Teses / dissertações: "Plants by-Products"

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COLLU, MARTA. "Endocannabinoid System Modulation By Natural Products From Ancient Medicinal Plants". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/260056.

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Herbal drugs have been important for the treatment of multiple pathological conditions since ancient times. A multitude of historical texts document the importance of plant-based therapies, but the therapeutic effectiveness of many described applications remains questionable. Concomitantly, the pharmacological properties and the associated chemistry of many herbal drugs described in ancient texts remain poorly studied. The development of modern pharmacology and analytical tools in the past century has led to the discovery of a plethora of novel plant-derived compounds and propelled advancements in medicine and pharmacology. The identification of (-)-trans-Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) as the active principle of Cannabis sativa L., triggered research activities conductive to the elucidation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). The ECS is a major modulatory system involved in a variety of physiological functions including the regulation of appetite, pain perception, memory, mood, and the modulation of inflammation and immune responses. A deregulation of the ECS is commonly associated with pathological conditions such as mood disorders, pain, inflammation, and neurodegenerative and immune diseases. Therefore, identifying target specific agonists, antagonists and inhibitors constitutes a promising strategy to tackle these conditions. The inhibition of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the major enzyme involved in the termination of endocannabinoid signalling via the degradation of the endocannabinoid anandamide (AEA), represents a pharmacological strategy to treat conditions such as anxiety, depression or metabolic disorders. Besides the main cannabinoid type-1 (CB1) receptors, activation of cannabinoid type-2 (CB2) receptors represents as well an interesting pharmacological approach to treat diverse disorders such as diabetes, and neurodegenerative and immune diseases. Therefore, the main aim of this doctoral thesis was to identify and characterize plant-derived compounds able to target and modulate specific components of the ECS. As a starting point to address this objective, a plant extract library of drug samples mainly associated with the herbal drugs described in Dioscorides’ De Materia Medica (DMM; ex Matthioli, 1568) was built up. The extracts were tested for in vitro inhibition of FAAH and affinity towards CB2 receptors. In addition, as an indication of non-specific cytotoxicity, their antiproliferative activity was evaluated. For the screened extracts, the possible relationship between investigated bioactivity and plant phylogeny was first questioned. From the results of the FAAH inhibition screening, it emerged that extracts with significant FAAH inhibitory activity are phylogenetically clustered, as they are associated preponderantly with herbal drugs derived from the Fabaceae family. Isoflavonoids and prenylated derivatives, secondary metabolites commonly produced in Fabaceae, were proposed as potential FAAH inhibitors. Among the isoflavonoids tested, the prenylated luteone and neobavaisoflavone proved to be highly potent, selective, competitive and reversible FAAH inhibitors at the nanomolar range. In addition, preliminary results from the screening of the extract library towards CB2 receptors suggested the identification of sesquiterpene coumarins as a new class of CB2 receptor ligands at the low micromolar range. In conclusion, in this thesis project we have identified two classes of natural products showing in vitro pharmacological interaction with the ECS. Moreover, the compounds may prove promising scaffolds for the development of new therapeutic agents with anti-inflammatory, anti-nociceptive, anxiolytic, anti-diabetic or immunomodulatory activities.

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Metch, Jacob W. "Effects of Microbial Community Stress Response and Emerging Contaminants on Wastewater Treatment Plants". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/85257.

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As the population in water stressed areas increases, it is critical that wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) continue to replenish depleted water supplies, and serve as an alternative water source. WWTPs depend on microorganisms in activated sludge to remove pollutants from wastewater and therefore an understanding of how these microorganisms are affected by various conditions and pollutants is needed. Also, as consumer products and industrial processes evolve, so do the pollutants they discharge to wastewater. In order to keep pace with these changes, understanding the effects of emerging contaminants to WWTP processes is essential. The research herein assesses microbial community dynamics of the response of nitrifying microorganisms in activated sludge to variation in ammonia concentration and evaluates the impact of engineered nanoparticles on activated sludge microbial communities and other emerging pollutants, such as antibiotic resistance genes and disinfection by-products. In order to assess microbial community dynamics of the response of nitrifying microorganisms to removal of ammonia in the feed, nitrifying activated sludge reactors were operated at various relevant temperatures and the nitrifying microbial community was characterized using activity assays and bio-molecular techniques. We found that Nitrospira spp. were the dominant nitrifying microorganisms, exhibiting stable relative abundance across multiple trials and over a range of temperatures. These results indicate the possibility of comammox bacteria in the system and highlight the complexity of nitrifying microbial communities in activated sludge relative to past understanding. Both microbial and chemical impacts of engineered nanoparticles on WWTP processes were also investigated. Metagenomic analysis of DNA extracted from activated sludge sequencing batch reactors dosed with gold nanoparticles with varied surface coating and morphology indicated that nanoparticle morphology impacted the microbial community and antibiotic resistance gene content more than surface coating. However, nanoparticle fate was controlled by surface coating more than morphology. Disinfection by-product formation in the presence of nanoparticles during WWTP disinfection was assessed using silver, titanium dioxide, ceria, and zero valent iron nanoparticles. Silver nanoparticles were found to enhance trihalomethane formation, which was attributed to the citrate coating of the nanoparticles. These studies both raise concern over the relationship between engineered nanoparticles and other emerging concerns in WWTPs, and take a step towards informing nanoparticle design in a manner that limits their associated environmental impact.
Ph. D.

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Dung, Nguyen Nhut Xuan. "Evaluation of green plants and by-products from the Mekong Delta with emphasis on fibre utilisation by pigs /". Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-5830-7.pdf.

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Leite, Carla Daiane. "Produtos alternativos no manejo de doenças da videira". Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2017. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2586.

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CAPES
A busca por substâncias capazes de agir na defesa vegetal é necessária para o manejo de doenças, especialmente na vitivinicultura orgânica. Na primeira parte dos testes, avaliou-se as concentrações 0; 3; 6; 9 e 12% de extrato aquoso de bagaço de uva (EABU), tratamentos padrões calda bordalesa (CB) 1% e Saccharomyces cerevisae (SC) (1 mL L-1) no controle do míldio (Plasmopara viticola) em discos de folhas e em plantas de videira, além da indução de β-1-3-glucanases e quitinase em videira e síntese de fitoalexinas em mesocótilos de sorgo. A composição química do bagaço de uva e o perfil cromatográfico do EABU a 12% foram determinados com objetivo de identificar compostos com possível ação contra míldio. O EABU aplicado em discos foliares, na concentração de 12%, reduziu em mais de 50% a severidade do míldio. Em condições de campo, o extrato foi eficiente de forma análoga ao tratamento padrão CB. Além disso, induziu a atividade das enzimas de defesa β-1-3- glucanases e quitinase 24 e 48 horas após o inicio dos primeiros sintomas da doença. A síntese de fitoalexinas também foi resposta ao tratamento com EABU. Os minerais identificados fósforo, enxofre, potássio, cálcio e magnésio e os compostos fenólicos ácidos gálico, cafeíco e vanílico e; os flavonóides catequina e epicatequina podem ter agido na defesa contra o míldio da videira. Na segunda parte deste trabalho, empregou-se a canola na forma de extrato aquoso (EAC) no controle do míldio da videira e como saches de farinha dessa brássica no controle do mofo cinzento in vivo e in vitro em Botrytis cinerea. As concentrações do EAC foram às mesmas do experimento com anterior. E, em saches utilizou-se 0; 0,8; 1,7; 2,55 e 3,4g. Constatou-se, nos dois ciclos de cultivo da videira, que o extrato prejudicou o desenvolvimento do míldio controlando entre 20 a 30% em relação ao tratamento testemunha, na concentração de 6% de extrato. A farinha de canola, possivelmente liberou compostos voláteis em todas as concentrações capazes de reduzir o crescimento micelial, produção de conídios de B. cinerea e o mofo cinzento em bagas de uva cv. Rubi.
The search for substances capable of acting in the defense of plants is a necessity for the management of diseases in the vitiviniculture organic. In the first part of the tests, 0 concentrations were evaluated; 3; 6; 9 and 12% aqueous extract of grape marc (AEGM), standard treatments Bordeaux mixture (BM) 1% and Saccharomyces cerevisae (SC) (1 mL L-1) in the control of mildew (Plasmopara viticola) in leaf and in vine plants, as well as the induction of β-1,3-glucanases and chitinase in vines and the synthesis of phytoalexins in sorghum mesocotyls. The chemical composition of the grape marc and the chromatographic profile of the AEGM at 12% were measured with a purpose of identification with anti-mildew action. The AEGM applied in foliar discs in the concentration of 12% reduced in more than 50% the severity of the mildew. In field conditions, the extract was efficient in a manner analogous to the CB standard. In addition, it induced the activity of the defense enzymes β-1-3- glucanases and chitinase 24 and 48 hours after the onset of the disease's first symptoms and phytoalexin synthesis. The minerals identified as phosphorus, sulfur, potassium, calcium and magnesium and the phenolic compounds galic, caffeic and vanillic acids; the catechin and epicatechin flavonoids. In the second part of this work, the Brassica napus in the form of aqueous extract (AEB) without control of the media and as sachets (0; 0.8; 1.7; 2.55 and 3.4g), releasing volatile compounds without raw carbon control in vivo and in vitro is used. As extract concentrations as their previous works. It was verified that the aqueous extract of B. napus harmed the development of mildew by controlling between 20 and 30% in relation to the control treatment, when 6% of extract was used in the two cycles of grapevine cultivation. Canola meal possibly released volatile compounds at all concentrations capable of reducing B. cinerea mycelial growth and conidia production as gray mold on cv. Rubi.

