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Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Plastic foams"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 27 de julho de 2024

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1

Menold, Philipp, Helmut Cölfen e Cosima Stubenrauch. "Mineral plastic foams". Materials Horizons 8, n.º 4 (2021): 1222–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1mh00122a.

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Templating route for the synthesis of mechanically stable, recyclable, cheap, non-flammable mineral plastic foams for insulation, especially for heat insulation. Synthesis of new material in aqueous solution and at ambient conditions.

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2

Knott, E. F. "Dielectric constant of plastic foams". IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation 41, n.º 8 (1993): 1167–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/8.244664.

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3

Kiselev, I. Ya. "Thermophysical Properties of Plastic Foams". International Polymer Science and Technology 31, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2004): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x0403100205.

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4

Rong, Min Zhi, Su Ping Wu e Ming Qiu Zhang. "Natural Fiber Reinforced Plastic Foams from Plant Oil-Based Resins". Advanced Materials Research 47-50 (junho de 2008): 149–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.47-50.149.

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In this work, a simple but effective approach was reported for preparing natural fiber reinforced plastic foams based on plant oil with excellent compressive performance and biodegradability. Firstly, epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) was converted into its acrylate ester AESO, which can be free-radically copolymerized with reactive diluents like styrene to give thermosetting resins and their foam plastics. Then the bio-foam composites were produced using short sisal fiber as the reinforcement. Effects of fiber loading, length and surface treatment on properties of the foam composites were investigated. It was found that exposure of the fibers to gas cells of the foam reduced the effectiveness of interfacial effect, which is different from conventional bulk composites. As a result, reinforcing ability of sisal fibers became a function of fiber length, loading, etc. Furthermore, the plastic foams based on plant oil resin were proved to be biodegradable in soil burial or in the presence of fungi.

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5

Wan, Cary C., Frank S. Tyler, Nicholas C. Nienhuis e Richard W. Bell. "Cell Gas Analysis in Plastic Foams". Journal of Cellular Plastics 27, n.º 2 (março de 1991): 163–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x9102700201.

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6

Gailite, M. P., A. M. Tolks, A. Zh Lagzdin' e A. E. Terauds. "Thermal conductivity of reinforced plastic foams". Mechanics of Composite Materials 26, n.º 4 (1991): 452–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00612616.

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7

Cummings, A., e S. P. Beadle. "Acoustic Properties Of Reticulated Plastic Foams". Journal of Sound and Vibration 175, n.º 1 (agosto de 1994): 115–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jsvi.1994.1315.

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8

Friese, Klaus, Jürgen Meinhardt e Bernd Hößelbarth. "Plastic foams based on chlorinated polymers". Die Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 257, n.º 1 (1 de junho de 1998): 71–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1522-9505(19980601)257:1<71::aid-apmc71>3.0.co;2-s.

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9

Chernous, D. A., e S. V. Shil'ko. "Large Elastic Strains of Plastic Foams". Mechanics of Composite Materials 41, n.º 5 (setembro de 2005): 415–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11029-005-0067-z.

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10

Lagzdiņš, Aivars, Alberts Zilaucs, Ilze Beverte e Jānis Andersons. "Modeling the Nonlinear Deformation of Highly Porous Cellular Plastics Filled with Clay Nanoplatelets". Materials 15, n.º 3 (28 de janeiro de 2022): 1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15031033.

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Rigid low-density plastic foams subjected to mechanical loads typically exhibit a nonlinear deformation stage preceding failure. At moderate strains, when the geometrical nonlinearity is negligible, such foam response is predominantly caused by the nonlinearity of deformation of their principal structural elements—foam struts. Orientational averaging of stresses in foam struts enables estimation of the stresses taken up by foams at a given applied strain. Based on a structural model of highly porous anisotropic cellular plastics filled with clay nanoplatelets and the orientational averaging, a method for calculating their nonlinear deformation is derived in terms of structural parameters of the porous material, the mechanical properties of the monolithic polymer, and filler particles and their spatial orientation. The method is applied to predicting the tensile stress-strain diagrams of organoclay-filled low-density rigid polyurethane foams, and reasonable agreement with experimental data is demonstrated.

