to increase protein product output from both production and processing aspects. Dietary proteins derived from animal sources are of the highest quality, containing well-balanced profiles of essential amino acids that generally exceed those of other food sources. However, as a result of studies highlighting low production efficiency (e.g., feed to food conversion) and significant environmental impacts, together with the negative health impacts associated with the dietary intake of some animal products, especially red meats, the consumption of animal proteins has been remaining steady or even declining over the past few decades. To fill this gap, researchers and product development specialists at all levels have been working closely to discover new sources of protein, such as plant-based ingredients. In this regard, microalgae have been recognized as strategic crops, which, due to their vast biological diversity, have distinctive phenotypic traits and interactions with the environment in the production of biomass and protein, offering possibilities of production of large quantities of microalgal protein through manipulating growing systems and conditions and bioengineering technologies. Despite this, microalgae remain underexploited crops and research into their nutritional values and health benefits is in its infancy. In fact, only a small handful of microalgal species are being produced at a commercial scale for use as human food or protein supplements. This review is intended to provide an overview on microalgal protein content, its impact by environmental factors, its protein quality, and its associated evaluation methods. We also attempt to present the current challenges and future research directions, with a hope to enhance the research, product development, and commercialization, and ultimately meet the rapidly increasing market demand for high-quality protein products.
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Shepard, Kristen A., e Michael D. Purugganan. "Molecular Population Genetics of the Arabidopsis CLAVATA2 Region: The Genomic Scale of Variation and Selection in a Selfing Species". Genetics 163, n.º 3 (1 de março de 2003): 1083–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/163.3.1083.
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Abstract The Arabidopsis thaliana CLAVATA2 (CLV2) gene encodes a leucine-rich repeat protein that regulates the development of the shoot meristem. The levels and patterns of nucleotide variation were assessed for CLV2 and 10 flanking genes that together span a 40-kb region of chromosome I. A total of 296 out of 7959 sequenced nucleotide sites were polymorphic. The mean levels of sequence diversity of the contiguous genes in this region are approximately twofold higher than those of other typical Arabidopsis nuclear loci. There is, however, wide variation in the levels and patterns of sequence variation among the 11 linked genes in this region, and adjacent genes appear to be subject to contrasting evolutionary forces. CLV2 has the highest levels of nucleotide variation in this region, a significant excess of intermediate frequency polymorphisms, and significant levels of intragenic linkage disequilibrium. Most alleles at CLV2 are found in one of three haplotype groups of moderate (>15%) frequency. These features suggest that CLV2 may harbor a balanced polymorphism.
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Mestanza, Camilo, Ricardo Riegel, Santiago C. Vásquez, Diana Veliz, Nicolás Cruz-Rosero, Hayron Canchignia e Herman Silva. "Discovery of mutations in Chenopodium quinoa Willd through EMS mutagenesis and mutation screening using pre-selection phenotypic data and next-generation sequencing". Journal of Agricultural Science 156, n.º 10 (dezembro de 2018): 1196–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859619000182.
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AbstractQuinoa (Chenopodium quinoaWilld) is a dicotyledonous annual species belonging to the family Amaranthaceae, which is nutritionally well balanced in terms of its oil, protein and carbohydrate content. Targeting-induced local lesions in genomes (the TILLING strategy) was employed to find mutations in acetolactate synthase (AHAS) genes in a mutant quinoa population. TheAHASgenes were targeted because they are common enzyme target sites for five herbicide groups. Ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) was used to induce mutations in theAHASgenes; it was found that 2% EMS allowed a mutation frequency of one mutation every 203 kilobases to be established. In the mutant population created, a screening strategy using pre-selection phenotypic data and next-generation sequencing (NGS) allowed identification of a mutation that alters the amino acid composition of this species (nucleotide 1231 codon GTT→ATT, Val→Ile); however, this mutation did not result in herbicide resistance. The current work shows that TILLING combined with the high-throughput of NGS technologies and an overlapping pool design provides an efficient and economical method for detecting induced mutations in pools of individuals.
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Luo, Yongjian, Jingyu Le, Yixin Zhang, Ru Wang, Qing Li, Xinxiong Lu, Jun Liu e Zhijun Deng. "Identification and Functional Analysis of LncRNAs in Response to Seed Aging in Metasequoia glyptostroboides by Third Generation Sequencing Technology". Forests 13, n.º 10 (27 de setembro de 2022): 1579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13101579.
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The seeds of Metasequia glyptostroboides Hu et Cheng, an endangered species, are susceptible to aging, making natural population renewal difficult and increasing the risk of extinction. LncRNAs play important roles in plant growth and development and biotic and abiotic stress responses, but the functions of lncRNAs in the aging process of M. glyptostroboides seeds are still unclear. In this study, we used single molecule real-time (SMRT) sequencing technology in combination with Illumina RNA-seq to analyze lncRNA changes during M. glyptostroboides seed aging. We identified 403 intergenic lncRNAs (lincRNAs), 29 intronic lncRNAs, and 25 antisense lncRNAs; screened 9000 differentially expressed mRNAs (DEGs) and 128 differentially expressed lncRNAs (DELs); and predicted 844 cis-target genes and 8098 trans-target genes. GO and KEGG functional annotation of target genes revealed that the regulation of the reactive oxygen species metabolic process, protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum, and the MAPK signaling pathway and other pathways were significantly enriched, showing a high correlation with the mRNA enrichment results. In addition, we constructed a ceRNA network consisting of 18 lncRNAs, 38 miRNAs, and 69 mRNAs, in which some miRNAs and mRNAs related to seed aging were found. Among them, miR167(a,b,c,d) may compete with lncRNA_00185, which is related to plant aging, to regulate the expression of the RCD1(Radical-induced Cell Death1) gene, thus promoting the balance of seed reactive oxygen species and enhancing seed-aging resistance. These results will have significant reference value in elucidating the molecular mechanism of the seed aging of M. glyptostroboides sequoia, improving the storage capacity for crop seeds, and protecting rare germplasm resources.
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Zhou, Liye, Xun Tian, Beimi Cui e Adil Hussain. "Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Invasive Species Cenchrus pauciflorus Benth to Drought Stress". Sustainability 13, n.º 11 (26 de maio de 2021): 5976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13115976.
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The invasive plant Cenchrus pauciflorus Benth exhibits strong adaptability to stress, especially drought. When newly introduced certain plant species can become invasive and quickly spread in an area due to lack of competition, potentially disturbing the ecological balance and species diversity. C. pauciflorus has been known to cause huge economic losses to agriculture and animal husbandry. Thus, understanding the physiological responses of C. pauciflorus to drought stress could help explore the role of C. pauciflorus in population expansion in sandy land environments. In this study, we evaluated the response of C. pauciflorus to induced low, moderate, and severe drought stress conditions. Results showed a linear reduction in the fresh weight (FW), dry weight (DW), and relative water content (RWC) of the aboveground parts of C. pauciflorus following drought stress as compared to the control plants (no drought stress). Chemical analyses showed that the drought treatments significantly induced the production of proline, soluble proteins, soluble sugars, MDA, and free amino acids as compared to the control treatment (no drought stress). On the other hand, the starch content was significantly reduced in drought-treated plants. This was also accompanied by a significant linear increase in the antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, POD, and CAT) in plants subjected to drought stress. On the basis of physiological and biochemical analyses, we propose that C. pauciflorus has evolved to survive harsh drought stress conditions of the desert via sophisticated biochemical adjustment and antioxidant reprograming that allows protection against damage caused by drought stress.
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Peng, Yunhui, e Ekaterina Michonova. "Long-range effect of a single mutation in spermine synthase". Journal of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry 17, n.º 05 (agosto de 2018): 1850030. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s021963361850030x.
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Spermine synthase (SpmSyn) is an enzyme critical for maintaining the balance of spermine/spermidine in the cell. The amino acid sequence of SpmSyn is highly conserved among the species. Most of the mutations found in the human population are shown to be causing Snyder–Robinson syndrome, a severe mental disorder, while not so many are neutral. This is intriguing since SpmSyn is a relatively large protein and less than 10% of its amino acids are directly involved in the catalysis. Here, we demonstrated that a mutation (G191S) at a site far away from the active pocket affects the active site dynamics and thus the functionality of SpmSyn. This suggests that SpmSyn functionality is regulated by networks of interacting residues and thus expands the functional and structural importance beyond the amino acids directly involved in the catalysis. Comparing the calculated effects of G191S and a nine-residue deletion shown to decrease SpmSyn activity [Wu H, Min J, Zeng H, McCloskey DE, Ikeguchi Y, Loppnau P, Michael AJ, Pegg AE, Plotnikov AN, Crystal structure of human spermine synthase: Implications of substrate binding and catalytic mechanism, J Biol Chem 283:16135–16146, 2008], we predict that G191S mutation also decreases SpmSyn activity and may be causing disease.
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Bolte, L., A. Vich Vila, F. Imhann, V. Collij, V. Peters, J. Fu, A. Kurilshikov et al. "OP29 Long-term dietary patterns are associated with pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory features of the gut microbiome". Journal of Crohn's and Colitis 15, Supplement_1 (1 de maio de 2021): S028—S029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ecco-jcc/jjab075.028.
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Abstract Background The gut microbiome directly affects the balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory responses in the gut. As microbes thrive on dietary substrates, the question arises whether we can nourish an anti-inflammatory gut ecosystem. In this study, we investigated the relation between 173 dietary factors and the microbiome of 1425 individuals spanning four cohorts: Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome and the general population. Methods Shotgun metagenomic sequencing was performed to profile gut microbial composition and function. Dietary intake was assessed through food frequency questionnaires. We performed unsupervised clustering to identify dietary patterns and microbial clusters. Next, linear models were conducted between dietary intake and microbial species and pathways, adding age, sex, caloric intake and sequencing read depth as covariates. Analyses were conducted per cohort, followed by a meta-analysis and heterogeneity estimation. Multiple testing correction was performed on the obtained p-values and a FDR <0.05 was defined as significance cut-off. Results We identified 38 associations between dietary patterns and microbial clusters. Moreover, 61 individual foods and nutrients were associated with 61 species and 249 metabolic pathways in the meta-analysis across healthy individuals and patients with IBS, Crohn’s disease and UC (FDR<0.05, heterogeneity p-value>0.05). Processed foods and animal-derived foods were consistently associated with higher abundances of Firmicutes, Ruminococcus species of the Blautia genus and endotoxin synthesis pathways. The opposite associations were found for clusters comprising fish, nuts, bread and legumes. Moreover, while total plant protein intake was associated with a higher Bifidobacterium abundance (FDR=0.048, coef=4.98), animal-derived protein showed a negative association (FDR=1.30x10-05, coef= -4.1). Lastly, we observed positive associations of fecal calprotectin with a fast food cluster (FDR=4.14x10-4, coef=0.24) and a cluster comprised of high-fat meat, potatoes and gravy (FDR=0.003, coef =0.22), while the opposite was seen for clusters of fish and nuts (FDR=0.038, coef= -0.1) and bread and legumes (FDR=0.005, coef= -2.48). Conclusion We identified dietary patterns that consistently correlate with groups of bacteria with shared functional roles in both, health and disease. Moreover, specific foods and nutrients were associated with species known to infer mucosal protection and anti-inflammatory effects. A decrease in these bacteria has already been associated with both IBS and IBD. We propose microbial mechanisms through which the diet affects inflammatory responses in the gut as a rationale for future intervention studies.
