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Flaspohler, David J., e Christopher R. Webster. "Plantations for Bioenergy: Principles for Maintaining Biodiversity in Intensively Managed Forests". Forest Science 57, n.º 6 (1 de dezembro de 2011): 516–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/forestscience/57.6.516.
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Abstract As the value of forests for providing a feedstock for bioenergy increases, more land will probably be converted to fast-growing tree plantations to increase short-term production of cellulose. In general, plantations support fewer plant and animal species than native forests because plantations are greatly simplified in terms of tree and other plant species richness and in terms of many structural and process-related forest functions. However, native biodiversity can be retained in some plantation forests if careful management is used in all stages of plantation establishment, tending, and harvest. Key considerations for conserving biodiversity as plantation forests grow as a proportion of total world forest cover include choice of plantation tree species, harvest frequency, rotation age, and care and management of biological legacies and forest understory plant and wildlife communities. We provide background and guidance that can be used to guide future plantation management in a new era of using forests to capture and store carbon and to generate bioenergy.
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Janas, P. S., e D. G. Brand. "Comparative Growth and Development of Planted and Natural Stands of Jack Pine". Forestry Chronicle 64, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 1988): 320–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc64320-4.
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This study compares growth yield, and stem quality differences at age 21 between plantations spaced at 2.13 × 2.13 m (2204 stems/ha) and 4.27 × 4.27 m (548 stems/ha), and a nearby natural jack pine stand of identical age (initial density of 29 800 stems/ha). Merchantable volume/ha was greatest at the 2.13 m spacing, followed by the less dense plantation and natural stand. Total volume/ha (trees > 1.3 m height) was also greatest in the 2.13 m plantation, followed by the natural stand and the 4.27 m plantation. Individual tree mean merchantable volumes decreased with increasing density. Height growth decreased with increasing density. Height 4.27 m plantation relative to the 2.13 m plantation. Stem quality of the natural stand was markedly better than in both plantations. A comparison of an older natural stand and a plantation in the same area suggests that superiority of tree form of denser natural stands will continue through to rotation. High mortality in the natural stand was largely the result of snow and ice damage which caused patchy and irregular stocking. These results imply that widely spaced plantations of unimproved jack pine will produce large individual tree sizes, but at the expense of quality. Key words: Pinus banksiana, plantations, natural stands, stem quality growth and yield, stand density, mortality, spacing, silviculture.
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Wang, G. Geoff, J. Aurea Siemens, Vince Keenan e Daniel Philippot. "Survival and growth of black and white spruce seedlings in relation to stock type, site preparation and plantation type in southeastern Manitoba". Forestry Chronicle 76, n.º 5 (1 de outubro de 2000): 775–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc76775-5.
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Differences in survival and growth of black and white spruce seedlings planted on boreal mixedwood sites were tested for stock types (transplant versus container), site preparation (Donaren disc trenching versus no trenching), and plantation types (open versus sheltered) in southeastern Manitoba after eight or nine growing seasons. Mortality of open plantation (32.3%) and container stock (32.5%) were significantly higher than sheltered plantation (23.7%) and transplant stock (22.8%), respectively. Donaren trenching slightly reduced the mortality of black spruce but significantly increased the mortality of white spruce. Seedlings of container stock (110 cm) were significantly shorter than transplant stock (157 cm). Significant difference in height was found between open and sheltered plantations for black spruce but not for white spruce. Root collar diameter of container stock (15.6 mm) was significantly smaller than transplant stock (23.1 mm). Root collar diameter in sheltered plantations was significantly larger than that in open plantations for black spruce but not for white spruce. Black spruce open plantation had significantly smaller volume (97 cm3) compare to black spruce sheltered (210 cm3) and white spruce open (175 cm3) and sheltered (229 cm3) plantations. White spruce open plantations also had smaller volume than white spruce sheltered plantations. Container stock had smaller volume (89 cm3) than transplant stock (267 cm3). For transplant stock, strip plantations had a significantly higher volume (329 cm3) than open plantations (204 cm3). Based on above results, we recommend that (1) transplant stock should be used, (2) sheltered plantation site preparation should be used on boreal mixedwood sites, and (3) Donaren disc-trenching is not necessary for planting white spruce. Key words: silviculture, boreal mixedwood site, plantation
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Purwandari, Heru. "SISTEM EKONOMI PERKEBUNAN: PERSISTENSI KETERGANTUNGAN NEGARA DUNIA KETIGA". Jurnal AGRISEP 10, n.º 1 (10 de abril de 2011): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.31186/jagrisep.10.1.63-79.
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There was changing in dependency of the economic plantations system in along time. Two phenomena which always occur is the smallholding estate system are poverty and underdevelopment. In the colonial period, though plantation integrated to the external world, but farmer plantation never change from dependency situation which was created by colonial government. At present, when globalization become ideology that condition has not change. In the makro context, dependency in plantation on colonial period was showed by authority for source of economic. At present, dependency have influence in political government. All of government programs have implication in stagnancy of dependency nature. Key words: dependency, plantation, poverty, and underdevelopment
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Zhang, Hengshuo, Xuehui Jiao, Tonggang Zha, Xizhi Lv, Yongxin Ni, Qiufen Zhang, Jianwei Wang e Li Ma. "Developmental Dynamics and Driving Factors of Understory Vegetation: A Case Study of Three Typical Plantations in the Loess Plateau of China". Forests 14, n.º 12 (29 de novembro de 2023): 2353. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14122353.
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Understory vegetation is one of the most important links for improving forest biodiversity, and its restoration is conducive to sustainable forest development, energy flow, and nutrient cycling. However, little is known about the developmental dynamics and main driving factors of the long-time series coverage, biomass, diversity, and species composition of plantation understory vegetation. In a case study of three typical plantations, with a natural secondary forest as reference in the Loess Plateau of China, we collected understory vegetation from a Robinia pseudoacacia Linn. deciduous broad-leaved plantation, Pinus tabulaeformis Carr. evergreen coniferous plantation, and mixed plantation with an age span of 10 to 50 years. (1) The understory plantation coverage and biomass results of stands with different ages showed the R. pseudoacacia plantation to be significantly higher than the P. tabulaeformis plantation, and the species diversity of the P. tabulaeformis plantation changed the most with the stand age. However, the growth resource imbalance, and drastic changes in the stands’ environment caused by excessive intraspecific competition in the early stage of the P. tabulaeformis plantation vegetation restoration, are the main reasons that make the species diversity of undergrowth vegetation of P. tabulaeformis plantation lower than that of other stand types. (2) The understory species composition of the plantations revealed their degree of community stability. Compared to the R. pseudoacacia plantation and P. tabulaeformis plantation, the mixed plantation had higher stability, and its species composition closely resembled a natural secondary forest. The community stability of the P. tabulaeformis plantation was the lowest because it had the lowest coverage, biomass, and species diversity of understory vegetation. However, the understory species composition of the three plantation types converged, which was due to atypical species contribution. (3) The dynamic changes of canopy and soil nutrients were the main driving factors affecting the R. pseudoacacia plantation understory vegetation species composition. Stand density and elevation limited the understory vegetation communities of P. tabulaeformis plantation restoration. Soil bulk density is the key factor affecting understory vegetation in mixed plantations, and this effect weakens with the stand age. In future studies, the focus should be on the converged action and further development trend of atypical species, choosing an appropriate recovery strategy (active or passive), and providing more possibilities for the intensive management of vegetation under different plantations.
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Smith, Hilary, Peter Kanowski, Rodney J. Keenan e Somvang Phimmavong. "Lao Plantation Policy: Prospects for Change". Forests 12, n.º 8 (23 de agosto de 2021): 1132. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f12081132.
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Policies to promote tree plantations in the Lao People’s Democratic Republic have been developed since independence to support national socio-economic and environmental goals, and in response to domestic and international markets. The effectiveness of these policies has been variable, and the resulting plantation wood value chains are poorly developed due to contradictory and confusing laws and regulations with inconsistent application and high transaction costs. Consequently, there has been limited tree plantation investment, and few investments have realized the anticipated benefits. Renewed interest in plantations from the government, investors and other sectors in Laos has prompted policy reviews and recognition of the need for new policy settings. We reviewed the development of plantation policies in Laos and assessed policy effectiveness and barriers to policy options. Through document analysis, interviews with key stakeholders and actors, stakeholder forums, and field research, we found that smarter regulation, and facilitating value-chain partnerships and knowledge sharing, can motivate smallholders and industry investors in plantations, and increase community-level benefits and financial returns to the Government and private sector. These results are discussed in the context of current international developments in plantation policy and the convergence in related policy processes in Laos.
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Bulmer, C. E., e M. Krzic. "Soil properties and lodgepole pine growth on rehabilitated landings in northeastern British Columbia". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 83, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 2003): 465–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s03-013.
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We determined post-establishment tree growth and soil properties on rehabilitated log landings and forest plantation sites with medium texture in northeastern British Columbia. Six years after rehabilitation treatments were applied, 60% of rehabilitated landing plots had more than 1000 stems ha-1, while 17% had fewer than 600 stems ha-1. The average height of undamaged lodgepole pine trees on rehabilitated landings was consistently lower than for trees of the same age on plantations. Surface (0–7 cm) and subsurface (10–17 cm) soil bulk densities were higher for rehabilitated landings than for adjacent plantations. Rehabilitated landing and plantation soils had similar values of total and aeration porosity. Plantation soils had higher available water storage capacity (AWSC) than rehabilitated soils. Soil mechanical resistance after landing rehabilitation was often higher than for plantation soils at the same depth. Soils on both rehabilitated landings and plantations showed an increase in mechanical resistance from June to September 2001. With the exception of June 2001, soil mechanical resistance after landing rehabilitation was often higher than 2500 kPa. For surface mineral soils, there were no differences in total C, N, or cation exchange capacity (CEC) between rehabilitated landings and plantations. Rehabilitated landing soils had significantly higher total C and N at 10–17 cm depth than plantation soils, which coincided with higher clay content for the landing subsoils. Key words: Forest soil rehabilitation, soil degradation, soil productivity, soil conservation
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Li, Jiayu, Jiayi Lin, Chenyu Pei, Kaitao Lai, Thomas C. Jeffries e Guangda Tang. "Variation of soil bacterial communities along a chronosequence of Eucalyptus plantation". PeerJ 6 (24 de setembro de 2018): e5648. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5648.
