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Abdul, Jalloud. "EFFECTS OF THE PHILIPPINE RECLAMATION ON SABAH TO THE PHILIPPINES AND MALAYSIA RELATIONS FROM 2010 TO 2020". Jurnal Sosial Humaniora 15, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2024): 61–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.30997/jsh.v15i1.12781.
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The study aimed to identify the knowing and understanding towards the Republic of the Philippines reclamation on the Sabah. The study was undertaken by to investigate the perceived effects on the issue of the Philippines’ Reclamation on Sabah to the Philippine-Malaysia relations. The study attempted to answer the following questions: (1) perceive the effect of the Philippine reclamation on Sabah to the Philippines-Malaysia bilateral relations? (2) the Philippine reclamation on Sabah and its economic repercussions? (3) the Philippine reclamation on Sabah and its Political repercussions? The researcher made use of self-made guided questionnaire through purposive sampling method that was utilized to select samples of the respondents limiting the respondents into the data were analyze using thematic analysis. Based on the data gathered, the study shows that the effects of the Philippine reclamation on Sabah and its effects to the Philippines-Malaysia relations. In line with the statement of the problem of the study, the researchers found out from the results that the responses average weighted mean in Part II is 2.24 and on Part III is 2.34 both having a verbal interpretation of undecided, and the respondents perceived that negative repercussions on reclamation of the Philippines on Sabah and the reclamation will only increase the abnormal ties and tension between Malaysia and the Philippines. There’s a need of extension agent in the community by means of education to more understand and know what implications and effects that the Philippine reclamation Sabah has for both the Philippines and Malaysia, and the world. Keywords: Philippines - Malaysia Bilateral Relations, Philippines reclamation on Sabah, Repercussions, Sabah Disputes.
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Li, Yixuan. "The impact of American Philippine economic policy on Philippine modern economy during the Cold War". SHS Web of Conferences 180 (2023): 01016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202318001016.
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As an important country in Southeast Asia, the Philippines has repeatedly occupied an important geographical position and had an important geographical and political position during the Cold War. Since the Cold War, the relationship between the United States and the Philippines has been very close, and the influence of the United States on the Philippines is self-evident. Therefore, studying the political influence of the United States on Philippine economic policy during the Cold War has important theoretical and practical significance. Starting from the economic policy adopted by the United States in the Philippines, this paper analyzes the economic assistance methods of the United States to the Philippines and its political influence on the Philippines and explains why the United States exercises neocolonial control over the Philippines from two aspects. This article argues that the United States has influenced the Philippine economy in a neocolonial way in an attempt to expand the political influence and sphere of influence of the United States itself.
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Stenberg (石峻山), Josh. "Xiqu in the Philippines: From Church Suppression to MegaMall Shows". Journal of Chinese Overseas 16, n.º 1 (12 de maio de 2020): 58–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/17932548-12341413.
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Abstract Evidence of xiqu (“Chinese opera”) in the Philippines begins in the early 16th century, when the Catholic church sought to suppress it. Despite its longevity, Philippine xiqu has not featured much in the multidisciplinary study of ethnic Chinese in the Philippines, nor as part of the global turn in xiqu research. This article, attending to the history and contemporary practice of xiqu, situates the Philippines and especially Manila firmly in the Hokkien network of Chinese theatre, especially in the period between the late nineteenth century and World War II. The Philippines were, and remain today, an important node in xiqu dissemination, transfer, and transnational evolution, as well as an integral part of the culture of the Chinese in the Philippines. The Philippine case helps break down fundamental linguistic, ethnic, and religious equations surrounding xiqu, given the genre’s syncretism, ethnic ambiguity, and non-Chinese language environment.
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Benitez, Christian Jil, e Phrae Chittiphalangsri. "Philippine philippine, or the Tropics in Cixous’s Dreaming True". eTropic: electronic journal of studies in the Tropics 22, n.º 2 (23 de julho de 2023): 33–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.25120/etropic.22.2.2023.3973.
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Hélène Cixous’s oneiric ideation of the philippine (twin almond)—and by extension, her text Philippines (2009/2011)—primarily evokes love, or that force of attraction between two beings in which one can never say where each begins or ends. It is by the virtue of this entanglement that another philippine can be offered to this discourse: the Philippines that is that archipelago which encloses and opens up a particular location and reality within the tropics. This essay attempts to reconsider Cixous’s philippine via the Philippine, through dwelling on the stroke of homophony between these two signifiers and encountering them as materials in and of themselves. As such, these words are recognized here not simply as objects of the critique, but as its very method, a material poetics through which a comparative reading can be initiated and pursued. Through this reading, despite the absence of any explicit referentiality between the words being coincided here, the loving promise of ‘telepathic philippine’ is practiced, and perhaps more faithfully so, by expanding Cixous’s exclusively Euro-Western and temperate ideation to the Philippine tropics. In decolonially yoking Cixous’s Philippines and the Philippines together, the essay ultimately intimates their being twin kernels, too, dwelling in a single shell—that same shell that is this planet.
