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Bradamante, Gabriele, Ortrun Mittelsten Scheid e Marco Incarbone. "Under siege: virus control in plant meristems and progeny". Plant Cell 33, n.º 8 (20 de maio de 2021): 2523–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/plcell/koab140.
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Abstract In the arms race between plants and viruses, two frontiers have been utilized for decades to combat viral infections in agriculture. First, many pathogenic viruses are excluded from plant meristems, which allows the regeneration of virus-free plant material by tissue culture. Second, vertical transmission of viruses to the host progeny is often inefficient, thereby reducing the danger of viral transmission through seeds. Numerous reports point to the existence of tightly linked meristematic and transgenerational antiviral barriers that remain poorly understood. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms that exclude viruses from plant stem cells and progeny. We also discuss the evidence connecting viral invasion of meristematic cells and the ability of plants to recover from acute infections. Research spanning decades performed on a variety of virus/host combinations has made clear that, beside morphological barriers, RNA interference (RNAi) plays a crucial role in preventing—or allowing—meristem invasion and vertical transmission. How a virus interacts with plant RNAi pathways in the meristem has profound effects on its symptomatology, persistence, replication rates, and, ultimately, entry into the host progeny.
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Falk, Bryce W., e Shahideh Nouri. "Special Issue: “Plant Virus Pathogenesis and Disease Control”". Viruses 12, n.º 9 (21 de setembro de 2020): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12091049.
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Plant viruses are emerging and re-emerging to cause important diseases in many plants that humans grow for food and/or fiber, and sustainable, effective strategies for controlling many plant virus diseases remain unavailable [...]
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Dreher, Theo W., e W. Allen Miller. "Translational control in positive strand RNA plant viruses". Virology 344, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2006): 185–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virol.2005.09.031.
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Navas-Castillo, Jesús, e Elvira Fiallo-Olivé. "Special Issue “Plant Viruses: From Ecology to Control”". Microorganisms 9, n.º 6 (25 de maio de 2021): 1136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9061136.
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V, Maksimov I., Sorokan A. V, Burkhanova G. F, Veselova S. V, Alekseev V. Yu, Shein M. Yu, Avalbaev A. M et al. "Mechanisms of Plant Tolerance to RNA Viruses Induced by Plant-Growth-Promoting Microorganisms". Plants 8, n.º 12 (5 de dezembro de 2019): 575. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8120575.
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Plant viruses are globally responsible for the significant crop losses of economically important plants. All common approaches are not able to eradicate viral infection. Many non-conventional strategies are currently used to control viral infection, but unfortunately, they are not always effective. Therefore, it is necessary to search for efficient and eco-friendly measures to prevent viral diseases. Since the genomic material of 90% higher plant viruses consists of single-stranded RNA, the best way to target the viral genome is to use ribonucleases (RNase), which can be effective against any viral disease of plants. Here, we show the importance of the search for endophytes with protease and RNase activity combined with the capacity to prime antiviral plant defense responses for their protection against viruses. This review discusses the possible mechanisms used to suppress a viral attack as well as the use of local endophytic bacteria for antiviral control in crops.
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Tapio, Eeva, Katri Bremer e Jari P. T. Valkonen. "Viruses and their significance in agricultural and horticultural crops in Finland". Agricultural and Food Science 6, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 1997): 323–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72795.
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This paper reviews the plant viruses and virus vectors that have been detected in agricultural and horticultural crop plants and some weeds in Finland. The historical and current importance of virus diseases and the methods used for controlling them in cereals, potato, berry plants, fruit trees, ornamental plants and vegetables are discussed. Plant viruses have been intensely studied in Finland over 40 years. Up to date, 44 plant virus species have been detected, and many tentatively identified viruses are also reported. Control of many virus diseases has been significantly improved. This has been achieved mainly through changes in cropping systems, production of healthy seed potatoes and healthy stocks of berry plants, fruit trees and ornamental plants in the institutes set up for such production, and improved hygiene. At the present, barley yellow dwarf luteovirus, potato Y potyvirus and potato mop-top furovirus are considred to be economically the most harmful plant viruses in Finland.
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Zettler, F. William. "Viruses of Orchids and Their Control". Plant Disease 74, n.º 9 (1990): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-74-0621.
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Bosque-Pérez, N. A., J. M. Thresh, R. A. C. Jones, U. Melcher, A. Fereres, P. L. Kumar, S. M. Gray e H. Lecoq. "Ecology, evolution and control of plant viruses and their vectors". Virus Research 186 (junho de 2014): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2014.04.001.
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Roenhorst, J. W., M. Botermans e J. T. J. Verhoeven. "Quality control in bioassays used in screening for plant viruses". EPPO Bulletin 43, n.º 2 (16 de julho de 2013): 244–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/epp.12034.
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Lee, Ga Hyung, e Choong-Min Ryu. "Spraying of Leaf-Colonizing Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Protects Pepper from Cucumber mosaic virus". Plant Disease 100, n.º 10 (outubro de 2016): 2099–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-03-16-0314-re.
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Beneficial plant-associated bacteria protect host plants against pathogens, including viruses. However, leaf-associated (phyllosphere) bacteria have rarely been investigated as potential triggers of plant systemic defense against plant viruses. We found that leaf-colonizing Bacillus amyloliquefaciens strain 5B6 (isolated from a cherry tree leaf) protected Nicotiana benthamiana and pepper plants against Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). In a field trial, treatment with strain 5B6 significantly reduced the relative contents of CMV coat protein RNA compared with the water control over a 3-year period, as revealed by quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. The expression of Capsicum annuum pathogenesis-related (PR) genes CaPR4, CaPR5, and CaPR10 was upregulated in field-grown pepper plants treated with strain 5B6. In addition, the accumulation of two naturally occurring viruses, Broad bean wilt virus and Pepper mottle virus, was reduced by foliar treatment with strain 5B6, which is similar to the results for benzothiadiazole treatment as a positive control. Taken together, the results suggest that strain 5B6 has strong potential for protecting plants against viruses by increasing defense priming of salicylic acid and jasmonic acid signaling in pepper under field conditions. This is the first report of the protection of a plant against viral diseases by foliar application of leaf-associated bacilli.
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Gaffar, Fatima Yousif, e Aline Koch. "Catch Me If You Can! RNA Silencing-Based Improvement of Antiviral Plant Immunity". Viruses 11, n.º 7 (23 de julho de 2019): 673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11070673.