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Eucalyptus is harvested for wood and fiber production in many tropical and sub-tropical habitats globally. Plantation has been controversial because of its influence on the surrounding environment, however, the influence of massive Eucalyptus planting on soil microbial communities is unclear. Here we applied high-throughput sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene to assess the microbial community composition and diversity of planting chronosequences, involving two, five and ten years of Eucalyptus plantation, comparing to that of secondary-forest in South China. We found that significant changes in the composition of soil bacteria occurred when the forests were converted from secondary-forest to Eucalyptus. The bacterial community structure was clearly distinct from control and five year samples after Eucalyptus was grown for 2 and 10 years, highlighting the influence of this plantation on local soil microbial communities. These groupings indicated a cycle of impact (2 and 10 year plantations) and low impact (5-year plantations) in this chronosequence of Eucalyptus plantation. Community patterns were underpinned by shifts in soil properties such as pH and phosphorus concentration. Concurrently, key soil taxonomic groups such as Actinobacteria showed abundance shifts, increasing in impacted plantations and decreasing in low impacted samples. Shifts in taxonomy were reflected in a shift in metabolic potential, including pathways for nutrient cycles such as carbon fixation, which changed in abundance over time following Eucalyptus plantation. Combined these results confirm that Eucalyptus plantation can change the community structure and diversity of soil microorganisms with strong implications for land-management and maintaining the health of these ecosystems.
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., Duryat, Sylvain Raflegau e Marck Phillip Cannon. "Dinamika Kepemilikan Perkebunan Kelapa Sawit Di Provinsi Riau Sumatra Indonesia". Jurnal Sylva Lestari 1, n.º 1 (4 de abril de 2014): 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jsl1193-100.
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Smallholder’s plantations represent 44% of oil palm in Indonesia, and they were known to have agronomic performance much lower than Estate ones. So there is large room for increasing the yield with sustainable cropping system. To better understand the heterogeneity of smallholder’s plantations, an agricultural diagnosis has been implemented in a specific place, Riau Province of Sumatra. This study led to well characterize the dynamics of plantation in the region and the diversity of rationalities. Among eight existing types of smallholding plots, there were only three types with yield hardly lower than those of the estate plantations. This reinforced the interest to implement diagnosis through the nutritional status of palms using data from foliar diagnosis and soil analysis. Key words : dynamic of plantation, palm oil, smallholders, Sumatra
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Zhang, K., H. Zheng, F. L. Chen, Z. Y. Ouyang, Y. Wang, Y. F. Wu, J. Lan, M. Fu e X. W. Xiang. "Changes in soil quality after converting <i>Pinus</i> to <i>Eucalyptus</i> plantations in southern China". Solid Earth 6, n.º 1 (2 de fevereiro de 2015): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/se-6-115-2015.
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Abstract. Vegetation plays a key role in maintaining soil quality, but long-term changes in soil quality due to plant species change and successive planting are rarely reported. Using the space-for-time substitution method, adjacent plantations of Pinus and first, second, third and fourth generations of Eucalyptus in Guangxi, China were used to study changes in soil quality caused by converting Pinus to Eucalyptus and successive Eucalyptus planting. Soil chemical and biological properties were measured and a soil quality index was calculated using principal component analysis. Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, cellobiosidase, phenol oxidase, peroxidase and acid phosphatase activities were significantly lower in the first and second generations of Eucalyptus plantations compared with Pinus plantation, but they were significantly higher in the third and fourth generations than in the first and second generations and significantly lower than in Pinus plantation. Soil total and available potassium were significantly lower in Eucalyptus plantations (1.8–2.5 g kg−1 and 26–66 mg kg−1) compared to the Pinus plantation (14.3 g kg−1 and 92 mg kg−1), but total phosphorus was significantly higher in Eucalyptus plantations (0.9–1.1 g kg−1) compared to the Pinus plantation (0.4 g kg−1). As an integrated indicator, soil quality index was highest in the Pinus plantation (0.92) and lowest in the first and second generations of Eucalyptus plantations (0.24 and 0.13). Soil quality index in the third and fourth generations (0.36 and 0.38) was between that in Pinus plantation and in first and second generations of Eucalyptus plantations. Changing tree species, reclamation and fertilization may have contributed to the change observed in soil quality during conversion of Pinus to Eucalyptus and successive Eucalyptus planting. Litter retention, keeping understorey coverage, and reducing soil disturbance during logging and subsequent establishment of the next rotation should be considered to help improving soil quality.
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Zheng, Zi Cheng, Ting Xuan Li e Shu Qin He. "Characteristics and Stability of Soil Aggregates in Tea Plantation". Advanced Materials Research 343-344 (setembro de 2011): 968–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.343-344.968.
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Soil aggregate stability as a key indicator of soil structure and erodibility to evaluate soil stability, is a product of interactions between soil environment, management practices, and land use patterns. The objective of this study was to analyze the distribution characteristics, characteristics of fractal features and stability of soil aggregates in tea plantations and eucalyptus plantations of Western Sichuan in China. The dry- and water-stable aggregate size distributions were determined by dry sieving and wet sieving methods. The results showed that soil structural properties in tea and eucalyptus plantations were similar. With increase in depth of soil layer, the aggregate stability of tea plantation soil became stronger. Comparative analysis of dry and wet sieving results showed that most of the aggregates in tea plantation soil were unstable. The soil aggregates >5mm and 0.5-0.25mm in size had higher stability, while those 2-1mm in size had lower stability. For tea plantation soil, the correlation coefficients between aggregate stability index and mean weight diameter, geometric mean diameter, fractal dimension were bigger under wet sieving than those under dry sieving. The results showed that aggregate stability index, mean weight diameter, geometric mean diameter, fractal dimension of water-stable aggregates could characterize soil aggregate stability in tea plantation ideally.
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Pradipta, L., H. Romdiati, B. Setiawan, D. Vibriyanti, S. Seftiani e I. Oktafiani. "Family resilience of smallholder farmers in Indonesia’s oil palm plantation". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1306, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2024): 012027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1306/1/012027.
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Abstract Problems about family are still analyzed in general and do not specifically look at the livelihood aspect. Whereas from the social sciences lensed, livelihood is the main factor that significantly contributes to the resilience of family. One of the family issues which became a major problem in Indonesia is family resilience in the oil palm plantation context. Families in the plantation sector always have tremendous challenges either from internal, external, or structural layers. At the internal level, families have to bear with psychological and physical issues which may trigger them to become more vulnerable. From an external level, the work ambiance in palm plantations, as well as price fluctuation and access to financial capital, may threaten the families who work and live surrounding palm plantations. Furthermore, from a structural level, families have to deal with biased and unfair regulations which undeniably make them much poorer and more suffered. This study aimed to analyze the vivid condition of smallholder families in the oil palm plantation context and how they deal with those challenges. Besides, this study also aimed to formulate some strategies to make them become a resilient family. This study used qualitative methods, by conducting FGDs and in-depth interviews with smallholder farmers of oil palm plantations as key informants in two different plantation areas in Indonesia; Lampung and Kalimantan.
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Kvitko, Maxim, Vasyl Savosko, Iryna Kozlovskaya, Yuriy Lykholat, Aleksandr Podolyak, Ivan Hrygoruk e Aleksey Karpenko. "Woody artificial plantations as a significant factor of the sustainable development at mining & metallurgical area". E3S Web of Conferences 280 (2021): 06005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128006005.
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The relevance of our research is determined by the need to find practical measures that will be aimed of the sustainable development formation and maintenance at mining and metallurgical areas by used of artificial woody plantation. The main objective of this work was on the standpoint of the ecosystem approach to consider the artificial woody plantations as a significant factor for sustainable development paradigm implementation at Kryvyi Rih mining and metallurgical district (Central Ukraine). During 2015-2020, by classical methods were studied the natural forest ecosystems and the artificial forest plantations, which are located in contrast ecological and environmental conditions. Numerous scientific papers about sustainable development have also served as materials for our work. At Kryvyi Rih mining and metallurgical district the leading characteristics of artificial woody plantations have a clear ecological and environmental conditionality. It is proved that in artificial woody plantations of this district tree species are in a state of stress. Therefore, these species lose stability due to the constant influence of adverse environmental factors of natural and anthropogenic genesis. The authors assume that the biogeochemical parameters of trees fallen can be considered one of the promising markers that determine the vitality / healthy of tree species and forecast the development of artificial woody plantations. It has been suggested that the artificial woody plantations at Kryvyi Rih mining and metallurgical area should acquire the status of one of the key factors that determine the sustainable development of this district and Ukraine as a whole. In practice, to achieve this goal, the following steps must be taken: (i) artificial woody plantation assessment, (ii) ecological and environment conditionality of artificial woody plantation current state ascertainment, (iii) sustainable model of artificial woody plantation development, (iv) sustainable management of artificial woody plantation, (v) sustainable development of artificial woody plantation. In the near future, it is recommended to optimize the Kryvyi Rih forest cover by 8-10%. The first step in streamlining and preliminary assessment of the artificial forest ecosystems sustainability is the use of biogeochemical indicators of the chemical circulation system relationship “Leaf precipitation -soil” as markers and predictors of the artificial forest current state in Kryvyi Rih District.
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Cao, Juan, Wende Yan, Taimoor Hassan Farooq, Xiaoyong Chen, Jun Wang, Chenglin Yuan, Yaqin Qi e Khalid Ali Khan. "Ecological Stoichiometry of N and P across a Chronosequence of Chinese Fir Plantation Forests". Forests 14, n.º 8 (21 de agosto de 2023): 1685. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14081685.
