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Tito, Gilvanise Alves, Lúcia Helena Garófalo Chaves e Ana Carolina Feitos de Vasconcelos. "Acúmulo e translocação de cobre e zinco em plantas de Crambe abyssinica". Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável 11, n.º 4 (15 de novembro de 2016): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.18378/rvads.v11i4.4539.
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Crambe (Crambe abyssinica) é uma cultura promissora para a produção de biodiesel. No entanto, não há muita informação disponível sobre as técnicas e pesquisas sobre o melhor desempenho em diferentes regiões para explorar o seu potencial. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de cobre e zinco no acúmulo e distribuição destes elementos nesta planta. O estudo foi realizado em casa de vegetação e constou de dois experimentos independentes, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com três repetições. Em um deles, os tratamentos consistiram em cinco doses de cobre, ou seja, 0, 10, 15, 20 e 25 mg kg-1 e no outro , cinco doses de zinco, 0, 20, 30, 40 e 50 mg kg-1. Após 100 dias de germinação as plantas foram colhidas e avaliadas os níveis de cobre e zinco em tecidos de plantas. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância e comparação de médias pelo teste de Tukey a 1 e 5% de significância. Os teores de cobre e zinco aumentaram significativamente na fitomassa do crambe em função da aplicação destes elementos no solo. Os acúmulos de cobre e zinco nas plantas de crambe obedeceram às seguintes ordens, respectivamente: raiz > parte aérea; parte aérea > raiz. O índice de translocação do zinco foi maior que a do cobre nas plantas de crambe.Content and translocation of copper and zinc in plant Crambe abyssinicaAbstract: Crambe is a promising crop for biodiesel production. However, there is no much information available about techniques and research regarding the best performance in different regions to explore its potential. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of copper and zinc in the accumulation and distribution of these elements in this plant. The study was carried out in a greenhouse and it consisted of two independent experiments in completely randomized design, with three replications. Two metals with five levels were applied: 0, 10, 15, 20 and 25 mg∙kg−1 for copper and 0, 20, 30, 40 and 50 mg∙kg−1 for zinc. After 100 days of germination the plants were harvested and assessed the levels of copper and zinc in plant tissues. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and comparison of means by Tukey test at 1 and 5% significance. Copper and zinc content increased significantly in the biomass of crambe due to the application of these elements in the soil. Copper and zinc accumulation in crambe plants followed the following orders, respectively: root> shoot; shoot> root. The zinc translocation ratio was higher than that of copper in crambe plants.
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Serikbai, Arailym, Aidar Aitkulov, Asylbek Zeinidenov e Wojciech Pusz. "Influence of zinc nanoparticles on the development of sprouts of Avena sativa and Pisum sativum plants". Bulletin of the Karaganda University. “Biology, medicine, geography Series” 104, n.º 4 (30 de dezembro de 2021): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2021bmg4/78-84.
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The research aim is to study the effect of zinc nanoparticles on morphological parameters of sprouts of monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants (Avena sativa, Pisum sativum) during its accumulation in the environment. In laboratorial conditions of the experiment, it was found peculiar features of various concentrations of nanoparticles. It was specified the multidirectional effect of zinc macro- and nanoparticles onto growth rate, green weight of both aboveground and underground parts, as well as species related effect. Authors of the article identified concentrations of macro- and nanoparticles trigger permanent biological response on the experimental plants. A stable stimulating effect of zinc nanoparticles on all indicators of growth and development of pea seedlings at the concentration of 20 mg per 100 ml was revealed. A similar effect was found in oat seedlings which were exposed to zinc nanoparticles at the concentration of 5 mg per 100 ml. The effects of zinc macro- and nano-particles on plants were manifested differently.
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Wyszkowska, J., A. Borowik, J. Kucharski, M. Baćmaga, M. Tomkiel e E. Boros-Lajszner. "The effect of organic fertilizers on the biochemical properties of soil contaminated with zinc". Plant, Soil and Environment 59, No. 11 (7 de novembro de 2013): 500–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/537/2013-pse.
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This study evaluates the effectiveness of organic fertilizers in restoring the homeostasis of soils contaminated with zinc. The activity of selected enzymes participating in the transformation of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur and the sensitivity of white mustard plants to zinc were analyzed. A greenhouse pot experiment was carried out. Uncontaminated soil served as control. Six organic substances which potentially neutralize the adverse effects of zinc were used: tree bark, finely ground barley straw, pine sawdust, cattle manure, compost and cellulose. It was found that in less contaminated soil (300 mg Zn<sup>2+</sup>/kg), all of the analyzed organic substances minimized zinc adverse effects on the biochemical properties of soil, including the activity of dehydrogenases, catalase, urease, acid phosphatase, alkaline phosphatase, β-glucosidase and arylsulfatase. In more contaminated soil (600 mg Zn<sup>2+</sup>/kg), the negative consequences of zinc pollution were effectively mitigated only by cellulose, barley straw and manure. Cellulose had the highest soil restoration potential, as demonstrated by resistance indicator values for different enzymes. Cellulose, compost, manure and straw increased the resistance of white mustard plants to zinc, but only in treatments contaminated with 300 mg Zn<sup>2+</sup>/kg. Bark and sawdust potentiated zinc toxic effects on mustard plants.
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Zewide, Israel, e Abde Sherefu. "Review Paper on Effect of Micronutrients for Crop Production". Nutrition and Food Processing 4, n.º 7 (13 de novembro de 2021): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2637-8914/063.
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Micronutrients are essentially as important as macronutrients to have better growth, yield and quality in plants. There requirement by plants is in trace amounts. Boron, iron, copper, zinc, manganese, magnesium and molybdenum constitute main micronutrients required by different crops in variable quantities. The requirement of micronutrients is partly met from the soil or through chemical fertilizer or through other sources. Various physical and metabolic functions are governed by these mineral nutrients. Boron is particularly essential in pollen germination, copper plays major role in photosynthesis and increases sugar content in fruits, chlorophyll synthesis and phosphorus availability is enhanced by manganese, iron acts as an oxygen carrier and promotes chlorophyll formation, while, zinc aids plant growth hormones and enzyme system. Yield and quality of agricultural products increased with micronutrients application, therefore human and animal health is protected with feed of enrichment plant materials. Each essential element only when can perform its role in plant nutrition properly that other necessary elements are available in balanced ratios for plant. therefore in the plant manganese plays an important role on oxidation and reduction processes, as electron transport in photosynthesis. Manganese deficiency has very serious effects on non-structural carbohydrates, and roots carbohydrates especially. Crops quality and quantity decreased due to manganese deficiency, and this is due to low fertility of pollen and low in carbohydrates during grain filling. In the xylem routes zinc is transmitted to divalent form or with organic acids bond. In the phloem sap zinc makes up complex with organic acids with low molecular weight, and increases its concentration. Zinc deficiency can be seen in eroded, calcareous and weathering acidic soils. Zinc deficiency is often accompanied with iron deficiency in calcareous soils. Iron in the soil is the fourth abundant element on earth, but its amount was low or not available for the plants and microorganisms needs, due to low solubility of minerals containing iron in many places the world, especially in arid region with alkaline soils.
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Basha, S. Anvar, e M. Selvaraju. "Toxic Effect of Zinc on Growth and Nutrient Accumulation of Cow Pea (Vigna unguiculata L.)". International Letters of Natural Sciences 43 (julho de 2015): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilns.43.48.
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Zinc is a heavy metal; this element is considered as environmental hazard.Toxicity effects of Zinc on growth and development of plants including inhibition of germination process decrease of growth and biomass of plant. The aim of this research is to study accumulation of Zinc along with nutrients and its effect on the growth of Cow pea plant (Vignaunguiculata.L). Thus, cow pea seedlings grown in petriplates lined with filter paper undergoing, different treatments of Zinc (control, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150 and 200 ppm). After one week seedlings were removed and morpho physiological parameters like root length, shoot length and dry weight of plants and accumulation of nutrients along with Zinc in roots and shoots were determined. The results indicated that the concentrations more than Zinc 50 mg/L zinc cause the reduction of morphophysiology parameters in the treatment plants rather than control plant and zinc addition in the cultures caused enhancement of zinc content in roots and shoots of cow pea seedlings. Similarly nutrient accumulation also affected by increasing concentrations of cow pea. It was also noted that accumulation of zinc in the roots was much higher than the shoots of the seedlings under treatment.
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Basha, S. Anvar, e M. Selvaraju. "Toxic Effect of Zinc on Growth and Nutrient Accumulation of Cow Pea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> L.)". International Letters of Natural Sciences 43 (22 de julho de 2015): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-6tf03z.
