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1

Davis, Karen. "Research and policy formulation". Health Policy 7, n.º 3 (junho de 1987): 295–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-8510(87)90070-4.

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2

Brewah, Helen. "Policy formulation and implementation". Primary Health Care 19, n.º 2 (10 de março de 2009): 35–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/phc2009.03.19.2.35.c6896.

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3

Lowther, Jason. "Handbook of policy formulation". Local Government Studies 45, n.º 1 (30 de novembro de 2018): 146–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2019.1551474.

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4

Satispi, Evi, e Muhammad Taslim. "FORMULATION OF LOCAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY FOR YOUTH IN SOUTH TANGERANG CITY". Kolaborasi : Jurnal Administrasi Publik 5, n.º 3 (31 de dezembro de 2019): 333–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.26618/kjap.v5i3.2700.

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Social problems in youth become a matter that is always considered and reviewed by the government for the development of the personality of these young people. This study aims to analyze the policy formulation of Regional Regulation No. 1 of 2019 concerning Youth Development in South Tangerang. Youth Development Policy Formulation departs from youth issues including unemployment, youth behavior that is at risk of crime, thuggery, and drug abuse, there is no legal umbrella governing youth development in the city of southern Tangerang and youth infrastructure. The method used is descriptive with a qualitative approach. This research uses the theory of the Riant Nugroho formulation stage, while the stages start from policy issues, forming a formulation team, pre-policy process, public process 1, formulation of draft 1, public process 2, formulation of draft 2, special focus, final draft and determination of policy . In the policy formulation stages Riant Nugroho prioritizes the stages in formulating a policy regulation or law. The results showed that the stages in formulating youth development policy formulation by the south tangerang city government had been implemented well so as to produce a youth development policy in south tangerang. Not only the stages of formulation that are of concern from the internal side, youth also experience obstacles such as cross-regional Cooperation Organizations that have not been synchronized in terms of youth development and empowerment programs as well as inadequate infrastructure facilities that encourage youth development and empowerment.
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5

Yanto, Supri, e Hary Yuswadi. "FORMULATION OF VILLAGE HEAD DISCRETION POLICY (Policy Formulation Study in Sumber Lele Village and Kebon Agung Village)". POLITICO 20, n.º 1 (22 de março de 2020): 16–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.32528/politico.v20i1.3032.

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This study The purpose of this study is to find out the process of formulating discretionary policies carried out by the village head. The method used in this study is a qualitative study method. The type of study used in this study is the type of descriptive study. Based on the results of the study it was concluded that the process of discretion policy formulation carried out by the village head was still not optimal, this is due to the low capacity of the village head as the main actor in the discretion policy formulation process. This can be seen from the lack of ability in discretionary policies, thus affecting the monopoly in the process of formulating discretionary and undemocratic policies, as happened in Kebon Agung Village. Whereas in Sumber Lele Village the conditions are better, because it has involved the parties (stakeholders). Although the parties (stakeholders) which is involved does not yet reflect aspects of democracy and representation, because of the parties (stakeholders) only community and religious leaders were involved.
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6

Hendrarto, Sri Suwitri, Endang Larasati e Tri Yuniningsih. "The Importance of Actor’s Role in the Formulation of Local Regulation of Alcoholic Beverages in Magelang City". International Journal of Innovation and Economic Development 8, n.º 4 (2022): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.18775/ijied.1849-7551-7020.2015.84.2002.