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Cosme, Ana Lourdes L. "Philippines". Asia-Pacific Journal of Ocean Law and Policy 7, n.º 2 (16 de dezembro de 2022): 300–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24519391-07020008.
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Abstract Marine litter has been a persistent problem in the Philippines despite comprehensive legislation on solid waste management in place for more than twenty years in the form of Republic Act No. 9003 or the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000. Until 2021, the Philippines did not have a national policy and legislation that directly addressed marine litter issues in the country. In 2021, the Philippine government launched the National Plan of Action for the Prevention, Reduction, and Management of Marine Litter (npoa-ml) and in 2022, Congress passed Republic Act No. 11898 or the Extended Producer Responsibility Act of 2022.
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Rido, Imran, Siti Halimah e Husni Mubarok. "Analysis of Islamic Education Policy: Philippines Case Study". TADRIBUNA: Journal of Islamic Education Management 2, n.º 2 (11 de julho de 2022): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.61456/tjiec.v2i2.22.
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This study aims to Analysis Of Islamic Education Policy: Philippines Case Study. This research includes qualitative research. The approach used is pure library research (library research). Data obtained from reading materials obtained by researchers from books, articles contained in print. Data were collected and sorted to fill in the answers to the formulated research questions. The analysis uses a content analysis approach that is adapted to the need to develop historical linkages and the dynamic context of madrasas in the Philippines. The conclusion of this study is that Islam in the Philippines has experienced ups and downs from a religion that was once great marked by the presence of Islamic empires such as Manila, Manguindanau and Sulu to become minority groups caused by colonialism carried out by Spain, America and Japan. Islamic education policies in the Philippines, the Philippine government is trying to include an Islamic education system such as madrasas in the national education system, accommodation for madrasa education in the Philippine education system has begun to progress since the Philippine government adopted DO 51 which includes teaching Arabic and Islamic values in public schools, and testing the standard curriculum or what is often called the Standard Madrasa Curricula (SMC) in private madrasas; The impact of Islamic education policies in the Philippines, namely the Philippine government in developing madrasa education, has learned a lot from the development of madrasas in Indonesia.
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Edralin, Divina, e Ronald Pastrana. "Technical and vocational education and training in the Philippines: In retrospect and its future directions". Bedan Research Journal 8, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2023): 138–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.58870/berj.v8i1.50.
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The Technical Education and Skills Development Authority (TESDA) is the government agency tasked to manage and supervise technical education and skills development in the Philippines. In retrospect, we answered the research question: “What is the status of TVET in the Philippines as managed and supervised by TESDA and its future directions towards SDG#4? We described the evolution, goals, objectives, accomplishments, and challenges of TVET in the Philippines. We used the Philippine Qualifications Framework as the underpinning model which establishes a standard for education and training providers. We adopted the descriptive research design and the qualitative archival research approach. Findings revealed that TVET in the Philippines began when it was introduced in the Philippine education system in 1927. There were considerable accomplishments and outcomes of TVET in the Philippines in the past years such as setting the direction of TVET in the Philippines and promulgating relevant standards. These strategic efforts contributed to the employment of TVET graduates, improving the quality of their skills needed by the industry, and having a clearer policy direction on how TVET is implemented in the country. Problems and challenges encountered in the supervision and implementation are related to the poor quality of graduates, low employment of graduates, as well as weak structural and policy implementation as shown by the lack of closer coordination among the TVET stakeholders. We recommended aligning the curriculum development of TVET with the present Philippine Development Plan 2022-2028 and the needs of the industry including the demands of Industry 4.0 to strengthen TVET in the Philippines and align its future direction with SDG#4.
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Saphire, Anisya Olivia, Dini Septianti Nurkhasanah e Femri Resdifianti. "The Response of the Philippine Government in Handling the COVID-19 Pandemic". Journal of ASEAN Dynamics and Beyond 1, n.º 2 (26 de janeiro de 2021): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/aseandynamics.v1i2.47992.
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<em>All countries in Southeast Asia have faced the threat of widespread outbreaks of Coronavirus (COVID-19). One of the countries in Southeast Asia that experienced the most significant impact from COVID-19 is the Philippines. This paper discusses the COVID-19 threat as a form of non-traditional human security threat and the Philippines Government's need to carry out securitization and response measures to prevent the spread of the threat. In addition, this paper also explains the impact of COVID-19 in the Philippines and the new normal conditions after the lockdown was put in place by the government. This descriptive analysis shows that the COVID-19 outbreak, as a non-traditional security threat, impacted various Philippines' sectors. This result also indicates the Philippine government's response in dealing with the impact arising from the COVID-19 outbreak and the implementation of new normal to drive the economy.</em> <em>Therefore, we divide the discussion into four parts: First, an overview describes the Philippines' COVID-19 cases. Second, explain the impact of a pandemic in various fields. Third, define the response of the Philippine Government in dealing with COVID-19. Fourth, describing the challenges in dealing with COVID-19 in the Philippines and the new normal situation in force in the Philippines.</em>
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Rahmat, Hayatul Khairul, Rizkia Mutiara Ramadhani, Nurbaiti Ma'rufah, Fitri Andrianti Indah Gustaman, Siswo Hadi Sumantri e Agus Adriyanto. "BANTUAN CHINA BERUPA ALAT UJI CEPAT COVID-19 KEPADA FILIPINA: PERSPEKTIF DIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL LOBBYING THEORY". Jurnal Pendidikan Ilmu Sosial 30, n.º 1 (18 de junho de 2020): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.23917/jpis.v30i1.10623.
