Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Plans on microfilm"

Audio-visual records and archives constitute a fundamental heritage that satisfies multiple needs, including education, training, research and entertainment. As such, there is a need to appropriately preserve and conserve them so they can be accessed for as long as they are needed. In spite of their significant role in safeguarding cultural heritage, audio-visual records and archives, are often neglected and accorded less attention than paper-based records, especially in developing countries. Hence, there is a risk of losing information held in audio-visual form. That is why this study looked at how the National Archives of Zambia (NAZ) and the Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) preserve audio-visual materials to ensure long-term accessibility of the information. The study investigated the types of audio-visual collections held, the storage equipment used, measures put in place to ensure long-term accessibility of audio-visual materials, the disaster preparedness plans in place to safeguard audio-visual archives and the major challenges encountered in the preservation of audio-visual materials. The findings of the study revealed that films (microfilm and microfiche), photographs and manuscripts, and video (video tapes) and sound recordings (compact cassette) constitute the biggest audio-visual collection preserved. The equipment used to store audio-visual materials included open shelves, specialised cabinets, electronic database for digitised materials, aisle mobiles and cupboards. The measures taken to ensure the long-term accessibility of audio-visual collection included digitisation and migration of endangered records and archives; fumigation of storage areas; conservation of damaged materials and regulation of temperatures and humidity in the storage areas. The disaster preparedness plans in place mostly covered structure insurance; protection against fire and water by way of installing fire extinguishers; smoke sensors; fire detectors and construction of purpose-built structures. The major challenges faced were financial constraints; technological obsolescence; lack of playback equipment; limited training; lack of strong back-up systems and inadequate storage facilities.

Audio-visual records and archives constitute a fundamental heritage that satisfies multiple needs, including education, training, research and entertainment. As such, there is a need to appropriately preserve and conserve them so they can be accessed for as long as they are needed. In spite of their significant role in safeguarding cultural heritage, audio-visual records and archives, are often neglected and accorded less attention than paper-based records, especially in developing countries. Hence, there is a risk of losing information held in audio-visual form. That is why this study looked at how the National Archives of Zambia (NAZ) and the Zambia National Broadcasting Corporation (ZNBC) preserve audio-visual materials to ensure long-term accessibility of the information. The study investigated the types of audio-visual collections held, the storage equipment used, measures put in place to ensure long-term accessibility of audio-visual materials, the disaster preparedness plans in place to safeguard audio-visual archives and the major challenges encountered in the preservation of audio-visual materials. The findings of the study revealed that films (microfilm and microfiche), photographs and manuscripts, and video (video tapes) and sound recordings (compact cassette) constitute the biggest audio-visual collection preserved. The equipment used to store audio-visual materials included open shelves, specialised cabinets, electronic database for digitised materials, aisle mobiles and cupboards. The measures taken to ensure the long-term accessibility of audio-visual collection included digitisation and migration of endangered records and archives; fumigation of storage areas; conservation of damaged materials and regulation of temperatures and humidity in the storage areas. The disaster preparedness plans in place mostly covered structure insurance; protection against fire and water by way of installing fire extinguishers; smoke sensors; fire detectors and construction of purpose-built structures. The major challenges faced were financial constraints; technological obsolescence; lack of playback equipment; limited training; lack of strong back-up systems and inadequate storage facilities.

Several methods were compared for moderating temperatures and protecting container-grown nursery plants from winter injury. Three layers of microfoam covered by 1 layer of 4 mil white copolymer (poly) and 30 cm (12 in) straw between 2 layers of white poly greatly moderated minimum temperatures of growing medium. The straw-between-white poly treatment prevented rapid rise of air temperatures under the cover in early spring. All covers resulted in minimal winter injury to most plant species, but growing medium temperatures in containers under 1 layer of microfoam or 1 layer white poly dropped below −10°C (14°F), the temperature shown to be injurious to root systems of some plants.

This article deals with the comparative study of the old age designation in Russian and Chinese phraseology. The subject of research in this paper are phraseological units of Russian and Chinese, in which the object of description is the age of an elderly person. The main research methods used in the article are the methods of definitions, field, linguocultural and comparative analyses. The aim of the paper lies in identification of similar and distinctive perceptions of an elderly person from the point of view of representatives of Russian and Chinese linguocultures. The paper analyses the plane of expression and the plane of the content of Russian and Chinese phraseological units, as well as cultural and linguistic features of those units. The scientific novelty of this study reveals itself in the fact that for the first time the phraseological means of elderly age representation of a person in Russian and Chinese linguocultures have been defined; for the first time the phraseosemantic microfield ‘old age’ in Russian and Chinese have been presented and compared. The results of the study make it possible to represent similarities and differences of the old age conceptualization by means of Russian and Chinese phraseology and to identify the features of the microfield ‘old age’ of the languages compared.

<p>This work aims to perform the numerical and experimental characterization of CSRR (Complementary Split Ring Resonator) structures in the ground plane of microstrip antennas, for the use in 4G/LTE wireless systems in the 2.5 GHz band. Two geometries for the radiating elements of the antennas were used, the circular and the rectangular ones. Some initial equations were used to design the CSRR structures, followed by a numerical optimization process. This way, numerical and experimental analyzes of the changes in antennas characteristics were carried out, mainly in resonance frequency, bandwidth and radiation pattern. The simulated results were obtained using the commercial software ANSYS, which uses the Moment Method (MoM). The simulated and measured results of the antennas with the CSRR structures printed on their ground plane were compared with those obtained by circular and rectangular patch antennas with a conventional ground plane, we could observe a reduction in their resonant frequency, enabling the miniaturization process.</p>

Five species of container-grown nursery plants were overwintered under treatments of no cover, 2 layers of microfoam, 15 or 30 cm of chopped newspaper and 15 cm newspaper or 22 cm straw between two layers of white copolymer. Temperatures were measured in the air under covers and in the center of the growing medium. Chopped newspaper moderated winter temperatures equal to or better than other cover treatments. All covers prevented winter injury. Baled chopped newspaper used by dairy farmers for livestock bedding is available at a reasonable cost.

With everyday advances in the field of pharmaceuticals, medicinal plants have high priority regarding the introduction of novel synthetic compounds by the usage of environmentally friendly extraction technologies. Herein, a supercritical CO2 extraction method was implemented in the analysis of four plants (chamomile, St. John’s wort, yarrow, and curry plant) after which the non-targeted analysis of the chemical composition, phenolic content, and antioxidant activity was evaluated. The extraction yield was the highest for the chamomile (5%), while moderate yields were obtained for the other three plants. The chemical composition analyzed by gas chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS) and liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) demonstrated extraction of diverse compounds including terpenes and terpenoids, fatty acids, flavonoids and coumarins, functionalized phytosterols, and polyphenols. Voltammetry of microfilm immobilized on a glassy carbon electrode using square-wave voltammetry (SWV) was applied in the analysis of extracts. It was found that antioxidant activity obtained by SWV correlates well to 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhidrazine (DPPH) radical assay (R2 = 0.818) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay (R2 = 0.640), but not to the total phenolic content (R2 = 0.092). Effective results were obtained in terms of activity showing the potential usage of supercritical CO2 extraction to acquire bioactive compounds of interest.