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Ecological stoichiometry is crucial in understanding nutrient dynamics and its impact on plant growth and development at various ecological scales. Among the different nutrients, nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) have been widely recognized as key elements regulating substance transport, energy utilization, and ecosystem conversion. The N:P ratio in plants serves as a sensitive indicator of ecological processes, reflecting the availability and balance of these nutrients. Therefore, studying the ecological stoichiometry of N and P is essential for accurately assessing soil fertility and site productivity, particularly in forest ecosystems with low-fertility soils. In this study conducted in Huitong, Hunan province, southern China, the contents of N and P, as well as the N:P ratios, were investigated in plant-soil systems across four different aged stands of Chinese fir forests (3-, 8-, 18-, and 26-year-old stands). The results revealed varying concentrations of N and P in soils and foliage across the different plantations. Soil N concentrations increased by approximately 4%, 30%, and 22% in 8-, 18-, and 26-year-old plantations compared to the 3-year-old plantation. Soil P concentration was significantly higher in 8-, 18-, and 26-year-old plantations compared to the 3-year-old plantation. The average soil N:P ratio followed the order of 3-year-old plantation > 18-year-old plantation > 26-year-old plantation > 8-year-old plantation. Regarding foliage, both N and P contents exhibited a similar pattern across the different aged leaves, with current-year-old leaves having higher concentrations than 1-year-old, 2-year-old, and 3-year-old leaves in all four Chinese fir plantations. The study further established relationships between soil and foliage nutrient ratios. Soil N:P ratio was positively correlated with soil N content but negatively associated with soil P content. The foliage N:P ratio also showed a significant negative correlation between leaf N and foliage P content. These findings suggest that soil nutrient conditions improved with the aging of Chinese fir plantations, mainly due to increased inputs of above- and below-ground litter. Overall, this study provides valuable insights into the ecological stoichiometry of N and P in Chinese fir plantations, offering a scientific basis for sustainable forest management practices in southern China.
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Vaulina, Sisca, e Hajry Arief Wahyudy. "STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN PERKEBUNAN KELAPA DALAM (Cocos nucifera Linn) SEBAGAI KOMODITI UNGGULAN DI KABUPATEN INDRAGIRI HILIR". DINAMIKA PERTANIAN 34, n.º 1 (13 de novembro de 2019): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.25299/dp.2018.vol34(1).4082.
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The plantation subsector was an active role to improve region economics in Indragiri Hilir Regency. This study aims to know the multiplier effect of a coconut plantation in Indragiri Hilir Regency, develop concepts and strategies for plantation development as a potential commodity in Indragiri Hilir Regency. The study used survey methods and 9 people collected as key informants, namely community leaders and coconut landowners, extension officers, and coconut farmers. Data analyzed: Multiplier effect and SWOT. The results indicated that the income of multiplier coconut plantation in 2010-2016 had fluctuated value. From the last seven years, the highest value occurred in 2011 values 1.931. Revenues obtained from the base activities coconut plantation base would increase the income of non-base activities. Base activities (coconut plantations) had the power to encourage regional economic growth. Coconut plantation in Indragiri Hilir Regency was in Quadrant III. which means coconut although it has weaknesses still has considerable opportunities to develop. However, it has the opportunity greatly to be developed. One of the methods was too minimal coconut problems to get better market opportunities. The strategy that must be applied is to encourage turn around strategy.
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Liu, Yilin, Long Jiang, Chengming You, Han Li, Siyi Tan, Bo Tan e Wanqin Yang. "Base Cation Fluxes from the Stemflow in Three Mixed Plantations in the Rainy Zone of Western China". Forests 10, n.º 12 (2 de dezembro de 2019): 1101. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10121101.
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Base cation transfer from stemflow is an important process for nutrient transfer and plays a key role in maintaining the balance of soil nutrient pools. To research the differences of stemflow chemistry in mixed plantations, we conducted a continuous field experiment in the rainy zone of Western China from December 2016 to November 2017. Three representative mixed plantations, including a conifer–broadleaved mixed plantation, a deciduous broadleaved mixed plantation and a multispecies mixed plantation, were selected to investigate the concentration and flux characteristics of K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ in stemflow. The results showed that: (1) the K+, Na+, Ca2+ and Mg2+ fluxes ranged from 1.75 to 2.44 kg ha−1 year−1, 0.14 to 0.24 kg ha−1 year−1, 1.25 to 2.11 kg ha−1 year−1, and 0.40 to 0.60 kg ha−1 year−1 in these mixed plantations during the one-year observation, and the annual or seasonal (i.e., rainy or dry season) base cation fluxes in the stemflow varied slightly with the plantation types; (2) broadleaved trees had a higher average stemflow base cation contribution rate and flux-based enrichment ratio than coniferous trees, and the enrichment ratios showed a decreasing tendency with increasing trunk diameter; (3) the stemflow base cation concentration was higher in the dry season, while flux was observed to be higher in the rainy season. These results suggested that increasing the proportion of broadleaved species in mixed plantations might improve soil nutrient content and benefit material cycling in subtropical forest ecosystems.
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WANG, Yifan, Xiaocheng ZHOU, Haoli XIONG, Shanqun WU, Fanglin TAN, Youzhuang HAO e Guoshuai TIAN. "A dataset of spatial distribution of tea plantations at 10 m resolution in Fujian Province from 2000 to 2020". China Scientific Data 9, n.º 2 (30 de junho de 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.11922/11-6035.csd.2023.0115.zh.
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Being a major tea producing province in China, Fujian Province is badly in need of quick and accurate spatial distribution of tea plantation for decision-making in both the agricultural economic development and the ecological environment construction for the province. This study retrieved and processed Sentinel-1 (S1) radar data and Sentinel-2 (S2) multispectral data on the GEE cloud platform; and it extracted 98 features, such as spectral features, texture features, and terrain features from the terrain data. The recursive elimination support vector machine algorithm (SVM RFE) is used to screen the characteristic variables, resulting in the creation of 4 feature combination schemes. Using a support vector machine (SVM) classifier to extract the distribution data of tea plantations and assessing the accuracy of the 4 feature combination schemes, we obtained the spatial distribution data of tea plantations at 10 m resolution in Fujian Province in 2020. On this basis, we used the GEE cloud platform to access the vegetation disturbance information in Fujian Province from 2000 to 2020. We finally obtained a dataset of spatial distribution of tea plantations at 10 m resolution in Fujian Province from 2000 to 2020 by excluding the non-tea plantation areas from the images between 2000 and 2015 with the mask generated from the 2020 tea garden extraction results. This dataset has been manually validated using sample points from key tea-producing counties and townships. The results indicate an extraction accuracy of over 92% for tea plantations in 2020. The extraction accuracy of tea plantations obtained using interference data removal method in 2000, 2005, 2010, and 2015 was all above 80%. The dataset with a high accuracy in tea plantation extraction can provide support for relevant departments in tea plantation management.
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Rachmadi, Arief, Taslim Sjah e Hayati Hayati. "Faktor Eksternal Pendorong Invasi Pertanaman Jagung di Wilayah Kesatuan Pengelolaan Hutan Lindung Ampang Plampang, Kabupaten sumbawa". JURNAL SOSIAL EKONOMI DAN HUMANIORA 8, n.º 4 (29 de dezembro de 2022): 504–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.29303/jseh.v8i4.187.
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Invasion of corn plantations in the Ampang KPHL area can disrupt not only the function but also the existence of the forest, so it needs to be handled comprehensively. This study aims to determine the external factors driving the invasion of corn plantation in KPHL Ampang. This research is a descriptive research, data and information are extracted through searching the key actors, online and through interviews. Data and information were tabulated and analyzed descriptively. The results show the external factors driving corn plantation in KPHL Ampang, including: Regulatory factors and implementation of regulations at the site level that support the development of corn plantation widely; The attractiveness of business profits from corn plantation; and The ease of obtaining capital assistance, training, market access, and business equipment. In relation to the forest encroachment invasion, the Government needs to consider the impact of a policy across sectors before a policy is implemented. The government also needs to provide guidance, control and assistance to farmers as implementing actors in the field.
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Wang, Mengyao, Xiangyuan Zhu, Wei Liu, Kexin Wang, Chunxia Tan, Guangfang Liu, Peili Mao et al. "Natural Regeneration of Morus alba in Robinia pseudoacacia Plantation and the Mechanism of Seed Germination and Early Seedling Growth Restriction in the Yellow River Delta". Water 15, n.º 3 (30 de janeiro de 2023): 546. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w15030546.
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There is a wide range of naturally regenerated Morus alba in the declining Robinia pseudoacacia plantation of the Yellow River Delta. It is important to clarify the key mechanism of natural regeneration of M. alba for the transformation of declining R. pseudoacacia plantation. According to the death density of R. pseudoacacia, the plantation of R. pseudoacacia was divided into nondeclining, moderately declining, and severely declining forests. The structural characteristics of adult trees and seedlings of M. alba in different decline degrees forest were investigated. A pot experiment was conducted to study the seed germination and early seedling growth of M. alba in saline alkali soil and nonsaline alkali soil under different soil salt contents and light intensities. The results showed that the natural regeneration of M. alba was obviously affected by the decline of R. pseudoacacia plantation. With the increase of decline degree, M. alba density and seedling density first increased and then decreased, and were the highest in the medium decline plantation. Under full light intensity, the vigor index of M. alba seeds and the biomass of seedlings were significantly greater than those of 25% full light intensity. The germination rate and germination index under 1‰ soil salt content were significantly lower than those under 3‰, but the biomass of seedlings was on the contrary. The 1000-seed weight, seed germination, and seedling biomass of moderately declining R. pseudoacacia plantations were close to those of nonsaline alkali land, while significantly higher than those of nondeclining plantations, but the germination index of moderately declining R. pseudoacacia plantation was higher than that of nonsaline alkali land. Therefore, the germination ability of maternal trees in saline alkali land was higher than that in nonsaline alkali land under salt stress.
