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Monaco, Davide, Carolina Castagnetti, Aliai Lanci, Taher Kamal Osman, Giovanni Michele Lacalandra e Jasmine Fusi. "On-field Gross Morphology Evaluation of Dromedary Camel (Camelus dromedarius) Fetal Membranes". Animals 14, n.º 11 (24 de maio de 2024): 1553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani14111553.
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The dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) fetal membranes, commonly referred to as “the placenta”, are epitheliochorial, diffuse, and microcotyledonary, similarly to the mare’s placenta. The evaluation of the placenta is an essential component of the neonatal evaluation in the equine species. However, post-partum or post-abortion placental assessment in dromedary camels is unfortunately too frequently neglected and, to the best of the authors’ knowledge, the dromedary camel species lacks a comprehensive description of the normal placenta’s gross morphology. In order to facilitate its on-field evaluation, the current study describes the macroscopic features of the placenta of the dromedary camel after full-term pregnancy and spontaneous parturition.
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Arshad, Rabia, Fahad Azam e Abida Shaheen. "EFFECTS OF METFORMIN AND INSULIN ON MORPHOLOGY, STEREOLOGY AND MEAN MORPHOMETRIC DIFFUSION CAPACITY IN DIABETIC PLACENTA". Pakistan Journal of Physiology 18, n.º 2 (30 de junho de 2022): 22–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.69656/pjp.v18i2.1420.
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Background: Insulin given for the treatment of GDM is associated with hypoxic changes whereas Metformin has beneficial micro-vascular effects on the placenta. This comparative drug study was conducted with objectives to compare the effects of Metformin and Insulin on the morphology and stereology in gestational diabetes. And to calculate and compare the mean morphometric diffusion capacity for oxygen in Metformin and Insulin treated gestational diabetics. Methods: This clinical trial was conducted from Jan 2018 to Feb 2019 in the Department of Pharmacology, Basic Medical Sciences Institute, in collaboration with the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Centre, Karachi. Out of 136 high-risk females, 83 confirmed gestational diabetics were enrolled in second trimester and were further randomised into Group A (oral Metformin therapy) and Group B (subcutaneous Insulin therapy). They were followed till term and after delivery. Collected placentae (35 in each group) were subjected to gross, microscopic and detailed stereological study. Results: Placental weight on gross, hypoxic changes such as immature villi, chorangiosis and syncytial knots on light microscopic morphology, placental volume, the total volume of placental villi and total volume of foetal connective tissue on stereology were significantly more in Insulin-treated diabetic placentae whereas the mean villi diameter and mean morphometric diffusion capacity was significantly more in Metformin-treated placentae. Conclusion: Metformin-treated placentae were significantly different as compared to the insulin-treated placenta. Metformin treated placentae showed better morphometric diffusion capacity for oxygen than insulin treated placentae. Pak J Physiol 2022;18(2):22?7
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Freedman, Alexa A., Carol J. Hogue, Carmen J. Marsit, Augustine Rajakumar, Alicia K. Smith, Robert L. Goldenberg, Donald J. Dudley et al. "Associations Between the Features of Gross Placental Morphology and Birthweight". Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 22, n.º 3 (16 de julho de 2018): 194–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1093526618789310.
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The placenta plays a critical role in regulating fetal growth. Recent studies suggest that there may be sex-specific differences in placental development. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the associations between birthweight and placental morphology in models adjusted for covariates and to assess sex-specific differences in these associations. We analyzed data from the Stillbirth Collaborative Research Network's population-based case–control study conducted between 2006 and 2008, which recruited cases of stillbirth and population-based controls in 5 states. Our analysis was restricted to singleton live births with a placental examination (n = 1229). Characteristics of placental morphology evaluated include thickness, surface area, difference in diameters, shape, and umbilical cord insertion site. We used linear regression to model birthweight as a function of placental morphology and covariates. Surface area had the greatest association with birthweight; a reduction in surface area of 83 cm2, which reflects the interquartile range, is associated with a 260.2-g reduction in birthweight (95% confidence interval, −299.9 to −220.6), after adjustment for other features of placental morphology and covariates. Reduced placental thickness was also associated with lower birthweight. These associations did not differ between males and females. Our results suggest that reduced placental thickness and surface area are independently associated with lower birthweight and that these relationships are not related to sex.
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Liang, Xinyan, Jiaqi Zhang, Yu Wang, You Wu, Hui Liu, Wei Feng, Ziyi Si et al. "Comparative study of microvascular structural changes in the gestational diabetic placenta". Diabetes and Vascular Disease Research 20, n.º 3 (maio de 2023): 147916412311736. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14791641231173627.
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Aims Microvascular morphology and pathological changes in gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) placentas and normal placentas were observed via vascular casting technology, electron microscopy, and pathological detection technology. Vascular structure and histological morphology changes in GDM placentas were examined to generate basic experimental data for the diagnosis and prognostic determination of GDM. Methods This case–control study involving 60 placentas, 30 from healthy controls and 30 from patients with GDM. Differences in size, weight, volume, umbilical cord diameter, and gestational age were assessed. Histological changes in the placentas in the two groups were analyzed and compared. A placental vessel casting model was constructed using a self-setting dental powder technique, to compare the two groups. The placental cast microvessels of the two groups were compared using scanning electron microscopy. Results There were no significant differences in maternal age or gestational age between the GDM group and the control group ( p > .05). The size, weight, volume, and thickness of the placentas in the GDM group were significantly greater than those in the control group, as was umbilical cord diameter ( p < .05). Immature villus, fibrinoid necrosis, calcification, and vascular thrombosis were significantly greater in the placental mass in the GDM group ( p < .05). The terminal branches of the microvessels in diabetic placenta casts were sparse, with significantly fewer ends and lower villous volume ( p < .05). Conclusion Gestational diabetes can cause gross and histological changes in the placenta, particularly placental microvascular changes.
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Dhakal, Binod, VK Singh, Raghavan Narasimhan e OP Talwar. "Pathological changes in placentas of pregnant females with Gestational hypertension". Annals of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine 4, n.º 1 (31 de dezembro de 2021): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/acclm.v4i1.42677.
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Background: Hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy are common and contribute greatly to maternal and fetal morbidity and mortality. The complications of hyper-tensive disorders in pregnancy have been attributed to abnormalities in the placenta. This study aims to observe the clinical, gross and microscopical (morphology) effects of pregnancy induced hypertension, preeclampsia and Eclampsia. Methods: It was a prospective study conducted in 30 placentas of hypertensive disorder of pregnancy and 20 placentas of normal pregnancy. The placentas with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy were compared with the placentas of normal pregnancy. Results: The mean age of mother at delivery was 28.1 years, 25.04 years and 25.04 years in pregnancy induced hypertension, preeclampsia and normal pregnancy respectively. The mean birth weight of new born babies, the mean placental weight and volume were found to be much lower than the control group. The risk for prematurity along with gross and histological abnormalities such as the presence of necrosis, villous hypermaturity, lymphohistiocytic villitis, avascular villi, perivillous fibrin deposits, hyalinization, stromal fibrosis, calcification and vessel wall thickening were observed significantly more often in the placentas of hypertensive mothers. Conclusion: There is a significant Gross and microscopic changes observed in placentas of hypertensive mothers than the normal mothers. Similarly placental weight and volume were found to be much lower.
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Kumari, Rekha, Nakul Choudhary e Rashmi Prasad. "Study on Histomorphological Findings in Placenta in Cases of Pregnancy Induced Hypertension". Academia Anatomica International 6, n.º 2 (22 de dezembro de 2020): 56–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.21276/aanat.2020.6.2.12.
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Introduction: PIH is a common condition associated with changes in placenta. It leads to increased perinatal mortality. The present study was conducted to assess the morphological and histopathological changes in placenta in cases of pregnancy induced hypertension. Subjects and Methods: The present comparative study included 49 cases of PIH and 49 normotensive mothers. Clinical details and placental morphology were noted. Results: That the two groups are similar with no significant difference. Placental weight and diameter were similar in PIH and control groups (p>0.05). However, placental thickness and number of cotyledons were greater in PIH group (p=0.00) while placental volume was lower with significant difference (p=0.01). PIH group showed greater proportion of infarction, calcification, hyalinised area per 10 lpf and intervillous haemorrhage (p=0.00). Conclusion: PIH leads to gross and microscopic changes in placental morphology.
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Begum, Mahamuda, Shamim Ara, Shahnaz Begum, Segupta Kishwara, Khondaker Abu Rayhan, Asad Hossain e Anjuman Nahar. "Big placenta and anaemia in pregnancy". Journal of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College 1, n.º 2 (14 de outubro de 2012): 17–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jssmc.v1i2.12161.
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Background: Birthing process is the journey of the spirit/ soul. The Placenta is the home for this spirit/ soul for nine months. Placenta has a huge role to play throughout the pregnancy acting as the kidneys, lungs and intestines all in one1. Placenta is an organ that is essential to the survival and growth of the fetus of the mammals. Anaemia in pregnancy is common and one of the risk factors in pregnancy. Maternal anaemia result in fetal hypoxemia and also stimulates placental growth. In anaemia, significant changes both in gross morphology and in histology of the placenta can occur. Type of study: Descriptive. Place of study: Department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka. Study period: July 2005 to June 2006. Methods: Sixty (60) placentas of Bangladeshi pregnant women were studied. Out of 60 placentas, anaemic and control group were 40 and 20 respectively. The study was designed to determine, morphological changes of placenta which is influenced by maternal anaemia. Macroscopic dimension of the placenta were measured with observation and dissection method. The samples were divided into group A (control), group B1 (mild anaemia), group B2 (moderate anaemia) and group B3 (severe anaemia). The severe group was not found in present study. Result: In anaemia, placental diameters, surface area and thickness were increased. Conclusion: There were morphological changes of the placenta in association with maternal anaemia. However, comprehensive work considering the physiological, biochemical, genetic as well as further gross, light, electron microscopic and morphometric placental studies are needed in order to support the findings of present study. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jssmc.v1i2.12161 Journal of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College Vol.1, No.2, December 2009 p.17-20
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Ojha, Kamala, Suniti Rawal e Abhimanyu Jha. "Placental Pathology in Severe Pre-eclampsia and Eclampsia". Nepalese Medical Journal 1, n.º 1 (22 de junho de 2018): 32–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/nmj.v1i1.20397.