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Huang, Xiaojuan, Tong Zhou, Hasin Ullah, Danyang Zhu, Yan Tang, Hongli Xu, Hang Wang e Jiangli Tan. "Investigating the Influence of Varied Light-Emitting Diode (LED) Wavelengths on Phototactic Behavior and Opsin Genes in Vespinae". Animals 14, n.º 11 (23 de maio de 2024): 1543. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14111543.
Resumo:
The phototactic behavior of insects is commonly used to manage pest populations in practical production. However, this elusive behavior is not yet fully understood. Investigating whether the opsin genes play a crucial role in phototaxis is an intriguing topic. Vespinae (Hymenoptera: Vespidae) are a common group of social wasps that are closely associated with human activities. Efficiently controlling wasp populations while maintaining ecological balance is a pressing global challenge that still has to be resolved. This research aims to explore the phototactic behavior and key opsin genes associated with Vespinae. We found significant differences in the photophilic rates of Vespula germanica and Vespa analis under 14 different light conditions, indicating that their phototactic behavior is rhythmic. The results also showed that the two species exhibited varying photophilic rates under different wavelengths of light, suggesting that light wavelength significantly affects their phototactic behavior. Additionally, the opsin genes of the most aggressive hornet, Vespa basalis, have been sequenced. There are only two opsin genes, one for UV light and the other for blue light, and Vespa basalis lacks long-wavelength visual proteins. However, they exhibit peak phototaxis for long-wavelength light and instead have the lowest phototaxis for UV light. This suggests that the visual protein genes have a complex regulatory mechanism for phototactic behavior in Vespinae. Additionally, visual protein sequences have a high degree of homology among Hymenoptera. Despite the hypotheses put forward by some scholars regarding phototaxis, a clear and complete explanation of insect phototaxis is still lacking to date. Our findings provide a strong theoretical basis for further investigation of visual expression patterns and phototactic mechanisms in Vespinae.
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Ankit Kumar e Somenath Ghosh. "Biofloc technology (BFT) for indoor rearing of Clarias batrachus (Linn)". International Journal of Frontiers in Science and Technology Research 6, n.º 1 (30 de janeiro de 2024): 006–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.53294/ijfstr.2024.6.1.0079.
Resumo:
Increasing human population trends from 1.5 to 6.4 billion, with a projected growth to 9 billion by 2050, necessitates production diversification, which has been estimated at 840 million, in order to prevent malnutrition. The natural resources, particularly the fish reserves in lakes, rivers, and oceans, are negatively impacted by the population's exponential development. In order to encourage sustainable farming, aquaculture production must be increased without significantly utilizing the necessary natural resources. Sustainable fish farming is a method of managing suitable benthic conditions and water quality in a culture system while having a low environmental impact. In order to provide a nutrient-balanced diet, particularly one high in protein, animal husbandry and fishing are the two sources of animal protein. Fish products are the safest group of muscle protein, which contains all needed amino acids, essential fatty acids. Since very few literatures is available in the Biofloc technology (BFT), the present dissertation encompasses the research work from a very grass-root level i.e. from water analysis of BioFloc system to study of different rearing techniques and their effects on the growth of Clarias batrachus. The Biofloc aquaculture system is an eco-friendly one that produces using organic debris and recycled nutrients including phytoplankton, bacteria, dead organic matter by manipulating the C/N ratio to transform harmful nitrogenous wastes into beneficial microbial protein. which aids in water quality improvement in a zero-water exchange system. It may serve as a comprehensive supply of nourishment for aquatic species, as well as some bioactive substances that will improve growth, survival, and defense mechanisms, and it may serve as a unique way to aquaculture health management by boosting animals' innate immune systems.
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Al-Rmalli, Shaban W., Richard O. Jenkins, Michael J. Watts e Parvez I. Haris. "Determination of arsenic, cadmium, selenium, zinc and other trace elements in Bangladeshi fish and arsenic speciation study of Hilsa fish flesh and eggs: Implications for dietary intake". Biomedical Spectroscopy and Imaging 10, n.º 1-2 (15 de dezembro de 2021): 9–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/bsi-210212.
Resumo:
Exposure to As from drinking water and its impact on the health of the Bangladeshi population has received much attention. However, very little information is available regarding As exposure through consumption of fish, which is the main source of animal protein for the majority of Bangladeshis. In this study, concentrations of As, Cd, Pb, Mn Se and Zn in different types of fish, consumed by Bangladeshis, were determined using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry. Daily intakes of the toxic elements As, Cd and Pb through fish consumption were estimated to be 31.8, 0.4 and 4.8 μg/day, respectively. Hilsa (Tenualosa ilisha) contained the highest concentrations of total As (mean ± SD was 2.55 ± 1.3 mg/kg; n = 15) among the fish analysed. However, toxic inorganic As species were not detected. The dominant As species in Hilsa fish were: dimethylarsenic acid, arsenobetaine and arsenosugars, at 69, 11 and 20% of total As, respectively. The high concentration of Cd detected in Hilsa eggs (average 278 ± 518 μg/kg; range 7.4–1725 μg/kg; n = 10) is of concern since this may have harmful effects on the development of embryos and lead to a decline in the Hilsa population or the quality of the fish. It can also be harmful to those who consume Hilsa eggs on a regular basis. Selenium was found to be highest in Shoal (Micropterus cataractae) fish and a type of small fish, and lowest in Mrigal (Cirrhinus cirrhosis). Small fish species contained Mn and Zn at 7.1- and 4.3-fold higher concentrations, respectively, compared to big fish species. Keski (Corica soborna), a small fish species, contained by far the highest concentrations of Mn (52 mg/kg) and Zn (140 mg/kg), although the concentration of As (1.4 mg/kg) in this fish was lower than that of several other fish species. Small fish species are often consumed whole, including the bones, and therefore the essential trace elements present are potentially bioavailable for cellular metabolism. Our study shows that the Bangladeshi population can easily meet their daily requirement of Se and Zn from consumption of fish such as Shoal fish (Se and Zn), Hilsa fish (Se and Zn) and Keski fish (Se and Zn). Consumption of small fish (such as Keski) and big fish (such as Hilsa) from Bangladesh can provide valuable sources of essential trace elements as part of a balanced diet and thus negate the need for supplements and biofortification of certain foods. Ours is a small study and a detailed total dietary intake and human biomonitoring studies, that includes coverage of different socio-economic groups, are needed in Bangladesh before giving people supplements or biofortified foods.
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FIHURSKA, L. V., e V. V. THORENKO,. "THE CHARACTERISTIC OF COMPOUND FEEDS FOR TILAPIA FISH". Grain Products and Mixed Fodder’s 19, n.º 2 (4 de outubro de 2019): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.15673/gpmf.v19i2.1445.
Resumo:
The article states that, according to the literature review, in aquaculture of freshwater fish species that acquire everincreasing production volumes, tilapia is leading with 17%, and it is follower by carp (15% of world volume). For almost 60 years, tilapia have moved into second place in the global fish production, with the prospect of taking first place in the next 2-3 years and overtake carp in world production. Since fish is a rich source of proteins and essential amino acids, vitamins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, macro and micronutrients, it is also an important component of the diet of the population. Meat of tilapia is dense, non-fat, protein content close to trout meat, does not contain intermuscular bones. One of the priorities of the development of fish farming in Ukraine is the cultivation of tilapia. The amount of feed consumption in the world is increasing every year, due to the rapid growth in demand for tilapia. Currently, Ukrainian businessmen are interested in the production of catfish and tilapia. The most famous aquapride plants that grow these breeding objects are Lauren Aquaculture LLC (Rivne region), Aqua System Organic LLC (Kiev region), Catfish from Pavlysh TM (Kirovograd region), TM “First City Fish Farm ‘’I want a catfish ”(Kiev). That is why the production of balanced domestic feed for tilapia is an important task of the feed industry of Ukraine. The theoretical study was devoted to the issue of tilapia feed production. The nutritional value of feed for tilapia depends on the stage of the life cycle of this species of fish. It was shown the world leading manufacturers of feed for tilapia, it was analyzed the nutritional value of feed for this species of fish on the content of crude protein in the starting, growth and finishing periods, respectively. The requirements for the content of essential nutrients, essential amino acids, minerals (micro and micronutrients), water-and fat-soluble vitamins and restrictions on the content of crude fiber are given. The programs of feeding of tilapia of various producers are analyzed and an own program of feeding this species of fish is developed, it is divided the starting, growth and finishing period of tilapia growing. For starter mixed feeds for tilapia, the content of crude protein should be at least 45%, crude fat at least 12%, crude fiber not more than 1.5%, gross energy not less than 18 MJ, crude ash not more than 8%. For grower’s feeds, the content of crude protein should be at least 40 %, crude fat at least 12%, crude fiber not more than 3%, gross energy not less than 17 MJ, crude ash not more than 9.5%. For finishing feeds, the content of crude protein should be at least 30 %, crude fat at least 6%, crude fiber not more than 5%, gross energy not less than 17 MJ, crude ash not more than 7%. Amino acids requirements are very important for tilapia fish, feeds for tilapia from any period should contain lysine should be at least 1.6%, methionine should be at least 0.7 %.