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11

Han, Zhi Zhong, You Cheng Zhang, Wei Min Yang e Peng Cheng Xie. "Advances in Microcellular Foam Processing of PLA". Key Engineering Materials 717 (novembro de 2016): 68–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.717.68.

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PLA is a bio-based biodegradable plastic, which has excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. Because the mechanical properties of microcellular foaming material is similar to petroleum-based plastics (PS), PLA foams have been considered as ideal alternative materials. However, PLA has several inherent drawbacks such as low melt strength and slow crystallization kinetics, which severely inhibit the PLA foaming process to produce high-density forms and uniform cell morphology. By adding a chain extender or nanoparticles, and blending with other biological materials, these ways could effectively enhance the expansion ratio and the cell density of PLA and improve the mechanical properties of PLA foams. The most current investigations on microcellular foaming of PLA were reviewed in the article, and outlook of PLA foams was raised.

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12

Rossi, Peter, Edward Kosior, Pio Iovenitti, Syed Massod e Igor Sbarski. "Flexible Polyurethane Foams from Recycled PET". Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 19, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2003): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147776060301900104.

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Plastic packaging forms a significant portion of household waste, and PET soft drink bottles represent a major percentage of the waste. Consequently, PET bottle grade material makes up a significant portion of the feedstock in the recycling plant at Visy plastics. The end uses are theoretically many, however, there are few applications for less purified grades of recycled PET. This paper presents the preliminary results of an industry based collaborative research project which aims to investigate the breaking down of recycled PET into its chemical building blocks using glycolysis. The main objective is to produce a polyester polyol for the polyurethane industry from recycled PET and to compare the properties with that of a virgin resin.

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13

Dvorko, I. M. "Properties of Filled Epoxy–Novolac Plastic Foams". International Polymer Science and Technology 29, n.º 10 (outubro de 2002): 81–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x0202901020.

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14

Demiray, S., W. Becker e J. Hohe. "Homogenisation of elasto-plastic open-celled foams". PAMM 6, n.º 1 (dezembro de 2006): 473–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pamm.200610217.

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15

Szechyńska-Hebda, Magdalena, Joanna Marczyk, Celina Ziejewska, Natalia Hordyńska, Janusz Mikuła e Marek Hebda. "Optimal Design of pH-neutral Geopolymer Foams for Their Use in Ecological Plant Cultivation Systems". Materials 12, n.º 18 (16 de setembro de 2019): 2999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12182999.

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We have calculated that with the world population projected to increase from 7.5 billion in 2017 to 9.8 in 2050, the next generation (within 33 years) will produce 12,000–13,000 Mt of plastic, and that the yearly consumption will reach 37–40 kilos of plastic per person worldwide. One of the branches of the plastics industry is the production of plastics for agriculture e.g., seed trays and pots. In this paper, novel metakaolin-based geopolymer composites reinforced with cellulosic fibres are presented as an alternative to plastic pots. Materials can be dedicated to agricultural applications, provided they have neutral properties, however, geopolymer paste and its final products have high pH. Therefore, a two-step protocol of neutralisation of the geopolymer foam pots was optimised and implemented. The strength of the geopolymer samples was lower when foams were neutralised. The reinforcement of geopolymers with cellulose clearly prevented the reduction of mechanical properties after neutralisation, which was correlated with the lower volume of pores in the foam and with the cellulose chemical properties. Both, neutralisation and reinforcement with cellulose can also eliminate an efflorescence. Significantly increased plant growth was found in geopolymer pots in comparison to plastic pots. The cellulose in geopolymers resulted in better adsorption and slower desorption of minerals during fertilisation. This effect could also be associated with a lower number of large pores in the presence of cellulose fibres in pots, and thus more stable pore filling and better protection of internal surface interactions.

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16

Valuyskikh, V. P. "Computer Simulation of Structure and Calculation of Physico-Mechanical Characteristics of Foamed Plastics –Part 2: Study of Elastic Foamed Plastics". Cellular Polymers 9, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1990): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248939000900102.

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Laboratory results are presented and calculation studies of the structure and properties of one of the flexible foams, i.e. PU foam are made. A problem is formulated to design plastic foams with a prescribed set of physical-mechanical characteristics is formulated and a possible solution is obtained by varying foam density and gas structural elements elongation.