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In the context of regional policy formulations, the dominance of actors can be seen from which actors have initiatives in the formulation of regional policies. Actors, who have initiatives on the formulation of a regional policy, generally have a dominant influence in incorporating their agenda into policy’s formulation. This study aims to observe the importance role of actors in the formulation mechanism of local regulatory policies on alcoholic beverages in Magelang City. Research methods are used through qualitative descriptive approaches. With the focus of research is the formulation of regional policies on the rules of alcoholic beverages in Magelang City. In the formulation process, at least involve two groups of actors related, namely Official Policy-Makers and Unofficial Participants. However, in the formulation process of Magelang City Regulation No. 10 in 2016 concerning Control, Supervision and Development of The Circulation and Sale of Alcoholic Beverages does not involve private and community components. In other words, the formulation of regional policy contained in Magelang City Regulation No. 10 in 2016 concerning Control, Supervision and Development of The Circulation and Sale of Alcoholic Beverages uses a top-down policy system approach.
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7

Reuter, Peter. "Prevalence Estimation and Policy Formulation". Journal of Drug Issues 23, n.º 2 (abril de 1993): 167–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002204269302300203.

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Prevalence estimation has a potentially important role in drug policy decision making. To date, however, it has played only a modest role in decisions at the national level, though it has come to be important in the rhetoric of national drug policy. This limited influence arises from the limited capacities and credibility of the estimates on the one hand and the highly moralistic nature of the policy process surrounding the illicit drug issue on the other. The available numbers are developed either systematically from data sources that have low credibility (self-report) or are developed less systematically from sources that simply are not well understood. Estimates of the number of problematic drug users are most likely to have a significant role in policy making in the near future.
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8

Rasheed, Fawzia, e Enamul Karim. "STD research and policy formulation". Lancet 355, n.º 9211 (abril de 2000): 1275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)74705-x.

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Hawkes, Sarah, Linda Morison, David Mabey, Rosanna Peeling e Susie Foster. "STD research and policy formulation". Lancet 355, n.º 9211 (abril de 2000): 1275–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)74706-1.

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de Francisco, Andres. "STD research and policy formulation". Lancet 355, n.º 9211 (abril de 2000): 1276. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)74707-3.

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11

Ritchie, J. R. Brent. "Consensus policy formulation in tourism". Tourism Management 9, n.º 3 (setembro de 1988): 199–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(88)90037-4.

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12

Valentine, John A. "Facilitating Effective Healthcare Policy Formulation". Journal For Healthcare Quality 15, n.º 5 (setembro de 1993): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1945-1474.1993.tb01187.x.

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13

Volckaert, Filip. "Formulation of national marine policy". Marine Policy 10, n.º 2 (abril de 1986): 90–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0308-597x(86)90014-x.

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14

Dewdney, John. "Health policy formulation in Australia". International Journal of Health Planning and Management 2, n.º 5 (abril de 1987): 51–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hpm.4740020508.

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15

Bengston, W. F. "The Relationship of Social Science to Policy: The Case of the President's Crime Commission". Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 3, n.º 4 (dezembro de 1985): 427–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c030427.

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The structure and methods of operation of President Johnson's Crime Commission are described. From the unpublished transcripts of the Commission meetings, the process by which the Commission utilized relevant data, theory, and perspectives in the formulation of its policy recommendations is analyzed. It is concluded that social scientific information and perspectives, although important, were not the significant basis for formulating the recommendations of the Crime Commission. The scientific purposes, methods, and audiences of social science are not readily transferred to the political purposes, methods, and audiences of social policy formulation. Extrascientific political considerations become the significant immediate consideration in policy formulation and implementation.
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16

Selamawit, Weldeslassie. "Basis for policy formulation: Systematic policy analysis or intuitive policy decision?" Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research 13, n.º 1 (31 de janeiro de 2021): 11–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5897/jpapr2015.0348.

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17

Sukarso, Sukarso, Swastha Dharma e Niken Paramarti Dasuki. "Pemberdayaan Masyarakat Melalui Reposisi Masyarakat Dalam Proses Perumusan Penganggaran Di Tingkat Desa (Studi Kasus di Desa Kotayasa dan Banjarsari Wetan, Kecamatan Sumbang, Kabupaten Banyumas)". Sawala : Jurnal Administrasi Negara 7, n.º 1 (30 de junho de 2019): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.30656/sawala.v7i1.847.