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Njoya, Mahomet. "Reactor reconfiguration for enhanced performance of a down-flow expanded granular bed reactor (Degbr) for poultry slaughterhouse treatment". Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2599.

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Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.
The poultry industry is one of the largest industries in the South African agricultural sector. To sustain their various operations, this industry utilises a large quantity of potable water to process slaughtered birds in order to satisfy hygiene and sanitation requirements in processing facilities. Thus, the consumption of potable water during poultry slaughterhouse operations results in the production of high-strength poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW), which is laden with a variety of pollutants, including fats, oil and grease (FOG), carcass debris, feathers and organic matter, including proteins, that should be removed from the wastewater, or at least reduced in concentration, prior to the PSW being discharged into the environment. This is to avoid and/or minimise levies and non-compliance penalties from monitoring institutions in charge of controlling the quality of effluents in the area from which the PSW was collected for this study. Furthermore, the option of treating and recycling the PSW to address the current issue of water scarcity in the Western Cape (South Africa), and to minimise possible harmful effects on the environment, will reduce the overreliance on slaughterhouses in the region on potable/drinking water, thus also lessening running costs associated with water procurement for operations. Various technologies, involving physical, chemical or biological processes, have been evaluated for the treatment of PSW, with this study focusing on anaerobic treatment (part of the biological treatment) of PSW, using a high-rate anaerobic bioreactor system (HRABs), which provides for low production of sludge, the production of biogas as a source of energy and the provision of high performance in terms of organic matter removal. Moreover, HRABs are cheaper, when compared to other aerobic treatment technologies. However, numerous potential challenges were encountered when using HRABs, such as low production of biogas due to gas entrapment, head losses across the granular bed, sludge washout in upflow HRABs, uneven wastewater distribution, and thus poor dispersion of the organic matter, which impacts on the adequacy of treatment, poor release of toxic substances contained in the entrapped biogas (NH3 or H2S), clogging of the underdrain system for down-flow HRABs, or the formation of dead zones within the granular bed, resulting in short-circuiting.

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Dlangamandla, Cynthia. "Bioflocculant dissolved air flotation system for the reduction of suspended solids-lipids-Proteinaceous matter from poultry slaughterhouse wastewater". Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2485.

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Thesis (MTech (Chemical Engineering))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2016.
Poultry slaughterhouse wastewater (PSW) contains organic matter that can be degraded by microorganisms. Such matter can further be used by the microbial community as a nutrient source for growth. Moreover, this type of wastewater also contains a high quantity of particulate matter, lipids and proteins, including antimicrobial compounds such as triclosan (TCS) and trichlorocarbanilide (TCC) used during cleaning and sanitising of processing facilities. Lipids and particulate matter lead to clogging of pipes and fouling of diffusers in the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). To overcome this problem, a pre-treatment system such as a dissolved air flotation system (DAFs) in which synthetic flocculants are used, is commonly used prior to the biological treatment of the wastewater. Synthetic flocculants add to the environmental burden associated with the use of synthetic compounds, particularly when these compounds are used in WWTPs. This study focused on the reduction of suspended solids, lipids and proteinaceous matter using a bioflocculant- supported DAF for the treatment of PSW.

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Franquini, Paulo Eduardo. "Estudo de formação e remoção de subprodutos da desinfecção, em águas de abastecimento com ácidos húmicos tratadas com cloro". [s.n.], 2010. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258649.

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Orientador: Ruben Bresaola Júnior
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T01:59:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Franquini_PauloEduardo_M.pdf: 2223374 bytes, checksum: daba13dae2b6107bdc84e30e66001bf8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010
Resumo: A presente pesquisa teve por objetivo avaliar, em escala de laboratório, a formação de subprodutos da desinfecção (SPD), aldeídos (ALD) e trialometanos (THM), originados a partir da oxidação em soluções contendo ácidos húmicos na presença ou não de íons brometo, sob a ação do cloro livre, sob diferentes concentrações e tempos de contato. A técnica analítica utilizada foi a extração líquido-líquido e cromatografia gasosa com detector de captura de elétrons, a qual proporcionou a separação dos SPD originados em espécies: formaldeído, acetaldeído, glioxal, metilglioxal, clorofórmio, bromodiclorometano, dibromoclorometano e bromofórmio. A presença de íons brometo proporcionou maiores concentrações de ALD totais (TALD) e THM totais (TTHM), sob o tempo de contato de 12 h e 24 h, respectivamente. A variação de concentração de íons brometo de 0,50 para 2,00 mg L?1, promoveu uma depreciação na concentração de TALD em 12 h e uma inversão nas concentrações das espécies predominantes que existiam na ausência dos íons. A inversão nas concentrações das espécies predominantes de THM que existiam na ausência dos íons também foi presenciada, sendo que prevaleceram as espécies bromadas em detrimento das cloradas. Os resultados com íons brometo indicaram a possibilidade da existência de reações de oxidação competitivas para cada grupo de SPD e discutidas no trabalho. A remoção dos SPD foi realizada por adsorção mediante a utilização de carvão ativado em pó (CAP) em diferentes dosagens e com tempos de detenção do CAP de 60 e 120 min, seguido de simulação, em laboratório, do tratamento convencional de água, utilizando-se o sulfato de alumínio como coagulante. Os resultados destes ensaios realizados demonstraram remoções da ordem de 77% para os aldeídos totais, empregando-se dosagem de 30 mg L?1 de CAP e de 86% para os THM totais, empregando-se dosagem de 100 mg L?1 do mesmo, ambas as remoções sob tempo de detenção de 60 min. Os resultados de remoções de THM totais proporcionaram a adequação da água nos limites estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira e permitiram realizar simulações de custo do CAP a ser utilizado nas estações de tratamento de água
Abstract: The present research was to evaluate, in laboratory scale, the formation of disinfection byproducts (DPB), aldehydes (ALD) and trihalomethanes (THM), originated from the oxidation in solutions containing humic acids in the presence or not of ions bromide, under the action of free chlorine, under different concentrations and timing contact. The analytical technique used was the extraction liquid-liquid and gás chromatography with electrons detector capture, which provided the separation of DPB originated in species: formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, glyoxal, methyl-glyoxal, chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane and bromoform. The presence of íons bromide gave higher concentrations of total ALD (TALD) and total THM (TTHM), under the time contact of 12 h and 24 h, respectively. The variation in the concentration of íons bromide from 0,50 to 2,00 mg L?1, caused depreciation in the concentration of TALD and a reversal in concentrations of predominant species that existed in the absence of ions. The reversal in concentrations of the THM predominant species that existed in the íons absence was also seen, and the brominated species prevailed at the detriment of chlorinated ones. The results with ions bromide indicated the possibility of the existence of competitive oxidation reactions for each group of DPB and it was discussed on the work. The removal of DPB was performed by adsorption using powdered activated carbon (PAC) in different dosages and with times of detention of PAC of 60 and 120 min, followed by simulation of the conventional water treatment, in the laboratory, using aluminum sulphate as coagulant. The adsorption test results, followed by coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation and filtration, showed removals of the order of 77% for TALD, using dosage of 30 mg L?1 PAC, and 86% for TTHM, using dosage of 100 mg L?1 of the same, both removals under detention time of 60 min. The total THM removal results gave the adequacy of water within the limits established by Brazilian legislation and allowed the realizations of simulations of cost of PAC to be used in water treatment
Mestrado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Mestre em Engenharia Civil

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Bruniaux, Pauline. "Développement de nouveaux ingrédients santé issus de la fermentation de coproduits de la filière chicorée". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2022-....), 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024ULILR062.