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17

Tanaka, Takaaki, Takashi Aoki, Tomoaki Kouya, Masayuki Taniguchi, Wataru Ogawa, Yuuji Tanabe e Douglas R. Lloyd. "Mechanical properties of microporous foams of biodegradable plastic". Desalination and Water Treatment 17, n.º 1-3 (maio de 2010): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2010.1696.

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18

Triantafillou, Thanasis C., e Lorna J. Gibson. "Constitutive Modeling of Elastic‐Plastic Open‐Cell Foams". Journal of Engineering Mechanics 116, n.º 12 (dezembro de 1990): 2772–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9399(1990)116:12(2772).

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19

Sun, Shiyong, Haoran Chen, Xiaozhi Hu e Zhanjun Wu. "Stochastic elasto-plastic fracture analysis of aluminum foams". Acta Mechanica Solida Sinica 22, n.º 3 (junho de 2009): 276–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0894-9166(09)60275-5.

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20

Stegniy, A. "Internal friction of composite polymer materials—Plastic foams". International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 20, n.º 5 (maio de 1995): 401–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0360-3199(94)00087-g.

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21

Yoon, J. D., T. Kuboki, P. U. Jung, J. Wang e C. B. Park. "Injection Molding of Wood–Fiber/Plastic Composite Foams". Composite Interfaces 16, n.º 7-9 (janeiro de 2009): 797–811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/092764409x12477485554773.

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22

Bowers, J. S., P. R. Coronado, J. A. Emig e P. C. Souers. "Filling of plastic foams with liquid D-T". Journal of Nuclear Materials 170, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1990): 121–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3115(90)90336-l.

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23

Caruso, A., S. Yu Gus’kov, N. N. Demchenko, V. B. Rozanov e C. Strangio. "Interaction of nanosecond laser pulses with plastic foams". Journal of Russian Laser Research 18, n.º 5 (setembro de 1997): 464–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02559670.

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24

Miltz, Joseph, e Ori Ramon. "Characterization of stress relaxation curves of plastic foams". Polymer Engineering and Science 26, n.º 19 (outubro de 1986): 1305–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760261904.

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25

KABLA, ALEXANDRE, JULIEN SCHEIBERT e GEORGES DEBREGEAS. "Quasi-static rheology of foams. Part 2. Continuous shear flow". Journal of Fluid Mechanics 587 (31 de agosto de 2007): 45–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022112007007276.

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The evolution of a bidimensional foam submitted to continuous quasi-static shearing isinvestigated both experimentally and numerically. We extract, from the images of the sheared foam, the plastic flow profiles as well as the local statistical properties of the stress field. When the imposed strain becomes larger than the yield strain, the plastic events develop large spatial and temporal correlations, and the plastic flow becomes confined to a narrow shear band. This transition and the steady-state regime of flow are investigated by first focusing on the elastic deformation produced by an elementary plastic event. This allows us to understand (i) the appearance of long-lived spatial heterogeneities of the stress field, which we believe are at the origin of the shear-banding transition, and (ii) the statistics of the dynamic fluctuations of the stress field induced by plastic rearrangements in the steady-state regime. Movies are available with the online versionof the paper.

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26

Mei, Yong, Chao Fu, Ying Fu, Yong Ding, Enge Wang e Quanzhan Yang. "Tensile Behavior and Performance of Syntactic Steel Foams Prepared by Infiltration Casting". Metals 12, n.º 4 (14 de abril de 2022): 668. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met12040668.

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Syntactic steel foams (SSFs) were prepared by low-pressure infiltration of molten ASTM CF-8 cast austenitic stainless steel into randomly and densely packed Al2O3 hollow spheres. The microstructure of the SSFs was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrometry. Using dumbbell-shaped specimens, the density of the as-cast SSFs is measured in the range from 3.33 to 3.64 g/cm3 and their ultimate tensile strength from 83.1 to 97.6 MPa. No significant chemical reaction was detected between the fillers and matrix. The quasi-static uniaxial tensile deformation of the syntactic foams underwent elastic deformation, plastic deformation, and then a failure stage, showing similar tensile behavior to plastic bulk metals but different behavior to common metal foams. From the good ductility of the metal matrix, a clear macroscopic plastic deformation was observed before the ductile fracture of the syntactic foams. A constitutive relationship of the SSFs under uniaxial tensile loads has been proposed.