This study attempted to explore the role of inflation and unemployment inverse on the Iranian economic growth during 1992-2012. Methodology: Moreover, the effects of inflation and unemployment inverse on economic development were examined within short and long term periods through an autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) model. The model was assessed through Microfit 4.0 and Eviews 6. Results: The results indicated that inflation and unemployment inverse left a negative impact on the long-term economic growth. It implies that inflation and unemployment inverse in the long-run led to lower economic growth, which can more than ever propel the Iranian authorities to pay greater attention to the importance of inflation, unemployment and devising new plans for mitigation of the two trends. Conclusion: The results can be employed by all Iranian officials, especially those involved in economic and social institutions and organizations, so as to take measures for mitigation of inflation and enhancement of employment rate, and eventually realize maximum economic growth.

Developing climate-smart agriculture is an urgent necessity to ensure the food security of a growing global population, to improve the adaptation of agricultural systems to climatic hazards, and to reach a negative carbon balance. Different approaches are being explored to achieve those objectives, including the development of new technologies for efficiency improvements to current systems and substitution of chemical inputs by bio-inputs, but the urgency of the climatic, social, and environmental context calls for more disruptive actions to be taken. We propose an approach to the design of climate-smart production systems structured in four steps: (1) diagnosis of the study region on the basis of the three pillars of climate-smart agriculture, (2) co-design of a disruptive system only based on agroecological and bioeconomic principles, (3) long-term experimentation of this system, and (4) in itinere adjustment of the system based on collected data and on-field evaluations with agricultural stakeholders. The outcome of this approach is the agroecological microfarm named KARUSMART, settled in 2018 on one hectare in the North Basse-Terre region of Guadeloupe (F.W.I.). This study presents its co-design and experimentation stages as well as the first performance results. At the end of the first two years, this microfarm showed a clear improvement in 15 of the 19 indicators used to evaluate the performance of the actual farming systems in the study region. Among the most striking results are a clear superiority in nutritional performance from 3 pers.ha-1 to 8 pers.ha-1 and a reduction in GHG balance from +2.4 tCO2eq.ha-1 to −1.1 tCO2eq.ha-1 for the study area and the microfarm, respectively. These results are promising for developing climate-smart agricultural systems and need to be consolidated further through longer-term monitoring data, the implementation of more similar systems in the study area, and the implementation of the design principles in other contexts.

In conjunction with a multi-year renovation of Concordia University's main library, a comprehensive collections reconfiguration project was launched. The new library floor plans provided for increased study space and a reduced footprint for stacks. Significant deselection of physical format materials such as circulating books, reference works, government publications, and microforms was therefore necessary in order to achieve the necessary space reduction and still maintain room for growth. Although different weeding strategies were developed for specific collections and disciplines, the key factors considered were usage, currency and duplication. By focusing on reducing duplication - multiple copies, superseded editions, replication across different formats - and using data extracted from the library system, it has been possible to remove a large volume of items with minimal decision making required from subject librarians. Virtually all weeded materials have been sent to a non-profit reseller or recycled, in keeping with the university's commitment to environmental sustainability. This approach has resulted in the removal of over 60,000 duplicate copies from the monograph collection alone. At the same time access has been retained to most unique content within the collection, allaying faculty concerns about library deselection. In less than two years the original goals of space reduction for print and microform holdings have been exceeded.

By analogy with the starch printing technique, it was hypothesised that photoinhibition could be used to print images on leaves that would be invisible to the eye, but easily revealed by chlorophyll fluorescence imaging. We first illustrate the process of chlorophyll fluorescence printing on leaves of the shade plant, Cissus rhombifolia, using photographs of artefacts from starch printing experiments in the laboratory of Molisch. We then use portraits of current leaders in chlorophyll fluorescence research to demonstrate the stability of these images in living tissues. Text printing from microfilm of Ewart’s pioneering studies in photoinhibition shows the resolution of the method with the fixed-focus, portable, imaging system used here. The stability of images, as well as quenching analysis of images and of leaves, suggests that localised photoinactivation, rather than sustained photoprotection, is responsible for the detail displayed by fluorescence printing. Electron micrograph positives of stained thylakoids can be printed to create an illusion of what is imagined to be the source of chlorophyll fluorescence at the membrane level. Individual chloroplasts in adjacent cells under the grid pattern of granal stacks printed on leaves were also examined using a confocal microscope. Compared with chloroplasts in the shaded parts of the grid, those in the photoinactivated parts of the grid show greatly reduced chlorophyll autofluorescence. Moreover, these chloroplasts have lost the localised bright fluorescence from grana. Comparisons of fluorescence yields show that relative chlorophyll autofluorescence from grana observed in the confocal microscope parallels that determined in leaves. Our experiments provide direct visual evidence that fluorescence from grana is lost following photoinactivation of photosystem II in vivo.

El presente artículo tiene como objetivo principal dar a conocer a la comunidad de usuarios del software AtoM (Access to Memory) la plantilla RAD, correspondiente a la norma canadiense Rules for Archival Description. Las reglas canadienses cuentan con capítulos específicos para la descripción de documentos textuales, documentos en distintos tipos de soportes, materiales gráficos, materiales cartográficos, dibujos técnicos y de arquitectura, imágenes en movimiento, grabaciones sonoras, documentos electrónicos, microformas, objetos, documentos filatélicos y documentos aislados que no forman parte de un fondo o colección. Asimismo, se explica la aplicación que se hace de la plantilla en el Archivo General de Palacio en la descripción de planos de arquitectura y mapas. Y, por último, repasaremos su etiquetado EAD y el buscador de documentos. The main purpose of this article is to inform the community of users of the AtoM software about the RAD template, derived from the canadian standard Rules for Archival Description. These rules have several specific and usable chapters for the description of textual records, units consisting of multiple media, graphic materials, cartographic materials, architectural and technical drawings, moving images, sound recordings, records in electronic form, records on microform, objects, philatelic records and discrete items. Furthermore, the application of the template in the Archivo General de Palacio in the description of architectural drawings and maps is explained. And finally, we will review its EAD tagging and its search functionality.