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Thapa, Ranjita, e Matthew Blair. "Morphological Assessment of Cultivated and Wild Amaranth Species Diversity". Agronomy 8, n.º 11 (21 de novembro de 2018): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy8110272.
Resumo:
Amaranthus L. is genus of C4 dicotyledonous herbaceous plants comprising approximately 70 species, with three subgenera, which contains both cultivated and wild types, where cultivated ones are used for food grains, leafy vegetables, potential forages and ornamentals. Grain amaranth are pseudocereals from three species domesticated in North and South America and are notable for containing high amount of protein and minerals and balanced amino acid in their small seeds. Genetic diversity analysis of amaranths is important for development of core set of germplasm with widely diverse population and effective utilization of plant genetic resources. In this study, we evaluated a germplasm collection of 260 amaranth accessions from United State Department of Agriculture (USDA) and 33 accessions from Seed Savers’ Exchange (SSE). We evaluated morphological traits like blade pigmentation, blade shape, petiole pigmentation, branching index, flower color, stem color, inflorescence density, inflorescence shape, terminal inflorescence attitude, plant height and yield characteristics across all 293 accessions. We compared clustering within the USDA and SSE collection and across both collections. Data analysis of morphological data showed significant difference of petiole pigmentation, stem color, blade pigmentation, blade shape and flower color across different clusters of accessions of USDA unlike among different clusters of SSE where we found significant difference of only blade pigmentation, blade shape and flower color. The relationship depicted by neighbor-joining dendogram using the morphological markers was consistent with some but not all of the differences observed between species. Some divisions were found between cultivated and weedy amaranths that was substantiated by morphological characteristics but no separation of South and Central American species was observed. Substantial phenotypic plasticity limits the use of morphological analysis for phylogenetic analysis but does show that important morphological traits such as inflorescence type and plant architecture can cross species boundaries. Similarly, color variants for leaves, flowers and seeds are not exclusive to one cluster in our study nor to one species and can be used widely for breeding any of the cultigens, but not to species identification. Our findings will help in germplasm conservation of grain amaranths and facilitate in this crop’s improvement. It will also help on developing effective breeding programs involving different plant characteristics and morphological traits of Amaranths.
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Ortega-Salas, A. A., H. Reyes-Bustamante e H. Reyes B. "Sex reversal, growth, and survival in the swordtail fish Xiphophorus helleri (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) under laboratory conditions". UNED Research Journal 5, n.º 2 (20 de novembro de 2013): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22458/urj.v5i2.274.
Resumo:
The fish Xiphophorus helleri is a commercially important species. Here we analyze several cultivation variables. We studied them for 120 days in 10-gallon aquaria without aeration; 1 fry per liter, the temperature varied between 26,3 and 26,9 ° C. The pH ranged from 8,1 to 8,8 and the oxygen concentration from 6,2 to 6,6mg / L. Api-aba balanced fodd with 25% protein was used, three hormones were added: 1) Sten 2) Primoteston and 3) Sostenon 250. Sex reversal was 84,3%, 91,4% and 93,3% correspondingly. A fish with treatment 1 gained an average of 0,55g and total length of 5,4cm, with treatment 2: 0,59g and 5cm; and with treatment 3: 0,55g and 4,1cm. The 8th fortnight survival was 80%, 90% and 75% correspondingly; these differences are not statistically significant. The three treatments gave the expected results of sex reversal, growth and survival.KEY WORDSSexual revertion, animal feed, population density, hormone supply, aquaria without aeration
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Kheloufi, Abdenour, Lahouaria Mounia Mansouri, Mohamed Djelilate, Mourad Touka, Abdallah Chater e Charaf Dekhinet. "Nutritional Characteristics and Seed Germination Improvement of the Forage Shrub Retama sphaerocarpa (L.) Boiss". Contemporary Agriculture 69, n.º 3-4 (1 de dezembro de 2020): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/contagri-2020-0008.
Resumo:
SummaryRetama sphaerocarpa shrubs form populations that can be an important forage resource during the dry season when pasture shortages are common in certain arid and semi-arid Mediterranean basin regions. The leaves of R. sphaerocarpa were analyzed for dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) contents. Leaves were also analyzed for the concentration of macro- (P, K, Ca and Mg) and microelements (Mn, Zn, Fe, and Na). According to the contents of CP, NDF, ADF and ADL in the leaves examined, this species could strike an appropriate balance between available feed ingredients for daily nutritional needs of animals. The contents of Ca, K, Na, P, Fe, Mg, and Zn in Retama sphaerocarpa shrubs were found to be high, compared to a number of other forage shrub species. Conversely, the rate of natural regeneration of this shrub in situ was estimated at 2-5%. R. sphaerocarpa seeds are affected by seed coat dormancy that prevents seed germination under natural conditions. The seed germination was assessed at a laboratory after the chemical scarification of seeds by concentrated sulphuric acid in the duration range of 0 min and 240 min. The principal component analysis of data related to the germination ability and seedling emergence showed that the best pretreatment was 120 min immersion in sulphuric acid at 25°C (± 2°C), resulting in 86% of the final germination percentage (FGP) and 14.6 cm of the seedling length (SL). According to the results obtained, this species could be considered a ruminant feed of great nutritive value when drought decreases grazing herbaceous biomass yields. These results should encourage farmers and foresters to integrate R. sphaerocarpa into their planting programs.
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Cherenkov, A. V., e M. I. Dudka. "Reserves of increased vegetable protein in the northern part of the steppe of Ukraine". Animal Husbandry of the Steppe of Ukraine 1, n.º 2 (18 de novembro de 2022): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.31867/2786-6750.1.2.2022.74-81.
Resumo:
The problem of providing the population of Ukraine with food is of strategic importance and is gaining more and more relevance. The main condition for the further development of the country's livestock industry is the creation of a strong fodder base and the improvement of the nutritional quality of all types of farm animals. In this regard, the issue of anticipatory provision of animal husbandry needs with high-quality, protein-balanced, cheap feed is of particular importance.In the conditions of global climate change, the productivity of traditional local types of forage crops is becoming increasingly unstable over the years, there is a need to involve in field forage production highly adaptive both traditional and rare and new types of perennial and annual forage crops, to create effective models of winter, early and late spring and post-harvest annual agrophytocenoses.
Research was conducted with traditional and rare and new species of perennial grasses and annual forage crops. The soil of the experimental site is ordinary low-humus heavy loamy chernozem. The sown area of the plots was 80–152 m2, the accounting plots – from 50–60 to 90–139 m2, repetition three to four times.
The results of 25 years of research on reducing the protein deficiency in green fodder when growing perennial grasses and annual crops for field fodder production, obtained at the Erastivka Research Station of the Institute of Grain Crops in the conditions of insufficient moisture in the Northern Steppe of Ukraine, are given. The directions of intensification of field fodder production on the basis of effective use of arable land, creation of various annual agrophytocenoses of different periods of use and increase of their productivity with the application of a set of agrotechnological measures aimed at increasing the production of green fodder and improving their quality, rational use of the growing season and bioclimatic potential in the Northern Steppe are determined. of Ukraine
The regularities of the growth and development of annual fodder crops in winter, spring and post-autumn sowings, the peculiarities of the formation of agrophytocenoses adapted to the soil and ecological conditions of the region and their fodder productivity depending on technological methods, first of all, the selection of the species composition, the optimization of the terms and methods of sowing, the norms of sowing components have been established in mixtures and mineral fertilizer.
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Chiurazzi, Martina, Martina Di Maro, Mauro Cozzolino e Antonio Colantuoni. "Mitochondrial Dynamics and Microglia as New Targets in Metabolism Regulation". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, n.º 10 (13 de maio de 2020): 3450. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103450.
Resumo:
Energy homeostasis regulation is essential for the maintenance of life. Neuronal hypothalamic populations are involved in the regulation of energy balance. In order play this role, they require energy: mitochondria, indeed, have a key role in ensuring a constant energy supply to neurons. Mitochondria are cellular organelles that are involved in dynamic processes; their dysfunction has been associated with many diseases, such as obesity and type 2 diabetes, indicating their importance in cellular metabolism and bioenergetics. Food intake excess can induce mitochondrial dysfunction with consequent production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and oxidative stress. Several studies have shown the involvement of mitochondrial dynamics in the modulation of releasing agouti-related protein (AgRP) and proopiomelanocortin (POMC) neuronal activity, although the mechanisms are still unclear. However, recent studies have shown that changes in mitochondrial metabolism, such as in inflammation, can contribute also to the activation of the microglial system in several diseases, especially degenerative diseases. This review is aimed to summarize the link between mitochondrial dynamics and hypothalamic neurons in the regulation of glucose and energy homeostasis. Furthermore, we focus on the importance of microglia activation in the pathogenesis of many diseases, such as obesity, and on the relationship with mitochondrial dynamics, although this process is still largely unknown.
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Belinska, Svitlana, Nataliia Kamienieva, Stanislava Levytska e Sergiy Rogalskiy. "DETERMINATION OF AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF BROСCOLI CABBAGE PROTEIN". EUREKA: Life Sciences 3 (31 de maio de 2018): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2018.00660.