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27

Zhang, Yi Fen. "Simulation on Shock Wave Propagation in Metallic Foams Subjected to Impact Loading". Applied Mechanics and Materials 226-228 (novembro de 2012): 536–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.226-228.536.

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A discretization elastic-plastic material model was used for simulating the shock waves transmission within metallic foams. The density heterogeneity of metallic foams was considered. Several types of aluminum foams are studied on the transmission of displacement and stresses wave under impact loading. The results reveal the characteristics of compressive wave propagation within the metal foams. Under low impact pulses, considerable energy is dissipated during the progressive collapse of foam cells, and then reduces the crush of the objects. When the pulse is high sufficiently, on the fixed end of foam, stress enhancement may take place, where high peak stresses usually occur. The magnitude of the peak stress depends on the relative density of foams, the pulse loading intensity, the pulse loading duration as well as the density homogeneity of foam materials. This research offers valuable insight into the reliability of the metal foams used as vehicles and protective structure.

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28

Zhang, Jingjing, Ghaus M. Rizvi e Chul B. Park. "Effects of wood fiber content on the rheological properties, crystallization behavior, and cell morphology of extruded wood fiber/HDPE composites foams". BioResources 6, n.º 4 (18 de outubro de 2011): 4979–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.6.4.4979-4989.

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When increasing the wood fiber (WF) content in extruded wood fiber/plastic composites (WPC) foams, a good balance between reducing the cost and obtaining good cell morphology should be maintained. This study examines the relationship between WF content and the foam morphology in WPC foams. The role of WF as cell nucleating agent at low concentrations (10 wt.%) was observed, as WPC foam with 10 wt.% WF had lower average cell size and higher cell density than neat HDPE foams. Increasing the WF content further, decreased the average cell size and cell density, and increased the foam density of WPC foams. These results were linked to the rheological properties and crystallization behavior of HDPE and WPC with different WF content.

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29

Glenn, Gregory M., Gustavo H. D. Tonoli, Luiz E. Silva, Artur P. Klamczynski, Delilah Wood, Bor-Sen Chiou, Charles Lee, William Hart-Cooper, Zach McCaffrey e William Orts. "Effect of Starch and Paperboard Reinforcing Structures on Insulative Fiber Foam Composites". Polymers 16, n.º 7 (26 de março de 2024): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16070911.

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Single-use plastic foams are used extensively as interior packaging to insulate and protect items during shipment but have come under increasing scrutiny due to the volume sent to landfills and their negative impact on the environment. Insulative compression molded cellulose fiber foams could be a viable alternative, but they do not have the mechanical strength of plastic foams. To address this issue, a novel approach was used that combined the insulative properties of cellulose fiber foams, a binder (starch), and three different reinforcing paperboard elements (angular, cylindrical, and grid) to make low-density foam composites with excellent mechanical strength. Compression molded foams and composites had a consistent thickness and a smooth, flat finish. Respirometry tests showed the fiber foams mineralized in the range of 37 to 49% over a 46 d testing period. All of the samples had relatively low density (Dd) and thermal conductivity (TC). The Dd of samples ranged from 33.1 to 64.9 kg/m3, and TC ranged from 0.039 to 0.049 W/mk. The addition of starch to the fiber foam (FF+S) and composites not only increased Dd, drying time (Td), and TC by an average of 18%, 55%, and 5.5%, respectively, but also dramatically increased the mechanical strength. The FF+S foam and paperboard composites had 240% and 350% higher average flexural strength (σfM) and modulus (Ef), respectively, than the FF-S composites. The FF-S grid composite and all the FF+S foam and composite samples had equal or higher σfM than EPS foam. Additionally, FF+S foam and paperboard composites had 187% and 354% higher average compression strength (CS) and modulus (Ec), respectively, than the FF-S foam and composites. All the paperboard composites for both FF+S and FF-S samples had comparable or higher CS, but only the FF+S cylinder and grid samples had greater toughness (Ωc) than EPS foam. Fiber foams and foam composites are compatible with existing paper recycling streams and show promise as a biodegradable, insulative alternative to EPS foam internal packaging.