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Zinc is a heavy metal; this element is considered as environmental hazard.Toxicity effects of Zinc on growth and development of plants including inhibition of germination process decrease of growth and biomass of plant. The aim of this research is to study accumulation of Zinc along with nutrients and its effect on the growth of Cow pea plant (Vignaunguiculata.L). Thus, cow pea seedlings grown in petriplates lined with filter paper undergoing, different treatments of Zinc (control, 10, 25, 50, 75, 100, 150 and 200 ppm). After one week seedlings were removed and morpho physiological parameters like root length, shoot length and dry weight of plants and accumulation of nutrients along with Zinc in roots and shoots were determined. The results indicated that the concentrations more than Zinc 50 mg/L zinc cause the reduction of morphophysiology parameters in the treatment plants rather than control plant and zinc addition in the cultures caused enhancement of zinc content in roots and shoots of cow pea seedlings. Similarly nutrient accumulation also affected by increasing concentrations of cow pea. It was also noted that accumulation of zinc in the roots was much higher than the shoots of the seedlings under treatment.
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Yläranta, Toivo. "Effect of road traffic on heavy metal concentrations of plants". Agricultural and Food Science 4, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1995): 35–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72610.
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The concentrations of zinc, copper, lead, cadmium and nickel in spring wheat grain and straw, Italian rye grass and lettuce were studied in a two-year field experiment conducted alongside two roads with a daily traffic density of 9500 and 5500 vehicles each. The experimental plots were located 22, 58 and 200 m from the roads. As controls, polyethylene pots filled with non-contaminated soil were placed in each plot. The values for the bulk deposition of lead were 50% and those for dry deposition over 50% higher in the plot 22 m from the roadside than in the plot 200 m from the roadside. The bulk deposition of zinc also decreased slightly with distance from the road. Cadmium depositions were low at all experimental sites. The highest values for dry deposition of lead and cadmium were recorded when the wind blew from the road in the direction of the collectors. The heavy metal concentrations varied from plant to plant but for a particular species were similar at different experimental sites. The highest zinc, cadmium and nickel concentrations were measured in lettuce. The lead concentration of wheat straw, Italian rye grass and lettuce at 22 m from the roadside was 1.5-3 times that of the background level at 200 m. In wheat grain, the lead concentration was very low and did not change with distance from the road. The plants took up lead mainly from air deposition. The zinc concentration of wheat grain and the nickel concentration of Italian rye grass were also high. Cadmium concentrations were low in wheat grain and straw and in rye grass. In wheat, the zinc and copper concentrations were higher and the lead and cadmium concentrations much lower in grain than in straw.
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Hernandez, Jorge David, e Randy Killorn. "Phosphorus fertilizer by-product effect on the interaction of zinc and phosphorus in corn and soybean". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 89, n.º 2 (1 de maio de 2009): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss07069.
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The application of high phosphorus fertilizer by-products to farmland is a common practice used to reduce storage volume and disposal cost. However, because Iowa soils are generally high in both phosphorus and zinc, there are environmental and fertility questions concerning their application to farmland. A greenhouse study was conducted to determine the effect of a soil-applied fertilizer by-product on the zinc-phosphorus relationship in corn and soybean plants grown on three Iowa soil series: Belinda, Downs, and Haig. The soils were mixed with a high-phosphorus fertilizer by-product and plants were also collected and analyzed for phosphorus and zinc content and uptake. Soil samples were analyzed for phosphorus and zinc content. The experiment was repeated, switching pots to assess the residual effect after one cycle of rotation. The treatments were arranged in a totally randomized design with three replications. The results indicated that the high phosphorus fertilizer by-product increased soil and plant concentrations of phosphorus in soybean and corn plants and soils. However, the increase of P concentration did not induce changes in the phosphorus-zinc interaction in corn and soybean plants in any of the studied soils. Key words: Phosphorus, corn, soybean, zinc, sludge, by-products, Zn-P relationship, zinc-phosphorus interaction
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Ionova, L. P., Zh A. Vilkova, R. A. Arslanova, A. S. Babakova e M. Yu Anishko. "The trace elements influence on the tomato plants heat resistance in arid climate". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 843, n.º 1 (1 de novembro de 2021): 012025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/843/1/012025.
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Abstract In the arid conditions of the Astrakhan region agricultural plants heat resistance is one of the important criteria of quality production getting. In this regard, and also taking into consideration the fact that the soils of our region are characterized by a very low content of trace elements in the form accessible to plants, researches were carried out to study the effect of trace elements of copper, manganese and zinc for tomato plants heat resistance. To exclude the trace elements rapid absorption by the soil, plants foliar treatments were used during the growing season with 0.05% solutions of zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), manganese sulfate (MnSO4) and copper sulfate (CuSO4). In the control variant, the plants were sprayed with water. The results showed that tomato plants foliar feeding during the III-V organogenesis stages with 0.05% solutions of zinc sulfate, manganese sulfate and copper sulfate have not got a significant effect on tomatoes growth and productivity. However, the zinc and copper trace elements positively influenced such physiological parameters of plants as the leaf cells hydration, the bound water content in them, the protoplasm viscosity, thereby contributing to the increase in tomato resistance to the adverse effects of high temperatures in the arid climate.
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Potarzycki, J., e W. Grzebisz. "Effect of zinc foliar application on grain yield of maize and its yielding compone". Plant, Soil and Environment 55, No. 12 (28 de dezembro de 2009): 519–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/95/2009-pse.
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Actual yields of maize harvested by farmers are at level much below attainable yield potential of currently cultivated varieties. Among many growth factors zinc was recognized as one of main limiting factors of maize crop growth and yielding. This hypothesis has been verified within a three-year field study, where zinc fertilizer was applied to maize plants at the 5<sup>th</sup> leaf stage. Maize crop responded significantly to zinc foliar application in two of three years of study. The optimal rate of zinc foliar spray for achieving significant grain yield response was in the range from 1.0 to 1.5 kg Zn/ha. Grain yield increase was circa 18% (mean of three years) as compared to the treatment fertilized only with NPK. Plants fertilized with 1.0 kg Zn/ha significantly increased both total N uptake and grain yield. Yield forming effect of zinc fertilizer revealed via improvement of yield structure elements. The number of kernels per plant showed the highest response (+17.8% as compared to the NPK plot) and simultaneously the highest dependence on N uptake (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.79). For this particular zinc treatment, however, the length of cob can also be applied as a component of yield structure significantly shaping the final grain yield.
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Raigond, P., B. Raigond, B. Kaundal, B. Singh, A. Joshi e S. Dutt. "Effect of zinc nanoparticles on antioxidative system of potato plants". Journal of Environmental Biology 38, n.º 3 (1 de maio de 2017): 435–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.22438/jeb/38/3/ms-209.
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Singh, M. V., R. Chhabra e I. P. Abrol. "Interactions between applications of gypsum and zinc sulphate on the yield and chemical composition of rice grown on an alkali soil". Journal of Agricultural Science 108, n.º 2 (abril de 1987): 275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600079260.
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SummaryA field experiment on an alkali soil (ESP 94) studied the effect of gypsum applied at 0, 2·5, 5 and 10t/ha and zinc sulphate applied at 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 kg/ha on the growth, yield and chemical composition of rice. The effects of gypsum and zinc applications were additive. Optimum response of rice was to 10 kg zinc sulphate/ha at the 5 and 10 t/ha gypsum levels. At low levels of gypsum, plant growth was poor owing to toxicity of Na and/or deficiency of Ca, and higher levels of zinc sulphate gave a yield response. Zinc-deficient plants had significantly lower Zn concentration but higher concentrations of Fe, Mn, Cu, Ca and Mg than the healthy plants. Application of gypsum decreased the concentration of Na, Fe and Zn in rice plants and increased the concentration of Ca, K, Mn and Cu. in plots not treated with gypsum, the Zn concentration of plants was higher but grain yield was lower than that of gypsum-treated plots. Application of zinc increased the DTPA-extractable Zn but gypsum decreased the soil sodicity and DTPA-extractable Zn in alkali soils.
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Akram, Muhammad Asif, Muhammad Sajid, Aqeel Ahmad, Muhammad Waqar, Samina Kusar, Atfa Iqbal e Muhammad Usama Latif. "EFFECT OF FOLIAR SPRAY OF ASCORBIC ACID ON NODULATION, GAS EXCHANGE ATTRIBUTES AND MINERAL ION CONTENTS OF PISUM SATIVUM UNDER ZINC STRESS". Plant Protection 6, n.º 2 (23 de agosto de 2022): 101–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.33804/pp.006.02.4201.
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Heavy metal toxicity is one of the major abiotic stresses leading to hazardous effects in plants. Ascorbic acid is regarded as one of the most effective antioxidants present in plants. A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of foliar spray of ascorbic acid on nodulation, gas exchange attributes, and mineral ion contents of pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivars under zinc stress. Seeds of two pea cultivars cv. 2001-40 and cv. Meteor were sown in pots following a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replicates. Treatments of ZnSO4.7H2O (5 and 10 mg kg-1) were applied through the rooting medium whereas ascorbic acid (5 ppm and 10 ppm) as foliar sprays after three weeks of germination. Results revealed that zinc stress reduced the growth, gas exchange attributes, potassium and calcium contents of roots and shoots of both the pea cultivars. However, foliar spray of ascorbic acid counteracted the adverse effect of zinc stress on the growth of both pea cultivars. The application of 10 mg kg-1 ascorbic acid proved to be more effective in inducing zinc stress tolerance as compared to other levels. Growth and gas exchange attributes of zinc-stressed plants of both cultivars were also enhanced due to foliar applied ascorbic acid which was positively associated with mineral ion contents. Overall, foliar-applied ascorbic acid ameliorated the adverse effect of zinc stress on nodulation and growth attributes of pea cultivars.