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Sudha, P. "Social Realism as the Key Theme in Mulk Raj Anand’s Novel ‘Two Leaves and a Bud’". Shanlax International Journal of Arts, Science and Humanities 11, S2-March (30 de março de 2024): 142–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/sijash.v11is2-march.7533.
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Mulk Raj Anand’s “Two Leaves and a Bud”was published in 1937 which dives into the complex dynamics of colonial India’s tea plantations, depicting the harsh reality experienced by labourers against the backdrop of British empire. This paper will examine the subject of social realism in Anand’s novel focusing on the author’s representation of wretched plight of Assam tea-plantation workers, the working-class exploitation, difficulties, and perseverance. This article elucidates the writers use of the theme social realism which sheds light on the economic, social, and political inequities prevalent during the colonial era by examining character interactions, narrative development. Social realism was largely popular towards the close of the nineteenth century. Anand exposes colonialism’s degrading consequences on underprivileged populations by documenting the daily lives of tea plantation workers and their interactions with tyranny, prejudice, and class disparities. The paper contends that “Two Leaves and a Bud” is a tribute to Mulk Raj Anand’s eye on social realism, providing readers with a clear depiction of the human experience amid the turbulent terrain of colonial India and exploitation being the major theme of the novel.
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Wang, Xuerong, Mengyao Zheng, Yue Zhang, Ying Chen, Lijuan Zhao, Baofeng Chai e Tong Jia. "Stoichiometric Soil Microbial and Enzymatic Characteristics under Three Different Plantation Types in China’s Luya Mountain". Forests 14, n.º 3 (12 de março de 2023): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14030558.
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It is important to maintain soil ecosystem function and ecological balance stability. This study uses ecological stoichiometry to ascertain relational constraints of soil nutrient (i.e., carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), etc.) cycling mechanisms and associated ecological balance characteristics in China’s temperate Luya Mountain Nature Reserve. To clarify changes and driving factors associated with soil and extracellular enzyme stoichiometry under different plantation types in July 2021, we analyzed soil nutrient, soil extracellular enzyme, and soil microbial stoichiometry characteristics and their key influencing factors in a Picea asperata Mast. forest, a Caragana jubata (Pall.) Poir. shrubland, and a Carex lanceolata Boott meadow in this reserve. Results revealed significant differences in soil physical and chemical properties, microbial biomass, soil extracellular enzyme activity, and stoichiometry among these different plantation types. Compared to the shrubland and forest plantations, meadow plantation soil was more severely C restricted while that of all three plantations was more N restricted. The main influencing soil stoichiometric ratios were total carbon (TC), total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), ammonium (NH4+-N), soil water content (SWC), β-glucosidase, and microbial C, N, and P biomass. Effects associated with soil N:P, enzymatic N:P, enzymatic C:P, microbial C:N, microbial N:P, and microbial C:P ratios were important for bacterial and fungal community soil structure. This study provides a scientific basis to explicate microbial and regulatory effects of soil extracellular enzyme stoichiometry under different plantation types in one of China’s best preserved and most concentrated natural secondary forests.
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Zhang, K., H. Zheng, F. L. Chen, Z. Y. Ouyang, Y. Wang, Y. F. Wu, J. Lan, M. Fu e X. W. Xiang. "Changes in soil quality due to converting <i>Pinus</i> to <i>Eucalyptus</i> plantations and subsequent successive <i>Eucalyptus</i> planting in southern China". Solid Earth Discussions 6, n.º 2 (17 de setembro de 2014): 2779–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/sed-6-2779-2014.
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Abstract. Plants play a key role in maintaining soil quality, but long-term changes in soil quality due to plant species change and successive planting are rarely reported. Using the space-for-time substitution method, adjacent plantations of Pinus and 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th generations of Eucalyptus in Guangxi, China were used to study changes in soil quality caused by converting Pinus to Eucalyptus and successive Eucalyptus planting. Soil chemical and biological properties were measured and a soil quality index (SQI) was calculated. Soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, alkaline hydrolytic nitrogen, microbial biomass carbon, microbial biomass nitrogen, cellobiosidase, phenol oxidase, peroxidase and acid phosphatase activities significantly decreased in the 1st and 2nd generations of Eucalyptus plantations after conversion from Pinus to Eucalyptus but gradually recovered in the 3rd and 4th generations. Soil total and available potassium were significantly lower, but total phosphorus was significantly higher in Eucalyptus plantations compared to the Pinus plantation. As an integrated indicator, SQI was highest in the Pinus plantation (0.92), but decreased to 0.24 and 0.13 in the 1st and 2nd generations of Eucalyptus plantations, respectively. However, it recovered to 0.36 and 0.38 in the 3rd and 4th generations, respectively. Changing tree species, reclamation and fertilization may have contributed to the "U" shaped change observed in soil quality during conversion of Pinus to Eucalyptus and successive Eucalyptus planting. Litter retention, keeping understory coverage, and reducing soil disturbance during logging and subsequent establishment of the next rotation should be considered to help improving soil quality during plantation management.
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Jin, Jun, Yiyun Luo, Chengyu Liu, Jiajia Zhang, Mengxi Gao, Lingchen Yuan, Bin Hu, Defeng Feng e Wei Li. "Phosphorous Fractions in Soils of Natural Shrub-Grass Communities and Leucaena leucocephala Plantations in a Dry-Hot Valley". Forests 15, n.º 6 (1 de junho de 2024): 974. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f15060974.
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Afforestation is an effective approach for restoring degraded ecological functions in the dry-hot valleys of southwest China. Afforestation can affect soil carbon and nitrogen storage; however, how it affects soil P fractions, and their driving factors. is poorly understood in this region. To address these questions, we conducted a field study of Leucaena leucocephala plantations at three different stand age sites (3, 10, and 20 years) and an adjacent natural shrub-grass community control site to investigate changes in soil total phosphorus (Pt), Pi (inorganic phosphorus), Po (organic phosphorus), and phosphorus (P) fractions and their driving factors. Soil Pt, Po, labile P, and moderately labile P significantly increased in the Leucaena leucocephala plantation compared with the natural shrub grass site, and the Leucaena leucocephala plantation increased soil Pt content by significantly increasing soil Po. Soil Pt, Po, Pi, labile P, moderately labile P and non-labile P were not significantly different among the different stages of the Leucaena leucocephala plantation, and soil Pt and its fractions were all significantly higher in the middle-age forest stage of the Leucaena leucocephala plantation. These results indicate that Leucaena leucocephala plantations increased the soil P transformation ability, and soil Po played a critical role in sustaining soil P availability. The middle-age forest stage of Leucaena leucocephala plantations had the best conditions for P stocks and P conversion capacity. The abundance of actinomycetes and fungi showed significant positive relationships with soil Pi fractions (NaHCO3-Pi, NaOH-Pi, and NaOHu.s.-Pi); soil Pt and moderately labile P were significantly and directly influenced by fungal abundance. Soil organic carbon (SOC), NH4+-N, and NO3−-N showed significant and positive relationships with the soil Pi fractions (NaHCO3-Pi, NaHCO3-Po, and HCl-Po). SOC and NO3−-N were the key drivers of soil Pt, labile P, moderately labile P and non-labile fractions. These results indicate that abiotic and biotic factors differently affected the soil P fractions and Pt in Leucaena leucocephala plantations in the dry-hot valley.
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Saurette, Daniel D., Scott X. Chang e Barb R. Thomas. "Autotrophic and heterotrophic respiration rates across a chronosequence of hybrid poplar plantationsin northern Alberta". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 88, n.º 3 (2 de maio de 2008): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss07005.
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Distinction of autotrophic (root, Rr) versus heterotrophic (Rh) soil respiration is important to understanding C balance in forest ecosystems and the contribution of both respiration components to total soil respiration (Rs) may change as stands mature. We studied Rr and Rh in a chronosequence of hybrid poplar plantations that were 4, 6, 8, and 13 yr old in summer 2005. We hypothesized that Rr will become increasingly larger and will also represent a greater proportion of Rs as plantation age increases. Our results showed that both Rs and Rh showed significant seasonal variations; however,Rr were much more variable. No significant differences among plantation ages were observed for any of the respiration parameters (Rr, Rh and Rs) measured throughout the summer. No significant differences were found for the contribution of Rh to Rs between plantation ages or between sampling dates. The average proportion of Rh to Rs across all sites and sampling dates was 0.63 ± 0.026 (mean ± standard error), indicating that heterotrophic respiration dominated total soil respiration in the studied hybrid poplar plantations.The power of the statistical tests in this study was likely quite low due to the inclusion of only two replicates for each plantation age. Key words: Autotrophic, heterotrophic respiration, root exclusion, trenching, hybrid poplar, chronosequence
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Elliott, J. A., B. M. Toth, R. J. Granger e J. W. Pomeroy. "Soil moisture storage in mature and replanted sub-humid boreal forest stands". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 78, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 1998): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s97-021.
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Soil moisture profiles at two mature forest sites (Pine and Mixed-Wood) and two plantations (1981 Pine and 1992 Mixedwood) in central Saskatchewan were studied in conjunction with soil properties, precipitation, interception and evapotranspiration. Sampling locations within each stand were chosen to highlight differences in soil moisture due to interception, evapotranspiration and soil physical properties.Soil moisture storage to 1-m depth was greatest on the 92-Plantation where transpiration and interception of precipitation were less than the other sites. Moisture storage in the 81-Plantation was similar to that in the mixed-wood stand. The Pine stand had the lightest textured soils and stored least water to 1-m depth. Variability in moisture storage was also observed within stands and was associated with canopy structure and density, water extraction patterns and mechanical site preparation. In the furrows at the 92-Plantation, wet soils in combination with low infiltration rates and transpiration may have lead to the generation and channelling of rainfall runoff during a major rainfall event. Key words: Boreal forest, hydrological pathways, soil moisture, infiltration, interception, evapotranspiration
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Ding, Ni, Yunxing Bai e Yunchao Zhou. "Tree Species Mixtures Can Improve the Water Storage of the Litter–Soil Continuum in Subtropical Coniferous Plantations in China". Forests 14, n.º 2 (20 de fevereiro de 2023): 431. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f14020431.