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Les chicorées (Cichorium intybus), telles que l'endive et la chicorée dite industrielle, sont majoritairement cultivées dans les Hauts-de-France. Ces plantes présentent de nombreux bienfaits pour la santé humaine, notamment des propriétés antidiabétiques, anti-inflammatoires, hépato-protectrices, antioxydantes, et prébiotiques. Ces activités sont attribuées à des composés tels que l'inuline, les polyphénols et les lactones sesquiterpènes. La production de chicorées génère plus de 400 000 tonnes de co-produits par an, habituellement destinés à l'alimentation animale. Afin de mieux valoriser ces co-produits, la fermentation lactique représente une approche intéressante. En effet, les bactéries lactiques possèdent des enzymes capables de dégrader les matrices végétales, améliorant ainsi leurs bioactivités. Ce projet de thèse a pour objectif le développement d'un ingrédient santé à partir de la fermentation lactique des co-produits de chicorées. Le premier axe a porté sur le développement d'un procédé fermentation des co-produits de chicorée par les souches de Lactobacillus issues de la collection de VF Bioscience ou de la flore de l'endive. Les couples souches/co-produits, les conditions de fermentation ainsi que l'amélioration de la croissance des Lactobacillus ont été étudiés. De même, les activités antioxydantes, hépato-protectives et anti-inflammatoires des produits de fermentation ont été évaluées par des tests biochimiques et cellulaires. Le second axe s'est concentré sur l'étude de l'impact de la digestion gastro-intestinale et du passage de la barrière intestinale sur les activités des produits de la fermentation, ainsi que sur leur caractérisation à chaque étape du processus. Pour ce faire, les produits de la fermentation ont été digérés in vitro et mis au contact avec une coculture de cellules Caco-2 et HT29-MTX cultivées sur inserts, afin de simuler la barrière intestinale. Les activités antioxydantes, hépato-protectrices et anti-inflammatoires ont ensuite été évaluées sur différentes lignées cellulaires. Ce projet a montré que la fermentation lactique des co-produits de chicorée permet d'améliorer certaines de leurs bioactivités, et que ces activités sont peu affectées par la digestion gastro-intestinale
Chicories (Cichorium intybus), such as endive and industrial chicory, are primarily cultivated in the Hauts-de-France region. These plants offer numerous health benefits, including antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, antioxidant, and prebiotic properties. These activities are attributed to compounds such as inulin, polyphenols, and sesquiterpene lactones. Chicory production generates over 400,000 tons of co-products annually, which are usually intended for animal feed. To better valorize these co-products, lactic fermentation presents an interesting approach. Indeed, lactic acid bacteria possess enzymes capable of degrading plant matrices, thereby improving their bioactivities. The aim of this doctoral project is to develop a health ingredient from the lactic fermentation of chicory co-products. The first axis focused on developing a fermentation process for chicory co-products using Lactobacillus strains from the VF Bioscience collection or from the endive microbiota. The strain/co-product combinations, fermentation conditions, and optimization of Lactobacillus growth were studied. Additionally, the antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities of the fermentation products were evaluated through biochemical and cellular assays. The second axis focused on studying the impact of gastrointestinal digestion and the passage through the intestinal barrier on the activities of the fermentation products, as well as their characterization at each stage of the process. To do this, the fermentation products were digested in vitro and exposed to a co-culture of Caco-2 and HT29-MTX cells grown on inserts to simulate the intestinal barrier. Antioxidant, hepatoprotective, and anti-inflammatory activities were then evaluated on various cell lines. This project demonstrated that the lactic fermentation of chicory co-products enhances some of their bioactivities and that these activities are minimally affected by gastrointestinal digestion

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Abdelrahim, A. (Ahmed). "Recycling of steel plant by-products by cold bonded briquetting". Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2018. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201805091649.

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Global warming is one of the biggest challenges humankind currently faces. This made it necessary to limit carbon emissions from many industries including iron and steelmaking industry. Many sintering plants were shut down due to legal and environmental consideration. Briquetting process emerged as an attractive alternative for the purpose of recycling by-products. When used as feed to blast furnace, briquettes must have adequate chemical composition and mechanical properties so they would not disturb the process inside the furnace. In this work, eleven by-products were received from SSAB plant in Raahe to be used as part of briquettes recipe. The by-products materials were characterized using different techniques such as XRF, XRD, LECO and SEM. Particle size distribution was determined using sieving and laser diffraction techniques. EMMA (Elkem Materials Mixture Analyser) software was used to study the packing of different briquette recipes. Mechanical properties of produced briquettes were measured using several tests such as compression, drop and tumbler tests. The effect of incorporation of BF and BOF sludge to briquette recipe was studied. The results indicated that briquettes with up to 8% introduced sludge to the recipe maintained adequate mechanical properties. However, zinc input to the furnace utilizing this recipe exceeded suitable level for smooth furnace operation. The effect of incorporating lignin to briquette recipe to replace the rapid cement was studied. The results showed that using lignin as a substitute to rapid cement resulted in catastrophic reduction in briquettes strength
Ilmastonmuutos on tällä hetkellä yksi ihmiskunnan suurimmista haasteista. Ilmastonmuutoksen vuoksi teollisuuden, mukaan lukien rauta- ja terästeollisuuden, on välttämätöntä vähentää CO₂-päästöjä. Viime vuosien aikana sintraamoja on suljettu oikeus- ja ympäristönäkökulmista johtuen. Briketöintiä pidetään kiinnostavana korvaavana vaihtoehtona sivutuotteiden kierrättämiseen. Käytettäessä brikettejä masuunin syötteessä, briketeillä täytyy olla sopiva kemiallinen koostumus ja mekaaniset ominaisuudet, jotta ne eivät häiritse uunin toimintaa. Tässä työssä briketit valmistettiin yhdestätoista erilaisesta SSAB:n Raahen tehtaan sivutuotemateriaalista. Tutkimuksissa käytetyt sivutuotemateriaalit karakterisoitiin käyttämällä XRF-, XRD-, LECO- ja SEM-analyysejä. Partikkelikokojakauma määritettiin seulomalla ja laser-diffraktiolla. EMMA (Elkem Materials Mixture Analyser) ohjelmalla tutkittiin eri brikettireseptien pakkautumiskäyttäytymistä. Valmistettujen brikettien mekaanisia ominaisuuksien tutkimiseen käytettiin puristus-, pudotus- ja rumputestejä. Tutkimuksen ensimmäisessä vaiheessa tutkittiin BF- ja BOF-liejujen käytön vaikutusta brikettien ominaisuuksiin. Tulosten perusteella brikettien mekaaniset ominaisuudet säilyivät tarkoituksenmukaisina, kun brikettireseptissä käytettiin maksimissan 8 % BF- ja BOF-liejua. Reseptin sisältämä sinkin määrä syötettynä masuuniin kuitenkin ylittää masuunin esteettömän toiminnan vaatiman tason. Tutkimuksen toisessa vaiheessa tutkittiin ligniinin käyttöä brikettireseptissä rapid-sementin korvikkeena. Tulokset osoittivat, että ligniinin käyttö rapid-sementin korvikkeena briketeissä johtaa huomattavaan lujuuden laskuun

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Godo, Pla Lluís. "Design and implementation of an environmental decision support system for the control and management of drinking water treatment plants". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/670140.

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Drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) face significant challenges due to anthropocentric pressure and climate change. To address them, DWTP managers need to adjust treatment units. In the present work, a decision support system (EDSS) has been developed to respond to the main operational challenges of two real case studies: Llobregat and Ter DWTPs. Specifically, data-driven and knowledge-based models have been developed to address the control of the pre-oxidation process, the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) and to monitor the microbiological safety of the water produced. The various tools resulting from this thesis have been integrated into a decision support system and have been validated at full-scale DWTPs
Les estacions de tractament d’aigua potable (ETAPs) han de fer front a reptes significatius deguts a la pressió antropocèntrica i al canvi climàtic. Per a abordar-los, els gestors de les ETAPs han d’ajustar les unitats de tractament. En el present trebal, s’ha desenvolupat un sistema d’ajut a la decisió (EDSS) per respondre als reptes operacionals principals de dos casos d’estudi reals: les ETAPs del Llobregat i del Ter. Concretament, s’han desenvolupats models basats en el coneixement expert i les dades de procés per fer front al control del procés de pre-oxidació, la formació de subproductes de la desinfecció (DBPs) i per supervisar la seguretat microbiològica de l’aigua produïda. Les diferents eines resultants d’aquesta tesi s’han integrat en un sistema d’ajut a la decisió i han estat validades a escala industrial

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Lindhorst, Kathleen. "Antioxidant activity of phenolic fraction of plant products ingested by the Maasai". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0006/MQ44206.pdf.

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James, Emily E. "Development of an organic botanical plant protection product from larix by-products". Thesis, University of Surrey, 2018. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/848727/.

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Control of pathogens by means of plant-derived plant protection products (PPPs) can be an effective, sustainable and environmentally friendly method of crop protection in organic agriculture. Larix decidua (European larch) bark is a by-product of the wood processing industry and provides a readily available, low cost and sustainable raw material. It was therefore planned to commercialise Larix extracts, containing two highly active diterpenoids (larixyl acetate and larixol) into a marketable PPP, Larixyne®, to combat grapevine downy mildew (Plasmopara viticola) in organic farming. This thesis outlines the processes and knowledge developed in order to facilitate the commercialisation of Larixyne®: (i) Analytical protocols using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography (GC-FID) techniques to quantify larixyl acetate, larixol and epimanool (the primary impurity) in Larix extracts were developed. (ii) Methods for large scale extraction and purification of active compounds from Larix were optimised in line with EU specifications for products with organic agricultural use. Through extraction with 2-amino-2-methyl-1-propanol (AMP), Larix bark contained extract compositions of up to 30.53% larixyl acetate and 8.45% larixol. Larixyl acetate and larixol extracts were isolated in sufficient quantity (8.0 kg) for large scale field trials. (iii) High-yield sources of larixyl acetate and larixol were evaluated and identified through screening a range of plant samples from central and northern Europe. Larix samples were found to vary in content of larixyl acetate (median 0.017% w/w, range 0.000 – 4.544% w/w), larixol (median 0.003% w/w, range 0.000 – 0.578% w/w), and epimanool (median 0.009% w/w, range 0.000 –0.752% w/w). (iv) The activity of larixyl acetate, larixol, epimanool and formulated products of Larix extracts against P. viticola on Vitis vinifera were demonstrated. Larixyl acetate and larixol exhibited excellent activity in vitro (mean MIC100 of 7 and 16 μg/mL) and in planta (EC50 0.2 – 0.7 mg/mL).