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30

ITO, AKIHIRO. "Properties and Applications of Cellulose Nanofiber Reinforced Plastic Foams". Sen'i Gakkaishi 76, n.º 11 (15 de novembro de 2020): P—456—P—460. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.76.p-456.

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31

Gautam, R., A. S. Bassi e E. K. Yanful. "A review of biodegradation of synthetic plastic and foams". Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology 141, n.º 1 (abril de 2007): 85–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12010-007-9212-6.

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32

Koenig, M., A. Benuzzi-Mounaix, F. Philippe, B. Faral, D. Batani, T. A. Hall, N. Grandjouan, W. Nazarov, J. P. Chieze e R. Teyssier. "Laser driven shock wave acceleration experiments using plastic foams". Applied Physics Letters 75, n.º 19 (8 de novembro de 1999): 3026–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.125222.

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33

Akué Asséko, André Chateau, Benoît Cosson, Clément Duborper, Marie-France Lacrampe e Patricia Krawczak. "Numerical analysis of effective thermal conductivity of plastic foams". Journal of Materials Science 51, n.º 20 (8 de julho de 2016): 9217–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0161-8.

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34

De Micco, C., e C. M. Aldao. "Radiation contribution to the thermal conductivity of plastic foams". Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 43, n.º 2 (2004): 190–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.20313.

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35

Ozkul, M. H., J. E. Mark e J. H. Aubert. "The elastic and plastic mechanical responses of microcellular foams". Journal of Applied Polymer Science 48, n.º 5 (5 de maio de 1993): 767–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1993.070480502.

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36

Lee, Jae-Chul, JaeHyeon Lim, Ki-Young Kim e Dae Young Lim. "Tensile Testing Jig Unit for Foams and Foam-Cored Fiber-Reinforced Plastic Sandwich Composites". Fibers and Polymers 23, n.º 8 (agosto de 2022): 2279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12221-022-4207-z.

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37

D'Urso, Gianluca, Michela Longo, Giancarlo Maccarini e Claudio Giardini. "The Simulation of Metal Foams Forming Processes". Key Engineering Materials 473 (março de 2011): 524–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.473.524.

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Metal foams are two-phase compounds of a gas and a solid with several interesting physical and mechanical properties; in particular they have very low density, good rigidity, excellent energy absorption, high vibration damping. At now, the final shape of foamed devices is directly obtained through the foaming process itself and no further shaping steps are expected. Anyway, the plastic formability of metal foams, in order to both characterize the material itself and to produce more complex parts, seems to be useful for several industrial applications. Since metal foams are quite new products, the basic aspects ruling plastic deformation processes are still partially unknown and FEM methods may represent a valid tool for deepening these topics. This work deals with the formability of Aluminum Foam Sandwich (AFS) panels and it is focused on the FEM simulation of a compression processes. A numerical model was set up by using the FEM code Deform 2D v10.1. Foam behaviour was simulated by means of a compressible (porous) material model and the foam cracking was simulated using a damage model based on the foam density parameter. Some FEM routines were implemented into the FEM code to take into account both the non-homogeneous distribution and the strain hardening effect of the foam cells. An experimental campaign based on the compression of AFS panels made of close cells foam was carried out to fine tune and to validate the model. In particular, experimental data regarding load stroke curves and foam density were used to optimize the material description. An innovative solution, based on a non-linear relation between foam density and effective strain of the foam, was implemented into the FEM code.

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38

Jacques, Nicolas, e Romain Barthélémy. "Modelling of the behaviour of metal foams under shock compression". EPJ Web of Conferences 183 (2018): 01041. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjconf/201818301041.

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A theoretical modelling is proposed to describe the shock response of foam materials. This model is based on micromechanical and energetic arguments, and takes into account the contribution of microscale inertia. Within this framework, an analytical expression of the Hugoniot stress-strain curve is proposed for elastic-plastic cellular materials. The predictions derived from the proposed model are in excellent agreement with experimental data for open-cell aluminium foams. The case of viscoplastic foams is also considered.