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So far, policy formulation almost carried out by the elite, even formally the elite has the authority while the community does not. This mechanism conceptualized in the form of formulation models, such as institutional, rational and even incremental models, and especially the elite-mass model. The position of the community directly is generally relatively weak or even almost non-existent. Initiation to involve more community roles in policy formulation has carried out as much as in deliberative and participatory models, but still, the involvement of the community becomes an object, not the subject of policy formulation. This elitist model of policy formulation, especially in Indonesia, occurs both at the national, provincial and district/city levels, the latter at the village level. By these facts, it is interesting to know the potential or prospects of the community, especially at the village level, to be the subject of policy formulation at the village level. This study uses an experimental approach with the treatment of enhancing their understanding and awareness about the formulation of budgeting policies or empowerment in legal, administrative and socio-psychological aspects. This study focuses on the process of formulating village income and expenditure budgets in two villages in Sumbang District, Banyumas Regency. Methods of collecting data using focus group discussions and in-depth interviews with informants selected purposively and questionnaire methods for respondents who chosen accidentally, while analyzing data using interactive. The results of the study show the very high potential and prospects of the community to become an important part and subject to the process of the budgeting policy formulation.
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18

Blakeney, Michael, e Getachew Mengistie. "Intellectual property policy formulation in Africa". Queen Mary Journal of Intellectual Property 11, n.º 1 (18 de fevereiro de 2021): 98–113. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/qmjip.2021.01.06.

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This article examines continental, sub-regional and national initiatives in the formulation of intellectual property policy Africa. The article is divided into seven parts. The first looks at the relationship between IP and economic development. The second part examines the role of IP regional integration and trade. The third part looks at African regional trade agreements. Next, the article surveys the activities of sub-regional IP systems in Africa: the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO) and the Organisation Africaine de la Propriété (OAPI). The fifth part looks at the recent formation of the Pan African Intellectual Property Organization (PAIPO) and its relationship with ARIPO and OAPI. The sixth part gives a brief overview of the efforts made in designing national IP polices. The concluding section summarizes the IP policy-making process in Africa.
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19

Dunn, Craig P., e Dan E. Deka. "Aids in the Workplace Policy Formulation". Proceedings of the International Association for Business and Society 6 (1995): 729–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/iabsproc1995665.

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20

Comstock, Bryce. "British Policy Formulation for the EU". Claremont-UC Undergraduate Research Conference on the European Union 2011, n.º 1 (2011): 23–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5642/urceu.201101.05.

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21

Futrell, May. "Becoming Involved in Health Policy Formulation". Journal of Gerontological Nursing 12, n.º 4 (1 de abril de 1986): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/0098-9134-19860401-03.

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22

Aziz, N. A. "STUDENT MOVEMENT IN PUBLIC POLICY FORMULATION". Eurasia: Economics & Business 3, n.º 3 (30 de junho de 2017): 22–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18551/econeurasia.2017-03.06.

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23

HAMANN, S. "Twice tested: getting inside policy formulation". Tobacco Control 10, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2001): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.10.1.86.

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24

Reichelt, Paul A., e Wendy B. Young. "Professional nursing personnel:Data-based policy formulation". Journal of Professional Nursing 1, n.º 3 (maio de 1985): 164–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s8755-7223(85)80144-7.

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25

Lang, H. G. "Health policy formulation in New Zealand". International Journal of Health Planning and Management 2, n.º 5 (abril de 1987): 143–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hpm.4740020516.

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26

Veselý, Arnošt. "Policy formulation redesigned: A new understanding of policy design and its implications for instruction". Teaching Public Administration 38, n.º 3 (30 de janeiro de 2020): 213–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0144739420901729.