Resumo:
A wide range of fresh fruits and vegetables grown in different geographical areas and represented in international trade networks has changed the consumers' approaches to their choice. The determining criterion of choice is the biological value of plant raw materials, is determined by the content of amino acids, vitamins, mineral elements, β-carotene, which play a significant role in ensuring the functioning of the human body. The chemical composition of fruits and vegetables is highly variable and depends on the type, variety of vegetables, agro climatic conditions of their cultivation, storage characteristics and requires study. The study of the amino acid composition and biological value of the protein of the broccoli varieties of French and Dutch selections, which are regionalized in Ukraine, will determine the most promising varieties in order to provide the population with full-fledged proteins of plant origin. The amino acid composition of the protein of the broccoli Parthenon, Belstar F1, Quinta F1, Monaco F1 is regionalized and suitable for cultivation in different geographical regions of Ukraine. Calculation of the amino acidic score and biological value of the broccoli cabbage protein on which the varieties were ranked. 8 indispensable and 8 dispensable amino acids are identified and quantified. It is found that the greatest content of indispensable amino acids is characteristic for cabbage varieties Parthenon (41.95 mg/100 mg protein) and Belstar F1 (42.26 mg/100 mg protein). All the investigated varieties of broccoli cabbage don’t differ significantly in this indicator. A high content of glutamic acid (from 16.27 to 18.43 mg/100 mg protein), aspartic acid (from 9.54 to 10.56 mg/100 mg protein), arginine (from 6.02 to 6.90 mg) is found in the dispensable amino acids in broccoli cabbage varieties/100 mg). The calculated amino acid scores show that the broccoli cabbage protein is a valuable source of isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine and tryptophan. The score of methionine, tryptophan and isoleucine ranges from 165.1 % to 183.1 %; from 121.0 to 156.0 % and from 115.3 to 127.8 % respectively. Species of broccoli cabbage are identified, the protein of which has the highest biological value. The performed calculations confirm that the highest biological value is possessed by the broccoli cabbage protein of Quinta F1 variety (64.2 %). This variety is the most balanced in its amino acid composition compared to other varieties. The biological value of the protein of the varieties of Monaco F1, the Parthenon is different and amounted to 63.2 % and 63.1 %, respectively. The lowest biological value is found for the protein Belstar F1 – 60.5 %. The research results of the amino acid composition and biological value of the broccoli cabbage protein of varieties bred and grown in different countries will contribute to the expansion of the scientific database on the effect of climatic growing conditions on the biological value of the broccoli cabbage protein. The obtained results can also be useful for specialists in the agrarian sector and the fruit and vegetable industry.
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Cecchetto, N. R., S. M. Medina, S. Taussig e N. R. Ibargüengoytía. "The lizard abides: cold hardiness and winter refuges of Liolaemus pictus argentinus in Patagonia, Argentina". Canadian Journal of Zoology 97, n.º 9 (setembro de 2019): 773–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjz-2018-0214.
Resumo:
In environments where the temperature periodically drops below zero, it is remarkable that some lizards can survive. Behaviorally, lizards can find microsites for overwintering where temperatures do not drop as much as the air temperature. Physiologically, they can alter their biochemical balance to tolerate freezing or avoid it by supercooling. We evaluated the cold hardiness of a population of Liolaemus pictus argentinus Müller and Hellmich, 1939 in the mountains of Esquel (Patagonia, Argentina) during autumn. Additionally, we assessed the thermal quality (in degree-days) of potential refuges in a mid-elevation forest (1100 m above sea level (asl)) and in the high Andean steppe (1400 m asl). We analyzed the role of urea, glucose, total proteins, and albumin as possible cryoprotectants, comparing a group of lizards gradually exposed to temperatures lower than 0 °C with a control group maintained at room temperature. However, we found no evidence to support the presence of freeze tolerance or supercooling mechanisms in this species as related to the analyzed metabolites. Instead, the low frequency of degree-days below 0 °C and temperatures never lower than −3 °C in potential refuges suggest that L. p. argentinus might avoid physiological investments (such as supercooling and freeze tolerance) by behaviorally selecting appropriate refuges to overcome cold environmental temperatures.
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Njong, Clementine Endam, Romelle Dibanda Feumba e Richard Aba Ejoh. "Recipes and Proximate Composition of Some Traditional African Nightshade Dishes Consumed in the North West Region of Cameroon". Journal of Food Sciences 4, n.º 1 (26 de fevereiro de 2023): 12–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/jfs.1198.
Resumo:
Purpose: The objective of this study was to describe the methods of preparation of African nightshade (Solanum scabrum) and to determine the proximate composition of the African nightshade dishes consumed by Cameroonians living in Boyo, Momo, Mezam and Menchum divisions of the North West Region.
Methodology: The African nightshade used in the preparation of all the 25 recipes was purchased from the same farmer at kedjom ketingoh in Mezam division and the dishes were prepared at the laboratory of the College of Technonolgy – University of Bamenda (COLTECH-UBa).The 25 African nightshade dishes were then transferred to the Nutrition Centre for Research (CRAN) of the Ministry of Scientific Research and Innovation Cameroon for proximate composition determination. The contents in dry matter, ash, crude proteins, total lipids, crude fibres and total sugars were determined by standard AOAC methods.
Findings: The African nightshade dishes consumed are prepared from leguminous seeds : (egusi seeds and groundnut seeds), fluted pumpkin seeds, tomatoes, Irish potatoes and palm oil. The results obtained are expressed in percentage DW for ash, dry matter, proteins, lipids, crude fibres and Total sugars. The dry matter content ranges from (90.130g/100gDW to 95.626g/100gDW); ash content (9.301g/100g to 18.548g/100g), crude protein (16.7g/100g DW to 22.8g/100g DW), total lipid (7.50g/100g DW to 54.49g/100g DW), crude fibre (6.70g/100g to 20.10g/100g), Total sugars (0.64g/100g to 9.14g/100g). This study also reveals that a higher consumption of dishes made from leguminous seeds: egusi seeds, and groundnuts seeds such as “Scrubbed nightshade leaves boiled in egusi”, “Seasoned Mbas a sekoyn”, “Seasoned Mbas a mtsong mbi” and “English style with groundnuts” and low consumption of their complements will lead to a good nutritional balance. The study further reveals that the African nightshade dishes are good sources of proteins, crude fibres and poor sources of Carbohydrates.
Unique Contribution to Theory, Policy and Practice: This study provided information on: the nutrient composition of African nightshade dishes consumed in the North West Region of Cameroon; nutritional data of this species of vegetable that will be useful for nutrition education as a means to improve the nutritional status of the population and also made available documented food composition database for reference by consumers, dieticians and researchers.
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Fariedah, F., M. S. Widodo e R. Yuwanita. "Growth pattern and abundance of Varuna Literatta (Fabricius, 1798) in the new industrial area in the north coast of Gresik, East Java". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1036, n.º 1 (1 de julho de 2022): 012043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1036/1/012043.
Resumo:
Abstract Varuna literatta (Fabricius, 1798) is one of the organisms that inhabit the estuary area facing the sea and will enter the estuary area at high tide. V. literatta has been caught throughout the year in its whole form or its eggs are used to meet human consumption needs as a source of animal protein, besides that V. literatta has a very important role in maintaining the balance of aquatic ecosystems. The presence of V. literatta in the waters as a decomposer which is able to provide the nutrients needed by primary producers in these waters. On the other hand, there has been no attempt to domesticate V. literatta, because according to the IUCN 2021 V. literatta in Southeast Asia is a species that has not been evaluated. This status can cause a decrease in the population of V. literatta because there is no regular evaluation and there are no rules that regulate the catch of V. literatta. This is reinforced by information obtained from fishermen that the catch of V. literatta from year to year is decreasing. This study aims to obtain information including reproductive aspects of V. literatta in an industrial area located on the coast of Gresik Regency. Sampling was carried out at three stations (Kalimireng river, Mengare river, Kalilamong river) at each high tide from June-August 2021. The samples obtained were then counted and differentiated between males and females, then body length and weight were measured to determine growth patterns and abundance. The results showed that the male and female V. literatta had a negative allometric growth pattern. The growth of V. literatta is also differentiated by sex. The highest abundance of V. literatta was obtained from Manyar station.
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Singh, Anju, Ritushree Kukreti, Luciano Saso e Shrikant Kukreti. "Mechanistic Insight into Oxidative Stress-Triggered Signaling Pathways and Type 2 Diabetes". Molecules 27, n.º 3 (30 de janeiro de 2022): 950. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27030950.
Resumo:
Oxidative stress (OS) is a metabolic dysfunction mediated by the imbalance between the biochemical processes leading to elevated production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant defense system of the body. It has a ubiquitous role in the development of numerous noncommunicable maladies including cardiovascular diseases, cancers, neurodegenerative diseases, aging and respiratory diseases. Diseases associated with metabolic dysfunction may be influenced by changes in the redox balance. Lately, there has been increasing awareness and evidence that diabetes mellitus (DM), particularly type 2 diabetes, is significantly modulated by oxidative stress. DM is a state of impaired metabolism characterized by hyperglycemia, resulting from defects in insulin secretion or action, or both. ROS such as hydrogen peroxide and the superoxide anion introduce chemical changes virtually in all cellular components, causing deleterious effects on the islets of β-cells, in turn affecting insulin production. Under hyperglycemic conditions, various signaling pathways such as nuclear factor-κβ (NF-κβ) and protein kinase C (PKC) are also activated by ROS. All of these can be linked to a hindrance in insulin signaling pathways, leading to insulin resistance. Hyperglycemia-induced oxidative stress plays a substantial role in complications including diabetic nephropathy. DM patients are more prone to microvascular as well as atherosclerotic macrovascular diseases. This systemic disease affects most countries around the world, owing to population explosion, aging, urbanization, obesity, lifestyle, etc. However, some modulators, with their free radical scavenging properties, can play a prospective role in overcoming the debilitating effects of OS. This review is a modest approach to summarizing the basics and interlinkages of oxidative stress, its modulators and diabetes mellitus. It may add to the understanding of and insight into the pathophysiology of diabetes and the crucial role of antioxidants to weaken the complications and morbidity resulting from this chronic disease.
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Lee, Sung Bae, Hyeong Geug Kim, Jin Seok Lee, Won Yong Kim, Myong Min Lee, Yun Hee Kim, Jung Ok Lee, Hyeon Soo Kim e Chang Gue Son. "Intermittent restraint-induced sympathetic activation attenuates hepatic steatosis and inflammation in a high-fat diet-fed mouse model". American Journal of Physiology-Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology 317, n.º 6 (1 de dezembro de 2019): G811—G823. http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/ajpgi.00047.2019.