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Increasing evidence has shown that introducing broadleaved trees into coniferous plantations can regulate hydrologic stores and fluxes; however, the effects and regulatory mechanisms of species mixing on the water conservation capacity of the litter–soil continuum remain poorly understood, and differences among tree species may appear. Herein, we investigated and compared the water conservation capacity of the litter layer (semi-decomposed and decomposed layer) and soil layer (0–100 cm) in a monoculture plantation (Pinus massoniana) and five mixed plantations (Pinus massoniana mixed with Cercidiphyllum japonicum, Manglietia chingii, Camellia oleifera, Michelia maudiae, and Bretschneidera sinensis) and comprehensively considered their potential influencing factors. We discovered that the identity of broadleaved tree species significantly affected the water storage of litter and soil in the mixed plantations (p < 0.05). The effective water-holding capacity of the litter (13.39 t·ha−1) was low due to the coniferous litter’s simple structure and challenging breakdown, despite the fact that the litter stock of the monoculture plantation was substantially larger than that of the mixed plantation (14.72 t·ha−1). Introducing deep-rooted tree species (e.g., Bretschneidera sinensis and Camellia oleifera) into Pinus massoniana farmsteads improved the soil-pore structure and aggregate stability, thereby significantly increasing the 0–100 cm soil water storage. Furthermore, we found that litter storage, soil organic carbon, and litter thickness, as key influencing factors, have complex effects on the water storage of the litter–soil continuum. Generally, these findings demonstrated that mixed plantations can potentially improve the water conservation capacity of the litter–soil system. Nevertheless, special attention should be given to the complementarity between tree species combinations.
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Najmi, Nurul Lainan, Al Jaktsa Al Jaktsa, Suharno Suharno e Anna Fariyanti. "STATUS KEBERLANJUTAN PENGELOLAAN PERKEBUNAN INTI RAKYAT KELAPA SAWIT BERKELANJUTAN DI TRUMON, KABUPATEN ACEH SELATAN". Forum Agribisnis 9, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2019): 53–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.29244/fagb.9.1.53-68.
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This study aims to evaluate the sustainable status of oil palm plantation management and determine the most dominant attributes to sustainability in Trumon, South Aceh Regency. Data analysis using Multi Dimensional Scalling method and sensitivity analysis. The results of the analysis of the sustainability status of oil palm plantations, index values of each dimension with dimensions of 64,04, technology dimensions 53,26, economic dimensions 48,83, demonstration dimensions 45,54, and the lowest index values according to the social dimension 35,92. There are nine main attributes or key factors related to the sustainability of the management of oil palm plasma nucleus plantations, namely: 1) residents working in the plantation sector, 2) time and method of providing fertilizer to harvest, 3) FFB prices at farm level, 4) accessibility of farmer groups to banks, 5) land management administration, 6) Village communication accessibility, 7) farmer groups, 8) use of land and air conservation technology, 9) Management of crop disturbing crops (OPT). Index of multi-dimensional sustainability of oil palm plantation management nucleus-plasma pattern is 49,10 means that the sustainability status is still lacking. This has an impact on reducing involvement in agribusiness activities, lack of farmers' participation in farmer groups and KUD, because the role of this institution to access capital to banks does not support formal education, so that communication between farmers and institutions is inadequate.
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Dang, Hongzhong, Hui Han, Xueli Zhang, Shuai Chen, Mingyang Li e Chunying Liu. "Key Strategies Underlying the Adaptation of Mongolian Scots Pine (Pinussylvestris var. mongolica) in Sandy Land under Climate Change: A Review". Forests 13, n.º 6 (28 de maio de 2022): 846. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f13060846.
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Forest degradation and mortality have been widely reported in the context of increasingly significant global climate change. As the country with the largest total tree plantation area globally, China has a great responsibility in forestry management to cope with climate change effectively. Mongolian Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) was widely introduced from its natural sites in China into several other sandy land areas for establishing shelterbelt in the Three-North Shelter Forest Program, scoring outstanding achievements in terms of wind-breaking and sand-fixing. Mongolian Scots pine plantations in China cover a total area of ~800,000 hectares, with the eldest trees having >60 years. However, plantation trees have been affected by premature senescence in their middle-age stages (i.e., dieback, growth decline, and death) since the 1990s. This phenomenon has raised concerns about the suitability of Mongolian Scots pine to sandy habitats and the rationality for further afforestation, especially under the global climate change scenario. Fortunately, dieback has occurred only sporadically at specific sites and in certain years and has not spread to other regions in northern China; nevertheless, global climate change has become increasingly significant in that region. These observations reflect the strong drought resistance and adaptability of Mongolian Scots pines. In this review, we summarized the most recent findings on the ecohydrological attributes of Mongolian Scots pine during its adaptation to both fragile habitats and climate change. Five main species-specific strategies (i.e., opportunistic water absorb strategy, hydraulic failure risk avoidance strategy, water conservation strategy, functional traits adjustment strategy, rapid regeneration strategy) were summarized, providing deep insights into the tree–water relationship. Overall, the findings of this study can be applied to improve plantation management and better cope with climate-change-related drought stress.
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Uning, Royston, Mohd Talib Latif, Murnira Othman, Liew Juneng, Norfazrin Mohd Hanif, Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir, Khairul Nizam Abdul Maulud et al. "A Review of Southeast Asian Oil Palm and Its CO2 Fluxes". Sustainability 12, n.º 12 (22 de junho de 2020): 5077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125077.
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Palm oil production is a key industry in tropical regions, driven by the demand for affordable vegetable oil. Palm oil production has been increasing by 9% every year, mostly due to expanding biofuel markets. However, the oil palm industry has been associated with key environmental issues, such as deforestation, peatland exploitation and biomass burning that release carbon dioxide (CO2) into the atmosphere, leading to climate change. This review therefore aims to discuss the characteristics of oil palm plantations and their impacts, especially CO2 emissions in the Southeast Asian region. The tropical climate and soil in Southeast Asian countries, such as Malaysia and Indonesia, are very suitable for growing oil palm trees. However, due to the scarcity of available plantation areas deforestation occurs, especially in peat swamp areas. Total carbon losses from both biomass and peat due to the conversion of tropical virgin peat swamp forest into oil palm plantations are estimated to be around 427.2 ± 90.7 t C ha−1 and 17.1 ± 3.6 t C ha−1 year−1, respectively. Even though measured CO2 fluxes have shown that overall, oil palm plantation CO2 emissions are about one to two times higher than other major crops, the ability of oil palms to absorb CO2 (a net of 64 tons of CO2 per hectare each year) and produce around 18 tons of oxygen per hectare per year is one of the main advantages of this crop. Since the oil palm industry plays a crucial role in the socio-economic development of Southeast Asian countries, sustainable and environmentally friendly practices would provide economic benefits while minimizing environmental impacts. A comprehensive review of all existing oil plantation procedures is needed to ensure that this high yielding crop has highly competitive environmental benefits.
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Véle, Adam, e Jakub Horák. "Space, Habitat and Isolation are the Key Determinants of Tree Colonization by the Carpenter Ant in Plantation Forests". Forests 10, n.º 8 (27 de julho de 2019): 630. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10080630.
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Forest plantations are still often considered the antithesis of real nature. However, plantations can host many organisms. The problem is that some of the hosted species are regarded ad hoc as pests. The main aim of our paper was to study the carpenter ant (Camponotus ligniperdus) in windstorm habitats. We studied forests in East Bohemia, Czech Republic, and focused on the spatial distribution of snapped trees and the influence of selected forest characteristics on the incidence of ant nests. We found that the nests in the study area mainly occurred in Norway spruce, which is the most commercially important tree in the majority of Central Europe. More than one quarter of the snapped trees were inhabited by the ants. We found that nests exhibited a spatially autocorrelated pattern that differed on spatial scales. The most important characteristic of the host tree for determining carpenter ant nests was the presence of brown rot, and the majority of tree nests were isolated from forest openings. The presence of carpenter ants in forest plantations is, therefore, not harmful. Their presence could be used by forest managers as an indication of unsuitable stand conditions for the successful growth of the Norway spruce and other coniferous plantation trees.
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Sandy, Laura. "Supervisors of Small Worlds: The Role of Overseers on Colonial South Carolina Slave Plantations". Journal of Early American History 2, n.º 2 (2012): 178–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187707012x649585.
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The established historiography of slavery includes a substantial body of work on the colonial period, with particular emphasis upon the Atlantic slave trade and the development of the plantation system and the slave community embedded within it. However, one key element in the organization of plantations has received little attention: the overseers. Slave owners and slaves are well represented in documentary sources, yet overseers, despite their importance in the plantation system, remain shadowy figures in the story of slavery in the colonial era. Overseers were charged with the responsibility of supervising slave labor and maintaining the plantation owners’ human property. With a particular focus on the slave plantations of Henry Laurens, one of South Carolina's most successful and influential slave-owning entrepreneurs, this work explores the precise function of overseers within the colonial slave society of South Carolina. It will challenge the conventional image of overseers as poor, white, brutish task-masters, and show that in fact, only some of those in the occupation conformed to this crude stereotype. The role of overseer was vital to the day-to-day operation of slavery but it entailed neither absolute authority nor social standing. Analyzing recruitment patterns, overseers’ backgrounds, their daily role and activities, payment methods and rewards, their personal ambitions, employer-overseer-slave relations, and the prejudices men in this role faced, reveals much about those from the lower stratum of white society in colonial South Carolina. Using the often fragmentary evidence the overseer emerges from the shadows as a far more rounded and human figure than in the established historiography or popular culture. Many overseers proved hardworking, effective and prospered from their role on the plantation. This work not only reveals why many men became overseers despite the stigma attached to the job, but also sheds light on the complexities involved in slave ownership and ordering multi-racial plantation communities in the early American South.