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Introduction: Hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy contribute significantly to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Since placenta is the functional unit between the mother and fetus examination of placenta can give an idea about prenatal experience of fetus. The aim is to observe the morphology and histopathology of placenta in pregnancy with severe preeclampsia / eclampsia between 20-42 weeks of gestation.Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, descriptive study carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Department of Pathology at Institute of Medicine, Tribhuwan University Teaching Hospital, TUTH for one year, starting from 15th May 2015 - 14th May 2016. A total 55 placentas, 48 of severe preeclampsia and 7 of eclampsia were collected and placental morphometric parameters, gross and histopathological features were examined.Results: It was found that placental morphometric parameters were significantly reduced. Histopathological study showed significant number of syncytial knots, areas of fibrinoid necrosis, hyalinization and calcification. These placental findings were associated with significantly decreased weight of fetus at birth.Conclusions: Preeclampsia and eclampsia cause significant placental morphometric and histological changes which in turn adversely affects neonatal birth weight.Nepalese Medical Journal, vol.1, No. 1, 2018, page: 32-35
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Mishal, Jyoti, Chandra Bhushan Jha, Shailaja Chhetri Shrestha, Yamuna Agrawal, Archana Chaudhary e Nikky Maharjan. "Gross and Micro Anatomical Study of Placenta from Normal and Hypertensive Pregnancies". Nepal Journal of Health Sciences 2, n.º 1 (3 de agosto de 2022): 7–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njhs.v2i1.47150.
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Introduction: The examination of the placenta gives a clear idea of what happened with fetus when it was in the mother’s womb. The changes in placenta of women with pregnancy induced hypertension and normal pregnancies can be compared. Objective: This study was done to find out differences in gross structure and histology between normal and hypertensive placentas. Methods: Placenta from case and control group was collected from the Gynecology and Obstetrics Department of B.P.Koirala Institute of Health Sciences, Dharan. The histology slides were prepared, examined and parameters was collected. Results: The mean weight of placenta in control group was 469.5±148.9gm and in case group was 375.50 ± 109.08gm which was statistically significant. The histological observation of syncytial knot, hyalinized villi, stromal fibrosis, necrosis, hemorrhage and calcification in placenta was significantly higher in case group than that of in normotensive group. Conclusions: It is concluded that, in hypertension complicating pregnancy, with increase of severity, there is decrease in morphology and increase in abnormal histological changes of placenta. So, the reduction in placental morphological parameters and histological changes might be the reason for retarded growth of baby with increased complication of hypertension.
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A. J, Molly, e Usha Devi K.B. "Gross Features of Human Placentae in Normal and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus". Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, n.º 14 (5 de abril de 2021): 1008–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/216.
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BACKGROUND Placenta is a multifunctional fetomaternal organ that plays an important role during pregnancy. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is reflected on placenta both macroscopically and microscopically as enlargement of placenta, abnormalities in villi and degenerative changes. METHODS This is a cross sectional study conducted among two groups, normal group and GDM group, to compare the gross features of GDM placentae in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Department of Anatomy, Govt. Medical College, Thiruvananthapuram. RESULTS The study was conducted on 65 normal and 65 GDM placentae. There was an increased incidence of gestational diabetes mellitus in the age group > 25 years with a mean age of 26.38 ± 3.84 years. Multiparous women have been found to be more prone to gestational diabetes mellitus. Past history of abortions and intrauterine death (IUD) was more in GDM group as compared to normal group. Incidence of lower segment caesarean section (LSCS) was also more in GDM group. Weight, diameter and number of maternal cotyledons of placentae were significantly increased in GDM. The predominant shape of placenta in both groups was round, next to that was oval. Only 3 placentae showed irregular shape and that was from GDM group. Most common type of attachment of umbilical cord was eccentric in both groups. Next to that was central and marginal respectively. Only one placenta was furcate and that belonged to GDM group. Fetal membrane was translucent in all normal and GDM placentae. Mean birth weight of the baby of GDM mothers was significantly increased. Mean fetoplacental weight ratio was significantly decreased in GDM group as compared to normal group. CONCLUSIONS In the present study, GDM placentae showed significant changes in gross features. Meticulous gross examination of a placenta prior to histologic sectioning enhances microscopic interpretation. By increasing our understanding of the placenta, it may be possible to prevent and treat placental abnormalities related to GDM, thus ensuring lifelong health of the child and the mother. Hence, the present work would provide vital information to both obstetricians and neonatologists. KEY WORDS Placenta, Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Morphology of Placenta
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Gupta, Amita, Sabha Musharaf, Gagan Singh e Aakriti Gupta. "Morphological changes in placenta in cases of oligohydramnios". International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, n.º 4 (27 de março de 2018): 1518. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20181347.
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Background: There are gross and microscopic changes in placenta and umbilical cord in complicated pregnancies. The objective of this study was to study pathological (gross and microscopic) changes in placenta, membrane and umbilical cord in cases with oligohydramnios and to study relationship between changes in placenta, membranes and umbilical cord with severity of oligohydramnios.Methods: A total of 50 patients were selected and their placentas were collected after delivery and sent to pathology department in 10 % formalin for histopathological examination. Patients were divided into three groups and the results were compared. Statistical calculations were performed using the SPSS 16.0. In order to detect differences between subjects students t-test was used for continuous variables, while, for categorical variables, the X2 test was used. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: Atotal of 50 patients were studied for a period of one year and following observations were made, discoid shape placenta in 45 (90.0%), oval in 5 (10.0%), central attachment of umbilical cord in 16 cases (32.0%), eccentric in 33 (66.0%), marginal in 1 (2.0%) case following variables were compared and p value detected, placental maximum diameter (p <0.0001),placental minimum diameters (p = 0.041), mean of cord length (p <0.0001) placental weight (p = 0.273), placental thickness (p = 0.253), acute chorioamnionitis (p <0.0001), chronic chorioamnionitis (p<0.0001), focal squamous metaplasia (p <0.0001), bacterial colonies in subamnion (p <0.0001), meconium staining (p <0.0001), amnion nodosum (p < 0.0001), intra amniotic haemorrhage (p = 0.090), membranous deciduitis with chorioamnionitis (p = 0.081), focal haematoma (p = 0.010), acute inflammatory infiltrate in Wharton’s jelly (p = 0.012), single umbilical artery (p =0.010), intervillous fibrin deposition (p <0.0001), calcification (p<0.0001), chorangiosis (p <0.0001), syncytial knots (p <0.0001), avascular villi (p = 0.011), villous edema (p = 0.090) and infarct (p = 0.090).Conclusions: There are alterations in placental morphology associated with oligohydramnios hence placenta should be examined, which may be useful in predicting perinatal morbidity and mortality.
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Ashwal, Eran, Jasmine Ali-Gami, Amir Aviram, Stefania Ronzoni, Elad Mei-Dan, John Kingdom e Nir Melamed. "Contribution of Second Trimester Sonographic Placental Morphology to Uterine Artery Doppler in the Prediction of Placenta-Mediated Pregnancy Complications". Journal of Clinical Medicine 11, n.º 22 (15 de novembro de 2022): 6759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm11226759.
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Background: Second-trimester uterine artery Doppler is a well-established tool for the prediction of preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction. At delivery, placentas from affected pregnancies may have gross pathologic findings. Some of these features are detectable by ultrasound, but the relative importance of placental morphologic assessment and uterine artery Doppler in mid-pregnancy is presently unclear. Objective: To characterize the association of second-trimester sonographic placental morphology markers with placenta-mediated complications and determine whether these markers are predictive of placental dysfunction independent of uterine artery Doppler. Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study of patients with a singleton pregnancy at high risk of placental complications who underwent a sonographic placental study at mid-gestation (160/7−246/7 weeks’ gestation) in a single tertiary referral center between 2016–2019. The sonographic placental study included assessment of placental dimensions (length, width, and thickness), placental texture appearance, umbilical cord anatomy, and uterine artery Doppler (mean pulsatility index and early diastolic notching). Placental area and volume were calculated based on placental length, width, and thickness. Continuous placental markers were converted to multiples on medians (MoM). The primary outcome was a composite of early-onset preeclampsia and birthweight <3rd centile. Results: A total of 429 eligible patients were identified during the study period, of whom 45 (10.5%) experienced the primary outcome. The rate of the primary outcome increased progressively with decreasing placental length, width, and area, and increased progressively with increasing mean uterine artery pulsatility index (PI). By contrast, placental thickness followed a U-shaped relationship with the primary outcome. Placental length, width, and area, mean uterine artery PI and bilateral uterine artery notching were all associated with the primary outcome. However, in the adjusted analysis, the association persisted only for placenta area (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.21, 95%-confidence interval [CI] 0.06–0.73) and mean uterine artery PI (aOR 11.71, 95%-CI 3.84–35.72). The area under the ROC curve was highest for mean uterine artery PI (0.80, 95%-CI 0.71–0.89) and was significantly higher than that of placental area (0.67, 95%-CI 0.57–0.76, p = 0.44). A model that included both mean uterine artery PI and placental area did not significantly increase the area under the curve (0.82, 95%-CI 0.74–0.90, p = 0.255), and was associated with a relatively minor increase in specificity for the primary outcome compared with mean uterine artery PI alone (63% [95%-CI 58–68%] vs. 52% [95%-CI 47%−57%]). Conclusion: Placental area is independently associated with the risk of placenta-mediated complications yet, when combined with uterine artery Doppler, did not further improve the prediction of such complications compared with uterine artery Doppler alone.
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Natarajan, Lalitha, e G. UmaMaheswari. "Gestational hyperglycemia on diet and medication: impact on placental pathology and pregnancy outcomes". International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 8, n.º 8 (26 de julho de 2019): 3350. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20193564.