Resumo:
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is very prevalent worldwide and is associated with insulin resistance and metabolic syndrome. Stress is a physiological and biological response to maintain homeostasis of the body against stressors while severe stress response is an important contributor to various illnesses, including metabolic syndrome and brain disorders. We have evaluated the effects of intermittent restraint stress on NAFLD in a high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mouse model. C57/BL6 mice had free access to a 60% HFD for 8 wk, with or without intermittent restraint stress (3 h) conducted three times a week. HFD administration increased fat accumulation in liver tissues. Unlike the stressed standard diet group, the levels of hepatic total cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly ameliorated in the HFD with stress group compared with the HFD alone group. These beneficial results were in accordance with serum levels of liver enzymes (aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase) and hepatic levels of TNF-α and oxidative stress parameters (reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide, and malondialdehyde). The intermittent restraint stress significantly attenuated the HFD-derived alterations in serum insulin levels, hepatic protein kinase B activity, and gene expression, especially related to lipogenesis. This intermittent restraint stress also elevated the serum epinephrine concentration and activated the adrenergic receptor β2 or β3 in livers or white adipose tissue (WAT). Activation of energy expenditure markers (uncoupling protein 1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ coactivator-1α) in brown adipose tissue and the browning of WAT were also observed in the HFD with stress group. Taken together, our findings showed the beneficial effects of sympathetic activation by intermittent restraint stress on HFD-induced hepatic steatosis and partial inflammation. NEW & NOTEWORTHY In modern society, stress is a part of daily life, and a certain level of stress is inevitable to most of the general population. Uncontrolled severe stress is obviously harmful; however, certain kind/level of stress could be beneficial on lipid metabolism via sympathetic activation. Our data suggest that a sympathetic activation by intermittent restraint stress could play a positive role in maintaining the balance of hepatic lipid metabolism, especially under high-fat diet conditions.
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Burgaz, M. I., T. I. Matvienko, K. I. Bezik e O. M. Soborova. "The current state of fish market in Ukraine". Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences 2, n.º 3 (2 de dezembro de 2019): 6–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/ujvas2-3.02.
Resumo:
The fishing industry is an important component of the economy of Ukraine at the present stage of development. The development and implementation of the innovative technologies in fish farming and fish processing require mandatory and ongoing analysis of a fish market infrastructure. The demand for food protein, which is characterized by a balanced amino acid content is provided by fish and seafood at 20–30 %. The aim of this work was to understand a current state of a fish products market in Ukraine, its pricing and consumption. Based on the specialized literature the evaluation of a current state of fish and fish products consumption in Ukraine and own studies of the price category of fish products in Ukraine in recent years were conducted. We studied fish and fish products consumption per year per capita in Ukraine over the last 20 years, assortment of fish in Ukraine, the import of fish and fishery products by species, the product prices in UAH per kg both in previous years and today. According to international medical standards the annual consumption of fish and seafood should be 20 kg per person. At the same time in Ukraine according to the State Statistics Committee on the 01.01.2019 14.5 kg of fish and seafood came out per capita. In 2018–2019 herring traditionally remained a leader of consumption in Ukraine. Ukraine also imported such species of fish: mackerel, hake, herring, salmon, pilchards, pollack, capelin, sardines, notating. In addition pangasius, shrimp, blue whiting, mussels, squid, saury, Jack mackerel, sea bass, tuna, flounder, anchovies, smelt, cod, salmon and other species of fish, caviar and seafood are imported in Ukraine. The investigated assortment of fish in Ukraine is represented both domestic and imported products. The domestic production are: carp, pike, capelin, herring, mackerel, sprat, the imported products are: flounder, perch, pangasius, salmon, butter, hake, Pollock, capelin, nototenia, herring, mackerel, cod, tuna, tilapia (sole), sea trout, whiting and so forth. It is established that the condition of a fish market in Ukraine is affected by an unstable economic and political situation in the country, low solvency of the population, corruption and the high payables of the enterprises. In Ukraine a tendency towards a decrease in the volume of fish and fish products consumption by the population of Ukraine is observed annually, which is a consequence of the decline in fish catch and fish production, depreciation of fixed assets and a lack of financial support to the fishing industry.
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Jensen, J. G. "Managing fish, flood plains and food security in the Lower Mekong Basin". Water Science and Technology 43, n.º 9 (1 de maio de 2001): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2001.0529.
Resumo:
The “Lower Mekong Basin” in this paper refers to the part of the Mekong River Basin which is shared by Cambodia, Laos, Thailand and Viet Nam, all members of the Mekong River Commission, consisting of approx. 2,400 km of mainstream river, numerous tributaries and huge flood plains. Few river basins produce as much fish as the Mekong River Basin, and the fishery in the Lower Mekong Basin is among the biggest and most productive inland fisheries in the world. The flood plains of the Lower Mekong produce some four times as much fish per square kilometre as the North Sea, which is among the most productive marine areas in the world. It is quite clear that the fisheries in the Mekong Basin are very important for the population in respect to their food security and income. Its importance in nutrition is highest in the rural areas, where there are few other low cost sources of protein, and even in highland areas fish is of crucial importance in the diet. Most fish species in the Mekong Basin are migratory, and the economically most important ones are certainly so. However, with economic development gaining speed, the impact on migratory patterns and the competition for the water resources are becoming stronger. The water resources offer a large number of opportunities, and a lot of economic activities need access to the water resources for their development. However, what is seen in one sector as an opportunity may be considered as a threat in another, and a careful balance is necessary in order not to lose opportunities in important sectors. The fate of a large number of river basins in the world is frightening. Most have been left biologically near dead, with some of the big rivers reduced for a time, or forever, to be used as waste water canals for the new industries, and others almost dried out from excessive water extraction before they reach the sea.
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Smith, Sharon M., e Elizabeth J. Mayer-Davis. "Leptin in Relation to Hypertension: The Role of Obesity in the Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS)". Circulation 103, suppl_1 (março de 2001): 1361. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/circ.103.suppl_1.9998-53.
Resumo:
P53 Background: Leptin, a protein secreted by adipose tissue, has actions that may affect blood pressure via energy balance, insulin sensitivity and/ or the central nervous system. Purpose: The purpose of this abstract is to evaluate the association between leptin level and blood pressure in the multi-center, tri-ethnic Insulin Resistance Atherosclerosis Study (IRAS) population. Methods: IRAS participants (n=1507) were age 40-69 years; 56% female; mean body mass index (BMI)= 29 kg/m2; and 39% hypertensive. Main exposure: multi species leptin radioimmunoassay was used to quantify leptin concentrations (Linco Research Inc., St. Louis, MO; range 0-122.19ng/ml). Main outcome: Main outcome was hypertension (Yes/No), defined as a systolic >=140mm Hg and/ or a diastolic reading of >=90mm Hg or taking antihypertensive medication. Analysis: Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between leptin and hypertension, while adjusting for age, dietary fat, gender, activity, ethnicity and clinic. Final models evaluated the role of obesity. Results: The proportion of individuals that were hypertensive by quartile was 28%, 40%, 40% and 49%, respectively. The odds of being hypertensive was 1.60 (p=0.0001) times higher for every 16ng/ml (1 SD) change in leptin after adjusting for age, gender, dietary fat, ethnicity and clinic site, and energy expended (n=1507). The role of BMI (leptin*BMI) was considered, resulting in a reduction of leptin’s effect on hypertension (p=0.02 for the interaction term). The overall odds ratio for being hypertensive per 16ng/ml (1 SD) change was 1.80 (p=0.04) with an attenuation of the effect as BMI increased (estimated OR for BMI of 22, 27 and 32 was 1.23, 1.14, and 1.05 respectively). Analysis were repeated excluding those with diabetes (n=999) and results were essentially unchanged. Conclusion: Increased leptin is associated with increased occurrence of hypertension and its effect is attenuated by increasing BMI. Future work is necessary to confirm and explain these results.
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Tothova, Zuzana, Ramya Kollipara, Brian J. Huntly, Benjamin H. Lee, Diego H. Castrillon, Emmanuelle A. Passegue, Dana E. Cullen et al. "FoxO Are Critical Mediators of Hematopoietic Stem Cell Resistance to Physiologic Oxidative Stress." Blood 108, n.º 11 (16 de novembro de 2006): 439. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v108.11.439.439.
Resumo:
Abstract Hematopoietic development and long-term homeostasis are tightly regulated by a dynamic balance of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation. To understand the role of the FoxO family of transcription factors in these processes, we studied the impact of somatic deletion of all FoxO genes in the adult hematopoietic system of mice engineered with the interferon-inducible Mx-Cre transgene and various conditional FoxO alleles: FoxO1L/L; FoxO3 L/L; and/or FoxO4 L/L. Cre-mediated excision of FoxO1, FoxO3 and FoxO4 (FoxO1/O3/O4L/L), resulted in myeloid lineage expansion, lymphoid developmental abnormalities and a marked decrease of the lineage-negative, Sca-1+, c-Kit+ (LSK) compartment, containing the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) population, but normal numbers of myeloid progenitors. Furthermore, FoxO1/O3/O4L/L null bone marrow cells were defective in competitive and noncompetitive repopulation assays. This FoxO deficient defect correlated with enhanced cell cycling and increased apoptosis of HSC cells. Notably, there was an HSC-restricted elevation in the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that was not observed in committed progenitors, and was associated with decreased catalase and MnSOD expression. Furthermore, in vivo treatment with the anti-oxidative agent N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) resulted in complete reversion of the FoxO deficient HSC phenotype. Taken together, these results demonstrate that, in the HSC compartment, FoxO proteins are mediators of quiescence and enhanced survival and play essential regulatory roles in the response to physiologic oxidative stress, a function that may contribute to the long-term regenerative potential of the hematopoietic stem cell compartment.
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Тамашевский, А. В., Ю. М. Гармаза, Н. А. Федуро, В. В. Пасюков e Е. И. Слобожанина. "Redox Reactions Balance in Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes of Patients with Chronic B-Lymphocytic Leukemia as a Personalist Criterion for Assessment the Organism Response to Drug Therapy". Лабораторная диагностика. Восточная Европа 12, n.º 4 (30 de novembro de 2023): 536–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.34883/pi.2023.12.4.005.