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Viruses are obligate parasites which cause a range of severe plant diseases that affect farm productivity around the world, resulting in immense annual losses of yield. Therefore, control of viral pathogens continues to be an agronomic and scientific challenge requiring innovative and ground-breaking strategies to meet the demands of a growing world population. Over the last decade, RNA silencing has been employed to develop plants with an improved resistance to biotic stresses based on their function to provide protection from invasion by foreign nucleic acids, such as viruses. This natural phenomenon can be exploited to control agronomically relevant plant diseases. Recent evidence argues that this biotechnological method, called host-induced gene silencing, is effective against sucking insects, nematodes, and pathogenic fungi, as well as bacteria and viruses on their plant hosts. Here, we review recent studies which reveal the enormous potential that RNA-silencing strategies hold for providing an environmentally friendly mechanism to protect crop plants from viral diseases.
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Martelli, G. P. "A critical appraisal of non conventional resistance to plant viruses". Plant Protection Science 38, SI 1 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (1 de janeiro de 2002): S15—S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10311-pps.
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Among natural resistance mechanisms to plant pathogens, cultivar resistance has been extensively used in plant breeding to introduce what can be defined as “conventional” resistance to a number of them, including viruses. The necessity of overcoming the constraints of genetic incompatibility, so as to widen the range of possibile use of genetic control of infectious agents, has propitiated the utilization of biotechnological procedures, whereby “non conventional” or transgenic resistance was developed. Transgenic resistance to plant viruses encompasses the identification, cloning and tranferring into the recipient host of single viral genes, which gives rise to what is known as “pathogen-derived resistance” (PDR). Of the hypothesized mechanisms underlying expression of PDR, post-transcriptional gene silencing has been most extensively investigated in recent years. Despite of the success that virus-resistant cropping of transgenic plants begins to enjoy, in Europe there is still a widespread sentiment against agricultural biotechnologies and the use of genetically modified plants in particular. Yet, experimental evidence is accumulating that, in the case of PDR, the feared risks associated with genetic trasformation are minimal, if not negligible
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Abdoulaye, Assane Hamidou, Mohamed Frahat Foda e Ioly Kotta-Loizou. "Viruses Infecting the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Rhizoctonia solani". Viruses 11, n.º 12 (30 de novembro de 2019): 1113. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11121113.
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The cosmopolitan fungus Rhizoctonia solani has a wide host range and is the causal agent of numerous crop diseases, leading to significant economic losses. To date, no cultivars showing complete resistance to R. solani have been identified and it is imperative to develop a strategy to control the spread of the disease. Fungal viruses, or mycoviruses, are widespread in all major groups of fungi and next-generation sequencing (NGS) is currently the most efficient approach for their identification. An increasing number of novel mycoviruses are being reported, including double-stranded (ds) RNA, circular single-stranded (ss) DNA, negative sense (−)ssRNA, and positive sense (+)ssRNA viruses. The majority of mycovirus infections are cryptic with no obvious symptoms on the hosts; however, some mycoviruses may alter fungal host pathogenicity resulting in hypervirulence or hypovirulence and are therefore potential biological control agents that could be used to combat fungal diseases. R. solani harbors a range of dsRNA and ssRNA viruses, either belonging to established families, such as Endornaviridae, Tymoviridae, Partitiviridae, and Narnaviridae, or unclassified, and some of them have been associated with hypervirulence or hypovirulence. Here we discuss in depth the molecular features of known viruses infecting R. solani and their potential as biological control agents.
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Kaur, Navneet, Daniel K. Hasegawa, Kai-Shu Ling e William M. Wintermantel. "Application of Genomics for Understanding Plant Virus-Insect Vector Interactions and Insect Vector Control". Phytopathology® 106, n.º 10 (outubro de 2016): 1213–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-02-16-0111-fi.
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The relationships between plant viruses and their vectors have evolved over the millennia, and yet, studies on viruses began <150 years ago and investigations into the virus and vector interactions even more recently. The advent of next generation sequencing, including rapid genome and transcriptome analysis, methods for evaluation of small RNAs, and the related disciplines of proteomics and metabolomics offer a significant shift in the ability to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in virus infection and transmission by insect vectors. Genomic technologies offer an unprecedented opportunity to examine the response of insect vectors to the presence of ingested viruses through gene expression changes and altered biochemical pathways. This review focuses on the interactions between viruses and their whitefly or thrips vectors and on potential applications of genomics-driven control of the insect vectors. Recent studies have evaluated gene expression in vectors during feeding on plants infected with begomoviruses, criniviruses, and tospoviruses, which exhibit very different types of virus-vector interactions. These studies demonstrate the advantages of genomics and the potential complementary studies that rapidly advance our understanding of the biology of virus transmission by insect vectors and offer additional opportunities to design novel genetic strategies to manage insect vectors and the viruses they transmit.
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Taliansky, Michael, Viktoria Samarskaya, Sergey K. Zavriev, Igor Fesenko, Natalia O. Kalinina e Andrew J. Love. "RNA-Based Technologies for Engineering Plant Virus Resistance". Plants 10, n.º 1 (2 de janeiro de 2021): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants10010082.
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In recent years, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have gained unprecedented attention as new and crucial players in the regulation of numerous cellular processes and disease responses. In this review, we describe how diverse ncRNAs, including both small RNAs and long ncRNAs, may be used to engineer resistance against plant viruses. We discuss how double-stranded RNAs and small RNAs, such as artificial microRNAs and trans-acting small interfering RNAs, either produced in transgenic plants or delivered exogenously to non-transgenic plants, may constitute powerful RNA interference (RNAi)-based technology that can be exploited to control plant viruses. Additionally, we describe how RNA guided CRISPR-CAS gene-editing systems have been deployed to inhibit plant virus infections, and we provide a comparative analysis of RNAi approaches and CRISPR-Cas technology. The two main strategies for engineering virus resistance are also discussed, including direct targeting of viral DNA or RNA, or inactivation of plant host susceptibility genes. We also elaborate on the challenges that need to be overcome before such technologies can be broadly exploited for crop protection against viruses.
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Boland, Greg J. "Fungal viruses, hypovirulence, and biological control ofSclerotiniaspecies". Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology 26, n.º 1 (março de 2004): 6–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07060660409507107.
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Helyer, N., G. Gill e A. Bywater. "Pest control by pathogens — fungi, viruses and bacteria". Phytoparasitica 20, S1 (março de 1992): S5—S9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02980400.
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Adikaram, N. K. B., R. T. Plumb e J. M. Thresh. "Plant Virus Epidemiology. The Spread and Control of Insects Borne Viruses." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club 113, n.º 3 (julho de 1986): 311. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2996376.
