Bibliografias temáticas / Policy

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Policy"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 30 de julho de 2024

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Policy"

Maria Zheleznova. "POLICY-MAKING POLICE". Current Digest of the Post-Soviet Press, The 69, n.º 027 (3 de julho de 2017): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21557/dsp.49212808.

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Bruch, Sarah K., Myra Marx Ferree e Joe Soss. "From Policy to Polity". American Sociological Review 75, n.º 2 (abril de 2010): 205–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003122410363563.

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Franek, Sławomir. "Social Objectives in Polish Fiscal Policy – Spending vs Performance". Journal of Management and Business Administration. Central Europe 24, n.º 2 (15 de junho de 2016): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7206/jmba.ce.2450-7814.170.

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Sager, Fritz. "Making transport policy work: polity, policy, politics and systematic review". Policy & Politics 35, n.º 2 (24 de abril de 2007): 269–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/030557307780712951.

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FINCKENAUER, JAMES O. "LAWS, RULES, AND POLICE POLICY". Criminology Public Policy 2, n.º 1 (novembro de 2002): 161–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-9133.2002.tb00115.x.

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Becknell, Conan, G. Larry Mays e Dennis M. Giever. "Policy restrictiveness and police pursuits". Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Management 22, n.º 1 (março de 1999): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/13639519910256901.

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Bayley, David H. "Police Reform as Foreign Policy". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 38, n.º 2 (agosto de 2005): 206–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/acri.38.2.206.

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This article discusses the worldwide enterprise of assisting in the reform of police institutions in order to support democracy. It describes the current scope of activity, the changing context for this kind of work, and the key lessons, both substantive and tactical, that have been learned about engaging in such assistance. It concludes with two recommendations about the most powerful levers for engendering democratic change in foreign police forces.

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Tello, César. "Theoretical Reflections on Research in Educational Policys. Epistemologies of Education Policy Approach". Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 1, n.º 7 (30 de novembro de 2014): 49–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.17.638.

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Yunanto, Muhamad, e Henny Medyawati. "Fiscal Policy and Monetary Policy: Sensitivity Analysis". International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance 6, n.º 2 (abril de 2015): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijtef.2015.v6.447.

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Kim, Chang Yun. "A Study on the Policy Making Process and Policy Analysis of the Former Police Policy and Future". Korean Association of Public Safety and Criminal Justice 27, n.º 1 (19 de março de 2018): 88–142. http://dx.doi.org/10.21181/kjpc.2018.27.1.87.

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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Policy"

Ruiz, Vasquez J. C. "Colombian police policy : police and urban policing, 1991-2006". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3fc1cf23-5246-4919-978a-6aee375b9a69.

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The purpose of this research is to analyze Colombian police policy with particular reference to the police and urban policing after the promulgation of the Constitution of 1991. This study examines how the Constitution of 1991 has impacted on the configuration, professionalization and institutionalization of the Colombian police. This dissertation concludes that the new Constitution of 1991 was crucial in transforming an insignificant organization into a noteworthy public institution with its own corporate aims and ethos and a certain autonomy regarding the government, parties, ministries and the military. This research is divided into three main parts. The first one will focus on the police as a structure emphasizing the process of formation, development and institutionalization. It dissects the police structure into five aspects: historical configuration, structural organization, personnel, expenditure and controls. This part shows that the current importance of the police in the Colombian institutional landscape in terms of international aid, personnel and budget increase and public exposure has no precedents prior to 1991.The second part will be devoted to the study of the organizational life of the police force stressing the role played by high-ranking officers in improving the image of the police and, more importantly, in creating a vigorous institution difficult to control from outside, but at the same time, not easy to manage internally as a consequence of the distinction existing between high-ranking and low-ranking officers. The final part of this work examines urban and community policing in large urban areas taking the case of Bogotá. It focuses on the role played by the police in its implementation, successes and failures, concluding that the reluctance of the police to adopt these programmes of policing has limited their productive effects on the actual job and indeed the whole organization.

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Hosking, Peter. "Policy Reform and Resistance: A Case Study of Police Pursuit Policy Change in Queensland, Australia". Thesis, Griffith University, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/10072/413694.