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Trukhachev, V. I., I. I. Seregina, S. L. Belopukhov, I. I. Dmitrevskaya, T. I. Fomina, O. A. Zharkikh e D. M. Akhmetzhanov. "The effect of stressful ecological conditions on chlorophyll content in the leaves of spring wheat plants". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 981, n.º 3 (1 de fevereiro de 2022): 032093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/981/3/032093.
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Abstract In short-term vegetative experiment studied the effect of the different combinations of nitrogen and zinc fertilizers on the chlorophyll content in the leaves of spring wheat plants of the Zlata variety. It is established that application of nitrogen fertilizers together with zinc in most combinations contributed to stabilization of synthesis processes of chlorophyll grains in the leaves of wheat. It is shown that in conditions of optimal water supply and in the conditions of ecological stress caused by drought the most optimal combinations were ammonium sulfate with zinc and urea with zinc. With optimal water supply in variants where were applied ammonium sulfate with zinc and urea with zinc was obtained an increase of the amount of chlorophyll (a + b) compared with control variant without zinc, as a result of the growth of the content of both chlorophylls a and chlorophyll b. In the conditions of named ecological stress, the amount of chlorophyll (a+b) was increased in the variant with the addition of ammonium sulfate mainly due to chlorophyll a. In the variant where was applied urea with zinc the amount of chlorophylls (a+b) increased as a result of growth of chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b. It is shown that in conditions of drought in the specified variants had been increasing the ratio og chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b due to growth of chlorophyll b which indicates about improvement of water balance inside of the plant cells and increasing a photosynthetic activity due to normalization of processes of photolysis of water.
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Boswell, F. C., M. B. Parker e T. P. Gaines. "Soil zinc and pH effects on zinc concentrations of corn plants". Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 20, n.º 15-16 (setembro de 1989): 1575–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103628909368169.
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Martinez, Herminia Emilia Prieto, Yonara Poltronieri, Adriana Farah e Daniel Perrone. "Zinc supplementation, production and quality of coffee beans". Revista Ceres 60, n.º 2 (abril de 2013): 293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-737x2013000200020.
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Besides its importance in the coffee tree nutrition, there is almost no information relating zinc nutrition and bean quality. This work evaluated the effect of zinc on the coffee yield and bean quality. The experiment was conducted with Coffea arabica L. in "Zona da Mata" region, Minas Gerais, Brazil. Twelve plots were established at random with 4 competitive plants each. Treatments included plants supplemented with zinc (eight plots) and control without zinc supplementation (four plots). Plants were subjected to two treatments: zinc supplementation and control. Yield, number of defective beans, beans attacked by berry borers, bean size, cup quality, beans zinc concentration, potassium leaching, electrical conductivity, color index, total tritable acidity, pH, chlorogenic acids contents and ferric-reducing antioxidant activity of beans were evaluated. Zinc positively affected quality of coffee beans, which presented lower percentage of medium and small beans, lower berry borer incidence, lower potassium leaching and electrical conductivity, higher contents of zinc and chlorogenic acids and higher antioxidant activity in comparison with control beans.
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Shakir, Walaa Mahmood, Dr Muthana Muhamed Ibrahim AL-Mahdawe e Mustafa Hammadi. "Effect of ZnO Nanoparticles on the Content of Sulforaphane in Broccoli Plant". NeuroQuantology 20, n.º 5 (11 de maio de 2022): 361–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.14704/nq.2022.20.5.nq22182.
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The experiment was carried out during the agricultural season 2020-2021 and included two laboratory experiments. The first was carried out in the laboratories of the Department of Chemistry Sciences / College of Education for Pure Sciences / the University of Diyala, It included the preparation of nano-zinc oxide by a deposition method, and the second field was carried out in Baquba nursery / Diyala Agriculture Directorate. The addition of zinc oxide included nanoparticles at concentrations of 75 and 150 mg. L-1 to the nutrient solution of broccoli plants, in order to study the effect of adding different concentrations of zinc oxide nanoparticles to the sulforaphane content of broccoli by using the soilless cultivation technique. The experiment was carried out using a completely randomized design (CRD) and included a study of 4 treatments, with nine repetitions for each treatment. The averages were compared at the probability level of 0.05, the results showed that the treated plants ZnO75 mg.l-1 significantly by recording the highest mean of 140.μg/g fresh weight, While the average of this trait decreased in plants treated with Cooper's full salt solution and ZnO150 mg.l-1, which recorded the lowest value for this trait, which were 39.25 and 41.26 μg/gm fresh weight, respectively. Compared with the control treatment Cooper's solution without zinc recorded an average of 59.59 μg/gm of fresh weight.
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Li, Biao, Jing Ni, Jin Hua Wang, Zhi Xiong, Juan Wang, Li Li Zhu e Shao Xiong Liu. "Effect of Water-Retaining Agent on Growth and Development of Three Local Legumes on Lead-Zinc Tailings of Lanping". Advanced Materials Research 518-523 (maio de 2012): 1744–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.518-523.1744.
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Effect of water-retaining agent on growth and development of three local legumes were studied, in order to provide science basis for revegetation of lead-zinc tailings in Lanping. Testing survival numbers and moisture and proline content in plants, aim at revealing effect of water-retaining agent on plants under drought stress. The results show that water-retaining agent can prolong survival time of plants and keep stability of moisture and proline content in plants under drought stress. Survival numbers and moisture content of plants leafs decrease with prolonging drought stress time, and proline content of plants leafs increase with prolonging drought stress time. There was no significant difference of survival numbers and moisture and proline content in plants on tailings soil with 0.3% and 0.4% water-retaining agent, so 0.3% water-retaining agent was best dosage in tailings soil for revegetation of lead-zinc tailings in Lanping.
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Srivastav, Akansha, Deepak Ganjewala, Rakesh Kumar Singhal, Vishnu D. Rajput, Tatiana Minkina, Marina Voloshina, Sudhakar Srivastava e Manoj Shrivastava. "Effect of ZnO Nanoparticles on Growth and Biochemical Responses of Wheat and Maize". Plants 10, n.º 12 (23 de novembro de 2021): 2556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10122556.
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Zinc is an essential element that is also renowned for widespread contamination and toxicity at high concentrations. The present study was carried out to analyze the responses induced by lower, as well as higher, doses of zinc (0–200 mg/L), in the form of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in wheat and maize, for a period of 21 days. Accumulation of zinc increases with increasing Zn doses in both wheat and maize, with higher doses being in wheat (121 mg/kg in root and 66 mg/kg in shoot) than in maize (95 mg/kg in root and 48 mg/kg in shoot). The activity of alpha-amylase showed increase, while that of dehydrogenase decline, in response to ZnO NPs. The length and biomass of plants and photosynthetic pigments increased slightly upon ZnO NPs supply. Malondialdehyde content showed a progressive increase in root and shoot of both plants. However, in response, antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, and catalase) showed increase up to lower concentrations (100 mg/L) of ZnO NPs but decline variably at higher levels (150–200 mg/L) in wheat and maize. The results suggest that lower supply of ZnO NPs (100 mg/L) could be stimulatory to the growth of plants and can be recommended as a Zn fertilizer source for crop production.
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Jalal, Zineb, Meryem Bakour e Badiaa Lyoussi. "Medicinal Plants and Zinc: Impact on COVID-19 Pandemic". Scientific World Journal 2021 (23 de setembro de 2021): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/9632034.
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The world is currently grappling with the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The infection can cause fever, a dry cough, fatigue, severe pneumonia, respiratory distress syndrome, and in some cases death. There is currently no effective antiviral SARS-CoV-2 drug. To reduce the number of infections and deaths, it is critical to focus on strengthening immunity. This review aims to conduct a comprehensive search on the previous studies using Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, Medline, PubMed, and Scopus for the collection of research papers based on the role of zinc in the immune system, the antiviral activity of zinc, the effect of zinc supplementation in respiratory infections, the therapeutic approaches against viral infections based on medicinal plants, and the role of plants’ bioactive molecules in fighting viral infections. In conclusion, we highlighted the pivotal role of zinc in antiviral immunity and we suggested the bioactive molecules derived from medicinal plants as a search matrix for the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs.
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O., Nur Maizatul Idayu, Radziah O. e M. S. Halimi. "Effect of zinc-solubilizing bacteria and organic acids on zinc uptake and growth of rice applied with zinc sulfate". Food Research 5, n.º 1 (31 de dezembro de 2020): 153–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.4(s5).009.