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Brunt, Alan. "Plant virus epidemiology: the spread and control of insect-borne viruses". Crop Protection 5, n.º 2 (abril de 1986): 151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-2194(86)90098-0.
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German, Thomas L., Marcé D. Lorenzen, Nathaniel Grubbs e Anna E. Whitfield. "New Technologies for Studying Negative-Strand RNA Viruses in Plant and Arthropod Hosts". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 33, n.º 3 (março de 2020): 382–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-10-19-0281-fi.
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The plant viruses in the phylum Negarnaviricota, orders Bunyavirales and Mononegavirales, have common features of single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genomes and replication in the biological vector. Due to the similarities in biology, comparative functional analysis in plant and vector hosts is helpful for understanding host–virus interactions for negative-strand RNA viruses. In this review, we will highlight recent technological advances that are breaking new ground in the study of these recalcitrant virus systems. The development of infectious clones for plant rhabdoviruses and bunyaviruses is enabling unprecedented examination of gene function in plants and these advances are also being transferred to study virus biology in the vector. In addition, genome and transcriptome projects for critical nonmodel arthropods has enabled characterization of insect response to viruses and identification of interacting proteins. Functional analysis of genes using genome editing will provide future pathways for further study of the transmission cycle and new control strategies for these viruses and their vectors.
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Varanda, Carla M. R., Maria do Rosário Félix, Maria Doroteia Campos, Mariana Patanita e Patrick Materatski. "Plant Viruses: From Targets to Tools for CRISPR". Viruses 13, n.º 1 (19 de janeiro de 2021): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13010141.
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Plant viruses cause devastating diseases in many agriculture systems, being a serious threat for the provision of adequate nourishment to a continuous growing population. At the present, there are no chemical products that directly target the viruses, and their control rely mainly on preventive sanitary measures to reduce viral infections that, although important, have proved to be far from enough. The current most effective and sustainable solution is the use of virus-resistant varieties, but which require too much work and time to obtain. In the recent years, the versatile gene editing technology known as CRISPR/Cas has simplified the engineering of crops and has successfully been used for the development of viral resistant plants. CRISPR stands for ‘clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats’ and CRISPR-associated (Cas) proteins, and is based on a natural adaptive immune system that most archaeal and some bacterial species present to defend themselves against invading bacteriophages. Plant viral resistance using CRISPR/Cas technology can been achieved either through manipulation of plant genome (plant-mediated resistance), by mutating host factors required for viral infection; or through manipulation of virus genome (virus-mediated resistance), for which CRISPR/Cas systems must specifically target and cleave viral DNA or RNA. Viruses present an efficient machinery and comprehensive genome structure and, in a different, beneficial perspective, they have been used as biotechnological tools in several areas such as medicine, materials industry, and agriculture with several purposes. Due to all this potential, it is not surprising that viruses have also been used as vectors for CRISPR technology; namely, to deliver CRISPR components into plants, a crucial step for the success of CRISPR technology. Here we discuss the basic principles of CRISPR/Cas technology, with a special focus on the advances of CRISPR/Cas to engineer plant resistance against DNA and RNA viruses. We also describe several strategies for the delivery of these systems into plant cells, focusing on the advantages and disadvantages of the use of plant viruses as vectors. We conclude by discussing some of the constrains faced by the application of CRISPR/Cas technology in agriculture and future prospects.
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Frampton, Rebekah A., Andrew R. Pitman e Peter C. Fineran. "Advances in Bacteriophage-Mediated Control of Plant Pathogens". International Journal of Microbiology 2012 (2012): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/326452.
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There is continuing pressure to maximise food production given a growing global human population. Bacterial pathogens that infect important agricultural plants (phytopathogens) can reduce plant growth and the subsequent crop yield. Currently, phytopathogens are controlled through management programmes, which can include the application of antibiotics and copper sprays. However, the emergence of resistant bacteria and the desire to reduce usage of toxic products that accumulate in the environment mean there is a need to develop alternative control agents. An attractive option is the use of specific bacteriophages (phages), viruses that specifically kill bacteria, providing a more targeted approach. Typically, phages that target the phytopathogen are isolated and characterised to determine that they have features required for biocontrol. In addition, suitable formulation and delivery to affected plants are necessary to ensure the phages survive in the environment and do not have a deleterious effect on the plant or target beneficial bacteria. Phages have been isolated for different phytopathogens and have been used successfully in a number of trials and commercially. In this paper, we address recent progress in phage-mediated control of plant pathogens and overcoming the challenges, including those posed by CRISPR/Cas and abortive infection resistance systems.
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Gandhi, Karthikeyan, Rajamanickam Suppaiah, Suganyadevi Murugesan e Nagendran Krishnan. "RNA Interference: A Novel Technology for Virus Disease Management in Crop Plants". Madras Agricultural Journal 108 (2021): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.29321/maj.10.000482.
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RNAs play a significant role in regulating gene expression and their principal areas have been exploited for the control of plant viruses by the discovery of RNA silencing mechanism. RNA silencing or RNA interference (RNAi) is an innovative mechanism that regulates and restricts the amount of transcripts either by suppressing transcription (TGS) or by the degradation of sequence-specific RNA. RNAi can be used effectively to study the role of genes in a variety of eukaryotic organisms by reverse genetics. The technology has been employed in several fields such as drug resistance, therapeutics, development of genetically modified animals for research and transgenic plants targeting plant viruses. In plants, small interfering RNAs (siRNA) are the characteristic of 21 to 22 bp long dsRNA, which has been recognized by the regulatory mechanism of RNAi and leads to the sequence-specific degradation of target mRNA. In addition to virus disease control, RNAi can also be used to control mycotoxins and plant diseases caused by other organisms. This review enhances our current knowledge of RNAi and its larger applications in agriculture, specifically in plant virus disease management.
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Fondong, Vincent N., Ugrappa Nagalakshmi e Savithramma P. Dinesh-Kumar. "Novel Functional Genomics Approaches: A Promising Future in the Combat Against Plant Viruses". Phytopathology® 106, n.º 10 (outubro de 2016): 1231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto-03-16-0145-fi.
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Advances in functional genomics and genome editing approaches have provided new opportunities and potential to accelerate plant virus control efforts through modification of host and viral genomes in a precise and predictable manner. Here, we discuss application of RNA-based technologies, including artificial micro RNA, transacting small interfering RNA, and Cas9 (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat–associated protein 9), which are currently being successfully deployed in generating virus-resistant plants. We further discuss the reverse genetics approach, targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING) and its variant, known as EcoTILLING, that are used in the identification of plant virus recessive resistance gene alleles. In addition to describing specific applications of these technologies in plant virus control, this review discusses their advantages and limitations.