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This article aims to explain the objectives to be achieved by China related to the assistance give to the Philippines and the response that the Philippines should have done in responding. This paper used the literature study method with a descriptive approach. As for the findings of this paper, related to the theory of diplomacy and international lobbying, assistance provided by China to the Philippines is a tool used to achieve China's own interests and will have an influence on subsequent policy makers regarding maritime conflicts between China and the Philippines. Steps that needed to be taken by the Philippines are to maintain diplomatic relations with China, especially in the economic field because the Philippines economy is strongly supported by China and also strengthen its territorial defense and increase Philippine intelligence activities.
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Roldan, Ma Divina Gracia Z. "Addressing Climate Change and Disaster Risk Reduction through ICT and EU Assistance: The Case of Philippine Local Governance". European Journal of Sustainable Development 11, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 2022): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2022.v11n2p32.
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Developing countries are gravely challenged by the adverse effects of climate change and natural disasters. The Philippines is considered as one of the most vulnerable and disaster-prone countries in the world. The European Union (EU) as a development partner extends support to the Philippines on climate change. While there are global and national initiatives to take action on these issues, the challenge is how local governments can engage communities to address these environmental threats. The paper poses the following questions: (1) What initiatives did the Philippine national government undertake to address climate change and disaster risk reduction and management (DRRM) in the Philippines? (2) What assistance does the EU provide to the Philippines in tackling climate change? (3) In what ways is information and communications (ICT) used by local governments as a mechanism to engage their constituents in dealing with climate change and natural disasters? Documentary analysis of Philippine laws on ICT, climate change, and disaster risk reduction and management are employed to determine the policy framework of the Philippines as a case. Desktop research is undertaken to evaluate the content of selected local government websites on disaster management and to identify the forms of EU technical assistance to the Philippines on climate change. While national policies exist to deal with climate change and disaster management, initiatives may take a backseat given the current pandemic.
Keywords: climate change, disaster risk reduction and management, Philippines, information & communications technology, local governance, EU assistance
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WERTZ, DANIEL J. P. "Idealism, Imperialism, and Internationalism: Opium Politics in the Colonial Philippines, 1898–1925". Modern Asian Studies 47, n.º 2 (31 de outubro de 2012): 467–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x12000388.
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AbstractWhile establishing a framework for colonial governance in the Philippines, American policymakers had to confront the issue of opium smoking, which was especially popular among the Philippine Chinese community. In 1903, the Philippine Commission proposed a return to the Spanish-era policy of controlling the opium trade through tax farming, igniting outrage among American Protestant missionaries in the Philippines and their supporters in the United States. Their actions revived a faltering global anti-opium movement, leading to a series of international agreements and domestic restrictions on opium and other drugs. Focusing mostly on American policy in the Philippines, this paper also examines the international ramifications of a changing drug control regime. It seeks to incorporate the debate over opium policy into broader narratives of imperial ideology, international cooperation, and local responses to colonial rule, demonstrating how a variety of actors shaped the new drug-control regimes both in the Philippines and internationally.
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Cabras, A. A., J. Villegas, A. Ponce e M. N. D. Medina. "METAPOCYRTUS MADAYAW SP. N. (COLEOPTERA: CURCULIONIDAE, ENTIMINAE), A NEW FLIGHTLESS WEEVIL FROM EASTERN MINDANAO, PHILIPPINES". Far Eastern entomologist 490 (2 de novembro de 2023): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.25221/fee.490.1.
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The flightless weevil Metapocyrtus (Artapocyrtus) madayaw Cabras et Medina, sp. n. is described and illustrated from Davao Region in Mindanao Island, Philippines. Holotype and paratypes are deposited at the Philippine National Museum of Natural History (Manila, Philippines). Ecological notes on the new species are also provided.
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Donoso, Isaac. "Narrating Islamic Origins in the Philippines: From Princess Urduja to Alexander the Great". International Journal of Islam in Asia 2, n.º 1 (19 de outubro de 2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25899996-20221031.
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Abstract Different disconnected stories have been associated with the origins of Islam in the Philippines, enforcing historical narratives that have avoid placing the lens on other facts. The story of Princess Urduja that Ibn Baṭṭūṭa included in his Riḥla, dominated the ethos of an Edenic past with Arabic connections. The Spanish concept of Reconquista and the articulation of the so-called ‘Moro Wars’ pervaded ad nauseam the Moro condition and the Philippine national construction. The presence of Alexander the Great in Philippine silsilas have certainly received unequal attention, without going further than folklore. This paper aims to clarify myth and history in narrating the origins of Islam in the Philippines. In doing so recent historiographical trends and insights on Islamic mission in early modern Philippines are examined.