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GIL, KATARZYNA ANGELIKA. "Preparation of functional foods from selected plant materials and their by-products". Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Cagliari, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11584/284384.

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The aim of this project was to prepare innovative functional foods with potential health-promoting components from selected plant materials and their by-products. For this purpose, Arbutus unedo L. fruits, Myrtus communis L. purple and white berries, Acca sellowiana (O. Berg) flowers, Crocus sativus L. flower juice, Malus domestica L. Borkh. var. Shampion fruits and Diospyros kaki L. var. Rojo Brillante fruits were used to prepare juices and smoothies (thick beverages made mainly from pureed raw fruit). The final products (smoothies and juices) were created from 3 different bases: B1 - apple juice, B2 - persimmon fruit purée and apple juice, and B3 - strawberry tree dry fruits and apple juice, respectively, with an addition of 0.1 % or 0.5 % saffron flower juice or 0.5 % purple myrtle berry extract or 0.5 % feijoa flowers or 0.5 % strawberry tree fruits or persimmon fruit purée. Moreover, the stability of the final products was assessed during a 6 month period of storage. Potential health-promoting components were investigated in both the plant materials and the final food products. The total polyphenol content was estimated spectrophotometrically (Folin-Ciocalteu’s assay) and phenolic compounds were determined in the examined samples using ultra-performance liquid chromatography photodiode detector-quadrupole time of flight/mass spectrometry (UPLC-PDA-QTof/MS) and quantified by UPLC-PDA. Furthermore, proanthocyanidins analysis, determination of colour, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity (TA), dry matter, ashes, pH, and total sugars content by HPLC-ELSD, organic acids and vitamin C content was performed. Moreover, biological activities like antioxidant activity and inhibition on targeted digestive enzymes were investigated with different assays. Antioxidant activity was determined by evaluating total reducing power (FRAP and CUPRAC assays), free radical scavenging activity (ABTS•+ and DPPH• assays), and oxygen radical absorption capacity (ORAC assay). On the most interesting products, in vitro analysis on Caco-2 cells (cytotoxic activity and determination of intracellular ROS production) was also performed. Estimation of inhibition on targeted digestive enzymes (α-amylase, α-glucosidase and pancreatic lipase) was performed to evaluate the potential benefits for consumers with health problems such as diabetes and weight management. Finally, consumer evaluations of the new functional foods were evaluated using 5° hedonic scale. Products with the base B3 (strawberry tree fruits + apple juice) and 0.5 % addition of purple myrtle berry extract, feijoa flowers and persimmon fruit purée, as well as with 0.1 % of saffron flower juice, were shown to be the most interesting to consumers thanks to the large amount of bioactive compounds, the best antioxidant activity and digestive enzyme inhibitory activity, as well as the highest quantity of organic acids and simple sugars. Positive evaluation of the sensory properties and ageing stability at 6-month timespan support the potential commercial use of this new functional food in smoothie form. The study has been performed in collaboration with Prof. Aneta Wojdyło and Paulina Nowicka from the Department of Fruit, Vegetables and Plant Nutraceutical Technology (Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Poland).

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Fujita, Miki. "FUNCTIONAL ANALYSIS OF GENE PRODUCTS OF PLANT VIRUSES BY USING PROTEIN EXPRESSION SYSTEMS". Kyoto University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/181036.

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Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第8407号
農博第1091号
新制||農||797(附属図書館)
学位論文||H12||N3364(農学部図書室)
UT51-2000-F311
京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻
(主査)教授古澤巌, 教授久野英二, 教授津田盛也
学位規則第4条第1項該当

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Kammerer, Judith [Verfasser]. "Selective Polyphenol Recovery from By-Products of Plant Foodstuff Processing by Adsorption and Ion Exchange Technology / Judith Kammerer". Aachen : Shaker, 2011. http://d-nb.info/1071529005/34.

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Fang, Yuan Yuan. "In vitro drug-herb interaction potential of African medicinal plant products used by Type II diabetics". Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1341.

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In Africa, use of medicinal plants for the treatment of diabetes is very common. However, efficacy on co-administering of medicinal plants with therapeutic drugs hasn't been fully determined, especially for African medicinal plants. The current study focused on assessing the in vitro modulation effects of three popular African medicinal plants, namely: Aloe ferox, Sutherlandia frutescens and Prunus africana (including five commercial preparations containing these medicinal plants) on two of the most important anti-diabetic drug metabolising enzymes, Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) 2C9 and CYP3A4 and a key drug efflux transporter, P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Vivid® microsome-based screening kits were used to assess inhibitory potency of plants preparations on CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 enzymes activities. The study showed that P. africana was a more potent inhibitor of CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 activity than the corresponding positive controls Ginkgo biloba and St. John's wort, which are known to cause clinically significant drug-herb interactions. S. frutescens leaf extract demonstrated potent to moderate inhibition on both the tested CYP activities, while its commercial products (Promune® and Probetix®) possessed moderate to mild inhibitory effects on the activities of both CYPs. Potent inhibitory effect on CYP2C9 and CYP3A4 was seen with Aloe Ferox®. Prosit® and Aloes powder® showed potent to moderate inhibition on CYP2C9 activity and moderate to mild inhibition on CYP3A4 activity. In addition to CYP450 activity, the present study also investigated the effects of the selected medicinal plant products on the activity of the main drug efflux protein, P-gp. A screening assay was specifically developed to assess the potential for herbal remedies to interact with P-gp mediated drug absorption. The assay is based on the principle of the reversal of drug resistance in modified Caco-2 cells specifically altered to express high iv efflux protein activity. These cells display a multidrug resistance phenotype and the addition of a plant extract containing a P-gp inhibitor or substrate will inhibit or compete with any cytotoxic drug and consequently reverse the drug resistance. The suitability of the assay was confirmed using a known P-gp inhibitor. The study observed that the anti-proliferation effect of vinblastine was significantly enhanced in vinblastine-resistant Caco-2 cells, which have high P-gp expression, when they were exposed to the selected African herbal preparations. This observation indicates that the studied plant preparations may alter P-gp functionality and therefore lead to interference with the absorption of co-administered drugs. The outcomes of this study provide useful information on whether there are any potential drug-herb interactions between the commonly used African medicinal plants and oral anti-diabetic drugs, at the level of CYP and P-gp drug metabolism and could contribute to better therapeutic management of Type II diabetics. However these predicted interactions will need to be verified in a clinical setting.

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Cervi, Stephan. "Formation and removal of aldehydes as ozonation by-products in a pilot scale water treatment plant". Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1996. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/MQ30893.pdf.

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Nengas, Ioannis. "Evaluation of animal and plant by-products as constituents in diets for seabream Sparus aurata L". Thesis, University of Plymouth, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2406.

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The principle aim of the study was to evaluate the nutritional value of animal and plant by-products, with the objective of improving the cost effectiveness of diets for culturing seabream (Sparus aurata). The programme of work was initially directed towards applying the current methodology used in fish nutrition research to establish reliable digestibility coefficients for various feed ingredients. A selection of animal and plant materials were tested for digestibility within a reference basal diet designed for seabream. Ingredients for special consideration included poultry by-product meal, feather meal, meat and bone meal, solvent extracted and full fat soyabean meal as well as various other plant derived mater1als. Comparative values for protein, energy and lipid digestibility coefficients were assessed. On the basis of these measurements, experiments were undertaken to evaluate the optimum inclusion levels of promising protein and energy sources as a replacement for the fishmeal component in diets for seabream. Emphasis was made on recent advances in feed processing technology. Raw materials were evaluated in terms of proximate analysis, amino acid profiles and the degree of heat treatment effects on protein quality and availability. Several indices relating to these included lysine availabil1ty, cresol red values and trypsin inhibitor levels for soya products. Growth performance and feed utilization trials were conducted mainly on juvenile fish in recirculation systems under controlled conditions of temperature and salinity. Nutritional parameters such as specific growth rate (SGR), feed efficiency ~FE) and protein utilization parameters were determined 1n each successive trial. The results were favourable with respect to the partial inclusion of animal products in seabream diets. Poultry byproduct meals proved encouraging even at high inclusion levels. The growth performance of fish fed soyabean meal and full fat soya were initially favourable and merited further consideration. These preliminary trials led to a series of practical diet formulations to contain multi-in9redient components, which confirmed previous findings. Var1able results, however, were reported for full fat soyabean meal in this experiment. Finally, the programme of research was presented in the context of the rapidly expanding mariculture industries of southern Europe w1th a particular relevance to Greece.

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Sanchez, Morcote Nancy Pilar. "Fluorescence Based Approach to Drinking Water Treatment Plant Natural Organic Matter (NOM) Characterization, Treatment, and Management". University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1366036528.

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Subedi, Nagendra. "Use of Biorational Products for the Control of Diseases in HighTunnel Tomatoes and Induction of Certain Defense Genes in tomato by Trichoderma hamatum 382". The Ohio State University, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1250602215.

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Singh, Maneesh. "Studies on the cement-bonded briquettes of iron and steel plant by-products as burden material for blast furnaces /". Luleå, 2003. http://epubl.luth.se/1402-1544/2002/50.

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Lakshmanan, Aparna. "Modulation of Sodium Iodide Symporter-mediated Thyroidal Radioiodide Uptake by Small Molecule Inhibitors, Natural Plant-based Products and microRNAs". The Ohio State University, 2015. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1429407914.