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Campos, Fabrício Souza, Luciana Barros de Arruda e Flávio Guimaraes da Fonseca. "Special Issue “Emerging Viruses 2020: Surveillance, Prevention, Evolution and Control”". Viruses 13, n.º 2 (6 de fevereiro de 2021): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13020251.
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Yuliadhi, K. A., T. A. Phabiola e K. Siadi. "Population Control of Viruses Insect Vectors in Chili with Plastic Mulch". Advances in Tropical Biodiversity and Environmental Sciences 1, n.º 1 (3 de maio de 2017): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/atbes.2017.v01.i01.p06.
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The incidence of diseases caused by pathogenic viruses in chili is still a major problem in reducing the production of chili in Indonesia. Most agricultural crops are hosts for one or more types of plant viruses, so the viru s continued to be a problem in the tropics. Virus is passive, requires intermediaries vector to be transmitted to other plants. The goal of this research was to develop control strategies for aphids that act as a viral vector and pest chili plants using plastic mulch. Control design that was developed in this study based on the habits of local farmers, using plastic mulch with two colors, black and silver. Mulching is done to dispel the arrival aphids into the chili crop, at the same time preventing the emergence of weeds that act as alternative hosts of the virus. The use of silver plastic mulch to control vector viral populations was better compared to black plastic mulch during chili planting. The use of silver plastic mulch can improve yields of chili crops.Keywords: Aphid, whiteflies, Chili chili, virus
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Ali, Md Arshad, Temoor Ahmed, Wenge Wu, Afsana Hossain, Rahila Hafeez, Md Mahidul Islam Masum, Yanli Wang, Qianli An, Guochang Sun e Bin Li. "Advancements in Plant and Microbe-Based Synthesis of Metallic Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Activity against Plant Pathogens". Nanomaterials 10, n.º 6 (11 de junho de 2020): 1146. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10061146.
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A large number of metallic nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized by using different plant extracts and microbes including bacteria, fungi viruses and microalgae. Some of these metallic nanoparticles showed strong antimicrobial activities against phytopathogens. Here, we summarized these green-synthesized nanoparticles from plants and microbes and their applications in the control of plant pathogens. We also discussed the potential deleterious effects of the metallic nanoparticles on plants and beneficial microbial communities associated with plants. Overall, this review calls for attention regarding the use of green-synthesized metallic nanoparticles in controlling plant diseases and clarification of the risks to plants, plant-associated microbial communities, and environments before using them in agriculture.
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Chejanovsky, N., e J. Tal. "Genetic engineering of insect viruses for insect biological control". Phytoparasitica 20, S1 (março de 1992): S25—S31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02980404.
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Balashova-Lakhmatova, I. T., N. N. Balashova e V. F. Pivovarov. "Ways of increasing resistance to viruses into the single plant and in populations". Plant Protection Science 38, SI 2 - 6th Conf EFPP 2002 (31 de dezembro de 2017): 545–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10551-pps.
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Viruses as phytopathogenes have been discovered at 1892, and 638 plant’s viruses have been identified at 1989. Some of its may be epidemic and to cause significant yield losses of cultivated crops. Increasing resistance of the single plant and populations is the necessary condition for the control of viruses spread and damage. Our proposals for the increasing resistance to viruses: For the single plant the soft correction of plant’s metabolism with pretreatment of the natural bioantioxidants and immunizators – steroid glycosides. It results in lowering of virus infectivity, degree of plant’s affection and increasing of the yield on 11–41% in fact (in ToMV-tomato pathosystem). For the plant’s population– increasing to the necessary proportion the lot of tolerant and resistant forms into the plant’s assortment; – selection of resistant and tolerant forms from populations have been selected earlier as resistant to other pathogens and obtaining of the basic material collection with complex resistance; – hybridization programs and developing of tolerant and resistant hybrids; – use molecular markers of resistance for the limitation of virus infection backgrounds in the breeding programs.
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Rodrigues, Silas Pessini, George G. Lindsey e Patricia Machado Bueno Fernandes. "Biotechnological approaches for plant viruses resistance: from general to the modern RNA silencing pathway". Brazilian Archives of Biology and Technology 52, n.º 4 (agosto de 2009): 795–808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-89132009000400002.
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Virus diseases are significant threats to modern agriculture and their control remains a challenge to the management of cultivation. The main virus resistance strategies are based on either natural resistance or engineered virus-resistant plants. Recent progress in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the roles of resistance genes has promoted the development of new anti-virus strategies. Engineered plants, in particular plants expressing RNA-silencing nucleotides, are becoming increasingly important and are likely to provide more effective strategies in future. A general discussion on the biotechnology of plant responses to virus infection is followed by recent advances in engineered plant resistance.
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Ravelonandro, Michel. "Reliable Methodologies and Impactful Tools to Control Fruit Tree Viruses". Crops 1, n.º 1 (19 de junho de 2021): 32–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/crops1010005.
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Viruses are microbes that have high economic impacts on the ecosystem. Widely spread by humans, plant viruses infect not only crops but also wild species. There is neither a cure nor a treatment against viruses. While chemists have developed further research of inefficient curative products, the relevant concept based on sanitary measures is consistently valuable. In this context, two major strategies remain indisputable. First, there are control measures via diagnostics presently addressing the valuable technologies and tools developed in the last four decades. Second, there is the relevant use of modern biotechnology to improve the competitiveness of fruit-tree growers.
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Jeger, M. J., J. Holt, F. Van Den Bosch e L. V. Madden. "Epidemiology of insect-transmitted plant viruses: modelling disease dynamics and control interventions". Physiological Entomology 29, n.º 3 (agosto de 2004): 291–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0307-6962.2004.00394.x.
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Petrzik, Karel, Sára Brázdová e Krzysztof Krawczyk. "Novel Viruses That Lyse Plant and Human Strains of Kosakonia cowanii". Viruses 13, n.º 8 (21 de julho de 2021): 1418. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13081418.
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Kosakonia cowanii (syn. Enterobacter cowanii) is a highly competitive bacterium that lives with plant, insect, fish, bird, and human organisms. It is pathogenic on some plants and an opportunistic pathogen of human. Nine novel viruses that lyse plant pathogenic strains and/or human strains of K. cowanii were isolated, sequenced, and characterized. Kc166A is a novel kayfunavirus, Kc261 is a novel bonnellvirus, and Kc318 is a new cronosvirus (all Autographiviridae). Kc237 is a new sortsnevirus, but Kc166B and Kc283 are members of new genera within Podoviridae. Kc304 is a new winklervirus, and Kc263 and Kc305 are new myoviruses. The viruses differ in host specificity, plaque phenotype, and lysis kinetics. Some of them should be suitable also as pathogen control agents.