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Background: To evaluate the placental morphology and perinatal outcome in patients with gestational hyperglycemia on diet and medication.Methods: Placental examinations performed at the Department of Pathology between August 2016 to August 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Of the received 140 placentas, 35 of gestational diabetes (GDM) and pre gestational diabetes were identified and segregated into hyperglycemia on diet and on medication. The clinical details, placental findings and perinatal outcome of patients in both the groups (gestational hyperglycemia on diet and medication) were collected and analyzed.Results: Among the 35 cases, there were 24 cases of mild gestational hyperglycemia controlled with diet and 11 cases of hyperglycemia on medication (oral hypoglycemic drugs ± insulin).Most of the placentae in both the groups weighed less than tenth centile. The cord abnormalities such as hyper coiling, velamentous /marginal insertion and furcate cord were observed more in women with GDM on diet. There was no significant gross placental lesion in those on medication. Placental histological features most consistently associated with both the groups include, disturbances of villous maturation (DVM), Derangements in uteroplacental / foetoplacental circulation and villous capillary lesions. Small for gestational age and intrauterine foetal death were found in both the groups, but more commonly in patients with hyperglycemia on medication.Conclusions: Villous maturation defects, uteroplacental / foetoplacental malperfusion are the essential placental changes which can result in adverse perinatal outcomes in women with hyperglycemia irrespective of the diabetic control.
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Parveen, Zahida, Jane Elaine Tongson-Ignacio, Cory R. Fraser, Jeffery L. Killeen e Karen S. Thompson. "Placental Mesenchymal Dysplasia". Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine 131, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2007): 131–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.5858/2007-131-131-pmd.
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Abstract Context.—Placental mesenchymal dysplasia is characterized by placentomegaly and may be mistaken for molar pregnancy both clinically and macroscopically because of the presence of “grapelike vesicles.” It may be associated with a completely normal fetus, a fetus with growth restriction, or a fetus with features of Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome. Objective.—To review the etiology, molecular pathology, gross and microscopic features, clinical presentation, complications, and differential diagnosis of placental mesenchymal dysplasia. Data Sources.—The PubMed and the Medline databases were systematically searched for articles between 1970 and 2006. The following keywords were used: placental mesenchymal dysplasia, mesenchymal hyperplasia, molar pregnancy, pseudomolar pregnancy, Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome, and placentomegaly. Relevant references from review articles were also searched. Conclusions.—Placental mesenchymal dysplasia should be considered in the differential diagnosis when the ultrasonographic findings show a cystic placenta. Close attention should be paid to fetal morphology for early recognition of fetal complications and to prevent unnecessary termination of pregnancy in cases associated with a normal fetus.
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Manjusha, M., B. Aparna e K. Chitty Narasamma. "CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE AND CHANGES IN THE MORPHOLOGY OF PLACENTA IN PREGNANCY INDUCED HYPERTENSION". International Journal of Advanced Research 10, n.º 07 (31 de julho de 2022): 1146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15142.
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Introduction:Human placenta is the organ of exchange and connection between the fetus and mother. It is a fetal organ which experiences the stress and strain that the fetus experiences. Most common complication of pregnancy is Pregnancy Induced Hypertension. The study of placenta in Pregnancy Induced Hypertension gives a clear picture regarding the health of mother and the baby which helps in reducing the Neonatal and Maternal mortality and morbidity. Aim To infer the clinical significance of the gross changes that occur in placenta in Pregnancy Induced Hypertension. Materials and methods:An Observational Prospective Cohort Study was performed.Hundredspecimens of placenta were taken .out of them 50 placenta from PIH mothers ,50 were Normotensive mothers .irrespective of parity, of age group from 20-38 years from theGovernment General Hospital, Kurnool during the academic year 2021-2022..Immediately after the delivery the umbilical cord was clamped and the placenta after cutting was put in a neutral buffered normal saline. Results:There was a significant decrease in the placental weight ,placental diameter,placentalthickness,placental surface area and fetal weight in PIH mothers when compared to normotensive mothers.The Cotyledons number was also decreased compared to the normal placenta (10-15 in number in 39% of cases) due to Pregnancy Induced Hypertension mothers.60% of observed placenta had infarctions in PIH ,5% in normotensive mothers. Retroplacental clot was seen in 70% of PIH .syncytial knots in 62% of PIH .Nearly more than 30% of pregnancy induced hypertension placenta had calcified areas. Conclusion: The study of the placenta in Pregnancy Induced Hypertension gives a valuable information regarding the maternal and fetal well being. By diagnosing the condition prenatally by Ultra sonogram growth retardation cases can be prevented. A better management can be given to the pregnancy induced hypertension mothers thereby decreasing the neonatal and maternal mortality and morbidity.
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Animaw, Zelalem, Kaleab Asres, Selamawit Tadesse, Hirut Basha, Samson Taye, Abiy Abebe, Eyob Debebe e Girma Seyoum. "Teratogenic Evaluation of 80% Ethanol Extract of Embelia schimperi Vatke Fruits on Rat Embryo and Fetuses". Journal of Toxicology 2022 (22 de outubro de 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/4310521.
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Introduction. Embelia schimperi Vatke (family Myrsinaceae) is a commonly consumed anthelminthic plant in Ethiopia. The plant has significant efficacy in treating intestinal worms. However, there are limited data about the safety/toxicity of the plant. Moreover, the teratogenic effect of the plant is not yet well studied despite significant number of Ethiopian mothers consuming herbal medication during their pregnancy. Purpose. This study aimed to evaluate the teratogenic effect of the hydroalcoholic extract of E. schimperi fruit on rat embryos and fetuses. Methods. Pregnant albino Wistar rats were treated with 80% hydroalcoholic fruit extract of E. schimperi at 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 1000 mg/kg dosage, whilst the controls were pair-fed and ad libitum groups. Maternal food intake, maternal weight gain, number of implantations, number of prior resorptions, fetal viability, fetal weight, fetal and embryonic crown-ramp length, placental weight, placental gross morphology and histopathology of placental tissue, number of somites, embryonic system, gross/visceral morphological malformations, and ossification centers were evaluated as teratogenicity indices. Results. The crude extract of E. schimperi did not exhibit a significant difference in most developmental indices including the development of a circulatory system, nervous system, and musculoskeletal systems among treated animals and the controls. However, histopathological evaluation of placentas from the treatment groups showed that inflammatory reactions and calcifications compared to the pair-fed and ad libitum controls. Conclusion. Administration of the 80% hydroalcoholic extract of E. schimperi fruit during the period of organogenesis in rats did not show a significant toxic effect on embryonic and fetal developmental indices. However, it might affect the structural integrity of the placenta as it is evidenced by inflammatory reactions and calcifications of decidua basalis of rat placenta.
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Karmakar, Mrinal Kanti, Sambit Kar, S. M. Kumar, Subir Kumar Chattopadhyay, L. K. Vaid e Sukanta Sen. "A study of histological changes of human placenta in rural population of eastern India". International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 7, n.º 8 (26 de julho de 2018): 3280. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20183331.
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Background: Placenta is essential for maintenance of pregnancy and for promoting normal growth and development of fetus. It forms the morphological record of anatomical condition, intrauterine events and intrapartum events of gestation. Present study has been undertaken to record the data on the morphology and histology of placenta from mothers with hypertension and diabetes.Methods: This study showed several significant morphological and histological differences in the placenta of the mother with GDM and hypertensive placenta. The histological study of the placenta was done under microscope and number of syncytial knots, cytotrophoblastic cellular proliferation, fibrinoid necrosis, endothelial proliferation, calcified and hyalinised villous spots were noted per low power field in the diabetics and hypertensive group in comparison to control group.Results: All other parameters including area, thickness, diameter, and circumference of GDM placenta show a significant increase when compared with normal placenta. The gross anatomic features of placentae e.g infarcted areas, calcified areas and marginal insertion of the umbilical cord in the study group show significant increase in value (p>0.01) in diabetic and hypertensive groups when compared to that of the control or normal group.Conclusions: In present study we found that hypertensive placentae tend to be slightly smaller in size, weight, volume, area, thickness, diameter, circumference and feto-placental ratio than normal placentae but the parameters were found to be significantly greater than that of normal placentae in case of diabetic placentae. No significant differences were found in umbilical cord insertion. In normal pregnancy cases we found several histological findings which were increased in hypertensive and diabetic cases.
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Padodara, Ramesh Jamnadas, Vivek Kumar Singh, Dhaval Tribhovanbhai Fefar, Amit Rameshbhai Bhadaniya, Anshu Rampal Ahlawat, Harish Hirjibhai Savsani e Vijay Manoharbhai Mehta. "Gross as well as microscopic anatomy and physiological functions of fetal placenta in Jaffrabadi buffaloes". Buffalo Bulletin 43, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2024): 69–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.56825/bufbu.2024.4314022.
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The present study was conducted to know the gross morphology and histo-morphological structure of fetal placenta in Jaffrabadi buffaloes. Parameters like calf weight, placental weight, numbers, and size of cotyledons were observed in Jaffrabadi buffaloes and morphologically, fetal cotyledons were convex and non-pendunculated in Jaffrabadi buffaloes were found. Histological studies of small and large cotyledons showed extensive branching of secondary and tertiary villi that were longer, slender, and well developed in Jaffrabadi buffalo. A less developed basal lamina was seen in small cotyledon whereas developed basal lamina with numerous capillaries and connective tissue were observed in the large cotyledon. The diameter of trophoblast giant cells (TGC) in larger cotyledons were significantly (P<0.05) than the small cotyledons in expelled placenta at full term in Jaffrabadi buffaloes. A distinct distribution of carbohydrate and lipids in cotyledons were observed between large and small cotyledons as evident by acid mucopolysaccharides, neutral polysaccharides, and sudanophilic staining. Specific staining for calcium with Alizarin red stain showed that calcium is not present in a noticeable amount in small and large cotyledons. Isolation and culture of Jaffrabadi placental cells in M-199 medium with antibiotics and 2% FBS results in the efficient production of progesterone, estrogen, and testosterone. This study has shown that trophoblast cells are the actual sites for steroid hormone production. These cultured placental cells (1x106 cells/ ml) produce Progesterone, Estradiol-17β and Testosterone in the range of 1.72 to 2.12, 16.03 to 19.51 and 0.51 to 0.58 ng/ml, respectively in Jaffrabadi buffalo.