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Hawkins, J. W., M. W. Lankester, R. A. Lautenschlager e F. W. Bell. "Effects of alternative conifer release treatments on terrestrial gastropods in northwestern Ontario". Forestry Chronicle 73, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 1997): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc73091-1.
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Changes in terrestrial gastropod species richness and density in regenerating spruce plantations following application of four conifer release treatments including two chemical herbicides (Vision® [a.i. glyphosate] and Release® [a.i. triclopyr]), cutting by mechanical means (Silvana Selective/Ford Versatile), and motor-manual cutting with brush saws are discussed. Mean gastropod density increased to a maximum of 21 m−2 over the summer of 1993 (pre-treatment) when a total of 27,396 gastropods were collected but remained fairly stable at about 10 m−2 throughout the summer of 1994 (post-treatment) when only 20,199 were collected. This difference between years was not related to the conifer release treatments, since gastropod densities on both treated and control areas were lower in 1994. The decline in 1994 was probably due to decreased population size and detectability because of less rainfall. The lack of difference following treatments was attributed to rapid re-establishment of the herbaceous layer which probably continued to provide favourable conditions for snails and slugs.Gastropod density was higher in a nine-year-old regenerating spruce plantation (15.5 ± 1.3 m−2) than in a 70-year-old mixedwood forest (9.4 ± 0.6 m−2) and species richness was also slightly greater (20 spp. vs. 18 spp.) in the plantation. These differences were attributed to the more abundant near-ground vegetation and the greater amount of deciduous litter characterizing the regenerating plantation. Key words: clearcutting, terrestrial gastropods, snails, slugs, conifer release, Fallingsnow Ecosystem Project, herbicides, spruce plantations, vegetation
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Qian, Lian-Wen, Rui-Xue Hu, Xu-Jun Liang e Yi-Xiang Wang. "Effect of biochar on soil acidity and aluminum morphology in tea plantations". E3S Web of Conferences 393 (2023): 02021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339302021.
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Soil acidification in tea plantations has become a key factor restricting the development of the tea industry. Biochar reduces soil acidity significantly and has good short-term effects of acidic soil improvement in tea plantation trials, but the duration of the effect and the long-term environmental effects of biochar are still unclear. In this study, the acidic tea plantation soil to which biochar was applied five years ago was studied. The biochar applied to the soil was separated and analyzed for surface elements, and the aluminum form of the soil was measured. The results showed that : (1) Five years after biochar was applied to the soil, the surface aluminum elements of biochar increased significantly, indicating that biochar had a certain degree of adsorption effect on aluminum in the soil; (2) the pH of tea plantation soil increased significantly; (3) the exchangeable aluminum [Al3+] and monohydroxy and dihydroxy aluminum [Al(OH)2+, Al(OH)2+] both had the potential to convert to colloidal aluminum [Al(OH)3], and this conversion reduced the content of reactive aluminum in the soil, thus increasing the soil pH and reducing the toxicity of aluminum to plants.
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Bu, Wen-Sheng, Han-Jiao Gu, Can-can Zhang, Yang Zhang, Anand Narain Singh, Xiang-Min Fang, Jing Fan, Hui-Min Wang e Fu-Sheng Chen. "Mixed Broadleaved Tree Species Increases Soil Phosphorus Availability but Decreases the Coniferous Tree Nutrient Concentration in Subtropical China". Forests 11, n.º 4 (19 de abril de 2020): 461. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11040461.
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Phosphorus (P) is a key limiting nutrient in subtropical forests and mixed forests with broadleaved species have been expected to stimulate P cycling, compared to pure conifer plantations. However, the mixture effect of Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook.) and broadleaved species on rhizosphere soil and coniferous tree P dynamics is unclear. In our study, eight plots of a single species of a Chinese fir plantation (pure plantation, PP) and eight mixed plantations (mixed plantation, MP) with broadleaved tree species (Michelia macclurei Dandy in Hunan Province or Schima superba Gardn. et Champ. in Fujian Province) were selected in subtropical China. Six P fractions in the rhizosphere and bulk soils were analyzed by a modified Hedley P fractionation method. Phosphorus fractions and nitrogen (N) concentrations in different root orders, different age fresh needles and twigs, and needle and twig litter of Chinese fir were measured. Our results showed that available P, slowly released P, occluded P, and the total extractable P in rhizosphere soil were significantly higher in MP than PP (p < 0.05). In contrast, P and N concentrations in the transportive roots and two-year old needles were generally higher in PP than MP. Meanwhile, the slowly released P, occluded P, total extractable P, and residual P in rhizosphere soil were negatively correlated with P concentrations in young (absorptive and transportive roots, one- and two-year old needles) but not old tissues (storative roots, three-year old needles and litters). In conclusion, mixture may increase soil P availability through the rhizosphere effect, but can decrease P and N concentration of Chinese fir tissues by competition between Chinese fir and broadleaved species. Clearly, the mixture effect may differ in soil and plant nutrients, and this issue needs be taken into consideration when converting a pure conifer plantation into a mixed-species forest.
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Cao, Jixin, Songlin Shi, Hong Pan, Zhan Chen e He Shang. "Restoration Efficacy of Picea likiangensis var. rubescens Rehder & E. H. Wilson Plantations on the Soil Microbial Community Structure and Function in a Subalpine Area". Microorganisms 9, n.º 6 (26 de maio de 2021): 1145. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061145.
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The knowledge concerning the relationship between vegetation restoration and soil microorganisms is limited, especially at high altitudes. In order to evaluate the restoration efficacy of the reforestation on the soil microbial community, we have examined vegetation composition, edaphic properties and structure and function of different soil microbial groups in two different aged (25- and 40-year-old) Picea likiangensis var. rubescens Rehder & E. H. Wilson (P. rubescens) plantations and the primeval coniferous forest (PCF) dominated by Abies squamata Masters by plot-level inventories and sampling in western Sichuan Province, China. Our results suggested that only the fungal samples in 25-year-old P. rubescens plantation could be distinguished from those in the PCF in both structure and function. The structure and function of the fungal community recovered relatively slowly compared with bacterial and archaeal communities. In addition to the soil chemical properties and tree species composition, the shrub composition was also a key factor influencing the soil microbial community. The P. rubescens plantations were conducive to restoring the soil microbial community in both structure and function. However, there were uncertainties in the variations of the bacterial and archaeal communities with increasing the P. rubescens plantation age.
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Chui, Y. H. "Grade yields and wood properties of Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] from the Maritimes". Forestry Chronicle 71, n.º 4 (1 de agosto de 1995): 473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc71473-4.
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Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] is one of the major non-native softwood species in the Maritimes. A project was undertaken to evaluate the grade yields and mechanical properties of Norway spruce. The project also provided comparative information on the wood quality of two Norway spruce provenances from Germany and Poland. Four plantations were selected for the study with two of these plantations containing trees of known provenances. One plantation was mature and the other three were juvenile. In total, 530 pieces of lumber and the same number of matched small clear specimens were tested for bending properties. Prior to testing, the lumber was visually graded according to both British and Canadian specifications. Quality of lumber varied significantly between sites. Lumber from the Polish provenance had slightly better mechanical properties than that from trees of the German provenance. Compared with published information, the plantation-grown Norway spruce had lower clear wood bending properties and specific gravity than primary eastern Canadian spruce species and balsam fir, and natural Norway spruce grown in Europe. Key words: Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.], wood quality, bending properties, grade yield
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Cai, Huiying, Xueying Di, Scott X. Chang, Chuankuan Wang, Baoku Shi, Pengfei Geng e Guangze Jin. "Carbon storage, net primary production, and net ecosystem production in four major temperate forest types in northeastern China". Canadian Journal of Forest Research 46, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2016): 143–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2015-0038.
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Temperate forests in northeastern China play a key role in the national carbon (C) budget; however, this role has been poorly quantified. The objective of this study was to quantify C storage, net primary production (NPP), and net ecosystem production (NEP) in four major temperate forest types in northeastern China. The four forest types include a primary mixed broadleaf – Korean pine (Pinus koraiensis Siebold & Zucc.) old-growth forest and three mid-aged regenerating forests, i.e., a secondary birch (Betula platyphylla Sukaczev) forest, a Korean pine plantation, and a Dahurian larch (Larix gmelinii (Rupr.) Rupr.) plantation. Total C storage differed significantly among the four forest types, with the highest storage (315.4 t C·ha−1) in the old-growth forest. Soil organic C accounted for 55%–70% of the ecosystem C, whereas vegetation C accounted for 28%–43% of the ecosystem C. Soil organic C storage in the two plantations was significantly lower than that in old-growth and secondary birch forests. The allocation (aboveground and belowground) of NPP, but not the total NPP, differed significantly among the forest types. Litterfall (44%–60%) and fine root production (43%–47%) contributed the largest proportion of the aboveground and belowground NPP, respectively. The highest NEP was in the Korean pine plantation (328.0 g C·m−2·year−1), followed by the old-growth (311.9 g C·m−2·year−1) and secondary birch (231.1 g C·m−2·year−1) forests, with the lowest NEP in the Dahurian larch plantation (187.9 g C·m−2·year−1). These results suggest that the major forest types are currently C sinks and Korean pine plantation establishment can be a promising approach for increasing C sequestration in northeastern China.
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Kerdraon, Deirdre, Julia Drewer, Biancolini Castro, Abby Wallwork, Jefferson Hall e Emma Sayer. "Litter Traits of Native and Non-Native Tropical Trees Influence Soil Carbon Dynamics in Timber Plantations in Panama". Forests 10, n.º 3 (26 de fevereiro de 2019): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f10030209.