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PANARINA, Daria S. "PHILIPPINE EDUCATION SYSTEM DURING THE ERA OF THE THIRD PHILIPPINE REPUBLIC: 1946–1965". Southeast Asia: Actual Problems of Development, n.º 4(57) (2022): 253–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2072-8271-2022-4-4-57-253-269.
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The paper represents another item in the author's series of articles on the Philippine education system. The author examines in detail how Philippine education was changing during the Third Philippine Republic period, with what effect five Philippine presidents, who succeeded each other in years 1946–1965, managed to transform the education system in the Philippines, how their policy at the national level was reflected in the ideas which in their steed were propagated via the educational system in schools and other educational institutions. For the administration of each of the five presidents during the Third Republic the author gives a brief description of the state the country was in. A general short list of innovations and changes in the education system of the Philippines that occurred during the era of the Third Republic is provided. Moreover, the paper includes statistics showing the dynamics of the education system development in both the period under review and, for comparison, in an earlier time, when the Philippines was still an American colony.
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Damaška, Albert F., Dale Joy Mohagan e Martin Fikácek. "Moss-inhabiting flea beetles in the Philippines (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae, Alticinae)". ZooKeys 960 (17 de agosto de 2020): 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.960.54011.
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The Philippine islands are one of the key biodiversity hotspots in the Indo-Pacific area. Knowledge of moss-inhabiting flea beetles (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Alticinae), a diverse and ecologically and morphologically enigmatic group in the Philippines is described. Six species from the Philippines are recorded, belonging to three genera: Benedictus luzonicus Sprecher-Uebersax et al., 2009 (recorded from the Philippines previously), Ivalia antennatasp. nov., I. caligulatasp. nov. and I. postfasciata (Chen, 1934), comb. nov. (transferred from Chabria Jacoby, 1887), Cangshanaltica mindanaoensissp. nov., and C. luzonicasp. nov. Cox1 barcode sequences of Ivalia antennata and Cangshanaltica mindanaoensis are presented. Biogeography and diversity of moss-inhabiting flea beetles in the Philippines are discussed.
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Obico, Jasper John A., Julie F. Barcelona, Vincent Bonhomme, Marie Hale e Pieter B. Pelser. "Resolving the Tetrastigma loheri s. l. Species Complex (Vitaceae) in the Philippines: No Evidence for Recognizing More than One Species". Systematic Botany 46, n.º 3 (25 de outubro de 2021): 750–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1600/036364421x16312067913327.
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Abstract— Tetrastigma loheri (Vitaceae) is a vine species native to Borneo and the Philippines. Because it is a commonly encountered forest species in the Philippines, T. loheri is potentially suitable for studying patterns of genetic diversity and connectivity among fragmented forest ecosystems in various parts of this country. However, previous research suggests that T. loheri is part of a species complex in the Philippines (i.e. the T. loheri s. l. complex) that potentially also contains Philippine plants identified as T. diepenhorstii, T. philippinense, T. stenophyllum, and T. trifoliolatum. This uncertainty about its taxonomic delimitation can make it challenging to draw conclusions that are relevant to conservation from genetic studies using this species. Here, we tested the hypothesis that T. loheri s. l. is composed of more than one species in the Philippines. For this, we used generalized mixed Yule coalescent (GMYC) and Poisson tree process (PTP) species delimitation models to identify clades within DNA sequence phylogenies of T. loheri s. l. that might constitute species within this complex. Although these methods identified several putative species, these are statistically poorly supported and subsequent random forest analyses using a geometric morphometric leaf shape dataset and several other vegetative characters did not result in the identification of characters that can be used to discriminate these putative species morphologically. Furthermore, the results of principal component and principal coordinates analyses of these data suggest the absence of morphological discontinuities within the species complex. Under a unified species concept that uses phylogenetic and morphological distinction as operational criteria for species recognition, we therefore conclude that the currently available data do not support recognizing multiple species in the T. loheri s. l. complex. This implies that T. loheri is best considered as a single, morphologically variable species when used for studying patterns of genetic diversity and connectivity in the Philippines.
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Magboo, O.P., Cecilio Vladimir. "Lucio Gutierrez, O.P. and the Study of the Christianization of the Philippines". Philippiniana Sacra 51, n.º 153 (2016): 403–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.55997/ps2005li153a4.