Various growth stimulators have been reported to improve plant growth. Some of these are formulated to improve root growth, which would be particularly beneficial for reestablishing transplants. Three commercially available plant growth stimulators—PGR IV (MicroFlo, Lakeland, Fla.), Roots2 (Lisa Products Corp., Independence, Mo.), and Up-Start (The Solaris Group, San Ramon, Calif.)—were tested to quantify their effect on post-transplant growth of petunia (Petunia × hybrida Hort. Vilm.-Andr.) and impatiens (Impatiens wallerana Hook.f.) seedlings and to assess their value for the greenhouse industry. Seedlings were transplanted from plug flats into larger 5.6-fl oz (166-cm3) containers and treated with 1.1 fl oz (31 mL) of growth stimulator per plant (22 fl oz/ft2). Applications were made immediately after transplant. None of the treatments affected root mass at any time. Up-Start (2 fl oz/gal) increased final shoot dry mass by ≈20% compared to the control plants. The increase in shoot growth by Up-Start most likely is caused by the fertilizer it contains. Up-Start also increased flowering of petunia from 34 to 40 days after transplant. PGR IV (0.5 fl oz/gal) and Roots2 (1.28 fl oz/gal) did not affect dry mass of the plants. PGR IV increased the number of flowers of petunia and impatiens, but this effect occurred well after the plants were marketable. Roots2 caused a small delay in early flowering and an increase in late flowering of petunia but had no effect on flowering of impatiens. Since the effects of the growth stimulators was either due their fertilizer content (Up-Start) or occurred after the plants would have been sold (PGR IV, Roots2), none of the growth stimulators appears to be beneficial for bedding plant producers.

This article considers the conflict of the comical and the rational in the dialogues of the short-short film serial entitled “Tu mourras moins bête” (“You will die less stupid”) produced on the basis of comics of a French artist and caricaturist Marion Montaigne and broadcast by the French-German company ARTE. In the framework of the study we define a short-short film as a comic microfilm text whose structure includes a thesis and an argumentation sentence with an unexpected ending. This meets the specificity of the present popular scientific discourse both to inform and influence the viewer, thus making the interpretation easier.Analyzing the comical in popular scientific discourse, we rely on its conceptualization by the French philosopher Henri Bergson proposed in his essay “Laughter”. He considers the comic as the phenomenon appropriate only to the humans. Defined as the formula of laughter and a way of semiotization of funny aspects, the comical is used to express emotions which reinforce the impression the viewer receives from the information in the text. It is argued that due to frequent usage of the comical (typical of everyday speech) the author manages to convey both the rational and the emotional information in popular scientific discourse.A video sequence provides a good example of the two trends’ interaction in popular scientific discourse. The rational verbal description which already contains the main information needs to be demonstrated as the part of argumentation. In the film it is the borderline symptoms (manifestations) which are discussed and one of them “anger / impulsivity” is demonstrated in a comical form. The dialogue demonstrates the above symptoms of the character’s behavior with his/her usage of slang and vulgar language to make the situation funny and to add a stronger argumentative force to it.Another characteristic form of presenting knowledge in argumentation is realized by means of nonsense which makes the conflict of the rational and the comical possible. A necessary condition for it is the creation of two worlds (planes): one is real and rational, the other is fictional and irrational. Absurdity is supposed to play a game with the viewer in which audio and video sequence shows the absurdity of the naïve worldview in order to get home the knowledge more effectively.

The article presents the results of studies on the effectiveness of pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds with multifunctional preparations Icar Sids, Sprintalga and Microfol Combi, conducted at the experimental field and in the laboratory of the Department of Plant Physiology of the North Caucasian FNAC in 2018–2021. The soil of the experimental site is ordinary medium–sized low–humus heavy loamy black soil, with very low availability of mineral nitrogen, medium – mobile phosphorus, insufficient – exchange potassium. The weather of the research area characterized by large amplitude of annual fluctuations in air temperature and precipitation. Weather conditions in 2018–2021 differed, both in the amount of precipitation and in the temperature regime. Studies were carried out in order to identify the physiological features of grain harvest formation during pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds with multifunctional preparations on ordinary black soil of the Central Caucasus. To achieve this goal, the chlorophyll content in the organs of winter wheat plants was studied by extracting pigments with 96 % ethyl alcohol, nitrogen content in plants, account­ing for yield and studying the structure of the crop. It was found that pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds with multifunctional preparations contributed to an increase in the concentration of photosynthetic pigments in plant organs by 4.3–17.9 %, and also influenced the consumption of mineral elements, increasing the nitrogen content in plants by an average of 15.6–42 %, depending on the phase of wheat development, which ultimately led to an increase in yield by 0.22–0.37 t/ha. The cost of preparations used for pre-sowing treatment of winter wheat seeds increased production costs by 167–349 rubles /ha, but due to the resulting crop increase, profit increased by 3099–4905 rubles /t, and the profitability of grain production by 9.2–14.1%.

AbstractMany countries implement plans and programs whose purpose is low-income class protection and increase the purchasing power in order to eradicate poverty. The most common plan is the subsidies payment for consumption of deficits. Governments provide inexpensive goods and services and help to make price stability for necessities by applying policy in consumption sector. This research studies consumption expenditure shares in rural and urban households according to the importance of this issue and accordingly expenditure shares are rated and it is the basis of targeting subsidy policy. This article by use the MICROFIT program (ARDL method, 42 observations used for estimation from 1977 to 2019), tries to survey the short and long-term relationship, the dynamic relationship of short-term trend toward long-term equilibrium, diagnostic and structural break tests for the variables and the household costs function. According to the results of statistic tests, the model presented the best possible status of classic hypotheses and statistics and therefore confirm the relationship and co-integration between the variable of cost function and finally, structural stability is accepted. By comparing the urban household costs, according to the results we can say that the food is ranked among the goods with low rank, therefore, targeting the subsidies is less important than the rest of the cost. Also, the cost share of clothing goods is totally high for households and in urban households’ expenditures, the cost share of these goods is higher than the rest, so these costs play an important role in targeting the subsidies and should be taken into consideration. By comparing the rural household costs, we can say, the contribution of educational, cultural and recreational services costs for rural households is high and thus the share of the allocated expenditures for such goods is higher than the rest. Therefore, these costs play an important role in targeting the subsidies and should be taken into consideration. Finally, targeting subsidy helps government to arrange subsidy rate of different goods correctly. and give the most to low income classes to boost social welfare. Result show that targeting subsidy in rural and urban is different because of different expenditures share in household budget, and the same economics policy for these two household types is not correct.

Abstract. Contribution of recent photosynthates to methanogenesis and plant-mediated methane (CH4) transport were studied on two dominating vascular plant species – Eriophorum vaginatum and Scheuchzeria palustris – at three microform types (hummocks, lawns and hollows) of a boreal natural minerogenic, oligotrophic fen in Eastern Finland. Measurements of total CH4 flux, isolation of shoots from entire peat and 14C-pulse labeling of mesocosms under controlled conditions allowed estimation of plant-mediated CH4 flux and contribution of recent (14C) photosynthates to total CH4. The obtained results showed (i) CH4 flux increases in the order E. hummocks ≤ E. lawns < S. hollows corresponding to the increasing water table level of the microforms as derived from in situ measurements. (ii) Plant-mediated CH4 flux accounted for 38, 31 and 51 % of total CH4 at E. hummocks, E. lawns and S. hollows, respectively. (iii) Contribution of recent photosynthates to methanogenesis accounted for 0.03 % for E. hummocks, 0.06 % for E. lawns and 0.13 % for S. hollows of assimilated 14C. Thus, S. palustris microsites are characterized by a higher efficiency for transporting CH4 from the peat column to the atmosphere when compared to E. vaginatum of drier lawns and hummocks. Contribution of recent plant photosynthates to methanogenesis was not depended on the amount of plant biomass: smaller S. palustris had higher 14CH4 as compared to larger E. vaginatum. Therefore, for the assessment of CH4 production and emission over meso- and macroscales as well as for the implication and development of C modeling of CH4 fluxes, it is necessary to account for plant species-specific processes including CH4 production, consumption and transportation and the attribution of those species to topographic microforms.