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Bethune, Kristie Joyce Chamber Robert P. "Bioremediation of pentachlorophenol and bleach plant effluent by Trametes versicolor and its extracellular fluid, focused on intermediates and products formed and the role of protein binding of chlorinated compounds in a two-stage reactor system". Auburn, Ala., 2005. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2005%20Summer/doctoral/BETHUNE_KRISTIE_56.pdf.

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Cruz, João Filipe Silva. "Development of antimicrobial starch-based bioplastics using aromatic plants by-products". Master's thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/33586.

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The excessive use of non-biodegradable single-use packaging and the limited recycling capacity of these materials result in the accumulation of large amounts of plastics in the environment, harming biodiversity in various ecosystems. To minimize this environmental issue, several biodegradable plastics have been developed, commonly called bioplastics. On the other hand, the packaging of food products with inert plastics, i.e., free of activity capable of promoting an increase in the shelf-life of foods, increases food waste. As an alternative, active materials have emerged, i.e., materials capable of interacting with the food or the atmosphere in which it is packaged, minimizing the occurrence of chemical reactions or the growth of microorganisms responsible for its deterioration. Active packaging is often developed either by using active polymers or by incorporating molecules capable of conferring functionality to inert materials, such as essential oils (EO). These compounds exist in natural matrices, such as aromatic plants. However, the economic/energy effort involved in their extraction, as well as the use of food products as sources of EO still compromise their use in the development of active bioplastics. In order to develop a sustainable strategy for the development of active bioplastics, in this work we studied the possibility of developing antimicrobial starch-based bioplastics by using the by-products of aromatic plants, namely dried stems and leaves of winter savory and lemongrass, often wasted in the industrial processing of aromatic plants. For this purpose, two approaches were followed: (1) extraction of EO from the by-products of winter savory and lemongrass for incorporation into a starch-based bioplastic formulation; (2) incorporation of the crushed and sieved by-products of winter savory and lemongrass into a starch based bioplastic formulation. In each of the approaches, the influences of EO or by-products on the moisture content, chromatic properties, wettability, mechanical properties and antimicrobial activity of the bioplastic formulation were evaluated. The incorporation of EO extracted from the by-products of winter savory or lemongrass slightly increased the moisture content of the bioplastic and didn’t significantly affect its chromatic, mechanical and wettability properties. Furthermore, EO inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus when incorporated into the bioplastic. In turn, the incorporation of crushed winter savory by-products conferred a brown coloration to the bioplastic formulation, became them opaque, increased their moisture content and Young’s Modulus from 0.23 % and 53.8 MPa to 0.57 % and 92.6 MPa, respectively; and, decreased their hydrophobicity to 88 %. Regarding antimicrobial activity, this strategy showed higher efficacy in inhibiting the growth of S. aureus (85 %) than EO incorporation (37 %). This profile was similar for the bioplastic formulation/crushed lemongrass by-products, except for the antimicrobial activity that was lower (53 %) than that observed in the bioplastic formulation/crushed winter savory by-products. In summary, the by-products of winter savory and lemongrass were shown to be sources of molecules suitable for the development of antimicrobial bioplastics, whose physicochemical, mechanical and biological properties can be manipulated by incorporating these by-products merely ground, not requiring costly processes for the extraction of the antimicrobial compounds. Therefore, winter savory and lemongrass by-products are potential candidates for the expansion of antimicrobial bioplastics in the packaging sector, a strategy that will not only decrease the environmental footprint of this sector, but also contribute to the valorization of aromatic plant by-products.
O uso excessivo de embalagens de utilização única não biodegradáveis e a limitada capacidade de reciclagem destes materiais originam a acumulação de grande quantidade de plásticos no meio ambiente, prejudicando a biodiversidade em vários ecossistemas. Para minimizar esta questão ambiental têm sido desenvolvidos vários plásticos biodegradáveis, comummente designados de bioplásticos. Por outro lado, o embalamento de produtos alimentares com plásticos inertes, ou seja, isentos de atividade capaz de promover o aumento do tempo-de-prateleira dos alimentos, aumenta o desperdício alimentar. Como alternativa têm surgido materiais ativos, ou seja, materiais com capacidade de interagir com o alimento ou a atmosfera em que este é embalado, minimizando a ocorrência de reações químicas ou o crescimento de microrganismos responsáveis pela sua deterioração. As embalagens ativas são frequentemente desenvolvidas ou pelo uso de polímeros ativos ou pela incorporação de moléculas capazes de conferirem funcionalidade a materiais inertes, tais como os óleos essenciais (EO). Estes compostos existem em matrizes naturais, como, por exemplo, as plantas aromáticas. Porém, o esforço económico/energético envolvido na sua extração, bem como o uso de produtos alimentares como fontes de EO ainda comprometem a sua utilização no desenvolvimento de bioplásticos ativos. Com o intuito de desenvolver uma estratégia sustentável para o desenvolvimento de bioplásticos ativos, neste trabalho estudou-se a possibilidade de desenvolver bioplásticos antimicrobianos à base de amido através da utilização dos subprodutos de ervas aromáticas, nomeadamente de caules e folhas secas de segurelha e erva-príncipe, frequentemente desperdiçados no processamento industrial das plantas aromáticas. Para o efeito foram seguidas duas abordagens: (1) extração dos EO dos subprodutos de segurelha e erva príncipe para incorporação numa formulação bioplástica à base de amido; (2) incorporação dos subprodutos de segurelha e erva-príncipe triturados e peneirados numa formulação bioplástica à base de amido. Em cada uma das abordagens foi avaliada a influências dos EO ou dos subprodutos no teor de humidade, propriedades cromáticas, molhabilidade, propriedades mecânicas e atividade antimicrobiana da formulação bioplástica. A incorporação de EO extraídos dos subprodutos de segurelha ou de erva-príncipe aumentou ligeiramente o teor de humidade do bioplástico e não afetou de forma significativa as suas propriedades cromáticas, mecânicas e molhabilidade. Além disso, os EO inibiram o crescimento de Staphylococcus aureus quando incorporados no bioplástico. Por sua vez, a incorporação dos subprodutos de segurelha triturados conferiu uma coloração castanha à formulação bioplástica, tornando-os opacos, aumentando o seu teor de humidade e rigidez de 0,23 % e 53,8 MPa para 0,57 % e 92,6 MPa, respetivamente; e, diminuiu a sua hidrofobicidade para 88 %. Em relação à atividade antimicrobiana, esta estratégia apresentou maior eficácia na inibição do crescimento de S. aureus (85 %) do que quando foram incorporados os EO (37 %). Este perfil foi semelhante para a formulação bioplástica/subprodutos de erva-príncipe triturados, exceto para a atividade antimicrobiana que foi inferior (53 %) à observada na formulação bioplástica/subprodutos da segurelha triturados. Em suma, os subprodutos da segurelha e da erva-príncipe mostraram-se fontes de moléculas adequadas ao desenvolvimento de bioplásticos antimicrobianos, cujas propriedades físico-químicas, mecânicas e biológicas podem ser manipuladas pela incorporação destes subprodutos simplesmente triturados, não requerendo processos dispendiosos para a extração dos compostos antimicrobianos. Portanto, os subprodutos de segurelha e de erva-príncipe são potenciais candidatos para a expansão de bioplásticos antimicrobianos no setor das embalagens, uma estratégia que não só diminuirá a pegada ambiental deste setor, mas também contribuirá para a valorização dos subprodutos de ervas aromáticas.
Mestrado em Biotecnologia

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SBAIHAT, Layth. "Studies on induced resistance in plants elicited by Sargassum fusiforme products". Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2237/20357.

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Tesso, Hailemichael [Verfasser]. "Isolation and structure elucidation of natural products from plants / by Hailemichael Tesso". 2005. http://d-nb.info/974295493/34.

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Melicher, Milan. "Encapsulation and stabilisation of copper-chromium-arsenic (CCA) sludge from timber treatment plants". Master's thesis, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/143957.

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Fathi, Faezeh. "Encapsulation of Extracts of Plants and by-products on Lipid-based Nano/micro Carriers". Doctoral thesis, 2021. https://hdl.handle.net/10216/139562.

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Kastl, George. "Modification of water treatment processes for chlorine stability and disinfection by-products control". Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:53803.