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Tropical reforestation initiatives are widely recognized as a key strategy for mitigating rising atmospheric CO2 concentrations. Although rapid tree growth in young secondary forests and plantations sequesters large amounts of carbon (C) in biomass, the choice of tree species for reforestation projects is crucial, as species identity and diversity affect microbial activity and soil C cycling via plant litter inputs. The decay rate of litter is largely determined by its chemical and physical properties, and trait complementarity of diverse litter mixtures can produce non-additive effects, which facilitate or delay decomposition. Furthermore, microbial communities may preferentially decompose litter from native tree species (homefield advantage). Hence, information on how different tree species influence soil carbon dynamics could inform reforestation efforts to maximize soil C storage. We established a decomposition experiment in Panama, Central America, using mesocosms and litterbags in monoculture plantations of native species (Dalbergia retusa Hemsl. and Terminalia amazonia J.F.Gmel., Exell) or teak (Tectona grandis L.f.) to assess the influence of different litter types and litter mixtures on soil C dynamics. We used reciprocal litter transplant experiments to assess the homefield advantage and litter mixtures to determine facilitative or antagonistic effects on decomposition rates and soil respiration in all plantation types. Although litter properties explained some of the variation in decomposition, the microclimate and soil properties in the plantations also played an important role. Microbial biomass C and litter decomposition were lower in Tectona than in the native plantations. We observed non-additive effects of mixtures with Tectona and Dalbergia litter on both decomposition and soil respiration, but the effect depended on plantation type. Further, there was a homefield disadvantage for soil respiration in Tectona and Terminalia plantations. Our results suggest that tree species diversity plays an important role in the resilience of tropical soils and that plantations with native tree species could help maintain key processes involved in soil carbon sequestration.
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Pedlar, John H., Saul Fraleigh e Daniel W. McKenney. "Revisiting the work of Fred von Althen – an update on the growth and yield of a mixed hardwood plantation in Southern Ontario". Forestry Chronicle 83, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2007): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc83175-2.
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Dr. Fred W. von Althen, formerly of the Canadian Forest Service, established hundreds of research plantations with a focus on identifying tree species and silvicultural techniques conducive to successful hardwood afforestation in southern Ontario, Canada. Here we provide an update, using 30-year remeasurement data, on the growth and yield of one of his most productive, and compositionally unique, mixed hardwood plantations. At age 30, the plantation exhibited the following characteristics on average: 1) density of 790 stems/ha—reduced from 2222 stems/ha at time of planting through natural mortality; 2) height of 14.4 meters; 3) quadratic mean diameter of 20.1 cm; and 4) gross stand volume of 181 m3/ha. With a mean annual increment (MAI) of 6.1 m3/ha/year, this plantation exhibits one of the highest published growth rates for mixed hardwoods in temperate North America. There was considerable variation in growth and yield between the 10 hardwood species making up the stand—silver maple, white ash, and black walnut had the highest growth rates, and red and white oak the lowest. Several Carolinian species, such as catalpa and sycamore, showed good growth rates, despite the study site being located north of their published range limits. This data set provides rare information on the growth and yield of mixed hardwood plantations in Canada. Key words: growth and yield, southern Ontario, afforestation, mixed hardwoods, Carolinian species
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Forslund, R. R., e J. M. Paterson. "Nondestructive volume estimates of 11-year-old jack pine and black spruce using the power function volume model". Forestry Chronicle 70, n.º 6 (1 de dezembro de 1994): 762–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc70762-6.
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Two methods for estimating the total outside-bark stem volume of all trees in young plantations of jack pine (Pinus banksiana Lamb.) and black spruce (Picea mariana [Mill.] B.S.P.) were compared. The first method was time-intensive, and required destructive sampling to obtain volume estimates using many paired diameter/height measurements. The second method was nondestructive and required only two field measurements: an outside-bark diameter at either a fixed height (such as breast height) or at a relative height, and the total stem height. The results indicated that total plantation volume estimates to within ±5% can be obtained using the power function model and two stem measurements: a diameter at a relative height of 30% from the base of the stem and total stem height. The power function model offers a good alternative for accurately assessing plantation volume. Key words: black spruce, jack pine, power function volume model, paracone, upper diameters, profile shape, stem volume
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Chowdhury, Abhiroop, Aliya Naz e Subodh Kumar Maiti. "Variations in Soil Blue Carbon Sequestration between Natural Mangrove Metapopulations and a Mixed Mangrove Plantation: A Case Study from the World’s Largest Contiguous Mangrove Forest". Life 13, n.º 2 (18 de janeiro de 2023): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life13020271.
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Sundarban is the world’s largest mangrove wetland. This study, conducted in 2016, to compare blue carbon sequestration with different natural metapopulations and a four-year-old Avicennia marina (30% area)-Rhizophora mucronata (70% area)-mixed mangrove plantation under anthropoganic stress. The aims of the study is to find out the variations in soil ecological function indicators (pH, electrical conductivity, bulk density, soil texture, available nitrogn, phosphorus and soil organic carbon) and key ecological service indicator (soil blue carbon pool) between sites. Simpson’s Index of dominance, diversity and Shannon-Weiner Index revealed that all the sites are under ecological stress, with the Suaeda maritima-dominated mudflat having the least biodiversity. It is also revealed that pH and electrical conductivity were highest in Suaeda maritima and Phoenix padulosa-dominated metapopulations, whereas organic carbon was the highest under the mangrove plantation and Avicennia marina-dominated site. Available nitrogen was recorded highest in the community with the Sonneretia sp.-Avicennia marina association. The mixed mangrove plantation had the highest blue carbon pool. The species diversity was not found to be related with the distance from the nearby conserved mangrove forest, contrary to the island biogeography theory. This study concludes with a recommendation of mixed mangrove plantations to restore the degraded saline mudflats along the human settlements across the globe.
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Williams, G. M., e M. D. Ginzel. "Spatial and Climatic Factors Influence Ambrosia Beetle (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) Abundance in Intensively Managed Plantations of Eastern Black Walnut". Environmental Entomology 49, n.º 1 (20 de novembro de 2019): 49–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz125.
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Abstract Invasive ambrosia beetles are among the most economically important pests of forest and plantation trees world-wide. The development of effective management guidelines for these pests in plantations of high-value hardwood species is hindered by a lack of baseline information regarding their seasonal abundance and dispersal behavior. By analyzing long-term monitoring data from intensively-managed plantations of eastern black walnut (Juglans nigra L.) in north-central Indiana, we identified key spatial and climatic variables that could improve the timing and precision of management actions to reduce ambrosia beetle populations. We also used geospatial analyses to compare species-specific spatial patterns of population density and evaluate the sensitivity of the trap density deployed in our long-term monitoring efforts. Xyleborinus saxesenii Ratzeburg and Xylosandrus crassiusculus Matschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were more abundant during the spring in years preceded by a hot, dry growing season, and cold winter. Both species were positively associated with plantation edges during the fall flight period. However, X. saxesenii was less abundant in plantations close to forest corridors, whereas X. crassiusculus was more abundant in plantations closer to woodlots and other walnut plantations. Geospatial analysis revealed X. crassiusculus is active in larger, more spatially continuous patches than X. saxesenii, and that 200-m trap spacing is likely to be sufficient to detect both species in the spring flight period but may be insufficient to detect X. saxesenii during the fall flight period. Our findings underscore the power and utility of long-term monitoring to improve management strategies.
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Parker, William C., Ken A. Elliott, Daniel C. Dey e Eric Boysen. "Restoring southern Ontario forests by managing succession in conifer plantations". Forestry Chronicle 84, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2008): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc84083-1.
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Thinning and underplanting of conifer plantations to promote natural succession in southern Ontario's forests for restoration purposes was examined in a young red pine (Pinus resinosa Ait.) plantation. Eleven years after application of five thinning treatments, seedling diameter, height, and stem volume of planted white ash (Fraxinus americana L), red oak, (Quercus rubra L.), and white pine (Pinus strobus L.) were positively correlated with thinning intensity and size of canopy openings. Percent survival did not differ among thinning treatments. Based on growth and survival responses, field performance of white ash and white pine was superior to red oak. Recommendations for restoring conifer plantations to native forest types are provided. Key words: acorn predation, direct seeding, Fraxinus americana, Pinus resinosa, Pinus strobus, plantations, Quercus rubra, red oak, red pine, underplanting, thinning, white ash, white pine
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Swetha B. S., Itigi Prabhakar e Veeresh. "The Role of Forests in Combating Climate Change and Promoting Sustainable Development: An Integrative Review". International Journal of Environment and Climate Change 13, n.º 11 (25 de novembro de 2023): 3755–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/ijecc/2023/v13i113555.
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Plantation forestry plays a vital role in combating climate change and promoting sustainable development by providing renewable resources, sequestering carbon, and supporting economic growth. This review examines the contributions of plantation forestry to climate change mitigation, including carbon sequestration and substitution effects, as well as the challenges and opportunities for sustainable development. We explore key aspects such as genetic diversity, pest and disease management, soil conservation, social dimensions, and emerging technologies. By assessing the current state of plantation forestry and identifying future directions, this review highlights the importance of plantation forestry in addressing global environmental challenges while fostering sustainable development.
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Crowley, Megan. "Foreign Labor Shortages in the Malaysian Palm Oil Industry: Impacts and Recommendations". Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development 17, n.º 2 (1 de dezembro de 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.37801/ajad2020.17.2.1.
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Malaysia’s plantation industry and economy, as a whole, has benefitted from foreign labor and remains crucially dependent upon it. Yet, this dependence can prevent optimum productivity by disincentivizing mechanization and innovation. Furthermore, foreign workers have historically filled gaps left by Malaysians seeking higher education and higher-income jobs, but evolving policies and practices in Malaysia’s plantation sector, occurring alongside expansion of Indonesia’s plantation sector, are changing the nature of the mechanization-versus-cheaplabor dichotomy that has long affected the industry. While there has been a fair amount of research dedicated to technical advancements in palm oil harvesting, as well as quantitative analyses of economic impacts of migrant labor across multiple industries, the current discourse lacks primary qualitative data on the impacts of recent migration trends on mechanization, productivity, safety, and worker turnover in plantations. This paper explores these questions through interviews conducted with key stakeholders from several levels of Malaysia’s palm oil industry, including individuals affiliated with plantation companies, government ministries, non-governmental organizations, and universities/research institutions. Results of this analysis suggest that foreign worker inflows are insufficient to satisfy labor requirements, even as technology and farming best practices are increasingly adopted. Increased focus on genetic innovation and diversification, as well as social and educational program improvement, are necessary to address labor and productivity challenges. Moreover, a focus on replacing foreign labor with local labor is not maximally effective and should instead be shifted to retaining foreign labor and, where relevant, training Malaysians for more technical and managerial positions in the industry.