Resumo:
Цель. Определить жизнеспособность лимфоцитов периферической крови пациентов с хроническим B-лимфоцитарным лейкозом (B-ХЛЛ) до и после проведения им химиотерапии и оценить значимость редокс-состояния их иммунокомпетентных клеток при метаболизме лекарственных препаратов для персонифицированного учета ответа организма на использованную схему лечения. Материалы и методы. В работе использована периферическая кровь пациентов с диагнозом B-ХЛЛ (n=25). В качестве лекарственных средств были выбраны: нуклеозидный аналог флударабел (Flu, 5 мг/л); ингибитор протеинтирозинкиназы иматиниб (Imat, 5 мг/л), синтетический глюкокортикостероид дексаметазон (Dex, 5 мг/л), а также винка-алкалоид винкристин (Vincr, 0,25 мг/л). Процентное содержание CD5+ лимфоцитов среди CD19+ клеток в суммарной популяции периферических мононуклеарных клеток (ПМНК) пациентов с B-ХЛЛ определяли цитофлуориметрически с использованием специфических моноклональных антител. Оценка уровня активных форм кислорода в ПМНК проводилась цитофлуориметрически с применением флуоресцентного зонда 5-хлорометил-2,’7’-дихлородигидрофлуоресцеин диацетата (СМ-H2DCFDA). Чувствительность ПМНК к лекарственным средствам определяли с помощью МТТ-теста. Результаты. Проведена оценка редокс-состояния лимфоцитов пациентов с B-ХЛЛ до и после воздействия на них лекарственных средств в терапевтических концентрациях, а также определена их чувствительность к данным противоопухолевым химиопрепаратам. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о снижении чувствительности клеток пациентов с B-ХЛЛ после полного курса химиотерапии к флударабелу, винкристину, дексаметазону и иматинибу по сравнению с клетками пациентов, не прошедших химиотерапию. Выявлено изменение редокс-статуса в клетках пациентов с B-ХЛЛ до проведения химиотерапии после воздействия исследуемых лекарственных средств по сравнению с группой пациентов после химиотерапии. Обнаружены высокая гетерогенность популяций клеток пациентов с B-ХЛЛ и значительная вариабельность в индивидуальной чувствительности к концентрациям противоопухолевых лекарственных средств, близким к терапевтическим, что свидетельствует о необходимости персонификации чувствительности клеток пациентов к химиотерапевтическим воздействиям ex vivo при выборе адекватной стратегии лечения конкретного пациента. Заключение. Для возможности персонифицированного учета ответа клеток пациентов с B-ХЛЛ на химиотерапию в качестве прогностического показателя можно использовать изменение их редокс-состояния. Purpose. To determine the peripheral blood lymphocytes viability of patients with chronic B-lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) before and after chemotherapy and to estimate the significance of their immunocompetent cells redox balance under drugs metabolism for assessment the organism response to used treatment regimen. Materials and methods. A peripheral blood of patients with B-CLL (n=25) was used. The following antitumor drugs have been chosen: nucleoside analog fludarabel (Flu, 5 mg/l); the protein tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib (Imat, 5 mg/l), the synthetic glucocorticosteroid dexamethasone (Dex, 5 mg/l), and the vinca alkaloid vincristine (Vincr, 0.25 mg/l). The percentage of CD5+ lymphocytes among CD19+ cells in the total population of B-CLL peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) was determined by flow cytometry using special monoclonal antibodies. The level of reactive oxygen species in PBMCs was assessed using fluorescent probe 5-chloromethyl-2,’7’-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (CM- H2DCFDA). The PBMCs sensitivity to antitumor drugs was determined using MTT test. Results. The redox state of lymphocytes in patients with B-CLL was assessed before and after exposure to drugs in therapeutic concentrations and their sensitivity to these antitumor drugs was determined. The obtained results indicate about decrease in the cells sensitivity of B-CLL patients after a full course of chemotherapy to fludarabel, vincristine, dexamethasone and imatinib, compared with the cells of patients are not treated with chemotherapy. Alterations in the redox state of B-CLL patient’s cells before chemotherapy after exposure to the studied drugs compared to the group of patients after chemotherapy was revealed. High heterogeneity of cell populations of B-CLL patients and significant variability in individual sensitivity to anticancer drugs concentrations close to therapeutic ones were found. This indicates about importance of personalizing of the patient’s cells sensitivity to ex vivo chemotherapeutic effects under choosing an adequate treatment strategy for certain patient. Conclusion. Alterations in lymphocytes redox state can be used as a prognostic indicator for the possibility of personalized analysis of the response of B-CLL patient’s cells to chemotherapy.
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Housand, Conrad, Nil Roy, Tine Wyseure, Christie Eissler, Justine Metzger, Michaela Bairlein, Julie O'Brien et al. "Abstract C126: Translational pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling of novel covalent Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) activators". Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 22, n.º 12_Supplement (1 de dezembro de 2023): C126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.targ-23-c126.
Resumo:
Abstract Introduction: The KEAP1-nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) signaling axis is a key homeostatic mechanism for cells to maintain redox balance. In oxidative stress, reactive oxygen species (ROS) modify residues on KEAP1, impairing its binding and ubiquitination of NRF2. This leads to an accumulation and translocation of NRF2 to the nucleus where it increases transcription of genes for antioxidant response [Pillai 2022]. The KEAP1-NRF2 pathway is hijacked in cancers through NRF2 gain of function or KEAP1 loss of function mutations leading to aberrant activation of NRF2. We have discovered small molecule covalent KEAP1 activators that increase Keap1 incorporation into productive E3 complexes with CUL3, promoting the degradation of NRF2. Given the covalent nature of binding, the turnover of KEAP1, the resulting regulation of NRF2 protein level, and NRF2 target gene transcription and translation, the relationship between the small molecule KEAP1 activator plasma PK, tumor PK and KEAP1 target engagement (TE), and resulting PD (NRF2 degradation) is complex. A translational PK/PD model is established to quantitatively describe this for a tool molecule VVD-065 [see Roy 2023], investigate parameters which influence PK/PD relationships, and identify potential efficacious doses to guide development. Methods: The translational PK/PD model includes a physiologically-based PK (PBPK) model to capture available animal PK and predict human plasma PK, a compartmental tumor PK model to describe and predict tumor PK from mouse xenograft experiments, and a mechanistic TE-PD model derived from a published model for binding of KEAP1 and NRF2 and the stabilization and subsequent ubiquitination of the KEAP1-NRF2-drug complex [Liu 2021]. Thus, the translational PK/PD model integrates cumulative available physicochemical properties, in vitro, and preclinical in vivo data of VVD-065 [see Roy 2023]. Model development was undertaken in R software using the mrgsolve package. Results: The established PBPK model successfully recapitulated animal (mouse, rat, dog) PK from physicochemical properties and in vitro ADME and was used to predict human plasma PK. Mouse plasma and tumor PK collected from xenograft experiments was used to construct a compartmental tumor PK model to subsequently predict human tumor PK from simulated human plasma PK. The mechanistic TE-PD model was qualified based on literature, proteomics, and available in vitro and in vivo (xenograft) KEAP1 TE and NRF2 degradation driven by tumor PK. Physiological variability contributing to human PK was incorporated through creation of a virtual population. Sensitivity analyses from the translational PK/PD model revealed tumor PK and KEAP1 turnover as key parameters influencing PD activity. The translational PK/PD model could be used to predict human dosing regimens which maximize KEAP1 TE and resulting NRF2 degradation. Conclusion: A translational PK/PD model is established and can be used to predict efficacious dose regimens and guide clinical development for novel KEAP1 activators. Citation Format: Conrad Housand, Nil Roy, Tine Wyseure, Christie Eissler, Justine Metzger, Michaela Bairlein, Julie O'Brien, Melaminah Williams, Victor Contreras, Marine Garrido, Todd Kinsella, Jenna Goldberg, Matt Patricelli, Peter N. Morcos. Translational pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling of novel covalent Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (KEAP1) activators [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC Virtual International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2023 Oct 11-15; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2023;22(12 Suppl):Abstract nr C126.
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Pinchas, Marisa D., Nathan C. LaCross e Suzanne Dawid. "An Electrostatic Interaction between BlpC and BlpH Dictates Pheromone Specificity in the Control of Bacteriocin Production and Immunity in Streptococcus pneumoniae". Journal of Bacteriology 197, n.º 7 (26 de janeiro de 2015): 1236–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.02432-14.
Resumo:
ABSTRACTTheblplocus ofStreptococcus pneumoniaesecretes and regulates bacteriocins, which mediate both intra- and interspecific competition in the human nasopharynx. There are four major alleles of the geneblpH, which encodes the receptor responsible for activating theblplocus when bound to one of four distinct peptide pheromones (BlpC). The allelic variation ofblpHis presumably explained by a need to restrict cross talk between competing strains. The BlpH protein sequences have polymorphisms distributed throughout the sequence, making identification of the peptide binding site difficult to predict. To identify the pheromone binding sites that dictate pheromone specificity, we have characterized the four major variants and two naturally occurring chimeric versions ofblpHin which recombination events appear to have joined two distinctblpHalleles together. Using these allelic variants, a series of laboratory-generated chimericblpHalleles, and site-directed mutants of both the receptor and peptide, we have demonstrated that BlpC binding to some BlpH types involves an electrostatic interaction between the oppositely charged residues of BlpC and the first transmembrane domain of BlpH. An additional recognition site was identified in the second extracellular loop. We identified naturally occurring BlpH types that have the capacity to respond to more than one BlpC type; however, this change in specificity results in a commensurate drop in overall sensitivity. These natural recombination events were presumably selected for to balance the need to sense bacteriocin-secreting neighbors with the need to turn on bacteriocin production at a low density.IMPORTANCEBacteria use quorum sensing to optimize gene expression to accommodate for local bacterial density and diffusion rates. To prevent interception of quorum-sensing signals by neighboring strains, the genomes of single species often encode strain-specific signal/receptor pairs. Theblplocus inStreptococcus pneumoniaethat drives bacteriocin secretion is controlled by quorum sensing that involves the interaction of the signal/receptor pair BlpC/BlpH. We show that the pneumococcal population can be divided into several distinct BlpC/BlpH pairs; however, there are examples of naturally occurring chimeric receptors that can bind to more than one BlpC type. The trade-off for this broadened specificity is a loss of overall receptor sensitivity. This suggests that under certain conditions, the advantage of signal interception can trump the requirements for self-induction.
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Liu, Lu, Meiling Zhao, Kevin B. Yang, Xi Jin, Gina Ney, Juan Del Valle, Takao Iwawaki e Qing Li. "N-RasG12D-Mediated Dysregulation of IRE1alpha-Xbp1s Signaling Promotes Pre-Leukemic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Expansion". Blood 128, n.º 22 (2 de dezembro de 2016): 567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v128.22.567.567.