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Supply of drinking water is facing challenges in terms of quantity and quality of raw water and from the increasingly stringent water quality standards, the supplied water has to comply with. The goal is to produce water that is stable enough so that disinfectant, added to control bacteriological risks, can be maintained through a distribution system without producing an excessive amount of disinfection by-products (DBP). Trihalomethanes (THM) and haloacetic acids (HAA) are the most commonly regulated DBP in water supply systems and are the DBPs water utilities are struggling to comply with. The presence of NOM (natural organic matter) and bromide in raw water are mainly responsible for chlorine loss and the formation of undesirable DBP during chlorine disinfection. New DBP with potentially higher health risk concerns often containing bromine are increasingly reported. The DBP guidelines continue to be reviewed, introducing more stringent DBP limits and adding new compounds. Studies indicate that both NOM and bromide concentrations in raw water sources are increasing with time, putting pressure on the treatment and maintenance of disinfectant residual while complying with DBP guidelines. The majority of water treatment plants across the world adopt a conventional treatment train consisting of coagulation, sedimentation and filtration (CSF). The CSF configuration removes some NOM but is not sufficient to achieve the goal in many cases and hence the enhanced removal of NOM is needed. Even worse, bromide cannot be removed by the CSF. These plants are (or will soon be) under pressure to make incremental upgrades to improve water quality before the need to switch to new and more expensive technologies. This work focuses on options available for improvement of the treated water quality in CSF based water treatment plants and distribution systems. Since bromide cannot be removed by the CSF, improvements were first targeted on NOM removal but later bromide removal and additional processes are attempted. First, an approach is developed to evaluate available technological options to achieve the generic water quality goal – the last customer receives water containing sufficient disinfectant residual and lower DBP than the regulatory limit. The approach included understanding the target NOM removal for a given situation and an approach to select the best available technology to remove NOM. Traditionally, DBP are measured for regulatory purposes, but treatment process is selected and eventually modified (i.e. the target NOM removal adopted) based on either trihalomethane formation potential (THMFP) or HAA formation potential tests. These tests measure the maximum amount of THM/HAA which can form under the worst possible conditions (often elevated temperature and chlorine concentration). Such an approach fails to describe the optimal scenario treatment plants should operate. NOM, chlorine concentrations, retention time and temperature in the water supply system are important factors that determine chlorine reaction rates and concentrations of DBPs formed. The proposed methodology combines the DOC (dissolved organic carbon) measurements with the existing two organic component chlorine decay and THM formation models based on laboratory tests to evaluate chlorine and THM profiles in a given distribution system under specific conditions. DOC measurements are used to quickly optimize the water treatment process and the chlorine and THM models are used as the best available predictors of chlorine and THM profiles in a distribution system. This approach enables the assessment of the proposed changes and optimization of a water treatment plant – network operation for specific conditions. The evaluation of technologies identified enhanced coagulation, a treatment where coagulant salts are added beyond the requirement to remove turbidity, is the best available technology (BAT). More specifically the enhanced coagulation using ferric salts at low pH is the identified as BAT for reduction of NOM. While it serves as an extension rather than an addon process to CSF, it does introduce additional coagulant salts and thus increases the salinity and the sludge which needs disposal. Ferric sludge recycling could improve performance of enhanced coagulation under some conditions. The experiments with various regenerating chemicals (sodium hydroxide and others) have proven that NOM can be washed from the collected ferric hydroxide sludge. The regenerated coagulant could be reused for coagulation of colloidal particles and removal of NOM. The regenerated ferric hydroxide is less efficient in NOM removal than fresh ferric chloride (a larger dose of ferric hydroxide is needed to remove the same amount of NOM). However, since it is recycled within the process and it enables the reduction of sludge and chloride, it is viewed as a promising technology in specific situations such as water sources with low alkalinity and high NOM concentrations. The chlorine decay rates and the resulting concentrations and toxicity of the formed DBP are strongly influenced by bromide concentration in chlorinated water. A performed literature review on bromide removal could not identify a readily scalable bromide removal process suitable for a CSF-based plant. Analysis of the situation identified a couple of potentially promising research direction for bromide removal. The most promising out of these is derivatisation of bromide to bromamine and its removal. The two organic components chlorine decay model was in this work extended to include the impact of bromide concentration on chlorine decay rates. Application of low ozone dose (~2mg O3/L) before enhanced coagulation resulted in the lower required dose of ferric salt, lower treated water DOC, better chlorine stability and lower formation of THM. It was estimated that the use of pre-ozonation could achieve better water quality at lower chemical cost than the enhanced coagulation alone. The results of this work can assist in the modification of existing CSF based water treatment plants and improvement of the delivered water quality for a targeted distribution system.

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Chukwu, Cletus. "Process analysis and aspen plus simulation of nuclear-based hydrogen production with a copper-chlorine cycle". Thesis, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10155/13.

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Thermochemical processes for hydrogen production driven by nuclear energy are promising alternatives to existing technologies for large-scale commercial production of hydrogen, without dependence on fossil fuels. In the Copper-Chlorine (Cu-Cl) cycle, water is decomposed in a sequence of intermediate processes with a net input of water and heat, while hydrogen and oxygen gases are generated as the products. The Super Critical Water-cooled Reactor (SCWR) has been identified as a promising source of heat for these processes. In this thesis, the process analysis and simulation models are developed using the Aspen PlusTM chemical process simulation package, based on experimental work conducted at the Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) and Atomic Energy of Canada Limited (AECL). A successful simulation is performed with an Electrolyte Non Random Two Liquid (ElecNRTL) model of Aspen Plus. The efficiency of the cycle based on three and four step process routes is examined in this thesis. The thermal efficiency of the four step thermochemical process is calculated as 45%, while the three step hybrid thermochemical cycle is 42%, based on the lower heating value (LHV) of hydrogen. Sensitivity analyses are performed to study the effects of various operating parameters on the efficiency, yield, and thermodynamic properties. Possible efficiency improvements are discussed. The results will assist the development of a lab-scale cycle which is currently being conducted at the University of Ontario Institute of Technology (UOIT), in collaboration with its partners.
UOIT

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Venkataya, Beatrice. "Working in partnership : exploring the medicinal and therapeutic potential of traditional bush products made by the Yirralka Miyalk (Women’s) Rangers (YMR) of Laynhapuy Homelands, Australia". Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.7/uws:49845.

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Collaborative community-university partnerships are an ethical approach to conduct research with Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders, to achieve outcomes relevant to these communities. In 2016, a research project was conducted in collaboration with, and directed by, the Yirralka Miyalk (Women’s) Rangers (YMR) of Laynhapuy Homelands, Arnhem Land, Northern Territory, Australia and the National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM) at Western Sydney University. As a continuation of this collaboration, the research documented in this thesis investigates the bush products manufactured by YMR and the related traditional medicinal plants used to produce them- Eucalyptus tetrodonta, Melaleuca dealbata and Litsea glutinosa through a mixed method research strategy. Apart of the participatory action research and community-university partnerships framework adopted for this research, semi-structured interviews and focus groups were conducted with YMR members and Laynhapuy staff to identify focus areas for further study. The medicinal and therapeutic value of E. tetrodonta, M. dealbata and L. glutinosa were identified as areas of interest and guided the subsequent research reported in this thesis. To assess the medicinal and therapeutic value of the three species, qualitative, semi-quantitative and quantitative methods were employed. Through the observations made in this thesis, and through continued collaboration following participatory action research (PAR) frameworks and mixed method research, it is hoped that the scientific evidence gained will continue to support the YMR members and their bush products.

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Pearce, Frederick Grant. "Self-inhibition of Rubisco by inhibitory by-products". Phd thesis, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/148691.

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Tung, Chao Ping, e 董昭萍. "Inhibition of Epstein-Barr Virus Lytic Cycle by Plant Natural Products". Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/88658226293488320553.

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博士
長庚大學
生物醫學研究所
99
Epstein-Barr virus is a herpesvirus. After infecting host cells, EBV is usually maintained under latent conditions and must go through a lytic cycle to produce viral particles. The purpose of this study is to identify natural products that inhibit EBV lytic cycle. The study shows that treating P3HR1 cells with 10 µM gelomulide K, ovatodiolide, and oxopurpureine inhibits the expression of diffused early antigen, EA-D, and reduces the production of viral particles. In addition, 0.31 µM protoapigenone, isolated from Thelypteris torresiana, inhibits the expression of Rta, Zta, EA-D, and VCA, and reduces the transcription of BRLF1, BZLF1, and BMRF1. However, protoapigenone does not interfere signal transduction induced by TPA. Protoapigenone appears to affect Zta’s transactivation ability as the compound inhibits the transactivation function of a Gal4-Zta, which contains the GAL4 DNA-binding domain fuse to the transactivation domain of Zta, to activate a promoter that contains Gal4 binding site. This study also examined 17 protoapigenone derivatives for their capacity to inhibit the EBV lytic cycle. Among these derivatives, AT-1, AT-3, AT-6, AT-8, AT-9, AT-10, AT-11 and AT-12, inhibit expression of EBV lytic proteins and reduce production of viral particles. Additionally, AT-3 is the most effective compound in inhibiting the EBV lytic cycle as the selective index of 1084.78, which inhibits 50% of Rta expression at 0.30 µM and 50% of toxicity at 325.43 µM. Derivatives AT-15, AT-16, AT-17, ANW-5, ANW-8, and ANW-11 inhibit the expression of lytic genes at higher concentration. On the other hand, 10 µM ursolic acid, zederone, protoapigenone derivative ANW-1, ANW-2 and ANW-3 do not interfere EBV lytic cycle. This study proves that four plant natural products gelomulide K, ovatodiolide, oxopurpureine, protoapigenone and 13 protoapigenone derivatives all inhibit EBV lytic cycle. Among them, protoapigenone affects Zta’s transactivation ability to Zta response element to interfere transcription and translation of EBV lytic genes and production of viral particles, indicating that Protoapigenone is a useful compound to study Zta’s transactivation activity and is potentially effective as an alternative agent in treating infections by EBV.

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Colantuono, Antonio. "Development of functional foods and ingredients using by-products from plant foods". Tesi di dottorato, 2017. http://www.fedoa.unina.it/11604/1/Antonio%20Colantuono%2029%C2%B0%20ciclo.pdf.