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Saurette, D. D., S. X. Chang e B. R. Thomas. "Some characteristics of soil respiration in hybrid poplar plantations in northern Alberta". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 86, Special Issue (1 de março de 2006): 257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s05-083.
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Fast-growing hybrid poplars are being planted in the Canadian prairies to meet the increasing demand for fibre and environmental services of trees and forests; however, the impact of hybrid poplars on C dynamics and storage on previously farmed land is largely unknown for the boreal region. We measured soil CO2 efflux along a chronosequence (3-, 9-, and 11-yr-old stands) of hybrid poplar (Populus deltoides × Populus × petrowskyana var. Walker) plantations and a control agricultural field from June to August 2004. Measurements were made between 0800 and 1800 with a portable Li-Cor 6400-09 system and were based on 4–5 min averaging. We also measured the response to simulated rainfall and the diurnal fluctuation of soil CO2 efflux. Soil CO2 efflux ranged from 1.30 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 in the 3-yr old plantation to 5.41 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 in the agricultural control field, or from 0.17 ìmol CO2 m-2 s-1 kg-1 C (based on soil organic C content to a 0.4 m depth) in the 3-yr-old plantation to 1.09 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1 kg-1 C in the 11-yr-old plantation. Simulated rainfall applied in the 3-yr-old plantation and a newly planted site resulted in an immediate pulse of CO2 efflux, 2.90 and 2.54 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1, respectively, followed by an efflux rate sustained slightly above pre-irrigation levels. No secondary pulse of soil respiration was observed in the 2-h period following water application. Diurnal variation of soil respiration was found to be small between 0600 and 1900 in the agricultural control field, with values that varied from 2.66 to 3.17 µmol CO2 m-2 s-1. Continued monitoring of soil respiration and other C cycling processes in the chronosequence will improve our understanding of the potential for C sequestration in hybrid poplar plantations in northern Alberta. Key words: Carbon sequestration, greenhouse gas emissions, biomass, boreal forest, land-use change, hybrid poplar
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Law, Bradley S., Mark Chidel e Trent Penman. "Do young eucalypt plantations benefit bats in an intensive agricultural landscape?" Wildlife Research 38, n.º 3 (2011): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10204.
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Context Environmental benefits of timber plantations have been a major selling point for land use change from previously cleared farmland, but data concerning the response of biodiversity are scarce. Aims We investigated the use of young (4–11 years old) timber plantations by bats in comparison with other vegetation classes in a highly cleared and productive agricultural landscape in north-west New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Methods Initially, we recorded activity in paddocks before plantation establishment, and then four to six years after establishment. We compared activity within young eucalypt plantations with surrounding paddocks and remnant woodland. We also radio-tracked four different bat species to investigate how roosting and foraging was apportioned into different habitats. Key results The ultrasonic survey of bats found that the young plantations were typically used by 7–8 species and activity averaged 87 passes per night. Activity within plantations was similar to treeless paddocks, and approximately six times less than in small remnants. The very high activity levels and feeding buzzes in small remnants was significantly related to rich, basalt soil (which was used as a proxy for invertebrate biomass) on agricultural plains. Total activity and species richness was correlated positively with the number of remnant trees on the site, but neither plantation area nor shape influenced bat activity. Plantations were not used preferentially by radio-tracked bats at night compared with their availability in the local landscape (13–14% bat use, 17% available). No bat roosts were located within the plantations. Most bat roosts were in tree hollows, which were absent in the plantations. Decorticating bark was abundant in eucalypt plantations, but only Nyctophilus geoffroyi was observed beneath bark and only in remnant trees outside of plantations. Conclusions Young eucalypt plantations have limited value for bats, and this is comparable to previous studies on more environmentally focussed plantings. Implications The value of plantations for bats would be improved by retaining remnant trees, both in the surrounding landscape and within plantations. We also recommend varying tree densities to increase the diversity of animal species using plantations.
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Hidayat, Yusuf, Rahmat Nur e Tutung Nurdiyana. "Urgency of Social Capital to Improve the Resilience of Independent Oil Palm Farmers in Managing Oil Palm Plantations in Peat Areas: Lessons from Indonesia". Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental 18, n.º 9 (26 de abril de 2024): e05103. http://dx.doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n9-031.
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Objective: This research focuses on studying the social capital of oil palm farmers in Sidomulyo Village, Wanaraya District, Barito Kuala District, South Kalimantan Province. Theoretical Framework: The study aims to achieve two main objectives: firstly, to identify the social capital possessed by independent oil palm farmers; secondly, to describe how they maintain this social capital. Method: Qualitative research methods were employed to gain a profound understanding of the social capital that supports the success of independent smallholders in managing oil palm plantations. The study was conducted in Sido Mulyo village, Wanaraya district, Barito Kuala Regency, South Kalimantan Province. Informants, serving as sources of information, were selected using purposive sampling techniques. Data collection involved observation, in-depth interviews with selected informants, and daily records, which played a crucial role in this research. The obtained data will be subjected to phenomenological analysis. The study revealed two key findings: first, various forms of social capital, and second, how this social capital is utilized. Results and Discussion: The identified forms of social capital include: (1) the social networks established by farmers with middlemen to sell palm oil to processing companies, (2) their membership in peasant groups, and (3) the work ethic exhibited by farmers as transmigrants. The utilization of social capital for their progress as farmers involves: (1) maintaining relationships in social networks to secure favorable palm oil prices and access to financial capital, (2) leveraging farmer groups to access fertilizer subsidies and protect against the threat of land fires, and (3) employing social norms to foster mutual assistance in preserving road access to oil palm plantations. Research Implications: This research contributes to understanding the various capitals owned by smallholders in oil palm plantation exploitation and the use of social capital for their success in plantation management palm oil. This model can be a reference for communities who want to get similar success in the development of oil palm plantations and can be done also in other locations that have the same land structure. Originality/Value: Social capital plays a crucial role in the success of independent farmers managing oil palm plantations. Several conclusions have been drawn regarding social capital in the management of oil palm plantations by independent smallholders. Firstly, the forms of social capital owned by independent oil palm plantation farmers include: (1) social networks established by farmers with middlemen for selling oil palm to processing companies, (2) membership in farmer groups, (3) the work ethic possessed by farmers as transmigrants, and (4) the social norms embraced by transmigrant farmers. Secondly, the utilization of social capital for their progress as farmers is carried out through: (1) maintaining relationships in social networks to secure palm oil prices and access capital, (2) utilizing farmer groups to access fertilizer subsidies and safeguard against the threat of land fires, and (3) applying social norms to foster mutual assistance in maintaining oil palm plantation infrastructure and addressing and preventing palm oil plantation fires.
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Cook, Sarah, Mick J. Whelan, Chris D. Evans, Vincent Gauci, Mike Peacock, Mark H. Garnett, Lip Khoon Kho, Yit Arn Teh e Susan E. Page. "Fluvial organic carbon fluxes from oil palm plantations on tropical peatland". Biogeosciences 15, n.º 24 (21 de dezembro de 2018): 7435–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/bg-15-7435-2018.
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Abstract. Intact tropical peatlands are dense long-term stores of carbon. However, the future security of these ecosystems is at risk from land conversion and extensive peatland drainage. This can enhance peat oxidation and convert long-term carbon sinks into significant carbon sources. In Southeast Asia, the largest land use on peatland is for oil palm plantation agriculture. Here, we present the first annual estimate of exported fluvial organic carbon in the drainage waters of four peatland oil palm plantation areas in Sarawak, Malaysia. Total organic carbon (TOC) fluxes from the plantation second- and third-order drains were dominated (91 %) by dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and ranged from 34.4 ± 9.7 C m−2 yr−1 to 57.7 %, 16.3 g C m−2 yr−1 (± 95 % confidence interval). These fluxes represent a single-year survey which was strongly influenced by an El Ninõ event and therefore lower discharge than usual was observed. The magnitude of the flux was found to be influenced by water table depth, with higher TOC fluxes observed from more deeply drained sites. Radiocarbon dating on the DOC component indicated the presence of old (pre-1950s) carbon in all samples collected, with DOC at the most deeply drained site having a mean age of 735 years. Overall, our estimates suggest fluvial TOC contributes ∼ 5 % of total carbon losses from oil palm plantations on peat. Maintenance of high and stable water tables in oil palm plantations appears to be key to minimising TOC losses. This reinforces the importance of considering all carbon loss pathways, rather than just CO2 emissions from the peat surface, in studies of tropical peatland land conversion.
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Dubé, F., G. Gignac, M. I. Miranda e E. Melo. "CERTFOR: A new sustainable forestry management standard for Chile's forest plantations". Forestry Chronicle 80, n.º 6 (1 de dezembro de 2004): 672–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc80672-6.
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This technical paper reviews CERTFOR, the Chilean initiative for sustainable plantation forestry. Since its release in January 2002, 1.5 million ha of Pinus radiata and Eucalyptus species plantations have been certified as well managed, Forestal Arauco S.A. becoming the first company and major player with nearly 35% of total planted woodlands in Chile. QMI conducted the audits using a multidisciplinary international team. The structure of the standard includes 9 principles, 43 criteria and 190 indicators. In early 2004, the PEFC started a public consultation period for the assessment of CERTFOR. Once completed, it will be the first non-European standard to be recognized by PEFC. Key words: Arauco, certified forest plantations, CERTFOR, PEFC, QMI, stakeholder consultation, sustainable forest management practices