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Gray, Stewart M., e Nanditta Banerjee. "Mechanisms of Arthropod Transmission of Plant and Animal Viruses". Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 63, n.º 1 (1 de março de 1999): 128–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.63.1.128-148.1999.
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SUMMARY A majority of the plant-infecting viruses and many of the animal-infecting viruses are dependent upon arthropod vectors for transmission between hosts and/or as alternative hosts. The viruses have evolved specific associations with their vectors, and we are beginning to understand the underlying mechanisms that regulate the virus transmission process. A majority of plant viruses are carried on the cuticle lining of a vector’s mouthparts or foregut. This initially appeared to be simple mechanical contamination, but it is now known to be a biologically complex interaction between specific virus proteins and as yet unidentified vector cuticle-associated compounds. Numerous other plant viruses and the majority of animal viruses are carried within the body of the vector. These viruses have evolved specific mechanisms to enable them to be transported through multiple tissues and to evade vector defenses. In response, vector species have evolved so that not all individuals within a species are susceptible to virus infection or can serve as a competent vector. Not only are the virus components of the transmission process being identified, but also the genetic and physiological components of the vectors which determine their ability to be used successfully by the virus are being elucidated. The mechanisms of arthropod-virus associations are many and complex, but common themes are beginning to emerge which may allow the development of novel strategies to ultimately control epidemics caused by arthropod-borne viruses.
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Lacroix, Christelle, Kurra Renner, Ellen Cole, Eric W. Seabloom, Elizabeth T. Borer e Carolyn M. Malmstrom. "Methodological Guidelines for Accurate Detection of Viruses in Wild Plant Species". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, n.º 6 (15 de janeiro de 2016): 1966–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03538-15.
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ABSTRACTEcological understanding of disease risk, emergence, and dynamics and of the efficacy of control strategies relies heavily on efficient tools for microorganism identification and characterization. Misdetection, such as the misclassification of infected hosts as healthy, can strongly bias estimates of disease prevalence and lead to inaccurate conclusions. In natural plant ecosystems, interest in assessing microbial dynamics is increasing exponentially, but guidelines for detection of microorganisms in wild plants remain limited, particularly so for plant viruses. To address this gap, we explored issues and solutions associated with virus detection by serological and molecular methods in noncrop plant species as applied to the globally importantBarley yellow dwarf virusPAV (Luteoviridae), which infects wild native plants as well as crops. With enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), we demonstrate how virus detection in a perennial wild plant species may be much greater in stems than in leaves, although leaves are most commonly sampled, and may also vary among tillers within an individual, thereby highlighting the importance of designing effective sampling strategies. With reverse transcription-PCR (RT-PCR), we demonstrate how inhibitors in tissues of perennial wild hosts can suppress virus detection but can be overcome with methods and products that improve isolation and amplification of nucleic acids. These examples demonstrate the paramount importance of testing and validating survey designs and virus detection methods for noncrop plant communities to ensure accurate ecological surveys and reliable assumptions about virus dynamics in wild hosts.
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Montero-Astúa, Mauricio, Dorith Rotenberg, Alexandria Leach-Kieffaber, Brandi A. Schneweis, Sunghun Park, Jungeun K. Park, Thomas L. German e Anna E. Whitfield. "Disruption of Vector Transmission by a Plant-Expressed Viral Glycoprotein". Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions® 27, n.º 3 (março de 2014): 296–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/mpmi-09-13-0287-fi.
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Vector-borne viruses are a threat to human, animal, and plant health worldwide, requiring the development of novel strategies for their control. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) is one of the 10 most economically significant plant viruses and, together with other tospoviruses, is a threat to global food security. TSWV is transmitted by thrips, including the western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis. Previously, we demonstrated that the TSWV glycoprotein GN binds to thrips vector midguts. We report here the development of transgenic plants that interfere with TSWV acquisition and transmission by the insect vector. Tomato plants expressing GN-S protein supported virus accumulation and symptom expression comparable with nontransgenic plants. However, virus titers in larval insects exposed to the infected transgenic plants were three-log lower than insects exposed to infected nontransgenic control plants. The negative effect of the GN-S transgenics on insect virus titers persisted to adulthood, as shown by four-log lower virus titers in adults and an average reduction of 87% in transmission efficiencies. These results demonstrate that an initial reduction in virus infection of the insect can result in a significant decrease in virus titer and transmission over the lifespan of the vector, supportive of a dose-dependent relationship in the virus–vector interaction. These findings demonstrate that plant expression of a viral protein can be an effective way to block virus transmission by insect vectors.
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Singh, Khushwant, Chris Dardick e Jiban Kumar Kundu. "RNAi-Mediated Resistance Against Viruses in Perennial Fruit Plants". Plants 8, n.º 10 (22 de setembro de 2019): 359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8100359.
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Small RNAs (sRNAs) are 20–30-nucleotide-long, regulatory, noncoding RNAs that induce silencing of target genes at the transcriptional and posttranscriptional levels. They are key components for cellular functions during plant development, hormone signaling, and stress responses. Generated from the cleavage of double-stranded RNAs (dsRNAs) or RNAs with hairpin structures by Dicer-like proteins (DCLs), they are loaded onto Argonaute (AGO) protein complexes to induce gene silencing of their complementary targets by promoting messenger RNA (mRNA) cleavage or degradation, translation inhibition, DNA methylation, and/or histone modifications. This mechanism of regulating RNA activity, collectively referred to as RNA interference (RNAi), which is an evolutionarily conserved process in eukaryotes. Plant RNAi pathways play a fundamental role in plant immunity against viruses and have been exploited via genetic engineering to control disease. Plant viruses of RNA origin that contain double-stranded RNA are targeted by the RNA-silencing machinery to produce virus-derived small RNAs (vsRNAs). Some vsRNAs serve as an effector to repress host immunity by capturing host RNAi pathways. High-throughput sequencing (HTS) strategies have been used to identify endogenous sRNA profiles, the “sRNAome”, and analyze expression in various perennial plants. Therefore, the review examines the current knowledge of sRNAs in perennial plants and fruits, describes the development and implementation of RNA interference (RNAi) in providing resistance against economically important viruses, and explores sRNA targets that are important in regulating a variety of biological processes.
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FREITAS-ASTÚA, JULIANA, DAN E. PURCIFULL, JANE E. POLSTON e ERNEST HIEBERT. "Traditional and transgenic strategies for controlling tomato-infecting begomoviruses". Fitopatologia Brasileira 27, n.º 5 (setembro de 2002): 437–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-41582002000500001.