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Fr. Lucio Peña Gutierrez, O.P. may be considered as having contributed significantly in the field of studies in the Ecclesiastical History of the Philippines and Philippine history in general. As a dedicated scholar, he campaigned for a more fair and objective view of the Philippine History. His studies tried to dispel a number of myths in the way the Spaniards carried out the evangelization and conquest of the Philippine Islands. He has shown that the experience of the Philippines is unique and the transformation of such scattered group of islands into a Christian nation could be considered one great success story for the Catholic Church. Anyone who would read Philippine history has to keep in mind Christian spirit that imbued the missionaries and secular rulers from Spain. To say, for instance, that the friars were the ones who destroyed the indigenous culture of the Filipinos and prior to their arrival was bliss in these Islands is anachronistic, ideology based and disprovable by evidences and documents. It is actually faith that preserved the Filipino culture and saved its people. His book on the life and works of Domingo de Salazar, the first bishop of the Philippines, is a tell tale of how the Spaniards who came into contact with the natives, labored meticulously to make their affair in the Philippines humane and true to the spirit of the Gospel. The challenge then is to make the many veiled aspects of Philippine Church history popular, and those popularly known, which are close to fictional, be freed from errors.
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Mastura, Ishak. "Geopolitical Games and Malaysian Mediation in the Philippines". Jindal Journal of International Affairs 1, n.º 1 (1 de outubro de 2011): 3–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.54945/jjia.v1i1.4.
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This article assesses the complex strategic environment prevailing in East and Southeast Asia, where a “vacuum war” may be underway between China and the United States, with the southern Philippines as the bone of contention. The author argues that Malaysia is a keystone player in the peace process in Mindanao region of the Philippines and that it has a convergence of interests with the US. Malaysia’s involvement as a peace mediator between the Philippine government and the Moro Islamic rebel movement is driven by Kuala Lumpur’s own territorial agenda and is not necessarily in alignment with the aims of the Philippines itself. The article delves into the various geopolitical calculations of major players in the Philippine conflict and demonstrates how peacemaking diplomacy can open doors for strategic domination by great powers
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Sianipar, Imelda Masni Juniaty. "China – the Philippines relations in the Belt and Road Initiative cooperation framework". Reality of Politics 23, n.º 1 (2023): 68–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.15804/rop2023105.
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This article examines Chinese-Philippine cooperation within the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). This is an intriguing issue because, in 2016, many people predicted that China would exclude the Philippines from the BRI framework due to their dispute over the Scarborough Shoal. Former Philippine President Benigno Aquino III had criticized China’s South China Sea maritime expansion, but Duterte changed the country’s foreign policy in 2016. He followed China’s advice and moved forward, resolving differences between the two countries and developing a healthy bilateral relationship. This article found that the BRI framework is critical in this shift in diplomatic relations. China and the Philippines’ interdependence, as well as the shift in identity from an enemy to a partner, have both contributed to the improvement of China-Philippines relations.
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Rhodora Solar, Anna, e John Matthew Poblete. "The Philippine-US Relations: Living or Leaving the Bandung Spirit?" Global South Review 2, n.º 2 (30 de outubro de 2017): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/globalsouth.28868.
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The Philippines had its own share of colonial past. Just as other Asian and African countries which were under the Western colonizers, the Philippines partook of the momentous event that proposed an alternative to the world order dominated by superpowers—the Bandung Conference. The principles collectively known as Bandung Spirit were embraced by the Philippines and had a clear understanding of its symbolic significance. Yet such understanding of these principles was coupled with compromises on the Philippines relations with the United States. Over the decades, the Philippines had to do a balancing act between its being sovereign, independent state and its recognition of the relevance of its past colonial master—the US. Hence, this raises the question of whether the Philippines is living or leaving the Bandung Spirit. Specifically, this paper assesses whether the Philippines still upholds the same Bandung Spirit in its traditional form or has it given a contemporary understanding of it. The paper argues that the Philippine-US relations remain to be an evident display of US presence in Southeast Asia albeit redefined to blend with the Bandung Spirit.
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MATTHIESSEN, SVEN. "Re-Orienting the Philippines: The KALIBAPI party and the application of Japanese Pan-Asianism, 1942–45". Modern Asian Studies 53, n.º 2 (11 de janeiro de 2019): 560–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x17000294.
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AbstractDuring their occupation of the Philippines from 1942 to 1945, the Japanese invaders aimed at making the archipelago become part of the so-called Greater East Asia Co- Prosperity Sphere (GEACPS, Daitōa kyōeiken)—a self-sustaining economic bloc that should act as a bulwark against Western imperialism. The underlying philosophy of the GEACPS was pan-Asianism (Han Ajia-shugi)—an ideology that propagated the liberation and unity of all Asian peoples. In the Philippines, the Japanese administrators faced various problems with the implementation of this ideology. The strong impact of four centuries under Western colonial rule had created a mindset among many Filipinos that they themselves were Westerners and not Asians. Therefore, one of the main purposes of the new Japanese rulers was to change the attitude of the Philippine population and win the Filipinos over to the concept of the GEACPS. One means to this end was the dissolution of all political parties in the Philippines and replacing them with the Kapisanan sa Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI: lit., ‘Association for Service to the New Philippines’). The Japanese wanted to turn this association into a mass organization with the ultimate goal to create a mass movement towards the establishment of the ‘New Philippines’ among the population. In this article, I will discuss how the Japanese administrators used the KALIBAPI to adopt their pan-Asianism to Philippine circumstances, but also how the organization exemplifies the ultimate failure of Japanese pan-Asianism in the Philippines.