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The aim of this PhD project was the valorization of by-products from some mediterranean plant foods through their re-utilization in new functional foods and ingredients having the ability to modulate the oxidative processes and nutrient metabolism in the gastrointestinal tract (GiT). Obesity is an urgent social problem and functional foods able to modulate oxidative stress and energy homeostasis are promising tools to control inflammatory status and body weight. Several evidence shows that polyphenols (PPs) and dietary fiber (DF) may control energy intake and appetite in humans through several mechanisms. PPs may quench free radicals forming in GiT, may counteract subclinical oxidative stress and high-fat diet induced inflammation, and may also influence the activity of key digestive enzymes thus modulating nutrients bioavailability and the related neuro-hormonal signals. In this way, PPs are hypothesized able to modulate appetite cues in the short term, and to control body weight in the long term. However, food processes as well as the physicochemical interconnections of PPs with DF and other food components, are crucial factors influencing their bioaccessibility and their functionality along the GiT. Plant foods by-products from agricultural and food industry are a natural and cheap source of PPs and DF. In this thesis the possible reutilization of pomegranate peels (PPe), artichoke leaves (ALe) and stems (AS), and olive leaves (OLe) was investigated by developing three studies. In a first study the bioaccessibility of PPs from PPe and a PPe-enriched cookie (PPeC), their potential total antioxidant capacity (TAC) along the GiT, as well as the ability of PPeC to modulate glucose and lipid metabolism was assessed. To this purpose PPeC were developed and in vitro sequential enzyme digestion coupled to LC/MS/MS and biochemical analyses of the soluble and insoluble fractions collected at each digestion steps were carried out. Data showed the chemical transformations induced by baking process on PPe PPs, the potential release of antioxidants along the GiT and their ability to inhibit α-glucosidase, α-amylase and lipase activities in the duodenal tract. In a second study the development of breads enriched with AS at 3%, 6% and 9% was performed and the intestinal fate of PPs and cynaropicrin was studied in vitro using a simulated human digestion model coupled to High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) analysis of digestive extracts. The potential metabolic fate of PPs and cynaropicrin from AS-enriched breads and the ability of the extracts from the duodenal step to inhibit α-glucosidase activity was assessed. A third study was conducted in collaboration with Prof. Bruce Hamaker and Prof. Osvaldo Campanella at Purdue University, (Indiana, USA) and consisted in the development of new antioxidant DF by including PPs-rich extracts from PPe, OLe and ALe in starch-alginate based microspheres (MS). The physicochemical properties of the new ingredients were compared to those of 6 commercially available DF concentrates as well as to whole wheat bran and oat bran in order to position the new ingredients on the actual market of DF concentrates and dietary source of DF. All in all data obtained in this thesis demonstrated that plant foods by-products are promising source of PPs and DF to develop foods and ingredients that may control oxidation and nutrient metabolism along the GiT.

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techathuvanan, Chayapa. "“Intervention Strategies to Enhance the Safety of Ready-to-eat Meat Products by Plant Essential Oils". 2008. http://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_gradthes/494.

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Components of plant essential oil (PEO) extracts are known to have antimicrobial properties. However, their antimicrobial efficacy in food systems is low due to their hydrophobic nature and association with other food components. Incorporation of PEO components into an appropriate carrier may offer a potential solution to improve their activity in food systems. This study was conducted to determine the effect of PEO components (thymol, eugenol, linalool, carvacrol, and cinnamaldehyde) incorporated into zein coating on inactivation of Listeria monocytogenes on a ready-to-eat meat model, frankfurters (hot dogs). Hot dogs were inoculated with 7 log CFU/sample and dipped into prepared PEO-zein coatings. Samples were vacuum packaged and stored at 10ºC for 9 days or 4ºC for 4 weeks. Survival of L. monocytogenes was investigated by direct plating onto modified Oxford agar. Enrichment using UVM broth and Fraser broth was conducted when the pathogen was not detected by direct plating. Generally, results show that the PEO loaded coatings are effective against L. monocytogenes at 10 and 4ºC. When compared to the coating control (zein coating without PEO) at 10ºC, coatings loaded with 10% cinnamaldehyde and 1% carvacrol showed the greatest inhibitory effect and suppressed growth of L. monocytogenes by 2.4 and 2.1 log CFU/sample, respectively, after 9 days of storage. At 4ºC, the coating loaded with carvacrol was most effective at suppressing growth of L. monocytogenes (1.54-log reduction). No or little dose-response association between PEO concentration and antimicrobial activity was observed in the study. While further research is still required, this study indicates that incorporation of PEOs in corn zein to be used as an edible coating has a high potential to enhance the safety in ready-to-eat meat.

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Techathuvanan, Chayapa. "Intervention strategies to enhance the safety of ready-to-eat meat products by plant essential oils". 2008. http://etd.utk.edu/2008/December2008MastersTheses/TechathuvananChayapa.pdf.

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Wang, Kuan-Hao, e 王冠豪. "The study on the formation of by-products by applying the chlorine dioxide in the watersupply plant of Lieyu township". Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/qw96h8.

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碩士
明道大學
材料科學與工程學系碩士班
98
Nowadays, most of waterworks use chlorine as disinfection to purify the water in Taiwan. Due to the reason that over exploitation and pollution at water district had led the waterworks to add more chlorine for purifying the raw water. It also produced more disinfection by-products because the chlorine had more opportunities to react with different organic substances in water. The problems of water quality in Kinmen are becoming severe, because there are few rivers; therefore, the local residences can only use the water from lakes or reservoirs. The recent standard of Trihalomethanes (THMs) announced by the government had been lowered down to 80 ppb. The concentration of THMs was about 100 ppb in 2006 and up to 238 ppb in 2008 in Kinmen. This experiment is to study the raw water from West Lake, Lian Lake, Ling Lake and Lung Poon mountain water pipeline and four different places in water-cleaned process in Red Hill water treatment plant in small Kinmen. The results indicate that chlorine dioxide can effectively reduce the disinfection by-products, and keep the concentration of THMs under 80 ppb at government’s standard. The study also separated the three different organic substances such as hydrophobic substance, hydrophilic acid, and non-acid hydrophilics from the raw water of the three lakes, and examined their disinfection by –product formation potential individually. It was found that the hydrophilic and non-acid hydrophilic substances had higher proportion in raw water than that described in general articles and journals, which indicates that this water was contaminated by the pollution from human beings As for the discussion of the effect of different molecular weights of organic substances, the ultra-thin film filter was used to separate the raw water into four organic groups with different molecular weights: 10K<AMW<0.45?慆, 5K<AMW<10K, 1K<AMW<5K, and AMW<1K . The experimental results show that the organisms with bigger molecular weights have more influence on disinfection by-product formation potential.

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Benhelal, Emad. "Synthesis and application of mineral carbonation by-products as portland cement substitutes". Thesis, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1959.13/1388344.

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Professional Doctorate - Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)
This thesis presented the results of investigations on single and two stage mineral carbonation processes (using heat activated serpentine as feed stock) aimed at producing reactive materials as cement substitutes from mineral carbonation by-products. This study examined the effect of different sample preparation techniques (wet grinding, wet sieving, and heat activation), single and two stage carbonation processes at laboratory and pilot scale and cement substitution studies at a commercial cement manufacturer R&D facility. Chemical and physical characterisation of feed and by-product samples were performed employing a variety of analytical techniques including Thermal Gravimetric Analysis Mass Spectrometry (TGA-MS), Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICPAES), Qualitative and semi-quantitative Powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), Malvern Mastersizer PSD analyser, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), Surface area and porosity measurement (BET), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electronic Microscopy (TEM),29Si Solid State Magic Angle Spinning Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (MAS NMR) and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization-Time of Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Undesired side reactions occurring during single stage aqueous mineral carbonation process using heat activated serpentine (antigorite and lizardite) were investigated. It was found that when heat activated antigorite was used as feed, crystalline serpentine and a silica-rich passivating layer were formed on the surface of reacting particles. In contrast, when using heat activated lizardite as feed, crystalline serpentine was absent and a silica-rich passivating layer was the only undesired side product formed during the carbonation process. These findings disclosed a possible explanation for the relatively low magnesite yields often observed in the aqueous mineral carbonation process using heat activated serpentine as feed. Quiescent soaking of heat activated lizardite under aqueous conditions at ambient temperature and pressure was found to be a very simple and promising approach to increase magnesite yields of single stage carbonation process. Results showed that soaking produced coral shaped nano-structure on the surface of heat activated lizardite. The coral-shaped nanostructure was found to be an amorphous magnesium silicate hydroxide phase with 1:1 mole ratio of magnesium and silicon, which is suggested to be formed in a dissolution/precipitation process. By-products of single and two stage mineral carbonation processes using heat activated lizardite were characterised, to investigate their potentials as cement substitutes. It was found that all samples contained at least 40 wt% of an amorphous silica phase. Experiments were performed to increase the concentration of amorphous silica by magnesium extraction in two stage and acid treatment processes. Treating the solid residue of the two stage process with nitric acid was effective in the quantitative extraction of magnesium and produced a very reactive silica product. The experimental data obtained from a 30 L pilot batch reactor, used for single stage aqueous carbonation and for the dissolution of heat activated lizardite was compared to laboratory scale data obtained under similar reaction conditions. The results of aqueous carbonation experiments in the pilot and the laboratory scale reactors showed less than 5% scatter in repeat experiments. Results indicated that the magnesite yield obtained in the pilot batch reactor were 35±2% higher than that produced in the laboratory scale reactor. The higher yield was attributed to improved mixing and in consequence, removal of passivating phases from the surface of the reacting particles in the pilot reactor compared to the laboratory reactor. The yield of magnesite in mineral carbonation experiments using distilled water and tap water were almost identical. Undertaking reaction in 1 M NaCl solution did not have a significant effect, but adding 0.64 M sodium bicarbonate had a notable effect on magnesite yield. Regrinding of the solid residue remaining after dissolution stage of two stage process and performing a second dissolution step resulted in a 50% increase in the amount of magnesium extracted. The feasibility of utilising feed and by-products of mineral carbonation technology as cement substitutes was investigated. These materials, with and without pre-treatment, were used to substitute 5, 10 and 20 wt% of Portland cement in mortars. Pozzolanic activity tests indicated that acid treated silica-enriched residue from two stage process displayed pozzolanic activity. At 5 wt% cement replacement, all materials showed compressive strengths comparable to the control. When 10 wt% of cement was replaced, only heat activated lizardite showed strength results similar to the control. The compressive strength of mortars containing other samples with 10 wt% or greater cement replacement showed that the extra water demand outweighed any pozzolanic contribution of mineral carbonation materials and resulted in lowering the compressive strength of these mortars compared to controls. Therefore our study showed that replacing up to 5 wt% of Portland cement with mineral carbonation by-products was feasible.