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An Investigation on the influence of Zinc-solubilizing bacteria (ZSB) inoculation, Zn fertilizer and organic acids on growth of rice was done at Microbiology lab, Universiti Putra Malaysia. Commercial oxalic acid (BDH), malic acid (SIGMA), citric acid (SIGMA), succinic acid (SIGMA) was used to solubilise Zn oxide, Zn carbonate and Zn sulfate at four different rates (0, 0.1, 1.0 and 10 mM). Selected organic acid and its rate was then combined with ZSB and Zn sulfate using sand culture experiment for rice plant treatment. Highest Zn sulfate solubilisation activity at 0.421 mg/L was found using citric acid as a solubilizer. Similar observation found for malic acid and oxalic acid in Zn sulfate at 0.331 mg/L and 0.249 mg/L respectively. Then, selected organic acids were malic acid and citric acid for plant treatment with Zn-solubilizing bacteria (ZSB) and Zn sulfate. Highest plant biomass was found in inoculated plants treated with 0.1 mM malic acid in the presence of Zn sulfate at 135.67 mg/3 plants. The same treatment was also observed for the highest plant height at 29.57 cm. With the addition of malic acid, the population of the rhizosphere, endosphere and non-rhizosphere varied, but higher than control treatment Application of ZSB inoculation, with Zn sulfate at 0.2 mg/L worked best with malic acid at 0.1 mM concentration due to high increase of rice plant growth parameters, Zn uptake and Zn concentration. Bacterial populations also varied due to different organic acids and their rate
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Grejtovský, A., K. Markušová, A. Eliašová e P. J. Šafárik. "The response of chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) plants to soil zinc supply". Plant, Soil and Environment 52, No. 1 (15 de novembro de 2011): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3339-pse.
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A pot experiment was conducted to investigate the influence of varying supplies of Zn (50–150–300 mg/kg soil – Orthic Luvisol) on the uptake of Zn by plants, selected productive parameters and production of secondary metabolites in Matricaria chamomilla L., diploid cv. Novbona. Chamomile takes up Zn easily and accumulates it in all its organs. The maximum supply of Zn resulted in an 18-fold increase in chamomile shoots where it reached the level of 271.0 mg/kg dry matter. Such a treatment resulted in a 5-fold increase of Zn in chamomile anthodia (Matricariae flos drug) reaching a level of 159.8 mg/kg dry matter. During cultivation, experimental plants showed no signs indicating an excess of Zn. Of the selected productive parameters, the increasing concentration of Zn in the soil affected significantly only the plant height. A weak, positive, insignificant effect of Zn was observed in the production of the plant biomass. When supplying Zn at a rate of 50 mg/kg soil the biomass of the shoots dry matter increased by 17% and anthodia by 8%, respectively (P > 0.05). However, an additional increase in Zn supply reduced production of anthodia, while the dose of 300 mg Zn/kg soil resulted in a significant, 17% decrease of anthodia yield in comparison with the maximum production achieved with the treatment by 50 mg Zn/kgsoil. The application of Zn into the soil affected only slightly the content of essential oil and proportion of chamazulene, (E)-β-farnesene, and ene-yne-dicycloethers. An increased supply of Zn did not affect the concentration of flavone apigenin and coumarin herniarin in chamomile anthodia. Zn fertilization decreased the accumulation of Cd in chamomile plants; supply of 50 mg Zn/kg soil and caused an decrease in Cd concentration by 10% in shoots (P > 0.05) and by 37% (from 0.280 to 0.176 mg Cd/kg dry matter) in anthodia (P < 0.01), respectively. An additional increase in soil Zn decreased significantly with an accumulation of Cd by 18% (at a dose of 300 mg Zn/kg soil) only in chamomile shoots.
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Albuquerque, Gerson Diego Pamplona, Bruno Lemos Batista, André Leandro Maia de Souza, Ana Ecidia de Araújo Brito, Vitor Resende Nascimento, Cândido Ferreira de Oliveira Neto, Andressa Pinheiro de Paiva, Jessica Suellen Silva Teixeira e Mário Lopes da Silva Júnior. "The effect of silicon (Si) on the growth and nutritional status of Schizolobium amazonicum seedlings subjected to zinc toxicity". February 2020, n.º 14(02):2020 (20 de fevereiro de 2020): 325–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.02.p2565.
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Zinc is an essential element to plants. However, excessive zinc levels can severely damage them. Schizolobium amazonicum is an Amazon native species that presents desirable features to remediate environments contaminated with heavy metals. Silicon has the beneficial effect of reducing the toxicity of different contaminants. The aim of the current study is to investigate the effect of Si on the growth and nutritional status of S. amazonicum seedlings subjected to zinc toxicity. The study followed a completely randomized design at 4 x 2 factorial arrangement based on four zinc (1, 150, 300 and 600 μM) and two silicon (0 and 1.5 mM) concentrations with five repetitions for 30 days. Increasing Zn concentrations in the nutrient solution reduced the growth of the plant and Ca, P, Mg, Fe, Mn and Cu contents in plant tissues, increased S concentrations and led to higher toxicity in the roots than shoot of S. amazonicum plants. Si addition to the nutrient solution increased plant growth and the absorption of the evaluated macro and micronutrients. Si increased plant tolerance level from 42.8 to 41.3% at 600 µM Zn, which suggested that this element mitigated the phytotoxic effects of the excess of zinc. Based on the tolerance index, the species presented medium and high tolerance to the evaluated zinc doses. Bioconcentration and translocation factors have indicated the low Zn-phytoextraction capacity of S. amazonicum and suggested that the species may be promising for Zn phytostabilization purposes.
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May, Jeffrey D., e Keith T. Killingbeck. "Effects of herbivore-induced nutrient stress on correlates of fitness and on nutrient resorption in scrub oak (Quercusilicifolia)". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 25, n.º 11 (1 de novembro de 1995): 1858–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x95-200.
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We investigated effects of defoliation by gypsy moth (Lymantriadispar L.) larvae on plant fitness and on foliar nutrient dynamics in scrub oak (Quercusilicifolia Wangenh.). Complete defoliation of treatment plants in 1986 and 1987 resulted in the production of a second flush of leaves (secondary leaves) in each of those years. Insecticide effectively protected controls from herbivory. Mean radial stem growth in 1987–1988 and acorn production in 1988–1989 in plants defoliated by L. dispar were 49% and 88% less than in controls, respectively. Defoliation had little effect on the content of nitrogen, phosphorus, copper, manganese, and zinc in green leaves. However, there was significantly less nitrogen, copper, and zinc in senesced secondary leaves of treatment plants than in the primary leaves of controls. Reduced levels of copper and zinc were also evident in senesced primary leaves of defoliated plants in 1988, when no defoliation occurred. Resorption efficiencies for copper and zinc averaged, respectively, 29% and 117% higher in defoliated plants than in controls for all three years, supporting the hypothesis that resorption may be plastic in response to changes in the magnitude of internal nutrient pools. The lack of such a response in resorption of nitrogen and phosphorus may have been due to biochemical and (or) physiological limitations that prevented increased resorption, since resorption efficiencies of these elements were already high (72% and 75%, respectively).
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Repkina, Natalia, Irina Nilova e Natalia Kaznina. "Effect of Zinc Excess in Substrate on Physiological Responses of Sinapis alba L." Plants 12, n.º 1 (3 de janeiro de 2023): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants12010211.
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Zinc (Zn) is a fundamental micronutrient for plants’ metabolism, but in high concentrations, it is toxic. In this study, we investigated the physiological response of white mustard (Sinapis alba L. cv. Belgia) plants to the Zn excess concentrations (50, 100, and 150 mg kg−1) in the substrate. The results showed that sand Zn concentration of 50 mg kg−1 did not affect the physiological parameters of plants, despite to the high Zn accumulation in shoots. The growth, biomass accumulation, photosynthesis rate, and pigment amount were inhibited at Zn concentrations of 100 and 150 mg kg−1 in substrate. A slight increase in malondialdehyde (MDA) was also observed at zinc concentrations (100 and 150 mg kg−1) without changes in membrane permeability, which is partly connectedtoan increase in the proline content. The results suggested that white mustard tolerates Zn excess impact. S. alba is able to grow on Zn-contaminated substrates along with significant Zn accumulation in shoots, which supports its high potential for phytoremediation of Zn-polluted agricultural soils. It is also possible to propose the following recycling of white mustard plants for Zn fortification feedstuff.
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Verma, Asha, e Ranjana Pateriya. "Effect of Zinc on Road Side Useful Plant Leaves in Bhopal District". International Journal of Scientific Research 3, n.º 8 (1 de junho de 2012): 419–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778179/august2014/127.
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Ross, L. F., R. E. Lynch, E. J. Conkerton, J. W. Demski, D. J. Daigle e C. McCombs. "The Effect of Peanut Stripe Virus Infection on Peanut Composition". Peanut Science 16, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1989): 43–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3146/i0095-3679-16-1-9.