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Viruses of to the family Geminiviridae are considered some of the most important pathogens in tropical and subtropical regions of the world. Members of one Geminiviridae genus, Begomovirus, have been causing severe losses, particularly in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) production in the Americas and the Caribbean. Several new begomoviruses have been reported in the region and, at least one, Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), has been brought in from the Old World via infected transplants. In addition, the recombination events that are playing an important role in Begomovirus diversity have increased the complexity of their control. This scenario has led to the search for control measures that go beyond traditional host genetic resistance, chemical controls and cultural practices. In this review, besides the recommended classical control measures, transgenic approaches will be discussed, as well as the mechanisms involved in their successful control of viruses.
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Rousseau, Elsa, Mélanie Bonneault, Frédéric Fabre, Benoît Moury, Ludovic Mailleret e Frédéric Grognard. "Virus epidemics, plant-controlled population bottlenecks and the durability of plant resistance". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 374, n.º 1775 (6 de maio de 2019): 20180263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2018.0263.
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Plant qualitative resistances to viruses are natural exhaustible resources that can be impaired by the emergence of resistance-breaking (RB) virus variants. Mathematical modelling can help determine optimal strategies for resistance durability by a rational deployment of resistance in agroecosystems. Here, we propose an innovative approach, built up from our previous empirical studies, based on plant cultivars combining qualitative resistance with quantitative resistance narrowing population bottlenecks exerted on viruses during host-to-host transmission and/or within-host infection. Narrow bottlenecks are expected to slow down virus adaptation to plant qualitative resistance. To study the effect of bottleneck size on yield, we developed a stochastic epidemic model with mixtures of susceptible and resistant plants, relying on continuous-time Markov chain processes. Overall, narrow bottlenecks are beneficial when the fitness cost of RB virus variants in susceptible plants is intermediate. In such cases, they could provide up to 95 additional percentage points of yield compared with deploying a qualitative resistance alone. As we have shown in previous works that virus population bottlenecks are at least partly heritable plant traits, our results suggest that breeding and deploying plant varieties exposing virus populations to narrowed bottlenecks will increase yield and delay the emergence of RB variants. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: approaches and important themes’. This issue is linked with the subsequent theme issue ‘Modelling infectious disease outbreaks in humans, animals and plants: epidemic forecasting and control’.
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Bulajic, Aleksandra, Ana Vucurovic, Ivana Stankovic, Danijela Ristic, Janos Berenji e Branka Krstic. "Novel approaches to implementation of pumpkin resistance in control of viral diseases". Pesticidi i fitomedicina 25, n.º 3 (2010): 201–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif1003201b.
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As there is a growing frequency of viral plant diseases in epidemic proportions, the possibilities for successful control are constantly being explored. Despite the fact that integral and simultaneous employment of numerous control measures may contribute to the decreasing amount of yield losses, especially concerning non-persistently aphid-transmitted viruses, these measures are often not efficient enough. Research into the basis of resistance to viral infection and principles of its inheritance, introduction of sources of resistance in susceptible genotypes, by conventional or genetic manipulations, are very intensive for cucurbit crops, especially pumpkins. Pumpkin crops are being endangered by a great number of different viruses, among which the Zucchini yellow mosaic virus, (ZYMV), Watermelon mosaic virus (WMV) and Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) are present every year in Serbia, frequently causing epidemics. The majority of pumpkin cultivars are not resistant or tolerant to viral infections, but sources of resistance have been identified in various related species. So far, the identified sources of resistance to the ZYMV are found in Cucurbita moschata and Citrullus lanatus var. lanatus genotypes and consist of one or several major dominant genes of resistance. It is a similar case with WMV, although the sources of dominant major genes are identified in C. lanatus and C. colocynthis. The sources of resistance to CMV in the form of one dominant gene have been identified in the genotype C. moschata, although the introduction of this gene by conventional means proved to be very difficult. Besides the aforementioned, substantial efforts are being made in developing genotypes with multiple resistance against several viruses and even other pathogens, as well as genotypes with resistance to the most significant plant aphid species, through mechanisms of antixenosis or antibiosis. The other way of obtaining resistant genotypes includes genetic manipulation. Genetically modified resistant pumpkins have been among the first successfully developed crops. Genotypes with pathogen derived resistance can already be found in commercially grown pumpkins in some parts of the world, and they have been developed by introducing the coat protein gene of one, two or all three viruses which are the most frequent, ZYMV, WMV and CMV. Yet, this approach to the control of pumpkin viral diseases is related to possible negative consequences, mostly through the already detected gene transfer to wild plants and development of resistant transgenic weeds of unpredictable impact on the environment. Improved host plant genetic resistance to viral infections or biological vectors, developed by conventional or genetic engineering methods, represents the most dynamic and prominent field of research. It is economically and ecologically the most justified approach to the control of pumpkin and other plant diseases caused by viruses non-persistently transmitted by aphids.
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Yang, Xiuling, Yinzi Li e Aiming Wang. "Research Advances in Potyviruses: From the Laboratory Bench to the Field". Annual Review of Phytopathology 59, n.º 1 (25 de agosto de 2021): 1–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-020620-114550.
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Potyviruses (viruses in the genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) constitute the largest group of known plant-infecting RNA viruses and include many agriculturally important viruses that cause devastating epidemics and significant yield losses in many crops worldwide. Several potyviruses are recognized as the most economically important viral pathogens. Therefore, potyviruses are more studied than other groups of plant viruses. In the past decade, a large amount of knowledge has been generated to better understand potyviruses and their infection process. In this review, we list the top 10 economically important potyviruses and present a brief profile of each. We highlight recent exciting findings on the novel genome expression strategy and the biological functions of potyviral proteins and discuss recent advances in molecular plant–potyvirus interactions, particularly regarding the coevolutionary arms race. Finally, we summarize current disease control strategies, with a focus on biotechnology-based genetic resistance, and point out future research directions.
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Burkhanova, G. F., A. V. Sorokan, E. A. Cherepanova, E. R. Sarvarova, R. M. Khairullin e I. V. Maksimov. "Endophytic Bacillus bacteria with RNase activity in the resistance of potato plants to viruses". Vavilov Journal of Genetics and Breeding 23, n.º 7 (24 de novembro de 2019): 873–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18699/vj19.561.