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Police high-speed vehicular pursuits are contentious due to lives lost and property damage resulting from unintended crashes. To reduce pursuit-related trauma, and potential litigation, police jurisdictions have introduced restrictive policies that limit when officers may engage in a pursuit. However, opponents of restrictive pursuit policies believe this results in reduced deterrence, increased criminal offending and dangerous driving practices. This thesis tested these assumptions using a single case study of Queensland, Australia, where the Queensland Police Service (QPS) implemented two restrictive pursuit policy iterations in 2007 and 2011. Five studies sought to establish the policies’ specific aims; whether they were achieved; if there was resistance to the policy reforms; and, if so, what were the rationales for such resistance. The major theoretical contribution of this thesis was to support the notion that Dent and Goldberg’s (1999a; 1999b) Loss Resistance Theory can help explain why police might resist policy reform. Loss Resistance Theory argues that change per se is not the root cause for resistance to performance altering policies, but stakeholders’ perceived losses in terms of their autonomy, status, and independent discretion, resulting from the policy change. Lipsky’s (2010) Discretionary Independence Theory applied to police officers acting as ‘street-level bureaucrats’ (Lipsky, 2010), provided an additional theoretical platform to test policy limitations on officers’ decision-making. Several other theories were derived from the literature and used to assist data collection and provide focus to the analysis. These included Classical Deterrence Theory, as derived from Hobbes (1651), Beccaria (1764/1872) and Bentham (1780/1988), that was tested relative to alterations in offending behaviour. Moore’s Public Value Theory (1995), that explains public acceptance of authority and coercion is judged against citizens’ expectations for justice, fairness, efficiency, and effectiveness, provided an opportunity to explore external policy acceptance and/or resistance. Cohen and Felson’s (1979) Routine Activity Theory proposes that for a crime to be successfully committed, the three necessary elements are a motivated offender, the availability of a suitable target, and the absence of a capable guardian. The theory was tested by analysis of crime patterns and offending behaviours where police guardianship may have been affected by the policy restrictions. The research began with study 1, a documentary archival search and analysis spanning the pre-policy years from 1989 to 2006, that sought to confirm the intent of Queensland’s restrictive pursuit policies. Applying a One Group Pretest/Posttest Design method, using official QPS data from 2003 to 2015, study 2 then explored changes in pursuit frequencies, and associated trauma, before and after each policy iteration. Study 3 used the same method to test changes in frequency and rate of selected offence categories. Study 4 analysed operational reports to identify policy noncompliance that may infer resistance. And, finally, study 5 analysed interview responses from fifteen operational police officers. Findings from study 1 reveal the primary intent of the policies was to reduce the number of deaths associated with police pursuits. Study 2 found that both restrictive policies reduced pursuit-related trauma, as intended. Crime classes tested in study 3 all showed reductions to varying degrees, except evasion offences, which increased exponentially. Early policy resistance was evident from the results of study 4 but diminished over time. The results of studies 4 & 5 found early resistance to the restrictive policies was predicated on officers’ fears of potential loss to their autonomy, independent decision-making capacity, and operational feasibility. This research established that restrictive police pursuit policies did not contribute to increases in the general road death toll due to any lack of road policing enforcement, as predicted in the literature. And, except for evasion offences, they did not facilitate increased crime where the use of a vehicle is either mandatory or desirable for the successful completion of the offence. With the passing of time, and the negation of pre-empted outcomes, resistance is now largely eliminated. However, police officers reportedly continue to resist applying the evasion offence policy requirements, while in their view prosecutors and magistrates fail to adhere to the relevant legislation. Future researchers may wish to test the findings in an alternative jurisdiction to establish if the results can be equally observed and replicated. However, the findings imply that police administrators contemplating policy reform should focus greater attention and resources on ongoing training investment before and after policy implementation. Their goal should be to ensure officers are thoroughly versed in the organization’s aims, so that policies may be fully embraced by operational and prosecutorial staff, while assuaging any perceived losses from the outset, particularly to officers’ status and authority.
Thesis (PhD Doctorate)
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
School of Crim & Crim Justice
Arts, Education and Law
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McKinney, Lindsey. "DEPARTMENTAL POLICY EFFECT ON THE POLICE-MEDIA RELATIONSHIP". Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1885644091&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.

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Applegate, Richard John. "Controlling the police : local autonomy in policy and practice". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/1061.