The proposed theoretical study is a complex analysis of specialized concepts, devoted to the problem of qualification of the temporal functional-semantic field, as well as to the determination of specifics of realization of the adverbial part-of-speech component in this language association. The purpose orientation of the author of the work is to carry out a thorough scientifically weighted review of the heterogeneous differential features of such ambiguous linguistic notion as temporality. The more detailed explanation of the compositional and role aspects of figuring is subjected to such universal language institution, as functionally-semantic field of temporality. The particular attention is paid to the deep characterization of the constituent and content amount of the adverbial lexeme group, nominated as an integral figurant of the mentioned field totality. The result of a thorough analysis of the peculiarity of the functioning of the temporal adverb in the structure of the corresponding linguistic integrity is the ascertaining of several determinant facts, united by the outlined problem. In particular, there is postulated the two-component construction of the temporal functionalsemantic association, constituted by semantic fundamental principle with a clearly defined thematic specialization and by the formal means of actualization of the semantic basis. It is found that in the structure of a hierarchically arranged by the principle of nuclear-peripheral transition monocentric temporal field integrity the central structural positions are occupied by a verbal paradigmatic complex which is the medium of the general deictic time significance. In contrast to this cardinal indicator of temporal relations, lexical concretizers are localized in more distant (peripheral) fragments of the outlined linguistic association, but the underestimation of their functional-semantic status seems completely unfair. The role of lexical markers of time is qualified as “informative expansion”, namely: the detalization of the general time plan expressed by the morphological representatives. The adverbial means of indicating the time parameters of action is nominated as a specific by semantical, grammatical and functional features autonomous part-of-speech figurant of the temporal field. It is emphasized that this abstract by temporal content nuance heterogeneous wordy group is vested with the potency for clarification and tendentious modification of the natural significance of the verb form within a concrete temporal microfield. The realized work has allowed the author to demonstrate the peculiarity of conceptually diverse authors’ interpretive mechanisms focused on the analysis of the adverbial lexeme category in the functional plane of its figuring, as well as to determine the undoubted perspective of the study of adverbial issues.

The presented article constitutes the second part of the publication and is devoted to the current knowledge of the German military intelligence concerning the armament and equipment of land forces, Navy, radio communication, means of transport and logistics of the Polish Army in 1939. The article also attempts to assess the correctness of these findings. The presented article is one of several articles written by the author to present the knowledge of German military intelligence about the Polish Army in 1939, together with the assessment of the correctness of these findings. The article is based on archival materials of the 12th Foreign Armies East Intelligence Section of the General Staff of the High Command of the Land Forces of 1939, which developed synthetic elaborations for the top military commanders of the German army, based on the analysis and collective materials from the individual Abwehstelle. For years, the documents analysed were classified and delivered exclusively to the top commanders of the German army and Hitler’s Chancellery. At present, they are entirely non-confidential and available to researchers at the Bundesarchiv-Militaerarchiv in Freiburg. Copies of parts of these documents, in the form of microfilms, can be found, among others, in the Archive of New Files in Warsaw. According to the author, working out both – the Polish aviation and fleet – was carried out at a high and correct level. Nevertheless, it does not mean that no mistakes were made, even very serious – for example as regards the assessment of the number of submarines. The greatest negligence of the German Military Intelligence’s findings on armament and equipment of the Polish Army concerns the equipment of signal corps. As the German Intelligence overlooked modernisation of communication equipment which took place in the years 1937-1939, there was no knowledge of, among the other things, the “N” type radio stations, which were used in almost every regiment. Scarcity of the Polish Army equipment as regards mechanical means of transport was well known. The shortages in the above scope were enormous. What is interesting, is the fact that logistics of the Polish Army was completely overlooked by the German Intelligence. It should be assumed that the German Military Intelligence’s figuring out of armament and equipment of the Polish Army was carried out on a high and correct level. Nevertheless, it does not mean that all the findings were appropriate and true. The accuracy of the correctness of the German Military Intelligence’s findings concerning figuring out of organisation and composition of the Polish Army, and dislocation of the Polish units in time of peace, should also be highly assessed. Nevertheless, the Intelligence’s findings, as regards signal mobilization process, figuring out the mobilization and operational plans of the Polish Army and organisation and the composition of the Polish Army during war should be evaluated differently. It results from the fact that the German Intelligence was not aware of, among the other things: number of divisions Poland would engage at war, names and composition of the Polish military units, very strong reserve of the High Commander, as well as it was not able to localize the Polish divisions developed over the borders just before the outbreak of war. Knowledge of the Polish economy was also on a very basic level. Therefore, the aforementioned negligence in the German Military Intelligence’s findings on the Polish Army and Poland itself during the period directly preceding the war, should be regarded as major. Taking the above into consideration, the conclusion is that the German agency did not exist among the people holding high positions in the Polish Army; in the Central Staff, General Inspector of Training, Corps District Commands. Nevertheless, the overall view of the Polish Army recorded by the German Military Intelligence was correct. It was noticed that the army is weak, poorly equipped and badly managed and it would not be able to fight the enemy. It was a correct assessment.