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Viral diseases annually cause significant crop losses and significantly reduce the quality of products, including potatoes, some of the most important crops. Currently, viruses cannot be controlled with chemical pesticides, since known antiviral compounds are teratogenic and hazardous to people’s health. Biocontrol agents based on endophytic microorganisms may be an alternative to them. Many strains of Bacillus produce ribonucleases (RNases). Our laboratory possesses a collection of bacteria that produce various metabolites and have RNase activity. The results showed that the inoculation of potato with B. subtilis 26D and B. thuringiensis increased the grain yield by 32–43 %. In addition, the treatment of potato plants with Bacillus spp. significantly reduced the infection of potato plants with virus M. The prevalence of the disease in potato plants was significantly reduced from 60 % in the control to 18 % (B. subtillis 26D) and 25–33 % (B. thuringiensis) in the inoculated plants. Similarly, the infection index decreased from 14 in the control to 1 in the inoculated plants. The further study of molecular mechanisms related to bacterial induction of plant defense reactions in response to viral infections will lead to a better understanding of stress resistance problems. The endophytic microorganisms studied in this report may become the basis for the creation of biological agents for plant protection.
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Martín, Susana, José M. Cuevas, Ana Grande-Pérez e Santiago F. Elena. "A putative antiviral role of plant cytidine deaminases". F1000Research 6 (3 de maio de 2017): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11111.1.
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Background: A mechanism of innate antiviral immunity operating against viruses infecting mammalian cells has been described during the last decade. Host cytidine deaminases (e.g., APOBEC3 proteins) edit viral genomes, giving rise to hypermutated nonfunctional viruses; consequently, viral fitness is reduced through lethal mutagenesis. By contrast, sub-lethal hypermutagenesis may contribute to virus evolvability by increasing population diversity. To prevent genome editing, some viruses have evolved proteins that mediate APOBEC3 degradation. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes nine cytidine deaminases (AtCDAs), raising the question of whether deamination is an antiviral mechanism in plants as well. Methods: Here we tested the effects of expression of AtCDAs on the pararetrovirus Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV). Two different experiments were carried out. First, we transiently overexpressed each one of the nine A. thaliana AtCDA genes in Nicotiana bigelovii plants infected with CaMV, and characterized the resulting mutational spectra, comparing them with those generated under normal conditions. Secondly, we created A. thaliana transgenic plants expressing an artificial microRNA designed to knock-out the expression of up to six AtCDA genes. This and control plants were then infected with CaMV. Virus accumulation and mutational spectra where characterized in both types of plants. Results: We have shown that the A. thaliana AtCDA1 gene product exerts a mutagenic activity, significantly increasing the number of G to A mutations in vivo, with a concomitant reduction in the amount of CaMV genomes accumulated. Furthermore, the magnitude of this mutagenic effect on CaMV accumulation is positively correlated with the level of AtCDA1 mRNA expression in the plant. Conclusions: Our results suggest that deamination of viral genomes may also work as an antiviral mechanism in plants.
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Martín, Susana, José M. Cuevas, Ana Grande-Pérez e Santiago F. Elena. "A putative antiviral role of plant cytidine deaminases". F1000Research 6 (15 de junho de 2017): 622. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.11111.2.
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Background: A mechanism of innate antiviral immunity operating against viruses infecting mammalian cells has been described during the last decade. Host cytidine deaminases (e.g., APOBEC3 proteins) edit viral genomes, giving rise to hypermutated nonfunctional viruses; consequently, viral fitness is reduced through lethal mutagenesis. By contrast, sub-lethal hypermutagenesis may contribute to virus evolvability by increasing population diversity. To prevent genome editing, some viruses have evolved proteins that mediate APOBEC3 degradation. The model plant Arabidopsis thaliana genome encodes nine cytidine deaminases (AtCDAs), raising the question of whether deamination is an antiviral mechanism in plants as well. Methods: Here we tested the effects of expression of AtCDAs on the pararetrovirus Cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV). Two different experiments were carried out. First, we transiently overexpressed each one of the nine A. thaliana AtCDA genes in Nicotiana bigelovii plants infected with CaMV, and characterized the resulting mutational spectra, comparing them with those generated under normal conditions. Secondly, we created A. thaliana transgenic plants expressing an artificial microRNA designed to knock-out the expression of up to six AtCDA genes. This and control plants were then infected with CaMV. Virus accumulation and mutational spectra where characterized in both types of plants. Results: We have shown that the A. thaliana AtCDA1 gene product exerts a mutagenic activity, significantly increasing the number of G to A mutations in vivo, with a concomitant reduction in the amount of CaMV genomes accumulated. Furthermore, the magnitude of this mutagenic effect on CaMV accumulation is positively correlated with the level of AtCDA1 mRNA expression in the plant. Conclusions: Our results suggest that deamination of viral genomes may also work as an antiviral mechanism in plants.
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Elvira González, Laura, Rosa Peiró, Luis Rubio e Luis Galipienso. "Persistent Southern Tomato Virus (STV) Interacts with Cucumber Mosaic and/or Pepino Mosaic Virus in Mixed- Infections Modifying Plant Symptoms, Viral Titer and Small RNA Accumulation". Microorganisms 9, n.º 4 (26 de março de 2021): 689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms9040689.
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Southern tomato virus (STV) is a persistent virus that was, at the beginning, associated with some tomato fruit disorders. Subsequent studies showed that the virus did not induce apparent symptoms in single infections. Accordingly, the reported symptoms could be induced by the interaction of STV with other viruses, which frequently infect tomato. Here, we studied the effect of STV in co- and triple-infections with Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) and Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV). Our results showed complex interactions among these viruses. Co-infections leaded to a synergism between STV and CMV or PepMV: STV increased CMV titer and plant symptoms at early infection stages, whereas PepMV only exacerbated the plant symptoms. CMV and PepMV co-infection showed an antagonistic interaction with a strong decrease of CMV titer and a modification of the plant symptoms with respect to the single infections. However, the presence of STV in a triple-infection abolished this antagonism, restoring the CMV titer and plant symptoms. The siRNAs analysis showed a total of 78 miRNAs, with 47 corresponding to novel miRNAs in tomato, which were expressed differentially in the plants that were infected with these viruses with respect to the control mock-inoculated plants. These miRNAs were involved in the regulation of important functions and their number and expression level varied, depending on the virus combination. The number of vsiRNAs in STV single-infected tomato plants was very small, but STV vsiRNAs increased with the presence of CMV and PepMV. Additionally, the rates of CMV and PepMV vsiRNAs varied depending on the virus combination. The frequencies of vsiRNAs in the viral genomes were not uniform, but they were not influenced by other viruses.