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Soullane, Safiya, Andrea R. Spence e Haim A. Abenhaim. "Association of placental pathology and gross morphology with autism spectrum disorders". Autism Research 15, n.º 3 (24 de dezembro de 2021): 531–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aur.2658.
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Bloise, Enrrico, Wingka Lin, Xiaowei Liu, Rhodel Simbulan, Kevin S. Kolahi, Felice Petraglia, Emin Maltepe, Annemarie Donjacour e Paolo Rinaudo. "Impaired Placental Nutrient Transport in Mice Generated by in Vitro Fertilization". Endocrinology 153, n.º 7 (4 de maio de 2012): 3457–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2011-1921.
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More than 4.5 million children have been conceived by in vitro fertilization (IVF). Interestingly, singleton IVF offspring born at term have an increased incidence of low birth weight. The mechanism responsible for the lower birth weight is unknown, but alterations in placental function are possible. Hence, the goal of our study was to examine placental growth and function in mice generated in vivo or in vitro. To assess placental function, blastocysts were generated by IVF or produced by natural mating (control group); both IVF and control blastocysts were transferred to pseudopregnant recipients. Placental weights did not differ at embryonic d 15.5 (E15.5) but were increased at E18.5 in the IVF group (25.4%, P < 0.001) compared with control. Proliferation was increased in IVF placentae, whereas overall placental gross morphology and apoptosis were not affected. Both fetal weights (16.4% lower at E15.5 and 8.8% lower at E18.5, P < 0.05) and fetal to placental ratios were lower (P < 0.001) in the IVF compared with the control group at both time points, whereas birth weights did not differ. At E18.5, the mRNA for selected glucose, system A amino acid transporters, and imprinted genes were down-regulated in IVF placentae. GLUT3 protein level was decreased in the IVF group (P < 0.05). Importantly, intrajugular injections of 14C-methyl-d-glucose or 14C-MeAIB tracers (n = 6 litters per group) showed that placental transport of glucose and amino acids were 24.8% (not significant) and 58.1% (P < 0.05) lower in the IVF group. Fetal accumulation of glucose was not different, but amino acid accumulation was significantly (36 %) lower in IVF fetuses (P < 0.05). We conclude that IVF alters both fetal and placental growth and, importantly, decreases placental transport efficiency in mice conceived by IVF.
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Pirrone, A., C. Antonelli, J. Mariella e C. Castagnetti. "Gross placental morphology and foal serum biochemistry as predictors of foal health". Theriogenology 81, n.º 9 (junho de 2014): 1293–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2014.02.011.
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Kamal, MM, M. Van Eetvelde, L. Vandaele e G. Opsomer. "Environmental and maternal factors associated with gross placental morphology in dairy cattle". Reproduction in Domestic Animals 52, n.º 2 (7 de dezembro de 2016): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/rda.12887.
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Wilsher, S., F. Stansfield, R. E. S. Greenwood, P. D. Trethowan, R. A. Anderson, F. B. W. Wooding e W. R. Allen. "Ovarian and placental morphology and endocrine functions in the pregnant giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis)". REPRODUCTION 145, n.º 6 (junho de 2013): 541–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep-13-0060.
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Gross, histological and immunocytochemical examinations carried out on maternal and fetal reproductive tissues from two pregnant giraffes at an estimated 8 and 13.5 months of gestation (term=15 months) revealed a typically ruminant macrocotyledonary placenta with binucleate trophoblast cells scattered sparsely in the placentome where they stained intensely with a prolactin antiserum. Binucleate cells were present in greater numbers in the intercotyledonary allantochorion where they did not stain for prolactin whereas the uninucleate trophoblast still did. A single large corpus luteum of pregnancy and several small luteinised follicles were present in the maternal ovaries while the fetal ovaries at 13.5 months gestation showed an assortment of enlarging antral follicles and partially and completely lutenised follicles, the granulosa and luteal cells of which stained positively for 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD), 17,20 lyase, prolactin, progesterone receptor and androgen receptor, but negatively for aromatase. The uninucleate trophoblast of the placentome and intercotyledonary allantochorion, the epithelium of the maternal endometrial glands, the seminiferous epithelium in the fetal testis at 8 months of gestation and the zonae fasciculata and reticularis of the fetal adrenal at 13.5 months also stained positively for 3β-HSD and negatively for aromatase. Endocrinologically, it appears that the giraffe placenta is more similar to that of the sheep than the cow with a placental lactogen as the likely driver of the considerable degree of luteinisation seen in both the maternal and the fetal ovaries.
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Peugnet, P., S. Valentino, A. Tarrade, L. Wimel, F. Reigner, D. Serteyn e P. Chavatte-Palmer. "73 INTRAUTERINE GROWTH RESTRICTION AFTER BETWEEN-BREED EMBRYO TRANSFER IS ASSOCIATED WITH STRONG ALTERATIONS IN PLACENTAL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION IN HORSES". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 26, n.º 1 (2014): 150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv26n1ab73.
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In equids, placentation is diffuse and the nutrient supply to the fetus is determined by uterine size, which is correlated with maternal size. The size of the mare affects fetal development as shown by embryo transfer (ET) between Ponies and Thoroughbreds. In turn, insulin sensitivity in the newborn foal and subsequent postnatal growth rate are affected. We enhanced or restricted fetal growth through ET using Pony (P), Saddlebred (S), and Draft (D) horses and investigated placental morphology, structure, and function at term. Control pregnancies of P-P (n = 21), S-S (n = 28), and D-D (n = 8) were obtained by AI. Enhanced and restricted pregnancies were obtained by transferring P (P-D, n = 6) and S embryos (S-D, n = 8) into D mares or S embryos into P mares (S-P, n = 6), respectively. Placental weight and surface were recorded at delivery. Samples were collected for stereology and RT-qPCR analysis of expression of genes involved in placental growth, vascularization, and nutrient transport. Housekeeping genes were RPL32, SCAMP3, and B2M. Data were analysed by Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn's post hoc test. Placental weight and surface were increased in S-S and in D-D compared with P-P, whereas S-S and D-D were not different. No histological changes were observed among controls, but most genes had their expression decreased in P-P compared with S-S and D-D. The P-D foals had a 57% increased birthweight with heavier and larger placentas than P-P foals. The S-D foals were similar to both S-S and D-D in terms of birthweight and placental weight and surface. No major modifications in placental histology or transcript levels were observed in both enhanced groups. In contrast, S-P foals had a 37% decreased birthweight with lighter and smaller placentas compared with S-S and S-D foals. There was no gross histological difference between S-P and S-S but the microcotyledonary surface density was higher in S-P compared with S-D. Moreover, the expression of IGF2, IGF2R, SLC2A1, and eNOS was decreased in S-P compared with S-S. There was no difference in gene expression between S-P and P-P. In conclusion, intrauterine growth restriction led to marked changes in placental morphology, histology, and gene expression. The increased microcotyledonary surface density suggests a lengthening of villi, which could increase feto-maternal contact surface as a compensatory mechanism for the restricted uterine capacity. Surprisingly, placental adaptation to the restricted intrauterine environment in S-P induced gene profiles resembling that of control P, whereas no difference was observed in enhanced pregnancies.
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Osgerby, JC, DC Wathes, D. Howard e TS Gadd. "The effect of maternal undernutrition on the placental growth trajectory and the uterine insulin-like growth factor axis in the pregnant ewe". Journal of Endocrinology 182, n.º 1 (1 de julho de 2004): 89–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/joe.0.1820089.
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The placenta is a highly efficient multifunctional organ, mediating the exchange of nutrients, gases and waste products between the dam and fetus. This study investigated the effects of chronic maternal undernutrition (70% of estimated requirement) on the placental growth trajectory in the ewe on days 45, 90 and 135 of gestation. The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) system was investigated using in situ hybridisation analysis to determine if nutritionally mediated alterations in placental growth were regulated through modifications in placental IGF expression. Placental weight increased between days 45 and 90 (P<0.01), accompanied by a reduction in maternal placentome IGF binding protein (IGFBP)-3, -5 and -6 expression (P<0.05), although IGF-II mRNA levels in maternal villi remained unchanged. Placentome number was unaffected by diet or gestational age. Placental weight remained constant between days 90 and 135 in ewes on 100% maintenance rations but decreased over this period (P<0.05) in ewes on the 70% rations. Gross morphology also altered, so the underfed ewes had more type C and type D placentomes and fewer type B placentomes than their well-fed counterparts on day 135 (P<0.05). These changes were accompanied by higher IGFBP-6 mRNA expression in the maternal placental villi in undernourished ewes (P<0.05). The change in shape from a type A to a type C placentome was accompanied by flattening of the placentome and a reduction in the ratio of the area of unattached fetal allantochorion to interdigitated maternal and fetal villi. Within the intercotyledonary endometrium, expression of IGFBPs-3 and -5 mRNA in the glandular epithelium increased between days 45 and 90, showing an opposite trend with time to that found in the adjacent placentomes. This indicates tissue-specific control of IGFBP expression. In conclusion, this study has shown clear time-related changes in the uterine IGFBP system during pregnancy, which accompany changes in placental growth. Altered IGFBP expression may play a role in determining placental size in relation to nutritional status, but is unlikely to be the only mediator.
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Hayward, John S., e Paul A. Lisson. "Evolution of brown fat: its absence in marsupials and monotremes". Canadian Journal of Zoology 70, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1992): 171–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z92-025.
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Species from all extant families of marsupials and monotremes were examined to clarify whether these mammalian subclasses possess brown adipose tissue. To optimize the chance of finding this tissue, special emphasis was given to sampling species adapted to colder regions, species with small adult body size, and individuals at a stage of development equivalent to the newborn stage of placentals (late pouch life in the case of marsupials). Evidence based on gross morphology and light, electron, and fluorescence microscopy failed to show the presence of brown adipose tissue in any marsupial or monotreme. All adipose tissue was typical white fat, including special instances where multilocularity of lipid droplets occurred in association with white adipocyte development or with fat mobilization resulting from nutritional or cold stress. These results, combined with lack of positive identification of brown adipose tissue in birds or other vertebrates, indicate that brown adipose tissue is unique to eutherian (placental) mammals and probably evolved early in the radiation of this subclass. This uniqueness presents the opportunity to suggest a more satisfactory name for the subclass: Thermolipia (from the Greek for "warm fat") or, commonly, thermolipials.