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Rodríguez, Rebeca Fernández. "Lexicography in the Philippines (1600–1800)". Historiographia Linguistica 41, n.º 1 (10 de junho de 2014): 1–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/hl.41.1.01rod.
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Summary Spanish missionary lexicography in America and the Philippines is extensive and deserving of detailed research. In the Philippines, from 1600 up to 1898, more than fifty vocabularies were published in thirteen different languages. Alongside these are numerous vocabularies preserved only as manuscripts and others that are known to be lost. Following some recent publications on Philippine lexicography, in particular bibliographic surveys and studies of specific vocabularies (García-Medall 2004, 2009; Sueiro Justel 2003; Fernández Rodríguez 2009, 2012), as well as Smith-Stark’s (2009) work on Mexican lexicography, this paper presents a contrastive analysis of the lexicographic styles of seven Philippine vocabularies of five different languages: Tagalog, Visayan, Pampango, Bicol and Ilokano. Through examination of the lexicographic characteristics of the most important vocabularies written in the first two centuries of Spanish presence in the Philippines (1600–1800), the present writer tries to establish the lexicographical models used by the missionaries: whether they followed the existing models (mainly Nebrija, Molina and Calepino) or if they created a novel Philippine model. The authors of these vocabularies were missionaries of different Orders: Augustinian, Dominican, Franciscan, and Jesuits. All these vocabularies are bilingual and bidirectional, with the sole exception of the unidirectional Ilokano vocabulary.
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BEZDĚK, JAN. "Revision of Hoplasoma (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae: Galerucinae) of the Philippines, with descriptions of five new species". Zootaxa 3382, n.º 1 (9 de julho de 2012): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3382.1.1.
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The species of Hoplasoma Jacoby, 1884, of the Philippines are revised. Eight species, including five new, are treated: H.bakeri Bezděk, sp. nov. (Sibuyan), H. konstantinovi Bezděk, sp. nov. (Mindoro), H. magellani Bezděk, sp. nov. (Mind-anao, Sulu, Samar, Panaon), H. mcgregori Bezděk, sp. nov. (Negros), Hoplasoma mindanense Medvedev, 2002 (Mindan-ao), H. philippinense Jacoby, 1894 (Luzon), H. picifemora Allard, 1888 (= H. luzonica Medvedev, 2002, syn. nov.)(Luzon) and H. semperi Bezděk, sp. nov. (“Philippines”). Lectotypes are designated for H. philippinense and H.picifemora. Photographs of the type specimen, male abdomen, female last ventrite and drawings of male genitalia are presented for all the species. A key to the species of the Philippines is provided.
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Eduardo, Jesster P., e Arneil G. Gabriel. "Indigenous Peoples and the Right to Education: The Dumagat Experience in the Provinces of Nueva Ecija and Aurora, in the Philippines". SAGE Open 11, n.º 2 (abril de 2021): 215824402110094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211009491.
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The Philippine historical accounts show that Indigenous Peoples (IPs) in the Philippines have long been suffering from discrimination and lack of access to Education. The IPs comprise about 10% to 20% of the Philippines’s 102.9 million total populations. The Philippine educational system’s neo-colonial background creates injustice on some cultural minorities who can attend school. For this matter, the study measures the perceptions of the Dumagats on their rights to Education. It focuses on the Dumagat communities in the provinces of Nueva Ecija and Aurora in the Philippines. By using the simple binary quantitative tool, the qualitative method of research, the application of Indigenous research methods, and critical pedagogy as analytical lens, the study found that (a) the implementation of the Philippine policies on the rights to Education as reflected on the Indigenous Peoples’ Rights Act (IPRA) of 1997 is more of a tokenism; (b) the enjoyment of the right to Education of IPs is hindered mainly by poverty; (c) English remains the widely used medium of instruction in most IP curricula; and (d) the IPs’ limited knowledge on specific provisions of IPRA related to the access to Education and culture is short of the policy ideals. The above findings necessitate change agents to start a process of pedagogical liberation. The National Commission on Indigenous Peoples (NCIP) personnel and IP teachers can play a vital role as change agents and may act to correct the historical injustices on IPs’ rights and welfare.
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Villegas, Richard Ryan. "The Advent, Evolution Termination of the 1947 Military Bases Agreement and Its Influences to Philippine Military Foreign Policy". Research Probe 2, n.º 1 (15 de abril de 2022): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.53378/352882.