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This thesis assesses the influence of The Home Office, Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulaiy, the Association of Chief Police Officers, the Audit Commission, the Local Police Authority, and the Chief Constable on local policy makers and impleinenters within the Devon & Cornwall Constabiilary. It is based on five policy areas: the structmre of the organisation. The Citizens' Charter, Annual Policing (now Performance) Plans, Domestic Violence Policy, and Equal Opportunities Policy. Unlike previous research, it brings together the issues of policy and practice at all levels of the organisation through interviews with senior managers in the Devon & Cornwall Constabulary and members of the Local Police Authority, and questionnaires to front line police officers; as well as analysis of Her Majesty's Inspectorate of Constabulary reports and Police Authority Policing Plans, and recomniendations made in Home Office Circulars and Audit Commission reports. The research was carried out prior to the infroduction of Crime and Disorder Partnerships and Crime Audits, required by the Crime and Disorder Act 1998. Both policy makers and policy implementers believed that there was a sfrong influence from all the key players in the policy areas examined, with the exception of the Association.of Chief Police Officers arid the Local Police Authority: There is-no'^yidence; to suggest that there has been any change in the power relationship between the Chief Constable and the Police Authority. For police officers directly iiivolved in the implementation process. The Citizens' Charter and Annual Policing (now Performance) Plans had made little differerice to the way they carried out their day-to-day work. In these more generic policy areas they saw less influence from the key players but perceived greater influence coming from consumers, public opinion, colleagues and immediate supervisors. In the tighter policy area of domestic violence, where there is greater top down confrol, the mfluence of the key players was the sfrongest, and local autonomy, both in policy and practice was hard to find. The police organisatiori retains many of the attiibutes of a classical bureaucracy and an ideal form of organisational stincture has yet to be found.

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Allard, Frank Dennis. "Police probationer training : policy and practice an historical review". Thesis, University of Hull, 1997. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:5383.

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The apparent lack of any previous work focusing on Police Probationer Training was the impetus behind this research. This very important area of police training is undergone by all officers and their probationary period lasts two years. Numerous reviews and amendments have taken place over the years but do not seem to have been documented in any structured way. The aim of this research was to discover how this training evolved, the reasons for change, and the way it has been implemented. Finally the present day system was examined in detail, compared with the experience of older officers and other systems. Method Obtaining the information has proved a task of detective work, examining numerous minutes, reports and documents produced within and without the police service. Field work was carried out throughout Lincolnshire Police and by visits to Ryton Police Training Centre and the central Planning Unit at Harrogate (now renamed as Training Support, Harrogate). Questionnaires were circulated to officers undergoing the training, officers who attended earlier courses and the trainers themselves. These were followed up by selected interviews. Training delivery was witnessed at Ryton Police Training Centre and within the Lincolnshire Force. Conclusions The results of this research indicate that the training given to initial recruits within the police service is as good as it has ever been. It is, however, cost led and, although the two year probationary period is somewhat euphemistically referred to as a training period, it is much more beside as, once the foundation course of 31 weeks is completed, probationers become a resource deployed in much the same way as their experienced colleagues. The post foundation phase of training is delivered in force with little or no central control and consequently the standard of training is not consistent. The thesis traces the development but, owing to lack of access to, or simply nonexistence, of some documents it cannot be claimed to be absolutely complete.

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Lai, Kam-biu Billy, e 黎錦彪. "Policy analysis and policy windows: fire fighting policy in Hong Kong". Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1999. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3196588X.

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Lai, Kam-biu Billy. "Policy analysis and policy windows : fire fighting policy in Hong Kong /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1999. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B21037875.

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Leach, Barbara Clare. "From policy process to policy impact : policy instruments for sustainable waste management". Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.368993.

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Giannakopoulos, Theophilos John. "Multi-Decision Policy and Policy Combinator Specifications". Digital WPI, 2012. https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/etd-theses/166.

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Margrave is a specification language and analysis tool for access control policies with semantics based in order-sorted logic. The clear logical roots of Margrave's semantics makes policies specified in the Margrave language both machine analyzable and relatively easy for users to reason about. However, the decision conflict resolution declaration and policy set features of Margrave do not have semantics that are as cleanly rooted in order-sorted logic as Margrave policies and queries are. Additionally, the current semantics of decision conflict resolution declarations and of policy sets do not permit users to take full advantage of the multi-decision capabilities of Margrave policies. The purposes of this thesis are (i) to provide a unified extension to the semantics for policies and policy combination, (ii) to cleanly support decision conflict resolution mechanisms in a general way within those semantics and (iii) to provide insight into the properties of policy combination and decision conflict resolution for multi-decision policies in general. These goals are achieved via the realization that policy combinators may be treated as policies operating within environments extended with the results of the policies to be combined, allowing policy combinators to be defined as if they were policies. The ability to treat policy combinators as policies means that users' current understanding of policies can be easily extended to policy combinators. Additionally, the tools that Margrave has for supporting policies can be leveraged as the Margrave language and analysis tool grow to provide fuller support for policy combination and rule conflict resolution declarations.