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Hansen, Anne R., Margaret H. Collins, David Genest, Debra Heller, Susan Shen-Schwarz, Petra Banagon, Elizabeth N. Allred e Alan Leviton. "Very Low Birthweight Placenta: Clustering of Morphologic Characteristics". Pediatric and Developmental Pathology 3, n.º 5 (setembro de 2000): 431–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100240010044.
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Our objective was to use factor analysis as a data reduction tool to organize a large number of placental pathologic features into useful aggregates. We examined 1146 placentas of live-born infants with a birth weight of 500–1500 g. We then conducted analyses of pairs of characteristics and multiple characteristics to identify “associated groups” and “factors,” respectively. We found an associated group and factor that had placental features associated with acute inflammation and another associated group and factor that had features associated with vasculopathy. Acute umbilical vasculitis had the strongest correlation with other features of the acute inflammation associated group and factor. Gross evidence of acute inflammation (opacification and green appearance of membrane) was eliminated in the reduction from associated group to factor. Infarcts and syncytial knots were strongly dissociated with features of acute inflammation. The multiple pathologic features of the very low birthweight placenta can be aggregated into two associated groups or two factors. Lack of membrane opacification cannot be used as a criterion for declining microscopic examination. The absence of infarcts and syncytial knots should prompt a search for features of acute inflammation. If a placenta has two or more findings from the acute inflammation factor or the vasculopathy factor, it is unlikely to demonstrate features from the other factor.
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Dygulski, Sylvia, Ruchit Shah, Michael Joyce, Mehrin Jan, Serena Chen, Christine Chen, Jillamika Pongsachai et al. "Are There Sex-Specific Effects of Placental Gross Morphology on Early Childhood Growth of Term Newborns in a Low Risk Community Based Setting?" Placenta 112 (setembro de 2021): e47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.placenta.2021.07.153.
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Fromme, Lilja, Débora R. Yogui, Mario Henrique Alves, Arnaud L. J. Desbiez, Marion Langeheine, André Quagliatto, Ursula Siebert e Ralph Brehm. "Morphology of the genital organs of male and female giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla)". PeerJ 9 (11 de agosto de 2021): e11945. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11945.
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Background The giant anteater belongs to the supraorder Xenarthra which occupies a systematically isolated position among placental mammals. The species is categorized as Vulnerable by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, and understanding its reproductive characteristics is critical for future conservation efforts. Methods Gross and microscopic anatomy of the genital organs of 23 male and 21 female adult and young roadkill giant anteaters in Brazil were studied. Results Male giant anteaters presented a short conical penis, intraabdominal testes, and prostate, vesicular and bulbourethral glands. A tubular remnant of the partially fused Müllerian ducts extended from the seminal colliculus through the prostate gland, continued cranially in the genital fold, bifurcated, and attached with one elongation each to the left and right epididymal corpus. The structure presented a total length of up to 10 cm and contained a yellowish liquid in its lumen. Histologically, the caudal section of this structure resembled the female vagina, the middle portion corresponded to the uterus, and the extensions showed characteristics of uterine tubes. In adult female giant anteaters, ovoid ovaries with occasional seminiferous cord-like structures were observed. The animals possessed a simple uterus, which was directly continuous with the vaginal canal. The caudal portion of the vagina had two lumina, separated by a longitudinal septum and opening into two apertures into the vaginal vestibule, cranial to the urethral opening. In the urethral and the lateral vestibular wall, glandular structures with characteristics of male prostate and bulbourethral glands, respectively, were found. The vestibule opened through a vertical vulvar cleft to the exterior. A pair of well-differentiated Wolffian ducts with a central lumen originated ventrally at the vaginal opening into the vestibule and passed in a cranial direction through the ventral vaginal and uterine wall. Each duct extended highly coiled along the ipsilateral uterine tube until the lateral pole of the ovaries where it merged with the rete ovarii. Discussion The reproductive morphology of giant anteaters reveals characteristics shared with other Xenarthrans: intraabdominal testes, a simple uterus, and a double caudal vagina. The persistence of well-differentiated genital ducts of the opposite sex in both males and females, however, singles them out among other species. These structures are the results of an aberration during fetal sexual differentiation and possess secretory functions. The possibility of a pathological degeneration of these organs should be considered in reproductive medicine of the species. Conclusion Knowledge of the unique reproductive characteristics of the giant anteater is essential for future reproductive management of the species. Additionally, further research on the peculiarities of the persisting genital duct structures might help to understand sexual differentiation in placental mammals in general.
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Schmidt, M., P. M. Kragh, J. Li, L. Lin, Y. Liu, G. Vajta e H. Callesen. "78 ESTABLISHMENT OF PREGNANCIES IN LARGE WHITE SOW RECIPIENTS AFTER TRANSFER OF CLONED EMBRYOS OF DIFFERENT PIG BREEDS". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 22, n.º 1 (2010): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv22n1ab78.
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Production of cloned piglets, using normal or transgenic donor cells, has been of limited efficiency. One reason could be breed differences between recipient and embryos. The aim of this study was to compare pregnancies after transfer to Large White (LW) sow recipients of cloned LW embryos or cloned, transgenic minipig embryos. Large White donor cells were from LYxD, and minipig cells were transgenic with 1 of 5 genes related to different human diseases and from either Göttingen or Yucatan. The cells were used on Day 0 for handmade cloning (Du et al. 2005 Cloning Stem Cells 7, 199-205). The reconstructed embryos were cultured in vitro until transfer on Day 5 to 6. As recipients, 70 LW sows were weaned and anesthetized 4 days after natural heat. Through an abdominal incision the ovaries were controlled (CL formation, absence of cysts) and the embryos slowly introduced into the uterus via a catheter inserted 5 to 6 cm into the tip of the upper horn. To each of 33 recipients, 40 to 60 LW embryos were transferred, and 37 recipients each received 50 to 100 transgenic minipig embryos. Pregnancies were examined by ultrasound scanning every second week. Abortions were defined as absence of earlier confirmed scanning or delivery of aborted fetuses. Caesarean sections were performed on Day 114 (minipig) or Day 116 (LW) 24 h after injection of a prostaglandin analogue. At delivery, placental gross morphology was recorded with samples taken for later histology. The piglets were fed every 3 h with colostrum for the first 24 h and then by the recipient LW sow. Data were analyzed by Fisher’s Exact test with a significance level of P < 0.05. The overall pregnancy rate was 49% (34/70) with an abortion rate of 29% (8 aborted + 2 resorbed/34) from Day 30 to 45 giving 24/70 deliveries (34% of the transfers). There was no significant difference between minipig (54%, 20/37) and LW pregnancy results (42%, 14/33), although there tended to be more abortions with minipig pregnancies (8/20 v. 2/14; P = 0.14) resulting in 12 minipig and 12 LW litters of which 4 and 9, respectively, have grown up to adulthood. In almost every recipient the placenta and fetal membranes showed abnormal thick and edematous morphology. The total litter sizes ranged from 1 to 10 piglets (mean 4.4 ± 0.6), and in 13 of 24 litters there were 1 to 5 stillborn piglets. Except for one litter of 9 transgenic Yucatan piglets that all died within their first 2 weeks, the postnatal mortality of both LW- and mini-piglets seemed similar to that of farm piglets of the same age, and the piglets appeared normal with respect to weight gain, gross morphology, and behavior. These results demonstrate that, in spite of a rather high abortion rate and some fetal mortality, an acceptable birth rate can be achieved after transfer to LW recipients of cloned LW embryos (36%) as well as cloned, transgenic minipig embryos (32%). Therefore, a breed difference between the embryos and their recipient seems not to influence the pregnancy results. The authors thank B. Synnestvedt, H. Kristiansen, S. Starsig, A. Pedersen, J. Adamsen, R. Kristiansen, and K. Villemoes for invaluable technical assistance.
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Saini, Pankaj, Jai Prakash Pankaj, Anjali Jain e Gyan Chand Agarwal. "EFFECT OF GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS ON GROSS MORPHOLOGY OF PLACENTA: A COMPARATIVE STUDY". International Journal of Anatomy and Research 3, n.º 1 (28 de fevereiro de 2015): 889–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.16965/ijar.2015.111.
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Patterson, Kellie, Sarah Byun e John Hines. "Placenta Accreta Spectrum on MRI". Contemporary Diagnostic Radiology 47, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2024): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.cdr.0000997396.64455.48.
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Placenta accreta spectrum (PAS) refers to a range of abnormally adhesive and penetrative placental tissues in the myometrium. It is critical to diagnose PAS before delivery, as maternal morbidity/mortality can occur due to life-threatening hemorrhage. Ultrasound has traditionally been the first-line imaging modality for the diagnosis of PAS; however MRI is a useful supplemental modality in the workup and is a valuable tool in cases where ultrasound is limited or equivocal. It is also indicated in further assessment of PAS in cases with a positive ultrasound diagnosis. There are three main categories of MRI findings of PAS, all of which involve disruption of the normal anatomic appearance of the placenta/myometrium and include gross morphologic signs (placental bulge, bladder wall interruption, exophytic mass, rolled-up placental edge, and placental protrusion into the cervix), interface signs (myometrial thinning, loss of T2 hypointense interface, abnormal vascularization of the placental bed, and placental infarction), and architecture signs (T2 dark bands, abnormal intraplacental vascularity, and placental heterogeneity). It is important for radiologists to be aware of these signs, and potential MRI imaging pitfalls to avoid false diagnosis. Numerous studies are currently being conducted to improve the diagnosis of PAS on imaging, including investigations looking at dynamic contrast gadolinium enhancement and machine learning.