English tends to be regarded as sufficient for communication in numerous fields. This includes industrieswhose progress has been reliant on communication in languages other than English, in which English has been useful in matters of trade. A notable example is the microfield of fortified wines, where primary languages include Portuguese (madeira and port) and Spanish (sherry). Withthe English corpus showing unassimilated borrowings from the Iberian-Romance languages, and with wine schoolsoffering their students little opportunity to learn these languages, it seemed reasonable to provide numerical evidence of the presence of these borrowings in professional communication in English to see if potential comprehensionproblems among students, resulting from professional discourse being filled with foreign words,may be significant. The (corpus-driven)study of concept systems in the areas of madeira, port and sherry has led to the creation of English-language models containing loanwords from Portuguese and Spanish in varying proportions. The models have been explored to demonstrate to what extent English may be considered sufficient for (effective) communication in each of the areas of the fortified wine industry, while dependent on borrowings from the industry’sprimary languages. The numbers of loanwords in the descriptions of madeira, port and sherryhave indicated the degree to which wine students can rely on their knowledge of English for communication in their target professions while revealing their potential needs for Portuguese and Spanish. These findings inform applied language sciences on the scale of borrowings in professional discourse of an important sector of the wine industry, with Spanish identified as a relatively more productive source of unassimilated borrowings than Portuguese. The results offeran insight for educational programme developers to consider the inclusion of Portuguese and Spanish classes in curricula prepared for students pursuing degrees in winemaking and related fields who have chosen the specialization of fortified wines. El inglés tiende a considerarse suficiente para la comunicación en numerosos campos. Esto incluye industrias cuyo progreso ha dependido de la comunicación en lenguas distintas del inglés, en las que este idioma ha sido útil en cuestiones comerciales. Un ejemplo notable es el microcampo de los vinos generosos, en el que las lenguas principales son el portugués (madeira y oporto) y el español (jerez), siendo el inglés históricamente importante, como demuestran los documentos ingleses. Dado que el corpus inglés muestra préstamos no asimilados de las lenguas ibero-románicas, y que prestigiosas escuelas de vino, como AWRI, Napa Valley Wine Academy, WSET, por nombrar algunas, ofrecen a sus estudiantes pocas oportunidades de aprender estas lenguas, parecía razonable proporcionar pruebas numéricas de la presencia de estos préstamos en la comunicación profesional en inglés para ver si los posibles problemas de comprensión entre los estudiantes, resultantes de un discurso profesional lleno de palabras y expresiones extranjeras, pueden ser significativos. El estudio (motivado por el corpus) de sistemas conceptuales en los ámbitos del madeira, el oporto y el jerez ha llevado a la creación de modelos detallados en inglés que contienen préstamos del portugués y el español en proporciones variables. Los modelos se han explorado para demostrar hasta qué punto el inglés puede considerarse suficiente para una comunicación (eficaz) en cada una de las áreas de la industria de los vinos fortificados y, por la misma razón, dependiente de préstamos de las lenguas primarias de la industria. Las cifras establecidas de palabras de préstamo en las descripciones de madeira, oporto y jerez han indicado el grado en que los estudiantes de enología pueden confiar en sus conocimientos de inglés para comunicarse en sus profesiones de destino, al tiempo que revelan sus necesidades potenciales de portugués y español. Estos resultados informan a las ciencias lingüísticas aplicadas sobre la escala de préstamos que cabría esperar en el discurso profesional de un importante sector de la industria vitivinícola a partir de las lenguas primarias del campo, con el español identificado como una fuente relativamente más productiva de préstamos no asimilados que el portugués. Los resultados ofrecen una perspectiva para que los responsables de la elaboración de programas educativos consideren la inclusión de clases de portugués y español en los planes de estudios profesionales preparados para estudiantes que cursan estudios de enología y campos afines y que han elegido la especialización de vinos generosos.

Objective: To verify the advantages and indications of 1-stage and 2-stage repair for asymmetric bilateral cleft lip (BCL). Design: Retrospective study. Setting: From January 2004 to December 2016 in our department. Patients: Patients with BCL. Main Outcome Measure(s): Over 6 months after the operation, the surgery outcomes were evaluated and graded by 2 experienced surgeons. Results: The result of surgery was evaluated using the scoring method of Mortier et al and Anastassov and Chipkov. Among 133 patients with asymmetric BCL, 61 (45.9%) had 1-stage repair and 72 (54.1%) had 2-stage repair. Sixty-eight (51.1%) patients had complete-incomplete cleft lip (CL), and those who underwent 1-stage repair showed a trend of better outcome ( P = .028). Fifty (37.6%) patients with incomplete-microform CL showed no significant difference between the outcomes of 2 surgery plans ( P = .253). In 15 (11.3%) patients with complete-microform CL, only one had 1-stage repair with a score of 8.5. The other 14 patients with 2-stage repair were scored 3.68 ± 1.28. Two-stage repair was preferable when the deformity degree was very different on 2 sides, as it could reduce unnecessary scar tissue and extend the nasal columella. One-stage repair could help to achieve the anatomical reduction of the orbicularis oris and a better contour of the vermilion tubercle. Conclusion: One-stage repair is recommended for patients with complete-incomplete CL and incomplete-microform CL. Two-stage repair for patients with complete-microform CL is preferred in our center, but more studies are required to support this conclusion.

This work analyzes the influence of a modified ground plane on a microfiche antenna with a circular patch on a rectangular substrate. The considered modification is the connection of a rectangular border to a central circle. When considering the change, better bandwidth is achieved leading to an increase of 122%. The prototype is built so that measured and simulated data can be compared.

This report gives the research work carried out for design and analysis of MIMO antenna using two identical Microstrip slot radiators having enhanced isolation. The slot radiators offer compact size in order to accommodate other electronic components for reduction of volume of the wireless communication system. The defected ground structure is formed on the ground plane in between the antenna elements and feed lines to improve the isolation between them. The substrate used for constructing the antenna is FR-4 having the measurements of 26mm x 22mm x 0.8mm and it has the relative permittivity of 4.4. The printed microfilm strip etched on the opposite side of the substratum is used to couple the signal to each antenna. The HFSS software is used in this paper for designing the antenna and for checking the performance of the antenna. The -10dB bandwidth is 1.1GHz in the frequency range of 3.1 GHZ to 4.2GHz. The maximum isolation obtained after simulation is -23.1dB at 3.13GHz. The maximum gain of 2.26dB is obtained. Simulated radiation diagram of the designed antenna indicates that it is a good radiator for 5G applications in the sub 6GHz frequency band.