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Lin, Chien-Hung, e 林建宏. "Study on Heavy Metal and Stability of Trace Mercury in Solid By-products from Coal-Fired Power Plant". Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/uq8c84.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
環境工程與管理研究所
102
Heavy metals are pollutants derived in coal burning, wherein the emission of mercury is the most notable due to it persistency, bioaccumulability, and bio-magnification ability that cause mercury to globally transport through air and deposit to land and ocean, which greatly impacts the ecological environment and human beings. Heavy metal can exist in several coal-combustion byproducts such as coal fly ash, gypsum, and bottom ash. In general, solidification can effectively inhibit the dissolution of heavy metals from coal-combustion byproducts. Therefore, this research aims at conducting experiments such as traditional TCLP and exchangeable-form TCLP on the coal-combustion byproducts from a given power plant in Taiwan. In addition, thermal desorption was performed to observe the heat stability of mercury in byproduct.s Results showed that after solidification, TCLP dissolution concentrations of Pb, Cr, Cu, As, Cd, and Hg for fly ash were all in compliance with the regulations. For Zn, As, Hg, and Ni, Cement solidification significantly inhibited the TCLP leaching, but the addition of chelating agent did not show significant improvement. Exchangeable TCLP tests showed that Cu, Cd, and As were markedly leached out to 40.3%, 39.1%, and 77% of their total amounts in the raw fly ash, respectively. Previous literatures pertaining to sequence extraction on fly ash showed that those heavy metals can be easily leached out via exchange mechanism can be uptaken by living organism. The heavy metals presenting in dissolve and exchangeable fractions were the easiest types to be leached out. Thermal desorption experiments showed that mercury was significantly desorbed from fly ash at 200 oC, reaching a peak value at 300 oC, and the desorption amount reduced at 480 oC. For gypsum, the mercury desorption range was 150-450 oC with a peak at 244 oC. For bottom ash, mercury started to desorb at 140 oC, reaching the first peak at 290 oC and the second peak at 370 oC.

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HUANG, SI-WEI, e 黃思瑋. "A Study on the Promotion of Circular Economy with Resource Utilization of By-products from Seawater Desalination Plant". Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/n877pq.

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碩士
國立臺北科技大學
環境工程與管理研究所
107
In Taiwan, due to extreme climate, uneven rainfall distribution and decline of reservoir storage capacity, the desalination plant was built to make up for the shortage of fresh water supply. Seawater plant extract seawater from the ocean, after physical or chemical pretreatment, and then use water treatment technology to obtain freshwater products. However, the process of water purification will produce high concentration brine and biological deposits of sea sand by-products. In Taiwan, by-products are mainly disposed of according to the " Waste Disposal Act " and " Marine Discharge Pipe Effluent Standards ". In recent years, seawater desalination plant has begun to research how to use it as a reusable resource in order to solve the problem of waste produced in the process, and to explore the feasibility of its development channels and benefits in combination with academia. It can be seen that the issues related to by-products of seawater desalination plant have attracted much attention. Moreover, the by-products produced from seawater desalination plant belong to natural resources. If they are released or discarded by Taiwanese laws and regulations, they will cause waste of resources and environmental impact. Based on the literature and comparative analysis, this study aims to understand the connotation of circular economy development, the development of seawater desalination and the general situation of environmental impact and reuse of by-products, and put forward the thinking of circular economy of seawater desalination and the strategies of reuse and resource utilization of by-products.Circular economy is to extract the use value of waste resources into reusable materials, reduce waste and environmental impact, so that material resources can be recycled continuously. If the waste by-product resources of the process can be properly disposed of, recycled and reused, and its resource-based technology and high efficiency can be improved, the generation of waste can be reduced and prevented. This study hopes to put forward a systematic and sustainable management plan for seawater desalination plant based on the idea of circular economy, so as to benefit all units for reference.

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Hung, Pi-hsia, e 洪碧霞. "Removal of Assimilable Organic Carbon and Disinfection By-Products Formation Potential from Water Treatment Plant Using a Biological Activated Carbon Process". Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28578926496425067675.

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碩士
國立中山大學
環境工程研究所
98
Taiwan Water Supply Cooperation (TWSC) has upgraded traditional purification processes into advanced treatment systems in south Taiwan for many years. The removal efficiency of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) by ultrafiltration (UF) with reverse osmosis (RO) systems was 47% was lower than that of 62% by ozone with biological activated carbon system (BAC). In this work, we investigate the removal of AOC and disinfection by products formation potential (DBPFP) of raw water took from a water treatment plant by using BAC and membrane treatment units. BAC system of granular activated carbon(GAC) and powder activated carbon (PAC) showed two kind carbons have certain efficiency for AOC removal. Results we found could reach above 50% (from 44.28±9.84μg acetate-C/L reduce to 20.93±4.25μg acetate-C/L for GAC and from 45.92±17.75μg acetate-C/L reduce to 21.23±4.25μg acetate-C/L for PAC), when hydraulic retention time (HRT) in BAC reactor was at 1 hour. When HRT raised to 6 hours the concentration of AOC in effluent of BAC systems were reduced under 15 μg/L, and removal efficiency could reach above 70%. The suggested limit level of AOC is 50 μg/L of drinking water. In removal of DBPFP, BAC of two carbons has showed certain efficiency on trihalomethanes formation potential (THMFP) and haloacetic acids formation potential (HAA5FP). The results were done in removal of THMFP (from 20.54±6.48μg/L reduce to 14.21±4.47μg/L for GAC and from 24.64±6.74μg/L reduce to 14.75±4.04μg/L for PAC) and HAA5FP (from 39.64±10.38μg/L reduce to 17.35μg/L for GAC and from 17.86±5.13μg/L reduce to 11.76±3.76μg/L for PAC) in BAC reactors. They were all lower than national standard of drinking water (THMs 80μg/L, HAAs 60μg/L). It is believed that two kind carbons in BAC system could all reduce effectively on AOC and DBPFP to obtain high quality of drinking water with biological stability at HRT of 6 hours.

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Lochman, Bryan John. "Technique for imaging ablation-products transported in high-speed boundary layers by using naphthalene planar laser-induced fluorescence". Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/ETD-UT-2010-08-1922.

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A new technique is developed that uses planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging of sublimated naphthalene to image the transport of ablation products in a hypersonic boundary layer. The primary motivation for this work is to understand scalar transport in hypersonic boundary layers and to develop a database for validation of computational models. The naphthalene is molded into a rectangular insert that is mounted flush with the floor of a Mach 5 wind tunnel. The distribution of naphthalene in the boundary layer is imaged by using PLIF, where the laser excitation is at 266 nm and the fluorescence is collected in the range of 320 to 380 nm. To investigate the use of naphthalene PLIF as a quantitative diagnostic technique, a series of experiments is conducted to determine the linearity of the fluorescence signal with laser fluence, as well as the temperature and pressure dependencies of the signal. The naphthalene fluorescence at 297 K is determined to be linear for laser fluence that is less than about 200 J/m². The temperature dependence of the naphthalene fluorescence signal is found at atmospheric pressure over the temperature range of 297K to 525K. A monotonic increase in the fluorescence is observed with increasing temperature. Naphthalene fluorescence lifetime measurements were also made in pure-air and nitrogen environments at 300 K over the range 1 kPa to 40 kPa. The results in air show the expected Stern-Volmer behavior with decreasing lifetimes at increasing pressure, whereas nitrogen exhibits the opposite trend. Preliminary PLIF images of the sublimated naphthalene are acquired in a Mach 5 turbulent boundary layer. Relatively low signal-to-noise-ratio images were obtained at a stagnation temperature of 345 K, but much higher quality images were obtained at a stagnation temperature of 380 K. The initial results indicate that PLIF of sublimating naphthalene may be an effective tool for studying scalar transport in hypersonic flows.
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