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Aricatt, Divia Paul, Meera Jacob, Manisha Rajanand Gaikwad e Dane Chandy. "Morphological Variations of the Umbilical Cord of Full-term Fetuses – Correlation with Maternal and Newborn Parameters". Journal of the Anatomical Society of India 73, n.º 2 (abril de 2024): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jasi.jasi_34_23.
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Introduction: Abnormalities in the development and site of insertion of the umbilical cord (UC) can cause problems which have the potential to affect maternal and fetal health. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the gross features of UC of singleton pregnancies and correlate it to the newborn parameters and maternal parameters at term. Materials and Methods: An observational, descriptive pilot study was carried out with 100 placentas. All ethical principles for human research were followed and ethical approval was obtained from the institutional ethics committee of the medical college from where data were collected. The inclusion criteria were the adequately preserved placenta with no gross abnormalities. Placenta belonging to hypertensive mothers and mothers with gestational diabetes were excluded. Results and Conclusion: The UC morphology was recorded and analyzed. Newborn parameters and maternal parameters were correlated to UC parameters. The present study statistics showed 53% placentas with central insertion, 36% eccentric insertion, 3% furcated and marginal insertions each, and 5% specimens with velamentous insertion. A correlation between the UC insertion site and birth weight was observed. Low birth weight was observed when the cord was inserted eccentrically. Further investigations are required among velamentous insertion to reach a conclusion for maternal blood group correlations.
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Premanandan, Christopher, e Erin Runcan. "Canine placentation: normal gross and histologic structure, and confounding features of evaluation". Clinical Theriogenology 11, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 2019): 623–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.58292/ct.v11.9463.
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Striking microscopic changes take place in canine endometrium morphology during placentation. Gross structure (zonary placentation) and nature of maternal-fetal interface (endotheliochorial) is generally well understood. However, histological changes in endometrial tissue proper and how they impact fertility assessment utilizing histology may be less well understood. This review will cover evaluation of canine placenta (gross and microscopic), difficulties in correlating histologic evaluation to fertility and fetal loss, and implications in interpreting histopathology results.
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Tiruneh, Shibabaw Tedla. "Correlation between gross morphology of the human placenta and birth weight in normotensive and pre-eclamptic pregnancies in Northwest Ethiopia". Anatomy 12, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2018): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2399/ana.18.006.
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Krametter-Froetscher, R., N. Mason, J. Roetzel, V. Benetka, Z. Bago e K. Moestl. " Effects of Border disease virus (genotype 3) naturally transmitted by persistently infected sheep to pregnant heifers and their progeny". Veterinární Medicína 55, No. 4 (19 de maio de 2010): 145–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/21/2010-vetmed.
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Eight heifers pregnant between days 47 and 73 were kept together with nine healthy persistently Border disease virus (BDV)-infected sheep allowing natural contact comparable to field conditions. All heifers seroconverted between days 23 and 38 after exposure. Besides a mild increase in body temperature in four heifers, no clinical signs of infection were observed, but 5 animals aborted between days 54 and day 202 after exposure. BDV was detected in the aborted fetuses of four heifers and in the placenta of the fifth (the only material available). Foetal mummification was seen in three foetuses, aborted between days 113 and 116 of gestation, with a crown rump length (CRL) of between 11 and 12 cm. The associated placentas showed dystrophic calcification. The foetus aborted on day 267 of gestation had a CRL of 70 cm and a body mass of 16 kg. The brain in this case was normal in terms of gross morphology, but histologically slight lymphocytic meningeal and perivascular infiltration, slight demyelination in the cerebellar white matter and slight focal acute liquefactive necrosis in the thalamus were seen. Three heifers delivered clinically healthy calves. Two healthy calves were pestivirus negative, of these one was serologically positive and one negative (precolostral). The third calf was pestivirus positive and antibody negative at birth, suggesting immunotolerance and persistent infection as has been described for BVDV. But surprisingly when retested at an age of seven months the calf had seroconverted and was pestivirus negative. Post-mortem examination of the heifers and the calves born alive revealed no abnormalities, pestivirus specific RNA was not detected in any of the examined organ samples of the eight heifers and the three calves. In this study, BDV-type 3 infection had a disastrous impact on fertility of pestivirus naïve heifers. The observed abortion rate exceeded 50% and dramatically underlines the need for a pestivirus control program which includes BDV and small ruminants.
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West, John D., Margaret A. Keighren e Jean H. Flockhart. "A quantitative test for developmental neutrality of a transgenic lineage marker in mouse chimaeras". Genetical Research 67, n.º 2 (abril de 1996): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0016672300033590.
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SummaryThe mouse transgene, provisionally designated TgN(Hbb-b1)83Clo, was produced by Dr C. Lo by pronuclear injection of the cloned ß-major globin gene and comprises a highly reiterated sequence that is readily detected by DNA in situ hybridization on histological sections. This fulfils many of the requirements of an ideal genetic cell marker and has been widely used for lineage studies with mouse chimaeras. However, it is not known whether it causes cell selection or influences developmental processes, such as cell mixing, in chimaeric tissues. In the present study, nontransgenic genetic markers (electrophoretic polymorphisms of glucose phosphate isomerase and differences in eye pigmentation) revealed no significant effect of the presence of hemizygous transgenic cells on the overall composition, size or gross morphology of 12½ d chimaeric foetuses, placentas or extraembryonic membranes. Also, a previously described maternal genetic effect on the composition of chimaeric tissues occurred in the presence or absence of the transgene. These tests have demonstrated that hemizygous cells are not at a significant selective disadvantage, when incorporated into mouse aggregationchimaeras with non-transgenic cells. Further studies are needed to test whether homozygous transgenic cells are also selectively neutral and to test whether hemizygous or homozygous transgenic cells influence developmental processes, such as cell mixing, that were not tested.
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Guillomot, Michel, Annick Turbe, Isabelle Hue e Jean-Paul Renard. "Staging of ovine embryos and expression of the T-box genes Brachyury and Eomesodermin around gastrulation". Reproduction 127, n.º 4 (abril de 2004): 491–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1530/rep.1.00057.
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The high rates of embryonic mortalities which follow in vitro production of ruminant embryos have emphasized the need for increased knowledge of early development. It is likely that early failures in embryonic development and placenta formation involve abnormal differentiation of mesoderm. The aim of this study was to investigate the pattern of expression of two T-box genes known to control the gastrulation process, Brachyury and Eomesodermin, by whole-mount in situ hybridization. To allow a more precise comparison of both expression patterns between embryos, we describe a new staging of pre-implanted ovine embryos by gross morphology and histology from pre-gastrulation stages to the beginning of neurulation. In pre-streak embryos primitive mesoderm cells delaminated in between the primitive endoderm and the epiblast. At that stage, no expression of Brachyury or Eomesodermin could be detected in the embryos. Early expression of both T-genes was observed by the early-streak stages in epiblast cells located close to the presumptive posterior pole of the embryos. Later on, during gastrulation both genes followed a pattern of expression similar to the ones described in other mammals. These observations suggest that other genes, which remain to be identified, are responsible for extra-embryonic mesoderm differentiation in ruminant embryos.
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Long, M. T., T. E. Goetz, H. E. Whiteley, I. Kakoma e T. E. Lock. "Identification of Ehrlichia Risticii as the Causative Agent of two Equine Abortions Following Natural Maternal Infection". Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 7, n.º 2 (abril de 1995): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063879500700206.
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Two pregnant mares diagnosed as having equine monocytic ehrlichiosis based on history, clinical signs, and high serum antibody titers to Ehrlichia risticii aborted subsequent to recovery from illness. Mare 1 and mare 2 experienced clinical illness at 120 and 143 days of gestation and aborted at 203 and 226 days of gestation, respectively. The fetuses were expelled in fresh condition, and both mares retained their placentas upon abortion. Gross findings for the fetuses included meconium staining and petechiation of external surfaces. Internally, there was increased volume of feces within the small and large intestines and liver discoloration with enlargement. Microscopic findings included lymphohistiocytic enterocolitis, hepatitis, and myocarditis. Lymphoid hyperplasia and depletion were present in spleen, thymus, and lymph nodes. Ehrlichia risticii was recovered from bone marrow, spleen, lymph node, colon, and liver of the first fetus and bone marrow and colon of the second fetus. Electron microscopic evaluation of the organism isolated in cell culture revealed morphology consistent with E. risticii. The isolated organism was inoculated into a naive pony, and this pony developed high levels of antibody against E. risticii, became ehrlichemic, and developed clinical signs of depression, anorexia, and mild diarrhea. These findings confirm that E. risticii is an abortifacient under conditions of natural infection and should be considered as a differential diagnosis of equine abortions.
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Mess, A. M., A. C. O. Carreira, C. Marinovic de Oliveira, P. Fratini, P. O. Favaron, R. S. N. Barreto, F. V. Meirelles e M. A. Miglino. "26 PILOT STUDY: YOLK SAC VEGF EXPRESSION IN BOVINE EMBRYOS FROM REPRODUCTIVE TECHNIQUES". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 28, n.º 2 (2016): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv28n2ab26.
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The bovine yolk sac morphology and function are vulnerable to alterations by reproductive techniques. We hypothesised that the early haematopoiesis, vasculogenesis, and angiogenesis of yolk sac affect embryo nutrition and placenta differentiation. A pilot study on bovine yolk sac vascularization was done using gestations with 25, 30, 35, and 40 days of pregnancy, produced by IVF (n = 10) and NT of somatic cell (NT, n = 5). Samples from an abattoir were used as controls (n = 9). All pregnancies were conduced with zebuine cross-breed. We examined yolk sac gross and fine morphology. Also immunohistochemistry and qPCR were done for VEGF-A and receptors (VEGFR-1/Flt-1 and VEGFR-2/KDR). Morphological aspects, including vascularization, of yolk sac from control and IVF groups were tightly similar, although IVF is discretely precocious. However, NT group at Day 30 had low vascularization with thin endothelium, and large intercellular spaces in the endodermal layer, when compared with control and IVF. At Day 35 to 40, NT group improved vascularization and decreased intercellular spaces when compared with early NT samples, remaining less developed than control and IVF. Protein of VEGF-A and receptors (VEGFR-1/Flt-1 and VEGFR-2/KDR) were detected in all groups and ages. The VEGF-A was particularly present in cytoplasm of endodermal, endothelial cells, and in yolk sac blood islands. Furthermore, VEGFR-1 and VEGFR-2 were restricted to endodermal cells. At mRNA level, VEGF-A was highly expressed at Day 25 for IVF (P < 0.05) and at Day 30 for NT (P < 0.05). In addition, VEGFR-1 was highly expressed at Day 30 for IVF group (P < 0.05). For VEGFR-2 high averages were observed at Days 25 and 40 for IVF (P < 0.05). The high expression of VEGF-A and receptors in comparison with control may be due to the precocious yolk sac development in this group. The increase of VEGF-A at Day 30 in NT group is related to the moment of yolk sac vascularization development. In conclusion, yolk sac development is affected by reproductive techniques that alter the vascularization pattern, decreasing embryo nutrition and organogenesis.