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Ellis, Lacy Kristine. "Policemoms: Perceptions of Motherhood and Policy in Ohio Police Organizations". ScholarWorks, 2016. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/2649.

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Police organizations have a problem retaining female police officers, especially those who are mothers. Women leave the policing profession at higher rates during childbearing and child-rearing years than during any other time in their career. Using feminist theory as a foundation, the purpose of this phenomenological study was to gain a deeper understanding of the lived experiences of policewomen who are mothers and identify factors that contribute to poor retention rates during childbearing and child-rearing years. Data were collected through 11 interviews with policewomen, who were also mothers, in Ohio. These data were analyzed using Saldana's 2-cycle coding procedure followed by thematic analysis. The findings included a set of patterns that provided insight into the reasons why female police officers are more difficult to retain. These patterns included: (a) challenges related to a double standard associated with women being primary caregivers, (b) psycho-social changes after children including hypervigilance on the job, (c) fear of reassignment or termination, and (d) the perception that departmental policy fails to address the unique needs of female officers. Together, the findings suggest that police departments today have yet to fully understand the challenges that policewomen who are mothers face on a daily basis. The implications for social change include reformed policies and practices that could contribute to the advancement and professionalization of the policing profession as a whole by changing the traditionally masculine organizational culture and promoting a more gender-neutral environment, thus allowing communities to benefit from having a more diverse police force.

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Livros sobre o assunto "Policy"

R, Shipley O., ed. The police policy manual--personnel. Springfield, Ill: C.C. Thomas, 1987.

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R, Shipley O., ed. Discipline Police policy manual--operations. Springfield, Ill., U.S.A: C.C. Thomas, 1987.

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Meyers, Stuart A. Police sniper: Administrative policy & training. [Gaithersburg, Md.] (P.O. Box 7525, Gaithersburg 20898): [Operational Tactics, 1998.

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Wallimann, Isidor, ed. Environmental Policy is Social Policy – Social Policy is Environmental Policy. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6723-6.

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Howlett, Michael. Studying public policy: Policy cycles & policy subsystems. 3^a ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.

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1960-, Ramesh M., e Perl Anthony 1962-, eds. Studying public policy: Policy cycles & policy subsystems. 3^a ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2009.

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Congress, African National, ed. Regional policy: Policy guide. [Marshalltown: ANC Department of Information and Publicity], 1993.

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1960-, Ramesh M., ed. Studying public policy: Policy cycles and policy subsystems. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1996.

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Howlett, Michael. Studying public policy: Policy cycles and policy subsystems. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 1995.

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1960-, Ramesh M., ed. Studying public policy: Policy cycles and policy subsystems. Toronto: Oxford University Press, 2003.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Policy"

Dursun, Taner, e Bülent Örencik. "POLICE: A Novel Policy Framework". In Computer and Information Sciences - ISCIS 2003, 819–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-39737-3_102.

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MacCulloch, Diarmaid. "Polity and Policy 1577–1603". In The Later Reformation in England 1547–1603, 44–61. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-20692-6_4.

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Emsley, Clive. "Crime, Police and Penal Policy". In A Companion to Early Twentieth-Century Britain, 438–52. Malden, MA, USA: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470998823.ch27.

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Willis, James, e Heather Toronjo. "Translating Police Research into Policy". In Translational Criminology in Policing, 48–63. New York: Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003153009-6.

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Rozée, Stephen, Christian Kaunert e Sarah Léonard. "Police and judicial cooperation policy". In The Routledge Handbook of European Public Policy, 167–78. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2018.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315682723-18.

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Wallimann, Isidor. "Environmental Policy is Social Policy – Social Policy is Environmental Policy". In Environmental Policy is Social Policy – Social Policy is Environmental Policy, 1–7. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-6723-6_1.

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Mansell, Jim. "Policy and policy implications". In Severe Learning Disabilities and Challenging Behaviours, 297–313. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2961-7_13.

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Mollett, J. A. "Policy and Policy Instruments". In Planning for Agricultural Development, 154–205. London: Routledge, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003384229-10.

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Zhang, Hongzhi. "Policy and policy analysis". In Equity Issues in Chinese Higher Education Policy, 48–71. London: Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003328889-3.

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Caplan, Arthur L., e Barbara K. Redman. "Policy". In Getting to Good, 51–94. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-51358-4_2.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Policy"

Hoiland-Jorgensen, Toke, Per Hurtig e Anna Brunstrom. "PoliFi: Airtime Policy Enforcement for WiFi". In 2019 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference (WCNC). IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/wcnc.2019.8885440.