IntroductionThis article investigates how local studies collections in public libraries can help people explore the experiences of regional Australia. Some of this discovery can be done online, but as not all local studies material has been catalogued, is online or available in a digital format, some of this exploration will need to be onsite at public libraries throughout Australia. This exploration could be combined with other investigations into regional areas. What are local studies collections in public libraries? These collections are defined as beinginclusive of local history and so the local collection should support studies that look at the historical past, both distant and recent, or at current concerns in the community, such as local environmental issues, or plans for the future development of a locality. (Dewe 1–2)This broader look at the context of a place should provide information in a range of formats to help explore an area, and to find out about the history, geography and the environment as well as other local concerns and issues. Local studies collections should contain recent as well as older material. Each local studies collection will be different (McCausland; Bateman; Johnston; Gregg; Heap and Pymm) with some of these differences simply being because each area has a unique collection of stories which can be told about it. Other differences will be in how each public library interprets their remit to collect information and stories about a community, and which stories are included or excluded from the collection. There are budget constraints as well because each public library has to choose how to fund local studies as part of their overall library provision which means there are tensions and competing priorities in what is collected and how it is made available for research as well as information and entertainment. Some areas have more research activity so there is more being written, photographed, drawn, or otherwise recorded about an area, but no matter how small an area is, there is usually new local studies material being continually created.Local Studies CollectionsLocal studies collections are important as they provide key information about an area. For professional scholars, even in social history, the local becomes interesting only within a larger context, however. Local case studies may throw light on wider questions (Reid and Macafee 127).This highlights the value which local studies can contribute as part of research as these collections may provide case studies to explore, or different avenues to investigate. It also shows the importance of information in many local studies collections being brought together so the separate, local information can be connected to other local information. This bringing together can be as a result of research or through an aggregation system such as Trove (“Trove”).Peter Reid and Caroline Macafee have stated that becausethe potential is always there for local history to be pulled into issues of wider concern, it could be said to occupy a liminal space, a borderland between knowledge that is personal, and therefore academically trivial, and knowledge that is generalizable and therefore worthy of scientific attention. (127)This seems a harsh description, but it shows how these collections can be undervalued and that this undervaluing can risk them being overlooked by biographers, historians, and other researchers. Despite this thinking, local studies collections can offer unique and valuable insights into people and places; including for regional areas. The skilled library staff who manage these collections are also key resources in the history of regional areas, as they can help connect the local studies information to other local collections. As well as connecting people to the resources, the unwritten knowledge of staff is a separate and very important resource.How to Discover Local Studies CollectionsA good way to start exploring local studies collections is by searching Trove. Trove had, around the time of writing, “over 457,524,491 Australian and online resources” (online) and is an Australia-wide database, managed by the National Library of Australia. It enables you to search many library catalogues with one search tool which means that you can search once, in one place, rather than by individual library or museum catalogues. Trove brings together metadata including catalogue records, mostly from library catalogues, from organisations who choose to contribute access to their information. Some of the resources you can search for on Trove are in local studies collections in public libraries or held by other organisations which collect local information such as state and national libraries. Start your search by the name of the location which you are exploring. Be as specific as possible, as you can always broaden your search later. If the item has been digitised, or is already digital, you are often able to view or listen to this material online.As well as providing access to library catalogues, many local newspapers have been digitised and are searchable and viewable on Trove. Some newspapers have been digitised up to 1955, while some titles have fewer years available online, and microfilm will need to be used to find more recently produced information. Public libraries often hold the microfilm for their local newspapers. State libraries may hold them as well. This timeline of digital access is important to keep in mind as searching newspapers on Trove is very easy and searching on microfilm is not so appealing because of having to work through each newspaper page by page, microfilm roll by microfilm roll. You need to check the information about what issues of a newspaper have been digitised so you know when you need to start looking at microfilm copies rather than digitised ones. Older newspapers often include syndicated stories, so an event may have occurred in an area you are interested in but be reported in the newspaper from another area. You could also use the Trove API (application programming interface) to explore high volume digitised newspaper or catalogue data (Sherratt).This method of starting with Trove can also be a helpful way to find out which public library is in the area you are looking for, as the name of the organisation which holds the resources is listed online. You can click on a link to take you to their catalogue. While public libraries are often named for the town they are in, you may be looking for a place with a different name, so this method can be helpful. It can also show resources held in other libraries which may relate to the area of your research. Trove Mosaic by Mitchell Whitelaw (online), although an older interface, is a visual way to explore Trove and clearly highlights the different organisations contributing photographs.Libraries include local studies photographs in their social media and a very small number of them are collecting social media about their community (Forsyth et al.). Searching social media for terms such as #flashbackFriday or #throwbackThursday may also provide a way to discover local studies material online, although depending on your research topic, this method could be too haphazard an approach. There are still some local studies blogs to follow (MacRitchie) and searching for these can also provide information about local studies material in public libraries.Public Libraries and Local StudiesYou can also start at the public library. Depending on where in Australia you are searching there are different tools to help find your local public library. Rather than list them all, a useful starting point is to go to your favourite search engine and search for the name of town/suburb followed by public library. This should connect you with information about the local library through the library website, the regional library website (where two or more councils work together to provide a public library service), or via the council website. This is likely to provide sufficient information to be able to contact the library. However, before you contact the library, search the library catalogue. They may even have a separate local studies database for some or all of the local studies collection. This is why is it a good idea to start with Trove, before going to a local library search, as Trove should be aggregating collection information from a variety of sources bringing together the local public library as well as other organisations (sometimes some unexpected ones) which have material of relevance.Work from the State Library of New South Wales had demonstrated that not everything in local studies collection is catalogued (State Library of New South Wales) which makes it impossible to search for everything online. Quite a few (but not all) public libraries have a webpage where they describe their local studies collections and services. This can provide helpful information so that if you do not find something online you can telephone or email the library seeking further information. If the library is nearby you could simply visit it, but it is best to ring or email first if your time is limited, as it can be helpful to make an appointment to ensure that staff will be able to assist you with using the library collection. For searching the catalogues for local studies information, again, be as specific as possible, knowing you can always broaden your search terms. Helpfully, most (but not all) library catalogues have a sort by date option once material has been found, and some even have local studies specific search help. Often you can view or listen to digitised material online, but some libraries only make low resolution images available, which is rarely of good enough quality for research. When you have searched the catalogue or other online local studies database and not found anything, contact the library as they will be able to provide further information.Library staff will help you use their collections. Some public libraries charge a fee for more detailed research, others, quite reasonably, require you to do this more detailed research yourself.There are many variables, and it really depends on what and where you are researching. Perhaps you are looking for a written history of each area you plan to visit when exploring regional areas of Australia, or you might be planning to visit local studies collections to see how they lead you to areas and stories of local interest, or there is a particular research question you want to explore in several regional areas. How local studies books and other materials are written will depend on the time they were written, and the purpose for them. They can depict ideas and priorities which are outdated and/or offensive.Not Everything Is on TroveWhile Trove is a suggested starting place, given that every item in local studies collections is not catalogued, visiting the local public library can be an important step to take. Always check if the local studies area has different opening hours to the rest of the library. If part or all of the local studies collection is in a locked room, visiting the library at a very busy time is unwise as it may make it harder for the staff to assist you as they will have many other priorities and you may not be able to access the collection.Visiting the Library Visiting a public library and looking at how their local studies collection is arranged can help you see the collecting priorities. It also makes it very clear as to which public libraries have prioritised their local studies information. Occasionally the local studies area will be a partnership with both the library and the local family or local history society providing resources or the collection. This can result in different access conditions being applied to different collections.Visiting the collection means you can talk with the library staff about the history of the area as part of your experience of regional Australia. It is interesting to see how different local studies collections are arranged and how the local area is promoted through the collection and any displays or merchandise for sale. Often local publications will be for sale in the library so that you can purchase titles about the history of the area. Some councils commission histories of their areas, other times niche histories will be written by people in the community and the local studies collection can be a helpful way to discover these.Keep in mind that local government boundaries change (Leigh) and this may mean that resources you are looking for could be in a neighbouring area, rather than the location you are exploring. This is another reason to start with Trove.You May Not Be Able to See Everything Even If You Visit...For reasons of preservation you may not be able to see everything in the local studies collection even if you visit. Sometimes you need to watch out for special tours, which may not coincide with your visit to the area. There may be parts of the collection stored but not fully explored by staff, waiting their time in the queue to be catalogued and made available for research. Generally public library staff will be very helpful for you in your research, particularly if you have specific questions about the area.Know about CopyrightKnow the information about duration of copyright as some libraries say on their catalogues that everything which has been digitised is in copyright. This may be accidental as a result of some bulk cataloguing processes linked with digitisation. Stating something is in copyright is not the same as it being in copyright. The Australian Copyright Council has a helpful information sheet on the duration of copyright to help you understand what is in copyright and how long it is likely to continue to be in copyright.ChallengesThere will be collection gaps. The risk of bias is highlighted by the statement that libraries “are not, and have never been, socially or politically neutral institutions” (Gibson et al. 753). There has not been detailed research exploring these collection gaps, so the exact extent of exclusion or omission of information is not yet able to be quantified. There is arenewed professional imperative to position information centers as central locations for social justice work [which] has also turned our attention to the need to preserve materials that support a diverse and pluralistic society … [and] as a duty to steward unexplored histories. (Sheffield 573)Material may not be in the collection because it was not collected, or because it was not created. For example, in the past not everyone could afford a camera which means they may not have photographed or videoed their family, or public events. Not every grave had a headstone so someone may not have their grave recorded. Public libraries recognise these gaps, and in some areas library staff create or commission content to help with these omissions. For example, oral histories can be recorded to include stories which were not available in other ways, and photographs can be taken of current events to make sure a wider exploration of local stories are recorded in the local studies collection.Conclusion (and Opportunities)Grant White states, in relation to local studies that thesurvival of the artefact is only ever significant when it can be accessed by someone who can see meaning in it. The collection is in fact much more than the material sitting upon the shelves, it is access to it. Access which keeps it current in the community memory rather than as a separated, isolated adjunct. It is also the participation of the community in the creation of the collection, feeding it with its experience, reflections and memories. (98)This access is crucial, and with digitisation and digital collecting the access can increasingly be at a distance, without actually visiting a library. This increasing online access, especially through aggregated sites such as Trove, will hopefully enable research exploring the similarities and differences of regional areas, as connections can be made, and not only by people who can afford to travel to different places to do research. Digitisation, digital collecting, effective cataloguing and use of metadata can open up access to collections, just as digital preservation, preservation of other formats and conservation can help make sure that these materials are available into the future. Connecting to skilled staff who manage these collections is another way of exploring access as there will be information not recorded anywhere you can find, but which the staff may know because of their experience and knowledge of the collection as well as their knowledge of the community they work in.If you have been using public library local studies collections for research, it is helpful if you can share this research back with the public library, helping to build their collection for other people who are researching the region, even if they are exploring different topics. It may be a printed book you are providing, but more public libraries are able to accept donations of ebooks, or other online content. This can be a helpful way for you to contribute to the collections which have assisted in your research.ReferencesBateman, Shirley. “Innovation in Local Studies Collections and Programs: How Melbourne Library Service Is Fostering Community Pride.” Australasian Public Libraries and Information Services 25.1 (2012): 12–18.Dewe, Michael. Ed. Local Studies Collection Management. London: Ashgate, 2002.Forsyth, Ellen, Ngarie Macqueen, and Daniel Nitsikopoulos. Contemporary Collecting: Collecting Instagram for Local Studies. ALIA Information Online, 2019.Gibson, Amelia N., Renate L. Chancellor, Nicole A. Cooke, Sarah Park Dahlen, Shari A. Lee, and Yasmeen L. Shorish. “Libraries on the Frontlines: Neutrality and Social Justice.” Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal 36.8 (2017): 751–66.Gregg, Alison. “Our Heritage: The Role of Archives and Local Studies Collections.” Australasian Public Libraries and Information Services 15.3 (2002): 126–32.Heap, Amy, and Bob Pymm. “Wagga Wagga Women’s Wireless and the Web: Local Studies and New Technologies.” The Australian Library Journal 58.1 (2009): 5–16.Johnston, Clinton. “Capture and Release: Cataloguing Cultural Heritage at Marrickville Library and History Services.” The Australian Library Journal 62.3 (2013): 218–23.Leigh, Carol. “From Filing Cabinet to Cultural Centre: Creating a Community History Centre in Wanneroo Western Australia.” Australasian Public Libraries and Information Services 25.2 (2012): 83–88.MacRitchie, John. “The Manly Art of Local Studies Blogging: A New Approach to Old Stories.” Australasian Public Libraries and Information Services 25.2 (2012): 89–93.McCausland, Sigrid. “Archives for the People: Public Libraries and Archives in New South Wales.” The Australian Library Journal 64.4 (2015): 270.Reid, Peter H., and Caroline Macafee. “The Philosophy of Local Studies in the Interactive Age.” Journal of Librarianship and Information Science 39.3 (2007): 126–41.Sheffield, Rebecka T. “More than Acid-Free Folders: Extending the Concept of Preservation to Include the Stewardship of Unexplored Histories.” Library Trends 64.3 (2016): 572.Sherratt, Tim. “Asking Better Questions: History, Trove and the Risks That Count.” Copyfight. Ed. Phillipa McGuinness. Sydney: NewSouth Publishing, 2015. 112–24.State Library of New South Wales. NSW Public Libraries Local Studies Audit. 2014.“Trove.” Trove 7 Apr. 2019 <https://trove.nla.gov.au/>.White, Grant. “Message in a Bottle: Community Memory in the Local Studies Collection.” APLIS 13.3 (2000): 6.Whitelaw, Mitchell. “TroveMosaic: Exploring Trove Images.” TroveMosaic: Exploring Trove Images 7 Apr. 2019 <http://mtchl.net/TroveMosaic/>.