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Despite the fact that our knowledge on how policies are designed has substantially improved during the last two decades, prescriptive literature on policy formulation remains largely disconnected from these new findings. The article examines five major assumptions upon which policy formulation is still predominantly based: (a) there is one way policies are and should be formulated; (b) effective formulation of policies is more about the right application of methods than of the substance of a policy domain; (c) policy formulation is about choosing from mutually exclusive alternatives; (d) problem definition has priority over problem solution; (e) there is a clear distinction between policy formulation, adoption and implementation. This article shows why these assumptions are outdated and that they lead to many practical problems in the teaching of policy analysis. It is argued that policy formulation guidelines and training in policy formulation should be based on current policy design scholarship that stresses, for instance, the importance of local knowledge, deep understanding of actors’ perspectives and the need to formulate policy packages. The article concludes with preliminary recommendations on how to move forward, illustrated with concrete examples from practice.
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27

Fathun, Laode Muhamad. "Indonesia's Foreign Policy in Digital Era : Poliheuristic Theory". Intermestic: Journal of International Studies 6, n.º 1 (30 de novembro de 2021): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.24198/intermestic.v6n1.10.

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This paper discusses the consideration of the formulation of Indonesia's foreign policy and diplomacy in the digital era in the economic and social fields. This study uses a qualitative paradigm with a descriptive analysis type. This research uses a case study method with secondary data collection techniques taken from various relevant references such as books, journals and reports and others. So this research uses a research library. The author uses poly-acoustic theory and foreign policy formulations in the digital era. Hasilyang found that the formulation of foreign policy in the digital era contains the question of why it is oriented towards promoting foreign policy, What, is oriented towards policy support in the digital era, who, namely the government, companies and society. Then the question where, in the country and region. And how about through politheuistic. The analysis found that the formulation of Indonesia's foreign policy and diplomacy has two considerations, namely cognitive cognition and rational calculation. Thus, it is concluded that Indonesia's interests in the economic and social fields have a great opportunity to make Indonesia a transforming country in the digital era.
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28

Howlett, Michael, e Jeremy Rayner. "Patching vs Packaging in Policy Formulation: Assessing Policy Portfolio Design". Politics and Governance 1, n.º 2 (14 de outubro de 2013): 170–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v1i2.95.

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Thinking about policy mixes is at the forefront of current research work in the policy sciences and raises many significant questions with respect to policy tools and instruments, processes of policy formulation, and the evolution of tool choices over time. Not least among these is how to assess the potential for multiple policy tools to achieve policy goals in an efficient and effective way. Previous conceptual work on policy mixes has highlighted evaluative criteria such as "consistency" (the ability of multiple policy tools to reinforce rather than undermine each other in the pursuit of individual policy goals), "coherence" (or the ability of multiple policy goals to co-exist with each other in a logical fashion), and "congruence" (or the ability of multiple goals and instruments to work together in a uni-directional or mutually supportive fashion) as important design principles and measures of optimality in policy mixes. And previous empirical work on the evolution of existing policy mixes has highlighted how these three criteria are often lacking in mixes which have evolved over time as well as those which have otherwise been consciously designed. This article revisits this early design work in order to more clearly assess the reasons why many existing policy mixes are sub-optimal and the consequences this has for thinking about policy formulation processes and the practices of policy design.
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29

Miller, Karen. "Public policy dilemma—gender equality mainstreaming in UK policy formulation". Public Money & Management 29, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2009): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540960802617350.

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30

James, Thomas E., e Paul D. Jorgensen. "Policy Knowledge, Policy Formulation, and Change: Revisiting a Foundational Question". Policy Studies Journal 37, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2009): 141–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0072.2008.00300.x.

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31

Arshed, Norin, Sara Carter e Colin Mason. "The ineffectiveness of entrepreneurship policy: is policy formulation to blame?" Small Business Economics 43, n.º 3 (26 de fevereiro de 2014): 639–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11187-014-9554-8.

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32

Aryawan, Fatah Nasikh. "The Formulation of Policy to Increasing the Number of Vacational High School Students (Vacational High School Students Case Study in Malang)". JMAEL: Journal of Management, Administration and Educational Leadership 1, n.º 4 (19 de dezembro de 2020): 110–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.51376/jmael.v1i4.187.