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Němeček, Jiří, e Vlastimil Kralik. "Local Mechanical Characterization of Metal Foams by Nanoindentation". Key Engineering Materials 662 (setembro de 2015): 59–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.662.59.

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This paper deals with microstructure and micromechanical properties of two commercially available aluminium foams (Alporas and Aluhab). Since none of the materials is available in a bulk and standard mechanical testing at macro-scale is not possible the materials need to be tested at micro-scale. To obtain both elastic and plastic properties quasi-static indentation was performed with two different indenter geometries (Berkovich and spherical tips). The material phase properties were analyzed with statistical grid indentation method and micromechanical homogenization was applied to obtain effective elastic wall properties. In addition, effective inelastic properties of cell walls were identified with spherical indentation. Constitutive parameters related to elasto-plastic material with linear isotropic hardening (the yield point and tangent modulus) were directly deduced from the load–depth curves of spherical indentation tests using formulations of the representative strain and stress introduced by Tabor.

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40

Mykhailova, E. "PLASTIC POLLUTION IS ONE OF THE MAIN ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEM OF HUMANITY". Municipal economy of cities 4, n.º 157 (25 de setembro de 2020): 109–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-4-157-109-121.

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Тhe article is devoted to the global environmental problem of plastic waste pollution. Now, about 9 billion tons of primary plastic have been produced. Of this amount, 6.3 billion tons is plastic waste, of which 9 % was recycled, 12 % incinerated, and 79 % accumulated in landfills or in the environment. The main feature of plastic materials is their stability. Once in the environment as waste, plastic can be in its original state for more than 450 years. The purpose of the article is to study the current state of production and use of plastics, as well as the field of plastic waste management; identification of perspective methods for solving the problem of plastic pollution. Plastics are organic macromolecular compounds that have high quality characteristics. Due to this, they became widespread. There are different types of plastics: thermoplastics, thermosets, foams and bioplastics. Currently, 40% of plastic is used once, after which it is discarded. Under the influence of various factors in the environment plastic slowly breaks down into small fragments, known as microplastics. Microplastic particles get into the soil, water, and through food chains can enter the human body. Potentially microplastics can negatively affect the human body. To solve the problem of accumulation of plastic waste in the environment, many countries around the world, including Ukraine, are implementing a waste management system based on the European waste management hierarchy. The hierarchy reflects five approaches to waste management: Removal (waste disposal and incineration without energy production), Recovery (waste incineration with energy production), Recycling (waste conversion into secondary raw materials for reuse), Reuse (waste reuse without recycling) and Prevention (waste amount minimization). Disposal is the least efficient way of waste management, and recycling and prevention are the most effective ways. Keywords: plastic, waste, pollution, environment, landfill, recycling.

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Cao, Zhuo Kun, Jin Jing Du e Guang Chun Yao. "Preparation and Mechanical Property of Super-Light Aluminum Foam". Materials Science Forum 650 (maio de 2010): 320–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.650.320.

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Aluminum foams with low relative density, especially less than 0.1, persist unique physical, mechanical and acoustic properties. There is a need of this modern material for special applications and scientific research. However, preparation of this super-light metal foam is quite difficult for the cell size of the foams would increase with its porosity. In this study, carbon fibers are used as novel stabilize additive for aluminum foams and the influence of alloying elements on cell wall thickness and area of Plateau border are studied. The results indicate that the cell wall thickness and bubble coarsening rate of the foam would decrease much when Mg is added into the melt and the relative density of prepared foam can be as low as 0.08. Results of compressive tests reveal the fact that these aluminum foams show a lower compressive strength. The plastic deformation region of this new foam is long and it performs good energy absorption capacity.

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Babayan, Alexandr, Maxim Kulikov e Tatyana Kulikova. "Operation properties estimate of carbamide foam plastic modified with carbon fiber". Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering 2020, n.º 3 (22 de março de 2020): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/2223-4608-2020-3-32-36.

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There is investigated the concentration impact of the filler inserted into polymeric foams for its radio-absorbing properties improvement upon some their operation characteristics. The investigation objects are carbamide- formaldehyde plastic foams and carbon fiber of Uglen 9R type. The purpose of investigation is the estimate of strength properties of radio-absorbing polymeric foams modified with carbon fiber and the analysis of a filler concentration impact upon adhesion and strength during compression.