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Abstract Peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.), cultivar Florunner, from plants inoculated with peanut stripe virus (PStV) were evaluated for chemical composition in comparison with peanuts from uninoculated plants. At harvest, seed were collected from plants which had been mechanically inoculated with PStV at emergence, or 20, 40, or 60 days after emergence and from uninoculated plants. The seed from PStV-infected plants had increases in manganese, selenium, zinc, iron, tartaric acid, raffinose, glucose, fructose, and total carbohydrate contents as compared to seed from uninoculated plants. Sucrose was increased in seed from plants inoculated with PStV at time of emergence. There was a decrease in the concentration of potassium, magnesium, protein, and total soluble phenolics of seed from plants inoculated with PStV. There were no changes in the concentration of stachyose, inositol, phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, copper, and oil.
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Liu, Yong-Kang, Cai-Di Xu, Xu-Song Zheng, Lei Chao, Yan-Fei Zhou, Guo-Yong Li, Yan Wu et al. "Zinc Stress Alters Sugar Content in Rice Plants and the Reproduction and Trehalose Metabolism in Nilaparvata lugens". Agronomy 13, n.º 1 (26 de dezembro de 2022): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010073.
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Excessive zinc (Zn) is toxic to plants, but the effect of zinc-stressed plants on herbivorous insects is still unclear. Hence, we assessed the effect of zinc-stressed rice plants on its feeding pest, Nilaparvata lugens. The soil–rice–N. lugens system was treated with Zn2+ solution. Sugar content in rice was measured, and the reproduction and trehalose metabolism in N. lugens were assessed. The trehalase activity in rice significantly decreased at 100 mg·kg−1 Zn2+, and the trehalose content increased. The glucose and starch content increased at higher Zn2+ concentrations. The fecundity and trehalose content of N. lugens decreased after feeding on zinc-stressed rice, and the glucose content in the high Zn2+ group was significantly higher than that in the low Zn2+ group. In addition, the soluble trehalase activity of N. lugens significantly decreased under the 125 mg·kg−1 treatment, while the activity of membrane-bound trehalase significantly increased under the 150 mg·kg−1 treatment. Quantitative RT-PCR indicated significantly lower expressions of NlTre1-1, NlTre2, and NITps after Zn treatment. In conclusion, Zn2+ treatment significantly altered the sugar content in rice plants; it also decreased the fecundity of N. lugens, which may be mediated by alterations in trehalose metabolism.
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Hafizi, Z., e N. Nasr. "The Effect of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles on Safflower Plant Growth and Physiology". Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 8, n.º 1 (20 de fevereiro de 2018): 2508–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.1571.
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In this paper, a study of the effect of ZnO nanoparticles on safflower growth and physiology was performed. Each of these elements plays a particular role in the plant life, the presence of these elements is necessary for plant’s life cycle and growth. Zinc deficiency causes the biggest problems in safflower’s production. Considering the importance of nanoparticles in today's world, this research investigated the effect of Zinc oxide nanoparticles on the concentration of guaiacol peroxidase, polypeptide oxidase, dehydrogenase and malondialdehyde in four plant sample groups in greenhouse and laboratory conditions. Results of showed that malondialdehyde enzyme increased with different treatments of various concentrations of Zinc oxide. The enzyme guaiacol oxidase increased at concentrations of 100 mg/L and polyphenol oxide at concentrations of 10 and 500 mg/L and dehydrogenase in 1000 mg/L and decreased in other treatments. In addition to showing the effect of nanoparticles in plants, these findings determine the beneficial concentrations of nanoparticles that have a positive effect on the level of enzymes in plants.
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KUCEY, R. M. N. "EFFECT OF Penicillium bilaji ON THE SOLUBILITY AND UPTAKE OF P AND MICRONUTRIENTS FROM SOIL BY WHEAT". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 68, n.º 2 (1 de maio de 1988): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss88-026.
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Penicillium bilaji has previously been shown to increase wheat growth and P uptake by solubilizing phosphates under soil conditions. Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine if P. bilaji was able to solubilize inorganic compounds of copper, iron and zinc. Greenhouse and field experiments were also conducted to determine if P. bilaji had an effect on uptake of copper, iron and zinc by wheat. Under pure culture conditions, P. bilaji was able to solubilize cuprous and cupric oxide, cupric carbonate and zinc metal and, to a lesser extent, ferrous and ferric oxides and pyrite. The soil studies showed increased wheat dry matter production and seed and P yields in response to P. bilaji inoculation, which was related to increased incidence of P-solubilizing fungi in the wheat rhizospheres. Penicillium-inoculated plants contained greater quantities of Cu and Zn under greenhouse conditions and more Cu and Fe under field conditions than treatments not receiving Penicillium inoculum. Cu and Fe concentrations in the plants, in most cases, were not affected; however, Zn concentrations were increased by P. bilaji under greenhouse conditions. It was concluded that P. bilaji is able to cause solubilization of relatively insoluble forms of Cu, Fe and Zn. It did not directly affect the uptake of Fe and Cu by wheat in the soils used in these experiments, but may increase the uptake of Zn by plants. Key words: Penicillium bilaji, rock phosphate, copper, zinc, iron, wheat
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Pereira, Ana Margarida, Margarida Guedes, Elisabete Matos, Edgar Pinto, Agostinho A. Almeida, Marcela A. Segundo, Alexandra Correia, Manuel Vilanova, António J. M. Fonseca e Ana Rita J. Cabrita. "Effect of Zinc Source and Exogenous Enzymes Supplementation on Zinc Status in Dogs Fed High Phytate Diets". Animals 10, n.º 3 (29 de fevereiro de 2020): 400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10030400.
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Zinc is an essential element, a cofactor of many enzymes, and performs catalytic, structural and regulatory functions. Once in the gastrointestinal tract, zinc can interact with food constituents. Phytic acid, the major phosphorus storage in plants, limits zinc availability from animal feeds due to the formation of insoluble complexes with phytates. This study tested the effect of supplemental zinc source (zinc sulfate and a chelate zinc proteinate) and the addition of exogenous enzymes from a solid-state fermentation product of Aspergillus niger to a high phytate diet. The study was designed according to three Latin Squares 4 × 4 with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments, with four periods, four diets, and 12 young adult Beagles. Periods lasted 5 weeks each. Diets were supplemented with 75 mg/kg of zinc sulfate (IZ) or zinc proteinate (OZ), and without or with 200 mg/kg of exogenous enzymes (IZ+, OZ+). Results showed that zinc proteinate increased the bioavailability of phosphorus, yet the zinc biomarkers remained unaffected by the zinc source, with the exception of lymphocyte subsets that benefit from zinc proteinate. The use of exogenous enzymes did not affect zinc availability nor nutrient and energy digestibility.
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Genc, Yusuf, Glenn K. McDonald e Robin D. Graham. "Effect of seed zinc content on early growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) under low and adequate soil zinc supply". Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 51, n.º 1 (2000): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar99045.
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Worldwide, barley is often grown on zinc (Zn) deficient soils. Screening for varieties tolerant of low soil Zn (Zn-efficient varieties) generally involves assessing growth or yield of plants grown at different levels of Zn supply. Seed nutrient reserves can influence the growth of the plant; however, there have been no reports on the effect of seed Zn content on the growth of barley. In 2 experiments, we studied the effect of seed Zn content on early growth of barley in 2 genotypes, Amagi Nijo and Tantangara. In Expt 1, the amounts of Zn in the seed ranged from 0.4 to 0.7 µg/seed, whereas in Expt 2, seed Zn ranged from 0.7 to 5.0 µg/seed. The plants were grown in a Zn-deficient siliceous sand with Zn added at 0, 0.04, 0.2, 0.8, and 3.2 mg Zn/kg soil in Expt 1 and at 0, 0.04, and 0.8 mg Zn/kg soil in Expt 2, and harvested at tillering. Growth and expression of visual symptoms were measured. Plants grown from seed with low Zn content developed symptoms of Zn deficiency by the 2-leaf stage in soil with no soil-applied Zn. Symptoms were reduced markedly as seed Zn content increased. Shoot and root growth increased as the amount of Zn in seed increased, but the effect was most evident when soil Zn supply was limiting plant growth (≤0.04 mg Zn/kg soil). For instance, when no Zn was added to the soil, shoot dry weight of plants grown from high-Zn seed was 108% greater than that of plants grown from low-Zn seed, whereas at 0.04 and 0.8 mg Zn/kg soil, the increases were only 52% and 18%, respectively. Soil Zn application significantly increased tissue Zn concentrations. However, the effect of seed Zn content on tissue Zn concentrations was significant only at very high levels of seed Zn. The results presented showed that seed Zn improves vegetative growth in barley, especially when Zn supply is deficient for plant growth. Seed Zn content also affected the determination of Zn efficiency of genotypes, and comparisons of dry matter production of seedlings grown from seed with a wide range in Zn content may alter their rankings for Zn efficiency as determined in this pot assay. The results indicate that seed of similar Zn content needs to be used when comparing genotypes for determination of Zn efficiency.