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Benson Muthee, Kanji, Timothy E. Maitho, Laetitia Wakonyu Kanja e Jared Misonge Onyancha. "Evaluation of Uterotonic Activity, Acute Oral Toxicity, and Phytochemical Composition of Uvariodendron anisatum Verdc. Root Extracts". Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine 2022 (25 de agosto de 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/7393537.
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Over 80% of cultural societies in low-income countries use plant preparations in traditional medicine with unknown potency and safety profiles. Uvariodendron anisatum root extracts are used by some Kenyan herbalists. However, the claims of the plant to remove retained placenta during birth have remained uninvestigated. Therefore, the current study evaluated its uterotonic activities. Acute toxicity in Wistar rats and the phytochemical composition of the plant were also studied. The plant was collected from Embu County in Kenya. The water and ethanol extracts were prepared by maceration. Uterine strips were isolated from primed mature female Wistar rats and used to study the uterotonic activities of the extracts. De Jalon’s solution and oxytocin were used as negative and positive controls, respectively. Acute oral toxicity studies were done following the OECD 423 guideline and phytochemical screening were based on standard phytochemical procedures. The study met all the approval requirements before commencement. Data obtained from the uterotonic activity were analysed by using GraphPad Prism Version 8.0.1 software and expressed as a percentage increase or decrease of mean as mean ± SEM relative to the controls. The findings of acute oral toxicity were expressed using LD50. Additionally, the phytochemical components of the U. anisatum were tabulated. The uterotonic effect of Uvariodendron anisatum root water extract was higher than that of ethanol extract. A single dose of the Uvariodendron anisatum root water extract at 2000 mg/kg did not cause mortality in the tested Wistar rats. Besides, there were no changes in hematological and biochemical parameters. The extracts did not reveal changes in the gross morphology of the liver, kidney, heart, and lung of the tested Wistar rats. However, the histopathological studies of Uvariodendron anisatum root water extracts exhibited toxicity in the liver, kidney, and lung tissues of Wistar rats at a concentration of 2000 mg/kg. Alkaloids, glycosides, saponins, phytosterols, terpenes, proteins, phenols, and oils were recorded in Uvariodendron anisatum. The findings from this study provided scientific evidence which is useful in validating the use of Uvariodendron anisatum extracts in the stimulation of the uterus during birth.
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Park, J. E., H. J. Oh, M. J. Kim, G. A. Kim, E. J. Park, G. Jang e B. C. Lee. "105 IN VIVO DEVELOPMENT OF CANINE PARTHENOTES AND THE EXPRESSION PATTERN OF Igf2/Igf2r GENES". Reproduction, Fertility and Development 23, n.º 1 (2011): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rdv23n1ab105.
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Parthenogenesis is the process by which an oocyte develops without fertilization, resulting in parthenogenetic embryos carrying only maternal chromosomes. Until now, little information has been available on the post-activation development of parthenogenetic embryos, and there are no reports about canine post-implantation development of parthenogenetically activated oocytes. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate the development of parthenogenetic canine embryos when implanted in vivo, and the subsequent post-implantation development of such canine parthenogenetic fetuses. Also, we examined expression patterns of Igf2 and its receptor (Igf2r), which are reciprocally imprinted and expressed from the paternal and maternal genomes, respectively, in other mammalians, to gain insight into the role of genomic imprinting during uniparental development. In vivo matured dog oocytes were obtained by flushing oviducts of mixed breed bitches ∼72 h after ovulation. The denuded oocytes (n = 48; 5 replicates) were subjected to chemical activation by incubation in a culture medium containing 10 μM calcium ionophore (Sigma, St. Louis, MO, USA) for 4 min and then in a culture medium supplemented with 1.9 mM of 6- dimethylaminopurine (Sigma) for 4 h at 39°C. Parthenogenetic embryos were surgically transferred to synchronized recipient female dogs. The implantation rate of parthenogenetic embryos was compared with that of artificially inseminated controls. Normal and parthenogenetic fetuses, obtained from recipients on Day 28, 30, and 32 of pregnancy, were analysed for gross external morphology and Igf2/Igf2r gene expression examined. Data were analysed using SAS and means compared by Student’s t-test. The in vivo development of canine parthenogenetic fetuses was observed after embryo transfer and the implantation rate of parthenotes was 56.3%, which was significantly lower than those of the control (79.5%; P < 0.05). The weight of parthenogenetic fetuses and placentae recovered from uteri at 28, 30, and 32 day of pregnancy were significantly lighter than those of the control (P < 0.05), whereas the appearance of recovered parthenogenetic fetuses were comparable to those of in vivo fertilized fetuses. We found that both Igf2 and Igf2r were expressed in canine parthenotes but the expression level of Igf2 in the parthenotes was significantly lower than the control (P < 0.05). The expression level of Igf2r in the parthenotes was comparable with the control. These results confirmed that the protocols used in our present study were suitable for activating the canine oocyte artificially and to support the viability and developmental potential of canine embryos up to the mid-gestation stage. It will provide an opportunity to determine the reason for developmental differences between parthenogenetic and fertilized embryos, and will be a useful model system for elucidating the roles of parental genomes in mammalian postimplantation development. This study was financially supported by NRF (#M10625030005-508-10N25), SNU foundation (Benefactor; RNL BIO), Institute for Veterinary Science, and Nature Balance Korea.
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V, Kumar, Sharma P, Pujani M e Munjal RK. "MORPHOLOGICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CHANGES OF PLACENTA IN PREGNANCY INDUCED HYPERTENSION". PARIPEX INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH, 15 de março de 2024, 107–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/paripex/3005865.
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Introduction: In pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH), pathological changes in the placenta occurs which may result in reduced blood flow across placenta. The present study was done to assess the morphology & histopathological changes of placenta from preeclamptic mothers and to correlate their findings with those of normal pregnancies. Materials and Methods: The present study was a case-control study conducted during 2023-24 in ESIC Medical College and Hospital, Faridabad, Haryana in Insured persons under ESIC scheme. Placentae of normal pregnancies & those complicated by pre-eclampsia/ eclampsia with period of gestation 36-40 weeks were included. 30 placentae from mother having PIH and 30 placentae from normal pregnancies were examined for gross morphology and histopathological changes. The mean weight of placentae was (410 ± 60 grams) lower among placentae Results: of hypertensive pregnancies in comparison to placentae of normal pregnancies (478 ± 38 grams). This difference was statistically significant. (p 0.001). There was significant association between presence of gross infarction, calcification, Hyalinized area, fibrinoid necrosis, Syncytial Knot formation, medial coat proliferation, intervillous hemorrhage, decreased villous vascularity in PIH and control cases. In present study, mean placental weight in Conclusion: hypertensive pregnancies was lower than mean placental weight in normal pregnancies. It also revealed lesions like increased syncytial knots, cytotrophoblast cell proliferation, villous stromal fibrosis and fibrinoid necrosis in placenta from preeclampsia cases.
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Kumar, M. Pranay, e Shaik Arshad Rajmohammad. "A STUDY OF MORPHOLOGY AND GROSS ANOMALIES IN FULL-TERM PLACENTAE". International Journal of Medical and Biomedical Studies 5, n.º 9 (28 de setembro de 2021). http://dx.doi.org/10.32553/ijmbs.v5i9.2214.
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Background: Placenta is an important connecting organ between the mother and fetus. It provides nutrition, gas exchange, waste removal, immune support, and endocrine functions. Since variations of the placenta result in effects on fetal development and neonatal survival it is the area of interest to be studied by anatomists, pathologists, and obstetricians. We in the current studied the placental morphology, variations, and abnormalities of the human placenta.
Methods: The samples comprised of a collection of placentae in the Department of Anatomy of Prathima Institute of Medical Sciences, Karimnagar. Samples were collected after delivery, placentae were mopped to remove any clotted blood, and then weighed with 10 cm of the umbilical cord. The specimen is fixed in 10% formalin immediately over 24-48 hours and then subjected to thorough gross examination.
Results: Out of n=60 placentae studied the mean weight of the placenta was found to be highest at 38 weeks of gestation with a mean surface area of 964.46 cm2 and mean weight of 463.75 Kgs. N=49(81.67%) were normal maternal conditions and history of abortions and pre-eclampsia was in n=2 cases each and oligohydramnios in n=3 cases. Among the fetal abnormalities Anencephaly, Macrostomia, MS/TS/Cerebellar hypoplasia, and holoprosencephaly with single nostril was found in n=1(1.67%) cases each.
Conclusion: Examination of the placenta performed in the delivery room provides information that may be important to the care of both mother and infant. The findings of this assessment should be documented in the delivery records. The placenta should be submitted for pathologic evaluation if an abnormality is detected.
Keywords: Placenta, Morphological Variations, Anencephaly, oligohydramnios, Macrostomia.
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Gaur, Saumya, N. Sangeetha e Saranya Bai. "Histomorphometrical Study of Placental Villi in Preeclampsia: A Case-control Study". JOURNAL OF CLINICAL AND DIAGNOSTIC RESEARCH, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.7860/jcdr/2022/57330.16670.