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The history of the Military Bases Agreement (MBA) between the US and the Philippines brings a dynamic view of Philippine foreign policy. The Philippine foreign policy has to change to respond to the changing needs of the changing times. Among the areas of foreign policy that is very significant is the military aspect as it provides social, economic advantages. This study aims to provide a historical overview of the MBA and its implication towards the adoption of a military foreign policy of the Philippines from 1947-1991. Explanations on how the MBA has shaped the Philippine foreign policies from 1947-1991 were provided. This historical study utilized the descriptive-analytical-narrative method and theory of military dependency. The following are the major findings of the study: 1) The Cold War between the US and the Soviet Union became a major factor in the establishment of military bases in the Philippines; 2) The massive task of rebuilding a war-devastated nation was aided by extensive American assistance. However, the Philippines faced a major problem of Communist insurgency dominated by the Hukbong Mapagpalaya sa Bayan (HMB) guerrillas; 3) The MBA had undergone several amendments during the administrations of Manuel A. Roxas to Corazon C. Aquino, and; 4) The MBA paved way for the signing of more recent military agreements such as the the Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement (EDCA).
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Saguil, Esther, Amiel Nazer Bermudez, Carl Abelardo Antonio e Kim Cochon. "Consensus Recommendations on the Prevention and Management of Surgical Site Infections (SSI) in the Philippine Setting". Philippine Journal of Surgical Specialties 72, n.º 2 (1 de dezembro de 2017): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.61662/pcs_lpwy9819.
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Over the years, strategies in the prevention and management of surgical site infections (SSI) of patients in the Philippines have never been standardized. Several guidelines released by international foreign bodies have been found to be either conflicting or inappropriate for adaptation in the local context. To address these issues, the Philippine College of Surgeons (PCS), in collaboration with the Philippine Hospital Infection Control Society (PHICS), Philippine Hospital Infection Control Nurses Association (PHICNA) and Operating Room Nurses Association of the Philippines, Inc. (ORNAP), initiated the development and adaptation of country-specific SSI guidelines in 2017. The new recommendations are based on the latest clinical practice guidelines released for the past five years and consensus by a panel of experts in the Philippines, through the assistance of a guideline development team engaged by PCS. Thirty-six (36) recommendations on different aspects of care were outlined. Implementation of an SSI surveillance program was also advised for health facilities. The new guidelines are intended to serve as the local benchmark for the prevention and management of SSI for surgeons and practitioners, taking into account their situation and experience in the Philippines. It is expected to improve the standard of care provided by health facilities and contribute to the reduction of the prevalence and incidence of SSI in the country. Key words: Surgical site infection, surgical wound infection, postoperative wound infection, infection control
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Angeles, Vivienne S. M. "The Middle East and the Philippines: Transnational Linkages, Labor Migration and the Remaking of Philippine Islam". Comparative Islamic Studies 7, n.º 1-2 (20 de setembro de 2012): 157–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/cis.v7i1-2.157.
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In this article, Angeles explains how historically Islam in the Philippines has been identified as a religion of ethnic groups that are concentrated in the southern part of the country. Yet Islam in the Philippines has now transcended ethnic boundaries with the increasing number of Filipino Catholics converting to Islam. The author describes how labor migration to the Middle East has led to changes in the composition of Muslims in the Philippines, which in turn has resulted in the growing plural nature of Philippine Islam. This change is demonstrated by the growth of the Balik Islam (converts/ “reverts” to Islam) movement in the country and the changing material culture of the religion (Islamic dress, mosque architecture). Angeles traces the historical development of Philippine labor migration to the Middle East, explores the linkage between labor migration and conversion, and then studies the composition, purposes and aims of the Balik Islam movements that are linked to labor migration. She goes on to analyze the patterns that emerge out of these movements and their implications for Philippine Islam.
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Lipski, John M. "On the Reduction of /S/ in Philippine Creole Spanish". Diachronica 3, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1986): 43–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.3.1.04lip.