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T, CHITDESHWARI. "Growth, yield and zinc accumulation in garlic (Allium sativum L.) as affected by zinc supply on zinc deficient soils". Annals of Plant and Soil Research 24, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2022): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47815/apsr.2021.10141.
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Zinc deficiency in soils and plants is the worldwide problem causing considerable yield reduction and indirectly affects human health due to its lesser concentration in the crop produces grown on zinc deficient soils. Hence to know the effect of zinc supply on the growth, clove yield and Zn accumulation, four field experiments were conducted with varied levels of zinc sulphate (0, 5, 10, 25, 37.5 and 50 kg ha-1) using garlic variety Ooty 1 as test crop on zinc deficient sandy loam soils during the Rabi season of 2018-19. Soils with deficient zinc availability showed better response to different levels of zinc sulphate and application of recommended NPK along with 10 kg zinc sulphate ha-1 was found sufficient and economical in increasing the clove yield of garlic by 20.6 per cent. The same treatment resulted in higher farm income with the benefit cost ratio of 3.28. Slight yield reduction (5-7%) at all the four farms was observed for the higher levels of zinc sulphate addition (37.5 and 50 kg ha-1). The highest soil Zn availability, zinc accumulation and uptake by garlic crop were obtained with the addition of 50 kg zinc sulphate ha-1. Although there was a higher variability in the garlic crop response to zinc levels at all the farms, zinc sulphate addition at different levels considerably improved the growth and yield of garlic and also increasing the zinc accumulation in cloves and plants on zinc deficient soils.
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T, CHITDESHWARI. "Growth, yield and zinc accumulation in garlic (Allium sativum L.) as affected by zinc supply on zinc deficient soils". ANNALS OF PLANT AND SOIL RESEARCH 24, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2022): 151–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.47815/apsr.2022.10141.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Zinc deficiency in soils and plants is the worldwide problem causing considerable yield reduction and indirectly affects human health due to its lesser concentration in the crop produces grown on zinc deficient soils. Hence to know the effect of zinc supply on the growth, clove yield and Zn accumulation, four field experiments were conducted with varied levels of zinc sulphate (0, 5, 10, 25, 37.5 and 50 kg ha-1) using garlic variety Ooty 1 as test crop on zinc deficient sandy loam soils during the Rabi season of 2018-19. Soils with deficient zinc availability showed better response to different levels of zinc sulphate and application of recommended NPK along with 10 kg zinc sulphate ha-1 was found sufficient and economical in increasing the clove yield of garlic by 20.6 per cent. The same treatment resulted in higher farm income with the benefit cost ratio of 3.28. Slight yield reduction (5-7%) at all the four farms was observed for the higher levels of zinc sulphate addition (37.5 and 50 kg ha-1). The highest soil Zn availability, zinc accumulation and uptake by garlic crop were obtained with the addition of 50 kg zinc sulphate ha-1. Although there was a higher variability in the garlic crop response to zinc levels at all the farms, zinc sulphate addition at different levels considerably improved the growth and yield of garlic and also increasing the zinc accumulation in cloves and plants on zinc deficient soils.
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Raj, Likhitha, Siddappa Siddappa, S. Varalakshmi, H. M. Vikas e C. H. Girjakumari. "Effect of pre harvest application of boron and zinc on post harvest quality and vaselife of carnation". Journal of Applied and Natural Science 8, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2016): 232–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.31018/jans.v8i1.778.
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The study was conducted to determine the effect of pre harvest spray of micronutrients like boron, zinc and its combination on post harvest quality and vase life of carnation. Post harvest quality of flowers like flower stalk length (65.61 cm) was maximum in the plant treated with zinc (0.3 per cent), and calyx splitting (3.12 per cent) was minimum in the plants treated with boron (0.1 per cent). Flower diameter (6.64 cm) was highest with boron (0.1 per cent) + zinc (0.3 per cent) treatment. Plants without micronutrient treatment produced poor quality flowers. Regarding vase life studies maximum water uptake and minimum transpiration loss from first day to sixteenth day was resulted in the flowers which are obtained from the plant treated with boron (0.1 per cent). The maximum fresh weight of the flower was noticed in combination of boron (0.1 per cent) + zinc (0.3 per cent) from first to sixteenth day. The foliar spray of boron (0.1 per cent) recorded maximum vase life (11.05 days). So the good quality of flowers can be improved by the foliar spray of zinc, calyx splitting can be controlled by boron foliar spray and vase life of the flower can be maintained by foliar spray of boron. It is confirmed that the foliar application of micronutrient is very much helpful for the improvement of post harvest quality and vase life of carnation.
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URESTI-PORRAS, José G., Marcelino CABRERA-DE-LA FUENTE, Adalberto BENAVIDES-MENDOZA, Alberto SANDOVAL-RANGEL, Alejandro ZERMEÑO-GONZALEZ, Raúl I. CABRERA e Hortencia ORTEGA-ORTÍZ. "Foliar application of zinc oxide nanoparticles and grafting improves the bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) productivity grown in NFT system". Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca 49, n.º 2 (25 de maio de 2021): 12327. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nbha49212327.
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The bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) is a food vegetable with a high nutritional intake, with rich content in vitamins, minerals and antioxidants. In this study, using nutrient film technique (NFT) system, the effect of the zinc oxide nanoparticles on the micromorphology, histology, physiology and production of the grafted pepper was evaluated. The treatments used were grafted and non-grafted plants, four concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30 mg L-1) of zinc oxide nanoparticles, and the experience was organized in a completely randomized design. An increase in grafted plants was observed in the weight, number and size of fruits in 18.1%, 21.8% and 9.6%, the concentration 30 mg L-1 of nanoparticles statistically affected the weight, number and size 46.9%, 47.7% and 18% compared to the control. The interaction with grafted plants and the treatment of 30 mg L-1 of zinc oxide nanoparticles increased fruit weight, number of fruits and size by 62.60%, 57.69% and 29.17% compared to plants without grafting and the control treatment. These results indicate that the use of grafts and zinc oxide nanoparticles could be used in bell pepper production to increase yield.
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Liu, Yihua, Ali Raza Khan e Yinbo Gan. "C2H2 Zinc Finger Proteins Response to Abiotic Stress in Plants". International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, n.º 5 (1 de março de 2022): 2730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052730.
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Abiotic stresses have already exhibited the negative effects on crop growth and development, thereby influencing crop quality and yield. Therefore, plants have developed regulatory mechanisms to adopt against such harsh changing environmental conditions. Recent studies have shown that zinc finger protein transcription factors play a crucial role in plant growth and development as well as in stress response. C2H2 zinc finger proteins are one of the best-studied types and have been shown to play diverse roles in the plant abiotic stress responses. However, the C2H2 zinc finger network in plants is complex and needs to be further studied in abiotic stress responses. Here in this review, we mainly focus on recent findings on the regulatory mechanisms, summarize the structural and functional characterization of C2H2 zinc finger proteins, and discuss the C2H2 zinc finger proteins involved in the different signal pathways in plant responses to abiotic stress.
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Ghiyasi, Mahdi, Younes Rezaee Danesh, Reza Amirnia, Solmaz Najafi, José M. Mulet e Rosa Porcel. "Foliar Applications of ZnO and Its Nanoparticles Increase Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Growth and Yield under Water Stress". Agronomy 13, n.º 1 (6 de janeiro de 2023): 192. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13010192.
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Foliar application or minerals is a methodology to promote growth and/or yield and to protect plants against different kinds of stresses. Currently there is a great interest in evaluating the effect of nanoparticles for enhancing the effect of these treatments. This study was performed to evaluate and compare the effect of foliar application of zinc oxide (ZnO) and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) on the growth and yield of safflower under different irrigation regimes. Foliar applications of ZnO in all concentrations (4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 g L−1) led to an increase in biomass yield, number of capitula per plant, number of seeds per capitulum, and grain yield of plants compared with control plants. The maximum increase in the studied traits was obtained with a ZnO concentration of 6, 8, and 10 g L−1. In a second round of experiments, we observed the effect of nanoparticles and found that spraying with ZnO and ZnO-NPs at a concentration of 10 g L−1 may ameliorate the deleterious effects of water deficit. The results of the present study support the idea that foliar application of ZnO improves safflower yield, especially under drought stress, and showed that using of nanoparticles increases the efficiency of the application.
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Rani, Neelam, Kusum Kumari, Parul Sangwan, Poonam Barala, Jyoti Yadav, Vijeta, Rahul e Vinita Hooda. "Nano-Iron and Nano-Zinc Induced Growth and Metabolic Changes in Vigna radiata". Sustainability 14, n.º 14 (6 de julho de 2022): 8251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14148251.