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Aslinda, Dr, Muhammad Guntur e Muhammad Akmal Ibrahim. "Policy Core Belief in Policy Change". In International Conference on Administrative Science (ICAS 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icas-17.2017.9.

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Souza, Críston, Críston Souza, Eduardo Laber, Eduardo Laber, Caio Valentim, Caio Valentim, Eduardo Cardoso e Eduardo Cardoso. "A Polite Policy for Revisiting Web Pages". In 2007 Latin American Web Conference (LA-WEB 2007). IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/laweb.2007.4383167.

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Souza, Criston, Eduardo Laber, Caio Valentim e Eduardo Cardoso. "A Polite Policy for Revisiting Web Pages". In 2007 5th Latin American Web Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/la-web.2007.10.

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Mansor, Abdehamid Abdelhadi, Wan Mohd Nasir Wan Kadir e Ahmed Mohammed Elsawi. "Policy Overlap Analysis to Avoid Policy Conflict in Policy-Based Management Systems". In Third International Conference on Advanced Information Technologies & Applications. Academy & Industry Research Collaboration Center (AIRCC), 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.5121/csit.2014.41124.

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Schütze, Florian, e Sami Diaf. "Estimating Policy Uncertainty Within Monetary Policy Debates". In CARMA 2023 - 5th International Conference on Advanced Research Methods and Analytics. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/carma2023.2023.16419.

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Studying policy uncertainty contained in collections of documents has been a major task for political researchers and economists, who aim at measuring this degree exclusively with wordlists and topic models to feed further econometric inferences or test hypotheses. Such bag-of-word applications constrain the analysis and cannot render a clear picture of uncertainty drivers and their persistence, even if semi-supervised strategies may offer coherent improvements at the topic level. This work proposes a semantic search strategy, using Top2vec, to identify sources of uncertainty, at the debate level, and uncover coherent topics whose representations will be used to get uncertainty prevalence within each debate. Unlike aggregate-level measurements, this strategy is suited to study per speaker contributions at central banks, where uncertainty is regarded as a forward guidance tool and a key strategy when devising monetary policy actions. Applied to FOMC transcripts (1994-2016), the resulting semantic space yields non-overlapping topic vectors indicating a dominance of economic discussions in uncertainty formation within committee meetings, while risks concerns are bounded to financial markets and investments using an investor jargon. Moreover, results demonstrate the importance of experts' contributions in steering the economic debate, hence coloring uncertainty with words not found in traditional uncertainty wordlists and diffusing a significant persistence to uncertainty prevalence during debates that exhibits fractal patterns.

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Beigi, M. S., S. Calo e D. Verma. "Policy transformation techniques in policy-based systems management". In Proceedings. Fifth IEEE International Workshop on Policies for Distributed Systems and Networks, 2004. POLICY 2004. IEEE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/policy.2004.1309146.

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Johnson, Maritza, John Karat, Clare-Marie Karat e Keith Grueneberg. "Usable Policy Template Authoring for Iterative Policy Refinement". In 2010 IEEE International Symposium on Policies for Distributed Systems and Networks. IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/policy.2010.28.

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Dong, Zheng, e L. Jean Camp. "Policy proposal". In the 2010 Workshop. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/1920320.1920327.

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Dawes, Sharon S., e Marijn Janssen. "Policy informatics". In dg.o 2013: 14th Annual International Conference on Digital Government Research. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2479724.2479759.

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Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Policy"

Dornbusch, Rudi. Debt and Monetary Policy: The Policy Issues. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, maio de 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5573.

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Dalhammar, Carl, Erika Machacek, Anja Marie Bundgaard, Kristina Overgaard Zacho e Arne Remmen. Policy Brief. Nordisk Ministerråd, maio de 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.6027/na2014-915.

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Chowdry, Haroon, Luke Sibieta e Alastair Muriel. Education policy. Institute for Fiscal Studies, abril de 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1920/bn.ifs.2010.0098.

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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Policy Recommendations. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896292260_04.

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Research Institute (IFPRI), International Food Policy. Policy recommendations. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/9780896292710_04.

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Friedman, Benjamin. Monetary Policy. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, dezembro de 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8057.

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Kotlikoff, Laurence. Generational Policy. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, março de 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8163.

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Caliendo, Lorenzo, e Fernando Parro. Trade Policy. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, julho de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29051.

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Malkin, Daniel. Policy Challenges. Inter-American Development Bank, dezembro de 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0006710.

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Zussman, Tracy. OpenDocs Policy. Institute of Development Studies, junho de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2024.021.

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