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The purpose of this research is to explain formulation of policy to increase the number of Vocational students (SMK) and to report the impact of the policy formulation carried out. This research used qualitative design with study case approach to identify and report formulation of policies for increasing the number of Vocational student (SMK) in Malang. The research data were collected by using interview, observation, and documentation. In analyzing the data found, this study uses analytical techniques by performing data reduction, data presentation and drawing conclusions. This study shows that the policy formulations for increasing the number of vocational school students in Malang which are contained in the Medium Term National Education Development Plan (RPJM) 2004-2009 (Renstra Depdiknas) and three MoNE circulars for 2006, 2007 and 2008 have been compiled and detailed with clear so as to be able to guide policy implementers in interpreting and describing policy objectives and steps that can be taken. On the other hand, The implementation of the policy to increase the number of Vocational students (SMK) in Malang has basically gone quite well with the objectives that have been achieved.
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33

Dobšinská, Z., J. Šálka, Z. Sarvašová e J. Lásková. " Rural development policy in the context of actor-centred institutionalism". Journal of Forest Science 59, No. 1 (12 de fevereiro de 2013): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/24/2012-jfs.

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We analysed the formulation of Rural Development Programme of the Slovak Republic for 2007–2013 applying the theory of actor-centred institutionalism and its interaction forms. Approaches accentuating the role of actors and their interactions are an appropriate tool for the better understanding of cross-sectoral relationships and the improvement of public policy coherence in the formulation process of strategic documents in rural development. Methodologically the study is based on a qualitative analysis of documents and standardized interviews. The formulation of RDP SR 2007–2013 is showing signs of cross-sectoral coordination between different actors in the form of bargaining, as well as signs of hierarchical coordination among public and private actors. In the formulation process of RDP SR 2007–2013 a negative mechanism of coordination was dominant with negative consequences for the policy coherence of the final document. A positive element for the coherence of rural development policy is the observation of decision-making elements in networks.
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Pichler, J. Hanns. "In Quest of SME-Conducive Policy Formulation". Entrepreneurial Business and Economics Review 6, n.º 1 (2018): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15678/eber.2018.060106.

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Kaso, Kemal Abdela, Sukanya Aimimtham, Sukhumvit Saiyasopon e Weerakul Chaiphar. "Integrated Regional Development Policy Formulation in Ethiopia". Journal of Politics and Law 11, n.º 4 (30 de novembro de 2018): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v11n4p153.

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This research aims (1) to study the practice of an Integrated Regional Development Policy Formulation (IRDPF) in Ethiopia and (2) to explore and identify the challenges of integrated regional development policy formulation in Ethiopia. The research is conducted by collecting data from 20 purposely selected key informants from both the federal and regional government sectors, political parties and community in Ethiopia. Data are collected through in-depth interviews and review of relevant documents, and systematically analyzed using content analysis technique. The results show that the practice of policymaking and IRDPF process in particular is not in line with of the law of land, in which the executive branch, particularly, the Prime Minister and ruling party’s elites are the key actor in the process at both federal and regional levels with limited consultation and participation of other House of Peoples Representatives, federal and regional policy makers, and other stakeholders. The study also identified various political, social, economic and technical challenges that affect sound and effective integrated regional development policy formulation in the country.
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Sokolova, L. "The Formulation of Technology Policy: Conceptual Considerations". Problems of Economic Transition 41, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 1998): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/pet1061-1991410223.

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Muluk, M. R. Khairul, e Suhartono Winoto. "ROLE OF RESEARCH/ACADEMIC IN POLICY FORMULATION". JURNAL APLIKASI MANAJEMEN 16, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 2018): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jam.2018.016.02.11.

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Hanns Pichler, H. C. J. "In Quest of SME-Conducive Policy Formulation". LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 20, Sspecial Edition (1 de setembro de 2015): 271–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2015.v20.isp.a13.