RESUMO O nosso objetivo foi sintetizar e caracterizar o Titanato de Bário (BaTiO3) para aplicação em substrato dielétrico em antenas patch de microfita. O surgimento de novas tecnologias sem fio resulta em demandas crescentes por antenas de baixo custo que permitam a união de diferentes tecnologias em um único dispositivo portátil. BaTiO3, composto cerâmico com estrutura cristalina do tipo perovskita (ABO3), encaixa-se na classe de cerâmicas eletrônicas e pode ser utilizado na forma de filme fino, para composição de componentes de memória RAM de computadores, devido a polarização espontânea reversível. As antenas de microfita constitui-se de um substrato dielétrico onde uma das faces é impresso um condutor radiante ou patch e na outra face, um plano terra. Há vários métodos para sintetizar o BaTiO3, todavia nesta pesquisa foi sintetizado por coprecipitação, a partir do Acetato de Bário (BaC4H6O4), Dióxido de Titânio (TiO2) e Ácido Nítrico (HNO3). Após síntese, foi caracterizado por Difração de Raios X com refinamento pelo método de Rietveld, onde obteve-se a fase tetragonal, na qual o BaTiO3 possui ferroeletricidade, além de medidas de Densidade (5,698 g/cm3), Porosidade (5,31 %) e Microscopia Eletrônica de varredura, cujo constatou uma distribuição granular homogênea com tamanho médio do cristalito de 500 nm. Além disso, simulou-se uma antena no Ansoft HFSS® para aplicação na faixa de 6.5 GHz, obtendo-se uma largura de banda de 240 MHz. O método de síntese por coprecipitação se mostrou eficiente e a antena promissora para aplicações em sistemas wireless.