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The widespread industrial use and consequent release of nanosized iron (nFe3O4) and zinc oxide (nZnO) particles into the environment have raised concerns over their effects on living organisms, including plants. These nanoparticles are the source of their respective metal ions and although plants require both Fe and Zn ions for proper growth, excessive levels of these metals are toxic to them. A better understanding of the effects of these nanoparticles on plants also offers an opportunity for their useful applications in agriculture. The present work evaluates the changes in seed germination, plant growth, photosynthetic capacity, levels of biomolecules and antioxidant enzymes in Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek when grown in the presence of nFe3O4 (size 1–4 nm) and nZnO (size 10–20 nm) and compared to the control plants. The plants were raised hydroponically for up to 14 days at two different concentrations of nanoparticles, viz. 10 and 100 mg/L. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) results established that V. radiata can accumulate Fe and Zn in shoots with high efficiency. The results indicated that nFe3O4 had a favourable effect on V. radiata, whereas no apparent benefit or toxicity of nZnO was observed at the tested concentrations.
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Hussein, M. M., e N. H. Abou-Baker. "The contribution of nano-zinc to alleviate salinity stress on cotton plants". Royal Society Open Science 5, n.º 8 (agosto de 2018): 171809. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsos.171809.
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To investigate the effect of nano-zinc fertilizer on growth, yield and mineral status of cotton plants grown under salt stress, a pot experiment was set up in the greenhouse of the National Research Centre. The treatments were as follows: (I) diluted seawater: 10% (S1), 20% (S2) and tap water as a control (S0), (II) 100 ppm (NZn1), 200 ppm (NZn2) nano-zinc and distilled water as a control (NZn0). Irrigation with 10 and 20% seawater decreased dry weight (DW) of leaves by 11.53 and 43.22%, while decreases in bolls were 15.50 and 71.65%, respectively. Except for root DW and top/root ratio, the measured growth parameters were increased as nano-zinc concentration increased. As for the interaction between treatments, the highest DW of stem, leaves and bolls resulted from the addition of NZn2 under normal condition, followed by NZn2 x S1 and the next was NZn2 x S2. The foliar application of 200 ppm nano-Zn led to mitigating the adverse effect of salinity and confirmed that diluted seawater could be used in the irrigation of cotton plant. However, phosphorus fertilizer should be added with nano-Zn application to avoid P/Zn imbalance. Some elements’ status and their ratios were recorded.
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Kirmani, H. F., M. Hussain, F. Ahmad, M. Shahid e A. Asghar. "Impact of Zinc Uptake on Morphology, Physiology and Yield Attributes of Wheat in Pakistan". Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 51, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2018): 29–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cerce-2018-0002.
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Abstract A pot experiment was conducted in the Old Botanical Garden, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, to assess the effect of zinc uptake on morphological, physiological and yield attributes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Two varieties of wheat, i.e. W-141 and W-142, procured from Ayub Agricultural Research Institute (AARI), Faisalabad, Pakistan, were used during this study. The soil used during experiment was field soil from university fields having sandy loam texture. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and four replicates. Different treatments of zinc were applied on different intervals. After 25 and 35 days of germination, the plants were subjected to three levels of ZnSO4 (0, 400 mgL−1, 600 mgL−1). During the experiment, the harvests were taken after 10 days of intervals for morphological and physiological analysis. After the maturity of plants, final harvest was taken and yield attributes were recorded. Data of various morphological, physiological and yield attributes were statistically analyzed. The results showed that zinc toxicity had adverse effects on the wheat varieties. The variety W-141 was a little bit tolerant to zinc toxicity, as per shown by the results, as compared to W-142, which suffered by the toxicity of zinc. It was also revealed by the results that zinc affects the morphological, physiological and yield attributes of wheat when applied in toxic concentration.
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Lozano-González, José María, Clara Valverde, Carlos David Hernández, Alexandra Martin-Esquinas e Lourdes Hernández-Apaolaza. "Beneficial Effect of Root or Foliar Silicon Applied to Cucumber Plants under Different Zinc Nutritional Statuses". Plants 10, n.º 12 (27 de novembro de 2021): 2602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10122602.
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Zinc (Zn) is an essential micronutrient involved in a large variety of physiological processes, and its deficiency causes mainly growth and development disturbances, as well as oxidative stress, which results in the overproduction and accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). A possible environmentally friendly solution is the application of silicon (Si), an element that has shown beneficial effects under abiotic and biotic stresses on many crops. Si could be applied through the roots or leaves. The aim of this work is to study the effect of Si applied to the root or shoot in cucumber plants under different Zn statuses (sufficiency, deficiency, and re-fertilization). Cucumber plants were grown in hydroponics, with 1.5 mM Si applied at the nutrient solution or sprayed on the leaves. During the different Zn statuses, SPAD index, fresh weight, ROS, and Si, Zn, P, Cu and B mineral concentration were determined. The results suggested that Si application had no effect during sufficiency and deficiency periods, however, during re-fertilization foliar application of Si, it showed faster improvement in SPAD index, better increment of fresh weight, and a decrease in ROS quantity, probably due to a memory effect promoted by Si previous application during the growing period. In summary, Si application to cucumber plants could be used to prepare plants to cope with a future stress situation, such as Zn deficiency, due to its prompt recovery after overcoming the stress period.
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KARAMI, Somayeh, Seyed Ali Mohammad MODARRES SANAVY, Sanam GHANEHPOOR e Hamed KESHAVARZ. "Effect of Foliar Zinc Application on Yield, Physiological Traits and Seed Vigor of Two Soybean Cultivars under Water Deficit". Notulae Scientia Biologicae 8, n.º 2 (17 de junho de 2016): 181–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb829793.
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In order to study the effect of water deficit stress and zinc foliar application on yield, physiological traits and also on seed vigor and seedling emergence percentage in two soybean cultivars, an experiment was conducted as randomized complete block arrangement in split factorial design with three replications. The main factor was drought stress in three levels of optimal irrigation, withholding irrigation from vegetative growth stage and withholding irrigation from flowering stage; subordinate factors were the combination of foliar zinc application in three levels and two cultivars (‘L17’ and ‘Clark 63’). Water deficit stress obviously decreased the yield, soluble protein and chlorophyll content in leaves. Proline and soluble sugars content were significantly increased in response to stress. Water deficit stress increased antioxidant enzymes activity. Also, water deficit stress decreased the germination rate, radicle and plumule dry weight. Foliar application with zinc sulfate increased the yield, germination rate and percentage, radicle and plumule weight. Zinc prevented the harmful effects of stress which caused decreasing of leaf protein, chlorophyll content and increasing proline and carbohydrate accumulation. In general, foliar application of zinc decreased the harmful effects of oxidative stress due to water deficit stress and improved growth conditions of plants.
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Kastori, Rudolf, e Imre Kádár. "Effect of selenium, molybdenum and zinc on seedling growth and frequency of grain weevil (Sitophilus granarius) in triticale grains". Pesticidi i fitomedicina 24, n.º 2 (2009): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif0902133k.
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The effects of different doses (0, 90, 270, 810 kg/ha) of selenium, molybdenum and zinc microelements on their translocation and accumulation in grains, seedling growth and grain infestation were examined under field conditions on a calcareous chernozem soil. Thirteen years after the application of selenium, molybdenum and zinc, significant translocation and accumulation of these elements in the grain were established, indicating a long-term effect of these microelements on triticale plants. The highest degree of accumulation in grains and seedling shoots was found for selenium, then molybdenum, while the detected amounts of zinc were significantly lower. The degree of accumulation of all three microelements in the grain and seedling shoot increased as doses increased. Translocation index from shoot to grain at the grain-filling phase was the highest when zinc was used, then selenium, and the lowest when molybdenum was applied. The highest translocation index from the grain during germination into seedling shoots was obtained with zinc, then molybdenum and selenium. Translocation indexes of the investigated elements significantly decreased as the doses of elements increased. Dry weight of seedling shoots decreased as molybdenum and zinc in grain increased. High selenium concentration moderately stimulated seedling development, pointing out a high tolerance of triticale to higher concentration of this microelement at initial development stages. Infestatation with grain weevil was provoked by high concentrations of these microelements in the grain. High concentrations of zinc and selenium, in particular, significantly decreased the percentage of damaged grains, while molybdenum moderately increased their numbers. The effect of zinc and molybdenum may be attributed to their chemical effect, while selenium effect may also be referred to a negative effect of the volatile selenium compound. The effect of selenium, molybdenum and zinc contamination of grains on the seedling growth and frequency of grain weevil was different, and the emphasis was on selenium.
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Nemček, Lucia, Martin Šebesta, Martin Urík, Marek Bujdoš, Edmund Dobročka e Ivo Vávra. "Impact of Bulk ZnO, ZnO Nanoparticles and Dissolved Zn on Early Growth Stages of Barley—A Pot Experiment". Plants 9, n.º 10 (15 de outubro de 2020): 1365. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants9101365.