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XU, ZHI MIN, WEI XU ZHANG e T. J. WANG. "DEFORMATION OF CLOSED-CELL FOAMS INCORPORATING THE EFFECT OF INNER GAS PRESSURE". International Journal of Applied Mechanics 02, n.º 03 (setembro de 2010): 489–513. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1758825110000627.

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The objective of this work is to numerically investigate the elastic–plastic deformation of closed-cell foams incorporating the effect of inner gas pressure. Both body-centered cubic (BCC) and face-centered cubic (FCC) arrangements of pores are considered in analysis. It is seen that the inner gas pressure has a significant effect on the plastic deformation of closed-cell foams, which is different for the foams with different microstructures and is discussed in detail. The inner gas pressure results in the asymmetry of uniaxial tensile-compressive stress–strain curves and the nominal Poisson's ratio. It is shown that the inner gas pressure makes the yield surface move to the negative direction of the hydrostatic axis in the plane of equivalent and hydrostatic stresses, and the moving distance is equal to the magnitude of inner gas pressure in the foams. Moreover, a new yield function incorporating the effect of inner gas pressure is developed for closed-cell foams. The material constants in the yield function depend on the microstructures of the foams.

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Wang, Zhi Hua, Hong Wei Ma, Long Mao Zhao e Gui Tong Yang. "Dynamic Compressive Strength of Aluminum Alloy Foams". Key Engineering Materials 326-328 (dezembro de 2006): 1653–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.326-328.1653.

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The dynamic compressive behavior of open-cell aluminum alloy foams with different length of specimens was investigated using the split Hopkinson pressure bar technique. Plastic strength was measured for aluminum alloy foam specimens having the three cell sizes but similar cell microstructure. Longer specimens exhibited lower mean strength and broader scattering of the strength values than the shorter ones. It can be observed that mechanical response of aluminum alloy foams appear to be dependent of the cell size for both the shorter and longer specimens.

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Challis, K. E., D. J. Hall, P. R. Hilton e D. B. Paul. "Thermal Stability of Structural PVC Foams". Cellular Polymers 5, n.º 2 (março de 1986): 103–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248938600500203.

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The Royal Australian Navy is to replace its existing minehunters with a new class of vessel entirely constructed from a glass reinforced plastic/foam sandwich composite. Previous studies have shown that structural properties of the hull composite are largely dependent on the physical properties of the foam core material and therefore thermally induced foam degradation could seriously impair the structural integrity of the vessel. Consideration of the Australian climate, and in particular that of the tropical North, led to evaluations of the temperature dependence of core properties. Results of tests on a number of commercially available modified PVC foams are presented.

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Sato, Atsushi, Massimo Latour, Mario D'Aniello, Gianvttorio Rizzano e Raffaele Landolfo. "Experimental response of full‐scale steel‐aluminium foam‐steel sandwich panels in bending". ce/papers 6, n.º 3-4 (setembro de 2023): 452–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cepa.2710.

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AbstractThe introduction of metal foams into the building market represents a significant opportunity to increase the use of metal in construction. Developing new structural products made of metal foams and steel could improve conventional buildings' performances in terms of stiffness and resistance. Steel or aluminium foams are characterised by mechanical properties similar to glulam timber, combined with a high energy dissipation capacity. These peculiarities allow conceiving new composites with features typical of the bio‐mimetic materials: lightness, compactness, dissipation, resistance and stiffness. The first structural applications of these materials have already shown the potentialities of composites made of foam and steel, verifying the possibility to realise mono‐dimensional and bi‐dimensional elements with exceptionally high resistance‐weight ratios. Reducing the structural weight can represent a significant advantage in many cases, such as for buildings in the seismic zone or for infrastructures. Within this framework, this preliminary work paper aims to analyse the response of full‐scale metallurgically bonded sandwich panels made of steel and aluminium foam with three‐point bending tests. From the testing, it was confirmed that the metallurgically bonded sandwich panels reach the full‐plastic strength that is computed from the rigid‐plastic material assumption. Moreover, the sandwich panel's bending stiffness can be easily calculated according to the Navier hypotheses. The ultimate limit state of the sandwich panel was determined by the plastic hinge formation of the panel section; fracture between the aluminium foam and the steel sheet was not observed (except the layer where the it was initially detached). The potential performance of the metallurgically bonded sandwich panel that can be used for the civil engineering application was verified from this testing.