The aim of our study was to assess the efficiency of application of biomodified nitrogen fertilizers for barley, to reveal the sources of nitrogen used for biomass formation with the use of the 15N stable isotope, and to study nitrogen flows in the system of fertilizers–soil–plants–atmosphere. We demonstrated in a model experiment the ability of the plant growth-promoting bacteria Bacillus subtilis Ch-13 to move from the granules of mineral fertilizers to plant roots and to colonize them effectively. The effectiveness of biomodified nitrogen fertilizers for barley, Nur variety, was assessed in a microfield trial. After the application of biomodified nitrogen fertilizers, the accumulation of 15N in the plants increased by 2–5 %, its incorporation in the soil decreased and gaseous losses were decreased by 7 % as compared with the use of the usual forms of fertilizers. The application of biomodified nitrogen fertilizers can be used in agricultural practice as a novel technology to regulate nitrogen flows in the system of fertilizers–soil–plants–atmosphere.

The object of the study is a preparation of ecotoxicant destructor based on bacterial strains of Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas délhiensis and associations of nodule bacteria Rhizobium loti with Lotus corniculatus. It is established, that during the simultaneous use of the bacteria and the legume Lotus corniculatus the rate of oxidation of petroleum hydrocarbons increases three times in comparison with the degradation rate of the pollutant after the separate use of each bacterial strain. We have received the preparation of ecotoxicant destructor – dry heterogeneous mass consisting of viable microbial cells of strains of P. delhiensis and R. lotus, seeds of leguminous plant Lotus corniculatus and delignified sawdust. Oil destructive activity of the preparation is proved in the course of microfield experiments. The degradation of ecotoxicants is proved by capillary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry with mass-selective detection. Bacteria of the strains, included in the preparation, are non-pathogenic for humans and animals, biocompatible, environmentally safe, stable, unpretentious to nutritional needs, technological, do not persist in environmental objects in the absence of a substrate for destruction. The technology of the production of the preparation is developed. The results of these studies demonstrate the possibility of practical use of the degradative potential of the preparation in the course of the implementation of the measures for soil reclamation, cleaning up ecotoxicants and restoring its ecological status.

Low back pain (LBP) is a major medical issue and the primary cause for global disability. One common cause of LBP is osteoarthritis (OA) of the lumbar facet joints. OA involves numerous tissues that can induce pain. In particular, during facet joint OA in humans, the articular capsule thickens in response to mechanical and inflammatory stresses; this thickening is associated with LBP. We have previously reported a novel rat model using external spinal linkage to cause lumbar spinal hypomobility and induce OA the in lower lumbar facet joints (L4/5 and L5/6) that may model the progression of spinal OA in humans. This hypomobility results in significant macroscopic OA changes to the articular cartilage and subchondral bone bilaterally by 8‐weeks post linkage. The onset and progression of articular capsule changes and their relationship with pain behaviors is unexplored in this model. Here we examined if lumbar spinal segmental hypomobility in rats is associated with thickening of the ventral articular capsule (ligamentum flavum, LF) as evidenced by increases in morphometric measurements in the bilateral L5/6 facet joints. We hypothesized that 8 weeks of spinal linkage, a time point of significant facet joint OA, is associated with an increase in articular capsule thickness. We used a histological approach with morphometric analyses based upon previously reported methods to test our hypothesis in linked and time matched control rats. LF thickness measurements were performed on images obtained from a brightfield microscope (10X objective, Leica DMRB, optronics microfire camera) on formalin fixed, decalcified, paraffin embedded, Ehrlich's hematoxylin and light green stained 45 μm thick transverse sections of the bilateral L5/6 facet joints. Morphometric measurements were made (OsiriX Lite software) by drawing a line through the thickest region of the LF, perpendicular to the plane of the ventral LF surface. This morphometric approach demonstrated acceptable reliability (ICC= 0.8656). Statistical analysis was performed using an unpaired t‐test. Compared with control animals (n=4), 8 weeks of hypomobility (n=4) was associated with a significant increase in LF thickness (p<0.05). The articular capsule thickness increased at a time point previously shown to have significant OA changes, which is consistent with facet joint OA and LF thickening in human subjects. Increases in articular capsule thickness are hypothesized to contribute both to the induction or reflect the ongoing pathological processes of OA (e.g., prolonged inflammation and fibrosis). Further work is required to determine the onset, joint location, and mechanisms underlying these capsule changes. These findings suggest that lumbar spine hypomobility induces LF thickening.

Low back pain (LBP) is a primary cause of global disability. The lumbar facet joint is recognized as a clinically relevant pain generator. Pain can occur through the onset and progression of facet joint degeneration consistent with spinal osteoarthritis (OA). OA is now defined as a whole joint disease involving many tissues in addition to the articular cartilage, including the joint capsule. Capsular thickening due to mechanical and inflammatory stress can present clinically as a source of LBP. We have previously examined capsular thickening that occurs during OA, by using a rat model of external spinal linkage to cause lumbar spinal hypomobility and induce degeneration in the lower lumbar facet joints (L4/5 and L5/6). We have shown that this model mimics the location, progression, and histopathological changes of the articular cartilage typically reported in human spinal OA. Additionally, we found that by 8 weeks post linkage this degeneration is associated with significant thickening of the ventral articular capsule (ligamentum flavum, LF) in the cephalad portion of the joint. These articular capsule changes are unexplored at later stages of this model when degeneration is more advanced. Here we used a morphometric approach to examine if spinal hypomobility of the bilateral L4/5 and L5/6 facet joints in rats is associated with LF thickening. We hypothesized that 12 weeks of spinal linkage would be associated with an increase in articular capsule thickness in joint regions undergoing cartilage degeneration. We tested our hypothesis by comparing LF thickness in linked and time matched control rats at 12 weeks post linkage. LF thickness measurements were performed on images obtained from a brightfield microscope (10× objective, Leica DMRB, optronics microfire camera) on formalin fixed, decalcified, paraffin embedded, Ehrlich's hematoxylin and light green stained 45 μm thick sections. Morphometric measurements were made by drawing a line through the thickest region of the LF, perpendicular to the plane of the ventral LF surface. This approach demonstrated acceptable inter‐ and intra‐rater reliability (ICC= 0.94 and 0.99). Twelve weeks of hypomobility was associated with a significant increase in LF thickness (p<0.05) compared with control animals in the cephalad and caudal regions. This agrees with our recent findings that significant degeneration is present in the superior articular process (predominantly cephalad region) and inferior articular process (predominantly caudal region) by week 12. Our findings suggest that advanced cartilage degeneration is associated with LF thickening. These findings require additional study to examine the causes of LF thickening (e.g., prolonged inflammation and fibrosis) to better understand the role of the LF in the pathophysiology of OA and OA induced LBP.Support or Funding InformationNCMIC