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Zinc is among the most in-demand metals in the world which also means that a considerable amount of this element is released to the environment each year as a result of human activities. A pot experiment was conducted to study the impact of low- and high-dose zinc amendments on plant growth and biomass yield, with Calcic Chernozem as a growing medium and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as a model plant. The distribution of zinc in various plant parts was also investigated. Zn (II) was added in powder as bulk ZnO and in solution as ZnO nanoparticles and ZnSO4 in two dosages (3 and 30 mmol kg−1 soil) prior to planting. The plants were harvested after 10 days of growth. The three sets of data were taken under identical experimental conditions. The application of zinc in aqueous solution and in particulate form (having particle sizes in the range of <100 nm to >500 nm) at concentration of 3 and 30 mmol Zn kg−1 to the soil resulted in decreased growth (root length, shoot length) and biomass yield; the only exception was the addition of 30 mmol Zn kg−1 in the form of bulk ZnO, which had a positive effect on the root growth. The dry weight reduction (sprout biomass) was lowest in plants grown in soil treated with dissolved zinc. There were no statistically significant changes in the content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total chlorophyll, although flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) analysis indicated that plants bioaccumulated the zinc applied. This implies that the transport of zinc into the above-ground plant parts is controlled by the presence of effective mechanical and physiological barriers in roots. Crop performance under zinc stress in relation to biomass production and the growth of roots and shoots is also partly a reflection of the effects of soil properties. Our findings emphasize the importance of considering plant-soil interactions in research of potential toxicity and bioavailability of zinc in the environment.
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Fabiyi, O. A., G. A. Olatunji e I. O. Daodu. "Nematicidal Effect of Organic Extract Metal Complex on Meloidogyne incognita Infecting Groundnuts (Arachis hypogea)". Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica 50, n.º 3 (1 de setembro de 2019): 191–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sab-2019-0026.
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Abstract The control of plant parasitic nematodes is constantly associated with environmental pollution problems which emanates from the ability of synthetic nematicides to bind strongly to different soil types owing to their hydrophilic nature. This research attempted to determine the nematicidal potential of copper, iron and zinc salts complexed with methanolic extract of Enantia chloranta on Meloidogyne incognita infecting groundnut plants on the field. Carbofuran, a synthetic nematicide was used as a reference standard. The experiment was a randomised complete block design which was conducted in two raining seasons (2017 & 2018). Two grams (2 g) of each of the metal salts were reacted with 300 ml of E. chloranta methanolic extract. Good nematicidal activity was displayed by E. chloranta crude extract copper complex (ENCT/CuSO4) close to the value obtained with carbofuran (CBFN), iron and zinc salt complexes (ENCT/FeSO4 and ENCT/ZnSO4) were also significantly (p<0.05) effective. Toxicity of the metal salt complex to M. incognita was dose dependent. Vegetative growth and yield was significantly (p<0.05) higher in plants treated with the highest concentration of the metal complex solution. Significantly lower nematode population was seen at harvest in the roots of treated plants as opposed to the untreated plants. This research has demonstrated that the E. chloranta metal complex is a promising nematicidal substance.
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Fateev, A., D. Semenov, K. Smirnova e A. Shemet. "Influence of humus acids on mobility and biological availability of iron, zinc and copper". Agricultural Science and Practice 2, n.º 1 (15 de abril de 2015): 73–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/agrisp2.01.073.
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Soil organic matter is known as an important condition for the mobility of trace elements in soils, their geo- chemical migration and availability to plants. However, various components of soil organic matter have differ- ent effect on these processes due to their signifi cant differences in structure and properties. Aim. To establish the role of humic and fulvic acids in the process of formation of microelement mobility in soils and their accu- mulation in plants. Methods. A model experiment with sand culture was used to investigate the release of trace elements from preparations of humic and fulvic acids and their uptake by oat plants. Results. It was found that among biologically needed elements humic acids are enriched with iron, fulvic acids – with zinc, and copper distribution between these two groups of substances may be characterized as even. These elements have un- equal binding power with components of soil organic matter, as evidenced by their release into the cultivation medium and accumulation in plants. In the composition of fulvic acids zink has the most mobility – up to 95 % of this element is in the form, accessible for plants; the lowest mobility was demonstrated by copper in the composition with humic acids, for which no signifi cant changes in the concentration of mobile forms in the substrate and in the introduction to the test culture were registered. Despite signifi cantly higher iron content in humic acids, the application of fulvic acids in the cultivation medium provides a greater increase in the con- centration of mobile forms of this element. Conclusions. The results confi rm the important role of organic sub- stances of fulvic nature in the formation of zinc and iron mobility in the soil and their accumulation in plants.
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Kuziemska, Beata, Paulina Klej, Andrzej Wysokinski, Dawid Jaremko e Krzysztof Pakuła. "Yielding and Bioaccumulation of Zinc by Cocksfoot under Conditions of Different Doses of This Metal and Organic Fertilization". Agronomy 12, n.º 3 (11 de março de 2022): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12030686.
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Zinc is essential for the growth and development of plants, but in excessive amounts in the soil it can be toxic for them. Its mobility depends in part on the organic matter content of the soil. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of application of increasing amounts of zinc (200, 400 and 600 mg Zn·kg−1 of soil) together with various forms of organic fertilizer (cattle manure, chicken manure and spent mushroom substrate) on the yield of cocksfoot and the content and uptake of this metal, and to determine its bioaccumulation factor and tolerance indices. A minor effect of zinc on cocksfoot, expressed as a decrease in yield, was observed following the application of 400 mg Zn·kg−1 of soil. Increasing application to 600 mg Zn·kg−1 caused a significant decrease in yield. Application of 400 and 600 mg Zn·kg−1 of soil significantly reduced the value of the Zn/Org tolerance index. Increasing levels of zinc application increased its content and uptake by cocksfoot and reduced the bioaccumulation factor in the plants. All of the organic materials applied increased the yield of cocksfoot and its uptake of zinc. Spent mushroom substrate increased the Zn/Org tolerance index, while cattle manure and chicken manure increased the Org/Zn tolerance index, which confirms their protective action against high zinc content in the soil.
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Bjelic, Vukasin, Djordje Moravcevic e Damir Beatovic. "Effect of greenhouse conditions on Zn, Fe and Cu content in tomato fruits". Journal of Agricultural Sciences, Belgrade 50, n.º 2 (2005): 101–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jas0502101b.
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Tomato investigations were carried out under greenhouse and field conditions. The aim was to determine the extent to which greenhouse conditions influence the chemical composition of tomato fruits. Plants grown under field conditions were used as the control. Tomato trials were performed during different periods. Greenhouse trials were carried out in the winter and the spring period (January-June), and field trials in the spring and the summer period (May-September). Zinc (Zn), iron (Fe) and copper (Cu) content was established in ripe tomato fruits. Greenhouse conditions were found to effect zinc and iron content in tomato, whereas copper content was unaltered.
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Ukidave, Varada V., e Lalit T. Ingale. "Green Synthesis of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles from Coriandrum sativum and Their Use as Fertilizer on Bengal Gram, Turkish Gram, and Green Gram Plant Growth". International Journal of Agronomy 2022 (27 de abril de 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/8310038.
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Plant growth and development rely on various factors, including mineral nutrients. Some are macronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium, whereas some are micronutrients like iron, magnesium, zinc, and a few vitamins. This experimental attempt was to check the stimulatory effect of zinc nanoparticles on pulse plant growth. The study was conducted on the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles using Coriandrum sativum leaves extract. The characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles was studied using the X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and transmission electron microscope technique (TEM). The effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles as a fertilizer on pulses plant (Bengal gram, Turkish gram, and green grams) was studied in vitro. The seed germination rate, length of root and shoot, fresh weight, dry weight, and protein and chlorophyll content were measured in different media for assessment of zinc oxide nanoparticle’s growth stimulatory effects. The green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles was confirmed with a size around 100 nm by transmission microscope technique. The germination rate of plants was 100% in MS media and MS media + nanoparticles. The present study found that the root length, shoot length, and weight were higher in MS media + nanoparticles followed by MS media, MS media only with nanoparticles, and MS media without zinc, respectively. It is found that the zinc oxide nanoparticles support seed germination and plant growth and also increase the protein and chlorophyll content. Significantly enhanced growth and development were evident in green gram and Turkish gram compared to that in Bengal gram in media treated with zinc oxide nanoparticles. The protein estimation results showed that the content was higher after 7 days in plants of Bengal gram (1.23 mg/ml), Turkish gram (1.19 mg/ml), and green gram (1.26 mg/ml) than that in roots and shoots. The application of MS media + ZnO nanoparticles results showed that chlorophyll content 12.6 mg/l was observed in other applications in the plant’s seedlings. In contrast, the absence of zinc decreases the germination rate, plant growth, chlorophyll, and protein content. This study confirms that the green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles assessed from Coriandrum sativum leaves holds implication and should function as an active biofertilizer.