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Apostol, Dragoş Alexandru, Dan Mihai Constantinescu, Liviu Marsavina e Emanoil Linul. "Mixed-Mode Testing for an Asymmetric Four-Point Bending Configuration of Polyurethane Foams". Applied Mechanics and Materials 760 (maio de 2015): 239–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.760.239.

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Many efforts have been made recently to determine the fracture toughness of different types of foams in static and dynamic loading conditions. Taking into account that there is no standard method for the experimental determination of the fracture toughness of plastic foams, different procedures and specimens were used. This paper presents the polyurethane foam fracture toughness results obtained experimentally for three foam densities. Asymmetric four-point bending specimens were used for determining fracture toughness in mode I and in a mixed one, and also the influence of the loading speed and geometry of the specimen were investigated.

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Sritapunya, Thritima, Apaipan Rattanapan, Pornsri Sapsrithong, Surakit Tuampoemsab, Pakaon Suksompoom, Chadaporn Lagjaroensakul e Patsaphon Dechsiri. "Feasibility Study of Bio-Composite Foam Preparation from Poly(Butylene Succinate) with Spent Coffee Grounds Using Compression Molding". Materials Science Forum 1086 (27 de abril de 2023): 3–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/p-e2rch8.

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Plastic foam is widely used in varying industries due to its light weight, high strength, and good heat insulation. However, most plastic foams are produced from petroleum-based polymers which cannot be naturally degraded and can release aromatic pollution to the environment when they are molten or burned. Therefore, poly(butylene succinate) (PBS) and KMnO4-treated spent coffee grounds (SCG), which are biopolymer and bio-filler, are used to prepare the bio-composite foam in this research by using azodicarbonamide (ACDA) as a chemical blowing agent. The 10, 20, and 30 phr of the treated SCG and the 6 and 10 wt% of blowing agent are compounded with PBS resin using a two-roll mill and foamed by compression molding machine to investigate the possibility of the batch foam production. All bio-composite foams are investigated for both physical and mechanical properties including morphology, compressive strength, abrasion resistance, bulk density, and water absorption. All foams were successfully prepared by a two-step technique in compression molding to melt the compounded PBS pellets first at 160°C, 90 bar and then decompose the ADCA blowing agent to generate foam cells at 200°C, 120 bar. The appearance and morphology of the obtained foams showed that the cells were smaller and more even distribution with the treated SCG addition. The compressive and abrasion resistant properties decreased as the treated SCG increasing, excepted the bio-composite foam with 30 phr of the treated SCG. whereas the addition of ADCA showed an ambiguous trend. Both filler and blowing agent contents caused a somewhat decrease bulk density and increase water absorption.

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Rong, Min Zhi, Ming Qiu Zhang, Su Ping Wu, Hong Juan Wang e Tibor Czigány. "Ecomaterials-Foam Plastics Synthesized from Plant Oil-Based Resins". Materials Science Forum 539-543 (março de 2007): 2311–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.539-543.2311.

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In this work, plastic foams were prepared from plant oil resins based on soybean oil and castor oil. Firstly, epoxidized soybean oil (ESO) reacted with acrylic acid using N, N-dimethyl benzyl amine as the catalyst, and castor oil was modified with maleic anhydride, respectively. Acid number was used to monitor the reaction process, and structures of the resultant acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO) and maleate castor oil (MACO) were proved by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) measurements. It was found that the catalyst is quite effective in synthesizing AESO. Then, plastic foams based on AESO and MACO were synthesized through free radical initiated copolymerization with diluent monomers including styrene and methyl methacrylate. Mechanical properties, reinforcing effect of sisal fiber and biodegradable feature of the foams were characterized, showing the suitability of the bio-foams for acting as packaging materials.

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Jewett, Douglas M. "Preparation and Potential Applications of Evacuated Closed-Cell Plastic Foams". Journal of Cellular Plastics 26, n.º 2 (março de 1990): 118–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x9002600201.

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