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Introduction: Preeclampsia is a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. In this disorder, placental morphology and cellular arrangement are altered so that oxygen delivery from mother to foetus is greatly disturbed, which ultimately results in cellular oxidative stress. Morphological and histological changes are both indicative of the pathogenesis of maternal and foetal morbidity and mortality in women with preeclampsia. Aim: To study the gross and histomorphometric features of placenta in patients with preeclampsia. Materials and Methods: This case-control study was conducted from January 2017 to December 2017 at Jawaharlal Nehru Medical College Hospital in Belagavi, Karnataka, India. Total 120 placentas of preeclampsia patients (60) and normal controls (60) were studied, which were received at Pathology Department of the institute. Immediately after delivery, gross parameters were recorded. For histomorphometrical study, full-depth tissue samples of placenta were fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution for 24-48 hours, and then they were processed by graded concentrations of alcohol and embedded in paraffin to make blocks. The 5 μm thick sections were cut and slides were stained with hematoxylin and eosin and the sections were studied. Values were calculated by mean±SD using Students unpaired t-test and chi-square test, p-value of <0.05 was considered as significant. Results: The mean maternal age of the study participants was 23.93±4.40 years in preeclampsia group and 23.85±3.44 years in control group. The gestational age was 36.42±2.69 weeks in preeclampsia group and 38.20±2.11 weeks in control group, the difference was statistically significant. Other parameters such as neonatal weight, placental weight, placental thickness and placental diameter had statistically significant difference between both the groups. Morphological findings of placental terminal villi showed that the mean surface area was larger (2500.05±245 µm2) in preeclampsia group compared to control group (1878.01±214.53 µm2) and this difference was statistically significant. Conclusion: The gross reduction of the preeclampsia placenta like decreased placental weight and diameter disturbs the normal placentation and pathologically these results in histological and morphometric changes in the placenta. Due to oxidative stress in preeclampsia placental morphology is altered.
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Pooransari, Parichehr, Atefeh Ebrahimi, Nataliya Nazemi, Fariba Yaminifar e Zhila Abediasl. "Is gross morphology of placenta, umbilical cord, and neonatal outcome in well-controlled gestational diabetes mellitus pregnancy different? A case-control study". International Journal of Reproductive BioMedicine (IJRM), 2 de julho de 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/ijrm.v13i6.7282.
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Background: The relation of placental gross morphology and the outcome of pregnancies complicated with diabetes mellitus in comparison with healthy pregnancies is not known. Identifying significant differences in pregnancy outcomes in Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) and healthy pregnancies by the means of morphologic measurements can induce the use of antenatal ultrasonography of placental parameters to predict pregnancy outcomes.
Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between placental morphological parameters of the placenta and cord and the outcomes of pregnancies complicated with diabetes mellitus.
Materials and Methods: In this case-control study, which was conducted at two referral perinatology center in Tehran between March 2017 and November 2018, 60 pregnant women with GDM who were controlled with either diet or insulin as the case group and 60 pregnant women without GDM as the control group were enrolled. The study population were selected from patients who had their prenatal care and delivery in Mahdieh and Shohadaye Tajrish Hospital. The data was collected by taking sickness history, using data from patients files, and measuring of placental and newborn parameters after delivery. GDM was diagnosed either by 75 gr or 100 gr oral glucose tolerance tests. Placenta parameters, umbilical cord features, and newborn outcomes were compared between the two groups.
Results: Placental weight, diameter, number of lobes, thickness, placental weight tonewborn weight ratio, place of umbilical cord insertion, length, coiling, and diameter of the umbilical cord are similar in two groups. Newborn weight, NICU admission, ABG, and Apgar score are also the same in well-controlled GDM pregnancy and pregnancy without GDM.
Conclusion: Good controlled GDM causes no difference in placental gross morphology and pregnancy outcome compared to a healthy pregnancy.
Key words: Placenta, Umbilical cord, Gestational diabetes mellitus.
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Sain, Saryu, Tupakula Sharmila, Uttam Kumar e Anita Anita. "A STUDY OF THE MORPHOLOGY OF PLACENTA IN TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL OF CENTRAL KARNATAKA, INDIA". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH, 1 de junho de 2021, 51–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/ijsr/5804414.
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Introduction: Placenta is a temporary structure, developed during Pregnancy and discarded at Parturition. Human Placenta is of Discoid and Haemo-Chorial type. It connects the foetus with the mother's womb. It is formed by the contribution of two Individuals - both Mother and Baby. At 1 term four- fth of Placenta is of foetal origin and one- fth is of maternal. Along with Amnion, Chorion, Allantois and Yolk sac, Placenta can also be considered as one of the foetal membranes, which acts as Nutritive and Protective to the developing Embryo. Method: - The present study was done on morphology and morphometry of 150 placentae carried at the Department of Anatomy, Basaveshwara Medical College & Hospital (BMCH), Chitradurga. The placentae were collected with prior ethical clearance and proper consent. Soon after the delivery the placental surface was washed thoroughly under running tap water which were then weighed, tagged and brought to the department of Anatomy, BMCH. The parameters like size, shape and attachment of umbilical cord were noted down. Gross examination was carried out according to the proforma. Result: - The maximum number of placentae belong to the range of 501-600 gms (38.7%). Least placental weight is recorded as 205 gms, showing dispersal pattern. The maximum recorded weight is 835 gms and the average being 491.4 gms. The majority of the placentae are discoid (63.3%). The minimum length recorded is 8.9 cms, maximum as 23.80 cms and the average being 18.3 cms. Conclusion: - Careful examination of Placenta can help in explaining adverse outcomes, their management in subsequent pregnancies and assessment of new born risk.
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Sinha, Sweta, Pravin Kumar, Nibedita Chattopadhyay e Mini Sengupta. "A STUDY ON PLACENTAL AND UMBILICAL CORD MORPHOLOGY IN MOTHERS WITH PREECLAMPSIA AND ITS CORRELATION WITH FOETAL OUTCOME AT BIRTH IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL". PARIPEX INDIAN JOURNAL OF RESEARCH, 15 de setembro de 2024, 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.36106/paripex/5200504.
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Introduction: The placenta is a distinctive characteristic of higher mammals which is attached to the uterus and is connected to the foetus through the umbilical cord.The placenta is an organ of vital importance for the continuation of a pregnancy and foetal nutrition.In humans, after the birth of the infant,placenta is often disposed soon after parturition without adequate examination. It has been seen that many disorders of the pregnancy are associated with gross anatomical,physiological,and pathological changes in the placenta.Hypertension is one of the common complications met with in pregnancy and contributes significantly to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality.Of the few studies that have explored the subject, it has been seen that morphologically, the placentae of hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are smaller, with lesser weight, diameter, and thickness as compared to placentae of normal women. Even fewer studies have been done which have correlated these altered placental findings with foetal and neonatal outcomes. Objective: Here we did a study on placental and umbilical cord morphology in mothers with pre-eclampsia and its correlation with foetal outcome at birth in a tertiary care hospital. Material And Methods: The study population consisted of women of gestational age >34 weeks with diagnosed pregnancy induced hypertension or pre-eclampsia who were admitted to the labour room of the study institution for delivery. Conclusion: Mothers with hypertensive disorders of pregnancy tend to have a high incidence of abnormal placental and umbilical cord morphology at delivery such as lower placental weight,diameter,thickness,lower umbilical cord weight,diameter,and length.
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Mehmood, Ansa, Sheeza Tahir, Amina Shabbir, Namra Khalid, Amber Salman e Faiza Hanif. "Pharmaceutical Effects on Placental Morphology in Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus". Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International, 13 de dezembro de 2021, 294–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/jpri/2021/v33i56a33914.
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Objective: The purpose of this study was to see how food organization and Metformin affected placental morphology in women with GDM.
Methods: 66 GDMs were registered after providing informed consent permission. 35 patients of GDM through blood sugar levels 140 mg/dl remained allocated Set B (2500-3000Kcal/day and 30-minute walk three times a week). They remained reserved on diet control, while 34 patients of GDM through blood sugar levels >140 mg/dl have been delegated Set C and remained reserved on diet with tablet Metformin (550mg TDS). Lastly, 28 healthy pregnant women remained retained in Set A as controls. Placentas were stored and analyzed for morphology after delivery.
Results: Heavy placentae thru extensive villous immature, charangoists, and syncytial knots were observed in set B, while fibrinoid necrosis and calcification were observed in set C. Placental and cord width were significant in Set B against A, but only cord width was relevant in Set C against A in gross morphology. In light microscopy, charangoists, infarction, and syncytial loops showed detected in sample 2 against with a villous maturity; moreover, charangoists and syncytial knots have been found in appendix B versus C placental width, but C versus A results were negligible.
Conclusion: In comparison to the diet group, metformin exhibited beneficial benefits on placental morphology that were equivalent to normal controls.
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Dudley, Jessica S., Christopher R. Murphy, Michael B. Thompson e Bronwyn M. McAllan. "Uterine cellular changes during mammalian pregnancy and the evolution of placentation". Biology of Reproduction, 11 de setembro de 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/biolre/ioab170.
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Abstract There are many different forms of nutrient provision in viviparous (live bearing) species. The formation of a placenta is one method where the placenta functions to transfer nutrients from mother to fetus (placentotrophy), transfer waste from the fetus to the mother and respiratory gas exchange. Despite having the same overarching function, there are different types of placentation within placentotrophic vertebrates, and many morphological changes occur in the uterus during pregnancy to facilitate formation of the placenta. These changes are regulated in complex ways but are controlled by similar hormonal mechanisms across species. This review describes current knowledge of the morphological and molecular changes to the uterine epithelium preceding implantation among mammals. Our aim is to identify the commonalities and constraints of these cellular changes to understand the evolution of placentation in mammals and propose directions for future research. We compare and discuss the complex modifications to the ultrastructure of uterine epithelial cells and show that there are similarities in the changes to the cytoskeleton and gross morphology of the uterine epithelial cells, especially of the apical and lateral plasma membrane of the cells during the formation of a placenta in all eutherians and marsupials studied to date. We conclude that further research is needed to understand the evolution of placentation among viviparous mammals, particularly concerning the level of placental invasiveness, hormonal control and genetic underpinnings of pregnancy in marsupial taxa.