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Konstantin, Đina, Goran Barać, Renata Iličić e Ferenc Bagi. "Diagnostics of Grapevine fanleaf virus". Biljni lekar 49, n.º 1 (2021): 54–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/biljlek2101054k.
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Plant viruses cause considerable economic losses and are a threat for sustainable agriculture. Due to the multiple possibilities of infection, they have become widespread. The use of healthy propagation material, free of viroids, viruses and bacteria, is an important strategy in disease control in viticulture. The early and accurate detection of plant viruses is an essential component of their control. Due to the widespread of Grapevine fanleaf virus (GFLV) and its devastating potential, various diagnostic methods are being used. GFLV detection methods based on the specificity of the protein cover (ELISA) and nucleic acid-based virus detection methods (RT-PCR, qRT-PCR). Symptoms of viral diseases are often not distinct and can be confused with those of abiotic stresses, so visual inspection is not reliable enough.
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Bell, M. R., e C. L. Romine. "MICROBIAL CONTROL OF HELIOTHIS SPP. (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) IN COTTON: DOSAGE AND MANAGEMENT TRIALS1". Journal of Entomological Science 20, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1985): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.18474/0749-8004-20.2.146.
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Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum (L.), infested with relatively low populations (untreated range: 0.3 – 0.7 larva/plant) of Heliothis spp. larvae was treated with varying mixtures of the nuclear polyhedrosis viruses from Heliothis zea or Autographa California (dosages: 2.97 and 5.93 × 1011 polyhedral inclusion bodies/ha) and the bacterium, Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (dosages: 0.14 – 0.56 kg/ha of Thuricide®). The bacterium when mixed with a spray and adjuvant was as effective as a chemical standard in reducing plant damage and low populations of Heliothis. Applying mixtures of the viruses with the bacterium did not increase efficacy. In a commercial 16-ha field, four aerial applications of a microbial mixture of 150 g Elcar® and 560 g Thuricide plus 3.36 kg adjuvant resulted in a ca. 76% viral infection and sufficiently controlled the larval infestation and protected the fruit from damage. The Heliothis population in another 16-ha field was controlled using four applications of chemical insecticides. Natural viral disease prevalence was ca. 3%. Although Heliothis egg numbers ranged from ca. 20 – 80 eggs/100 plants in both fields during the test, boll damage in the microbially treated field was only 0.5% compared to 0.6% in the chemically treated field. Further, yields from both fields were ca. 3 × 103 kg/ha, indicated similar control.
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Ferriol, Inmaculada, Ornela Chase, María Luisa Domingo-Calap e Juan José López-Moya. "Mixed Infections of Plant Viruses in Crops: Solo vs. Group Game". Proceedings 50, n.º 1 (23 de junho de 2020): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/proceedings2020050094.
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Plant diseases are responsible for considerable economic losses in agriculture worldwide. Recent surveys and metagenomics approaches reveal a higher than expected incidence of complex diseases, like those caused by mixed viral infections. Particularly, frequent cases of mixed infections are co-infections or superinfections of plant viruses belonging to different genera in the families Potyviridae (Ipomovirus or Potyvirus) and Closteroviridae (Crinivirus). The outcome of such multiple infections could modify viral traits, such as host range, titer, tissue and cell tropisms, and even vector preference and transmission rates. Therefore, we believe that understanding the virus–virus, virus–host, and virus–vector interactions would be crucial for developing effective control measures. Since there is still limited knowledge about the molecular mechanisms underlying the different interactions, and how they might contribute to specific diseases in mixed infection, we are analyzing ipomovirus–crinivirus and potyvirus–crinivirus pathosystems, to better understand single and mixed infections in selected susceptible hosts (Cucurbitaceae and Convolvulaceae plants), also incorporating in the study the interactions with insect vectors (whiteflies and aphids). Among other strategies, we are engineering new biotechnological tools, to explore the molecular biology and transmission mechanisms of several viruses implicated in complex diseases, and we are also addressing the possibility to produce virus-like particles (VLPs) through transient expression of the CP of different viruses in Nicotiana benthamiana plants, with the aim to study requirements for virion formation and determinants of transmission. Work supported by project AGL2016-75529-R and grant “Severo-Ochoa” SEV-2015-0533.
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Tapio, Eeva. "The appearance of soil-borne viruses in Finnish plant nurseries II". Agricultural and Food Science 57, n.º 3 (1 de setembro de 1985): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72199.
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In the beginning of the 1970’s, the occurrence of soil-borne viruses in 30 Finnish nurseries and experimental fields of garden plants at 3 research stations was mapped. Viruses were isolated on 26.9 % of the 672 plant and soil samples collected. The two most commonly found viruses were tobacco necrosis virus (TNV), 42.5 %, and tobacco rattle virus (TRV), 23.7 %. Tomato black ring virus (TBRV) and raspberry ringspot virus (RRSV) were isolated for the first time in Finland. The abundant occurence of TBRV in 32 samples was due to the abundance of Phlox paniculata samples. RRSV was isolated from only a few samples. The vectors of all of the above-mentioned viruses were found in many samples. The fungus vector of TNV, Olpidium brassicae, was investigated by examining the roots microscopically. The vector of TRV, the Trichodorus sp. nematodes, and the vector of TBRV and RRSV, the Longidorus sp. nematodes, were isolated from soil samples. In addition to the foregoing, tobacco mosaic virus was isolated from 31 samples of 6 nurseries and 2 experimental fields. Viruses were isolated from many weed samples, especially from roots of Senecio vulgaris and Stellaria media. Perennials proved to be virotic. All of the above mentioned viruses, especially TBRV and TRV, were isolated from Phlox paniculata; TBRV was also found in an Astilbe x arendsii sample. Dicentra spectabilis, like Phlox, was commonly infected with TRV. No clear results could be obtained from control experiments.
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Obradovic, Aleksa. "Bacteriophages as bactericides in plant protection". Pesticidi i fitomedicina 24, n.º 1 (2009): 9–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/pif0901009o.
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Control of plant pathogenic bacteria is a serious problem in production of many agricultural crops. High multiplication rate, adaptability and life inside plant tissue make bacteria unsuitable and inaccessible for most of control measures. Consequently, the list of bactericides available for plant protection is very short. Lately, biological control measures have been intensively studied as a potential solution of the problem. Investigation of bacteriophages, viruses that attack bacteria, is a fast-expanding area of research in plant protection. Several experiments have shown that they can be used as a very efficient tool for control of plant pathogenic bacteria. The fact that they are widespread natural bacterial enemies, simple for cultivation and management, host-specific, suitable for integration with other control practices, human and environment friendly, provide a great advantage for the application of phages over other bactericides.