Resumo:
Abstract Protein homeostasis is tightly regulated to ensure cell integrity. Upon stimulation by nutrition deprivation, increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), or high protein synthesis demand, increased ER stress triggers unfolded protein response (UPR) pathways to induce either adaptation, including reduced protein synthesis and increased expression of chaperones to promote protein refolding, or apoptosis after severe or prolonged damage. The fate of the cell under ER stress therefore depends on the balance between adaptive and pro-apoptotic signalings. Within the hematopoietic populations, HSCs have the lowest protein synthesis rate. In addition, HSCs are more sensitive to ER-stress-induced apoptosis compared to progenitors. Recent studies have shown that constitutive activation of ER-stress leads to depletion of HSCs. Promotion of adaptation to ER-stress by overexpressing co-chaperones such as ERDJ4, increase the HSC repopulation capacity. Taken together, these studies suggest that protein homeostasis plays an important role in hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) regulation. Genetic lesions that activate oncogenes or inactivate tumor suppressor genes transform HSCs and progenitors first to pre-leukemic stem cells (pre-LSCs) which often exhibit increased proliferation and therefore increased protein synthesis demand. Employing an Mx-Cre+; LSL-NrasG12D/+conditional knock-in mouse model, our previous studies have shown that N-RasG12Dincreases both self-renewal and proliferation of HSCs. To determine whether UPR pathways contribute to N-RasG12D-mediated pre-leukemic stem cell expansion, we first assessed the response of Nras mutant HSCs to ER stress either by exposure to tunicamycin(TM), which blocks synthesis of N-linked glycoproteins, or thapsigargin(TG), which disrupts Ca2+ homeostasis in the ER. Consistent with recent reports, both TM and TG treatment induced apoptosis in murine SLAM HSCs (CD150+CD48-Lin-sca1+ckit+). Nras mutant HSCs, however, exhibited a significant reduction of apoptosis as measured by Annexin V staining and caspase activation, and their colonogenic potential was unaffected. These effects were mitigated by inhibition of MEK/ERK signaling but not STAT5, and were specific to hyperactive Nras mutant HSCs, since FLT3-ITD leukemic mutation had no effect on HSC survival under ER stress. To identify the mechanism underlying the N-RasG12D-mediated HSC protection, we examined the major signaling branches of UPR: IRE1alpha/XBP1s, ATF6 and PERK/eIF2alpha. We found that N-RasG12D activated the adaptive branch of the UPR, Inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE-1)/XBP1s signaling, as increased level of phospho-IRE1alpha and XBP1s mRNA were observed. Furthermore, inhibition of this pathway by either a small molecular inhibitor specific to the RNase activity of IRE1alpha, or overexpression of a dominant negative mutant of XBP1s, reduced the adaptation to ER-stress and competitive advantage in transplant recipients of Nras mutantHSCs. Moreover, heterozygous knockout of IRE1alpha blocked N-RasG12D-mediated splenomegaly and myeloid expansion in Mx1-cre+; Ire1alphafl/+; LSL-NrasG12D/+ mice. These results indicate that N-RasG12D-mediated activation of IRE1alpha/XBP1s signaling protects HSCs from ER stress and promotes pre-LSC clonal expansion. To identify the downstream targets of IRE1alpha/XBP1s, we examined the potential transcription targets of XBP1s and found that the co-chaperone dnajb8 is significantly upregulated in Nras mutant HSCs. Overexpression of dnajb8 also significantly enhanced the long term reconstitution capacity of HSCs in transplant recipients, suggesting that N-RasG12D-mediated activation of IRE1alpha/XBP1s promotes protein refolding. Consistent with this, in vivo level of protein aggregation was much lower in Nras mutant HSCs as compared to wild type HSCs. Interestingly, unlike Runx1 knockout, which confers resistance to ER stress by inhibiting ribosome biogenesis and protein synthesis, we observed increased protein synthesis in NrasG12D HSCs. Taken together, we conclude that N-RasG12D dysregulates IRE1alpha-Xbp1s signaling to promote adaptation to ER-stress, re-balancing protein homeostasis, and maintaining the integrity of the HSC pool to promote pre-leukemic hematopoietic stem cell expansion. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Volesky, Jerry D., Stephen L. Young e Karla H. Jenkins. "Cattle Grazing Effects on Phragmites australis in Nebraska". Invasive Plant Science and Management 9, n.º 2 (junho de 2016): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-15-00056.1.
Resumo:
Phragmites australis (common reed) is one of the most widely distributed flowering plants in North America. The introduced lineage occurs in wetland and riparian areas covering a range of climatic types. In Nebraska, an abundance of livestock could help to reduce P. australis with proper timing and grazing intensities. In 2011, a 3-yr study was initiated to evaluate targeted cattle grazing and herbicide effects and the nutritive value of this species. Treatments included a single application of imazapyr (Habitat®, BASF Corporation, Research Triangle Park, NC) herbicide applied in the first year, grazing, and a control. Grazing was applied for up to five consecutive days in June and August 2011 and 2012 and in June 2013. Stem density, height, and biomass of P. australis were determined before each grazing period and in 2014. Diet samples were collected from rumenally fistulated steers each grazing period. Imazapyr provided 100% control of P. australis; however, re-establishment began 2 yr posttreatment. Grazing significantly reduced pregrazing P. australis biomass in the second and third growing season (P < 0.05). Stem density and height in the grazed treatment was similar to the control through 2012; however, in 2013 and 2014, control stem density was 1.5 times greater and height was 1.4 times that of the grazed treatment. Crude protein content of diet samples was greater in 2011 (16.8%) compared with 2012 (14.3%, P < 0.05). In vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of diet samples (45.4%) was not affected by year or month (P > 0.05). The relatively low IVDMD suggests that some form of energy supplementation would be needed to create a better nutritional balance. The cumulative effect of grazing does have the potential to reduce P. australis populations, but other methods would have to be used for greater control and site restoration.
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Liu, Jing J., Cai Y. Ma, Yang D. Hu e Xue Z. Wang. "Modelling protein crystallisation using morphological population balance models". Chemical Engineering Research and Design 88, n.º 4 (abril de 2010): 437–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cherd.2009.08.015.
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Ward, Stephanie, Silvia Melgar, Orla T. Cox, Raffaella Morelli e Rosemary O'Connor. "Abstract A154: PDLIM2 is required for regulating inflammation and cellular redox levels in mouse colorectal epithelial model". Molecular Cancer Therapeutics 22, n.º 12_Supplement (1 de dezembro de 2023): A154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1535-7163.targ-23-a154.
Resumo:
Abstract PDLIM2 is a cytoskeletal and nuclear protein present in hematopoietic and epithelial cells that regulates cell differentiation and the protein stability of transcription factors including NF-κB, STATs, and β-catenin (1). PDLIM2 expression is repressed in certain cancers, but is highly expressed in cancer cells that exhibit a metastatic phenotype (2). PDLIM2 is also highly expressed in the tumour microenvironment of breast cancer, particularly in the pro-wound healing M2 macrophage population. In line with this, bone-marrow derived macrophages from PDIM2 knockout (KO) mice have impaired differentiation towards the M2 macrophage phenotype (3). Here we investigated the effects of PDLIM2 loss in epithelial and immune cells in a colitis-associated cancer model using PDLIM2 wild type (WT) and KO mice exposed to dextran sodium sulphate (DSS) and azoxymethane (AOM). We observed that PDLIM2 KO mice exhibited a strong response to DSS alone. Colon tissue from DSS-treated mice exhibited impaired epithelium repair, sustained inflammation, and low levels of wound-healing M2 macrophages compared to WT tissues. To address the molecular mechanisms associated with PDLIM2 KO in colon epithelial cells, we suppressed or knocked out PDLIM2 in the Caco2 cell line. Caco-2 cells lacking PDLIM2 displayed dysregulated adhesion signalling, which was accompanied by elevated levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial dysfunction and increased dependence on glycolysis. Overall, we conclude that PDLIM2 is required for the resolution of inflammation and to promote intestinal epithelial repair through regulating cell adhesion signalling and cellular redox balance. 1. Guo ZS, Qu Z. PDLIM2: Signaling pathways and functions in cancer suppression and host immunity. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer. 2021 Dec;1876(2):188630. doi: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188630. 2. Cox OT, Edmunds SJ, Simon-Keller K, Li B, Moran B, Buckley NE, Bustamante-Garrido M, Healy N, O'Flanagan CH, Gallagher WM, Kennedy RD, Bernards R, Caldas C, Chin SF, Marx A, O'Connor R. PDLIM2 Is a Marker of Adhesion and β-Catenin Activity in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Cancer Res. 2019 May 15;79(10):2619-2633. doi: 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-18-2787. 3. Cox OT, O'Sullivan N, Tresse E, Ward S, Buckley N, O'Connor R. PDLIM2 is highly expressed in Breast Cancer tumour-associated macrophages and is required for M2 macrophage polarization. Front Oncol. 2022 Nov 30;12:1028959. doi: 10.3389/fonc.2022.1028959. Citation Format: Stephanie Ward, Silvia Melgar, Orla T Cox, Raffaella Morelli, Rosemary O'Connor. PDLIM2 is required for regulating inflammation and cellular redox levels in mouse colorectal epithelial model [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the AACR-NCI-EORTC Virtual International Conference on Molecular Targets and Cancer Therapeutics; 2023 Oct 11-15; Boston, MA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Mol Cancer Ther 2023;22(12 Suppl):Abstract nr A154.
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Parry, Christian S., Andrey Ivanov, Guelaguetza Vazquez-meves, Fatemah A. Alhakami, Jessika Agyepong, Kyungreem Han, Bernard R. Brooks e Sergei Nekhai. "4096 Refined structure of human ferroportin using restraints from mass spectrometry". Journal of Clinical and Translational Science 4, s1 (junho de 2020): 101–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cts.2020.314.