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The very topic raises a challenging question: that is, of the role and significance, if not the “survival,” of small and medium enterprises (SMEs) and related structures amid forces, which – particularly in the sphere of industry – tend to favor the “big” over the “small” at first sight. At the same time, this points to underlying aspects and challenges of broader socioeconomic and structural dimensions with a concomitant need to formulate appropriate, more differentiated, and specifically designed business policies. Today, such challenges and related problems are seen as intertwined and multipronged, given (i) the growing international (not least as a strategic ingredient of development) perception of the role and exposure of SMEs in terms of their sector-related structural significance nationally, regionally, and globally; (ii) a closer-to-the-skin view of developments related to ongoing restructuring in the European business environment, which, in the context of SMEs, is in many ways regionally unique; and (iii) the overriding socioeconomic and systems-related aspects of a more comprehensive SME-specific policy formulation.
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Michel, George J. "Educational Policy Formulation during the Johnson Administration". Journal of Educational Administration and History 22, n.º 2 (julho de 1990): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0022062900220205.

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Johnson, Bruce, e C. Ronald Huff. "Public Opinion and Criminal Justice Policy Formulation". Criminal Justice Policy Review 2, n.º 2 (junho de 1987): 118–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/088740348700200202.

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Fisher, Joseph L. "REFLECTIONS ON THE FORMULATION OF REGIONAL POLICY". Papers in Regional Science 18, n.º 1 (14 de janeiro de 2005): 67–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5597.1967.tb01354.x.

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Ngai, Ngan-Pun, Chau-Kiu Cheung e Chi-Kei Li. "China's youth policy formulation and youth participation". Children and Youth Services Review 23, n.º 8 (agosto de 2001): 651–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0190-7409(01)00152-9.

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43

DeLeon, Patrick H., Paul A. Eckert e Leslie R. Wilkins. "Public policy formulation: A front-line perspective." Psychologist-Manager Journal 5, n.º 2 (2001): 155–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0095910.

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GUNDER, MICHAEL. "Planning Policy Formulation from a Lacanian Perspective". International Planning Studies 8, n.º 4 (novembro de 2003): 279–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1356347032000153124.

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Lee, Robert D. "Making and managing policy: Formulation, analysis, evaluation". Government Publications Review 12, n.º 5 (setembro de 1985): 467–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9390(85)90054-8.

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Parikh, Kirit S., Vivek Karandikar, Ashish Rana e Prasanna Dani. "Projecting India's energy requirements for policy formulation". Energy 34, n.º 8 (agosto de 2009): 928–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2008.11.010.

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Kashoki, Mubanga E. "Language Policy Formulation in Multilingual Southern Africa". Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development 24, n.º 3 (março de 2003): 184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01434630308666497.

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Omori, W. "The Policy-Formulation Procedures in Japan's Bureaucracy". Annuals of Japanese Political Science Association 36 (1985): 87–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.7218/nenpouseijigaku1953.36.0_87.

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Raffel, Marshall W. "Health policy formulation in the United States". International Journal of Health Planning and Management 2, n.º 5 (abril de 1987): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hpm.4740020522.

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Lapke, Michael, e Gurpreet Dhillon. "Disassociations in Security Policy Lifecycles". International Journal of Information Security and Privacy 9, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2015): 62–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijisp.2015010104.

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Resumo:
Continued high profile security breaches indicate that Information Systems Security remains a significant problem within organizations. The authors argue that one of the major contributors to this ongoing problem is a disconnect between security policy formulation and implementation. This disconnect can lead to a failure of policy. This paper is aimed at understanding the disconnect by analyzing the meanings that are attributed to policy formulation and implementation by the stakeholders involved in the process. A case study was carried out and a “snapshot in time” of the lifecycle of IS Security Policy formulation at the organization under study demonstrated that a disconnect is evident between these two sides of security policy.
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