Resumo:
OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Mammals require iron for hemoglobin, respiration, immunity and as cofactor in enzymes. But free iron is toxic from the production of reactive oxygen species. Ferroportin is the sole exporter of cellular iron and it crucially determines cellular and systemic iron levels. Labile iron must be tightly regulated. This requires structural understanding. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We built structure of human ferroportin (FPN1) using the ab ignition prediction approaches of Rosetta/Robetta and by comparative modeling with distance restraints in MODELLER. Templates selected were from solute carrier protein families of distantly related orthologs and homologs including a proton coupled peptide transporter (PDB ID: 4IKV) and the bacterial iron transporter in outward-open and inward-open states, (PDB ID: 5AYM, 5AYO). Each model was validated by experimental mass spectrometry data. The energy minimized structural model was inserted into a lipid bilayer, placed in a rectangular simulation box, covered with TIP3P water solvent balanced with counterions and conditioned. Finally, we carried out 350 nanoseconds molecular dynamics simulations. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Our first model of FPN1 (571aa), using Rosetta/Robetta ab initio approach, resembles the structure of the proton-dependent transporter, POT and consists of 12 transmembrane helices. The membrane spanning helices veer away from the orientation in the structure of 4IKV. The alternate model using MODELLER and the method of satisfaction of constraints, returned one template, the structure of Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus iron (Fe2+) transporter homolog (5AYN, 440aa) with sequence identity of 19%. Aligning FPN1 on the template sequence incorporating structural information revealed better conservation (29%). This model also comprises 12 transmembrane helices in two bundles separated by a large intracellular loop. The iron binding site predicted in both models match the structures of distant bacterial homologs. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: We are using these experimentally verified structures and functional data to answer questions about the mechanism of ferroportin iron transport, structural dynamics and the significance of mutations in ferroportin seen in different populations, especially the Q248H mutation found in Africans and black Americans with moderate to high prevalence.
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Slatkin, Montgomery. "Population structure and evolutionary progress". Genome 31, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1989): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g89-034.
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Wright's shifting-balance theory is discussed as an example of a process that can cause species to evolve combinations of characters that could not evolve under natural selection alone. A review of the existing theory of peak shifts indicates that the conditions of extreme isolation that are necessary to permit genetic drift to alter the outcome of natural selection in local populations would make gene flow too weak to spread a new combination of genes to other populations in a reasonable time. Instead, it seems likely that major demographic changes must occur in a species for the shifting-balance process to work. A discussion of direct and indirect studies of gene flow in natural populations suggests that the current genetic structure of many species is likely to reflect past demographic events rather than ongoing gene flow. It is possible then that demographic processes could be responsible for spreading new traits in a species, but that would be true whether those new traits evolved only owing to natural selection or owing in addition to genetic drift and other forces.Key words: shifting-balance theory, gene flow.
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Bukhari, Shazia Anwer, Nabila Farah, Ghulam Mustafa, Sibtain Ahmed e Mohammed Fahad Albeshr. "Biopriming of Momordica charantia Seeds with Enterobacter to Improve Nutritional and Biochemical Attributes". Journal of Food Quality 2024 (4 de abril de 2024): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2024/8012474.
Resumo:
The increasing world population needs a standard balanced diet to address malnutrition problems. For this purpose, seed priming is one of the best techniques, which helps to increase the production of functional and nutritional food crops. Different techniques have been used for seed priming, but biological priming is the most frequently used because biocontrol agents offer a friendly environment for the growth of food crops. In this study, Momordica charantia L. seeds were subjected to a strain of Enterobacter sp. FD17 as a biocontrol agent at different time exposures (i.e., 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h). Leaf growth, flavonoids, chlorophyll content, amino acids, soluble sugars, protein, and total soluble phenolics were studied in the vegetative stage. The yield of nutritive components was evaluated from fruit, peel, and pulp of M. charantia. Biopriming was revealed to improve the final emergence rate, mean emergence time, seedling vigor, emergence index, and vigor indices I and II. Among the growth parameters, the root (0.45 ± 0.045 g) and shoot fresh weight (1.23 ± 0.05 g), leaf area (15.52 ± 1.5 cm), shoot length (30.33 ± 0.58 cm), number of flowers (6 ± 1.0), fruit weight (96.33 ± 1.15 g), and germination percentage (56.67 ± 11.55%) were also improved. Among biochemical analyses, biopriming improved chlorophyll a (6.33 ± 0.58 mg/g) and b (8.58 ± 2.5 mg/g), total soluble sugar (33.13 ± 2.24%), and total chlorophyll content (9.0 ± 1.5 mg/g). The nutritional analysis showed that free amino acids (1.43 ± 0.02 mg/g), total soluble sugar (42.53 ± 1.65%), ash (20.53 ± 2.57%), and catalase (347.47 ± 34.76 U/g) were increased in fruit, while crude fiber (3.62 ± 0.1%) and peroxidase (5.61 ± 0.34 U/g) in peel and protein and metabolizable energy in peel and fruit were increased. Among the water, acetone, and methanol extracts, the maximum antibacterial activity was shown by methanol extracts of leaves against Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial species (i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively) with inhibitory diameters of 3 mm. Biopriming also improved the phenolic contents in the leaves and fruits of M. charantia. Biopriming treatment was also revealed to be directly correlated with antiglycation activity. Therefore, biopriming treatment on seeds could be used to manipulate plant cell metabolism with a substantial improvement in phenolic content, antibacterial activity, and growth of M. charantia.
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Bal, Vivekananda, e Baron Peters. "Coupled Population Balance and Species Balance Models of Crystallization: Analytic Solutions and Data Fits". Crystal Growth & Design 21, n.º 1 (24 de novembro de 2020): 227–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.cgd.0c01047.
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Šiška, Bernard, Mariana Eliašová e Ján Kollár. "Carabus Population Response to Drought in Lowland Oak Hornbeam Forest". Water 12, n.º 11 (23 de novembro de 2020): 3284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12113284.
Resumo:
Forest management practices and droughts affect the assemblages of carabid species, and these are the most important factors in terms of influencing short- and long-term population changes. During 2017 and 2018, the occurrences and seasonal dynamics of five carabid species (Carabus coriaceus, C. ulrichii, C. violaceus, C. nemoralis and C. scheidleri) in four oak hornbeam forest stands were evaluated using the method of pitfall trapping. The climate water balance values were cumulatively calculated here as cumulative water balance in monthly steps. The cumulative water balance was used to identify the onset and duration of drought. The number of Carabus species individuals was more than three times higher in 2018 than in 2017. Spring activity was influenced by temperature. The extremely warm April in 2018 accelerated spring population dynamics; however, low night temperatures in April in 2017 slowed the spring activity of nocturnal species. Drought negatively influenced population abundance, and the effect of a drought is likely to be expressed with a two-year delay. In our investigation, a drought in 2015 started in May and lasted eight months; however, the drought was not recorded in 2016, and 2016 was evaluated as a humid year. The meteorological conditions in the year influenced seasonal activity patterns and the timings of peaks of abundance for both spring breeding and autumn breeding Carabus species.
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Khonkhaeng, Benjamad, e Anusorn Cherdthong. "Pleurotus Ostreatus and Volvariella Volvacea Can Enhance the Quality of Purple Field Corn Stover and Modulate Ruminal Fermentation and Feed Utilization in Tropical Beef Cattle". Animals 9, n.º 12 (4 de dezembro de 2019): 1084. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani9121084.
Resumo:
This objective is to elucidate the effect of purple field corn stover treated with Pleurotus ostreatus and Volvarialla volvacea on feed utilization, ruminal ecology, and CH4 synthesis in tropical beef cattle. Four male Thai native beef cattle (100 ± 30 kg of body weight (BW) were assigned randomly as a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement in a 4 × 4 Latin square design. Factor A (roughage sources) was rice straw and purple field corn stover and factor B was species of white-rot fungi (P. ostreatus and V. volvacea). After fermentation, crude protein (CP) was increased in rice straw and purple field corn stover fermented with P. ostreatus and V. volvacea. The unfermented purple field corn stover contained 11.8% dry matter (DM) of monomeric anthocyanin (MAC), whereas the MAC concentration decreased when purple field corn stover was fermented with white rot fungi. There were no changes (p > 0.05) in DM intake of body weight (BW) kg/d and g/kg BW0.75 among the four treatments. The organic matter (OM), CP, and acid detergent fiber (ADF) intake were different between rice straw and purple field corn stover and were the greatest in the purple field corn stover group. Moreover, the current study showed that neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and ADF digestion was higher in purple field corn stover than in rice straw, but there were no significant differences between P. ostreatus and V. volvacea. There were significant effects of roughage sources on ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) at 4 h after feeding. Bacterial population was changed by feeding with purple field corn stover fermented with P. ostreatus and V. volvacea. On the other hand, the number of protozoa was reduced by approximately 33% at 4 h after feeding with purple field corn stover (p < 0.01). Propionic acid concentration was different between roughage sources (p < 0.01) enhanced with purple field corn stover fermented with P. ostreatus and V. volvacea. In addition, methane production decreased by 15% with purple field corn stover fermented with P. ostreatus and V. volvacea compared to rice straw. There were significant differences on all nitrogen balances parameters (p < 0.05), except the fecal N excretion (p > 0.05) were not changed. Furthermore, microbial crude protein and efficiency of microbial N synthesis were enhanced when purple field corn stover fermented with P. ostreatus and V. volvacea was fed compared to rice straw group. Base on this study, it could be summarized that P. ostreatus or V. volvacea can enhance the quality of purple field corn stover and modulate rumen fermentation and feed digestion in Thai native beef cattle.
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Zhou, Hao Yu, Guang Zheng Zhou e Xue Zhong Wang. "Multi-objective optimization of protein cooling crystallization with morphological population balance models". Journal of Crystal Growth 588 (junho de 2022): 126664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcrysgro.2022.126664.
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Alhuthali, Sakhr, e Cleo Kontoravdi. "Population balance modelling captures host cell protein dynamics in CHO cell cultures". PLOS ONE 17, n.º 3 (23 de março de 2022): e0265886. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0265886.
Resumo:
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have been extensively studied for their wide therapeutic and research applications. Increases in mAb titre has been achieved mainly by cell culture media/feed improvement and cell line engineering to increase cell density and specific mAb productivity. However, this improvement has shifted the bottleneck to downstream purification steps. The higher accumulation of the main cell-derived impurities, host cell proteins (HCPs), in the supernatant can negatively affect product integrity and immunogenicity in addition to increasing the cost of capture and polishing steps. Mathematical modelling of bioprocess dynamics is a valuable tool to improve industrial production at fast rate and low cost. Herein, a single stage volume-based population balance model (PBM) has been built to capture Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell behaviour in fed-batch bioreactors. Using cell volume as the internal variable, the model captures the dynamics of mAb and HCP accumulation extracellularly under physiological and mild hypothermic culture conditions. Model-based analysis and orthogonal measurements of lactate dehydrogenase activity and double-stranded DNA concentration in the supernatant show that a significant proportion of HCPs found in the extracellular matrix is secreted by viable cells. The PBM then served as a platform for generating operating strategies that optimise antibody titre and increase cost-efficiency while minimising impurity levels.