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SUMMARY Philippine Creole Spanish ('Chabacano') continues to be spoken in several areas of the Philippines and offers a useful perspective on the development of Spanish during the 17th and 18th centuries. The present study traces the development of syllable-final /s/ in Chabacano, using a variational model. A comparative investigation of the principal Chabacano dialects, those of Manila Bay (the original forms) and the dialect of Zamboanga (a later transplantation, partially decreolized) reveals the continued existence of a process of reduction of implosive /s/. By including additional data on the behavior of /s/ in comptemp-orary dialects of Spain, Mexico, and Latin America, it is possible to arrive at the conclusion that Philippine Creole Spanish is a legitimate tool in historical Hispanic dialectology, and that the reduction of /s/ most probably was well under way at least by the middle of the 17th century, in the Spanish dialects brought to the Philippines via Mexico. RÉSUMÉ Le creole espagnol des Philippines (le 'Chabacano') est encore parlé dans certaines régions de ce pays; il offre une perspective utile sur le développement de l'espagnol pendant les XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles. Le présent travail retrace le développement du /s/ dans la position finale d'une syllabe en Chabacano en se servant d'un modèle 'variation-nel'. Une étude comparative des dialectes principaux du Chabacano, à savoir ceux de la Baie Manila (les formes originales) et celui de Zamboanga (une transplantation ultérieure, partiellement décréolosée), laisse voir l'existence continue d'un procès de réduction de l'implo-ive /s/. En incluant des données additionnelles sur le comportement du /s/ dans les dialectes contemporains de l'Espagne, du Mexique et de l'Amérique latine, il est possible d'arriver à la conclusion que le creole historique hispanique et que la réduction du /s/ fut probablement en cours au moins vers le milieu du XVIIe siècle dans les dialectes espagnols apportés aux Philippines via le Mexique. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Das spanische Kreol der Philippinen (das sog. 'Chabacano') wird noch heute in verschiedenen Gegenden des Landes gesprochen; es bietet uns eine nützliche Perspektive zur Entwicklung des Spanischen wahrend des 17. und des 18. Jahrhunderts. Die vorliegende Arbeit, auf einem Variationsmodell aufbauend, untersucht die Entwicklung des /s/ in Endsylbenstellung. Eine vergleichende Studie der hauptsachlichen Chabaca-no-Dialekte, vor allem der Bucht von Manila (die die Originalformen vorweisen) und die von Zamboanga (die eine spatere Verpflanzung, die darüberhinaus teilweise entkreolisiert worden sind, darstellen), zeigen das kontinuierliche Vorhandensein eines Reduktionsprozesses des implosiven /s/. Durch Hinzunahme weiterer Daten bezüglich des Verhal tens des /s/ in Dialekten der Gegenwart in Spanien, Mexiko und Lateinameri-ka ist es möglich zum Schluß zu kommen, daß das spanische Kreol der Philippinen ein legitimes Werkzeug der historischen Dialektologie des Hispanischen ist,und ebenfalls, daß die Reduktion des /s/ höchstwahr-scheinlich spatestens in der Mitte des 17. Jahrhunderts schon im Gange war, als die spanischen Dialekte iiber Mexiko nach den Philippinen transportiert wurden.
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Immerwahr, Daniel. "Philippine Independence in U.S. History". Pacific Historical Review 91, n.º 2 (2022): 220–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2022.91.2.220.
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In 1946, the United States freed its largest colony, the Philippines. This article examines the decision-making behind that and argues that the road to freedom was not straight. The 1934 law scheduling independence was motivated mainly by protectionism, racism, and a sense that the Philippines was a military liability. Moreover, it contained many loopholes. Between its passage and the scheduled date for independence, Washington’s original reasons for freeing the Philippines had nearly all vanished, and high-ranking colonial officials sought to derail the independence process. Nevertheless, the Philippines was freed, because Washington regarded this act as central to its attempts to legitimize the postwar world order. Putting Philippine independence in the proper chronological context connects it to the history of decolonization and U.S. global hegemony.
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Untalan, M. Z. G., D. F. M. Burgos e K. P. Martinez. "SPECIES DISTRIBUTION MODELLING OF TWO SPECIES ENDEMIC TO THE PHILIPPINES TO SHOW THE APPLICABILITY OF MAXENT". ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLII-4/W19 (23 de dezembro de 2019): 449–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlii-4-w19-449-2019.
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Abstract. Maxent is a machine learning model used for species distribution modelling (SDM) that is rising in popularity. As with any species distribution model, it needs to be validated for certain species before being used to generate insights and trusted predictions. Using Maxent, SDM of two endemic species in the Philippines, Varanus palawanensis (Palawan monitor lizard) and Caprimulgus manillensis (Philippine nightjar), were created using presence-only data, with 14 V. palawanensis and 771 C. manillensis occurrences, and 19 bioclimatic variables from BIOCLIM. This study shows the consistency to historical facts of Maxent on two endemic species of the Philippines of varying nature. The applicability of Maxent on the two very different species show that Maxent has high likelihood to give good results for other species. Showing that Maxent is applicable to the species of the Philippines gives additional tools for ecologists and national administrators to lead the development of the Philippines in the direction that conserves the biodiversity of the Philippines and that increases the productivity and quality of life in the Philippines.
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Sanchez, Enrico Gerard S., Emmanuel D. Delocado e Hendrik Freitag. "Two new species of Anacaena Thomson, 1859 (Coleoptera, Hydrophilidae) from Northern Luzon, Philippines". ZooKeys 1112 (12 de julho de 2022): 11–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1112.85752.
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Two species of Anacaena Thomson, 1859, A. angatbuhaysp. nov. and A. auxiliumsp. nov., are described from Northern Luzon, Philippines. The new species can be distinguished through colour, body shape, surface puncturation and characteristic aedeagi. Descriptions are provided and complemented with habitus photographs and drawings of the aedeagi. Data on genus distribution in the Philippines are reviewed and an updated Philippine checklist is provided.
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Terami-Wada, Motoe. "Lt. Shigenobu Mochizuki and the New Philippine Cultural Institute". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 27, n.º 1 (março de 1996): 104–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463400010717.
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This paper illustrates the Japanese cultural policy towards the Philippines through the example of the New Philippine Cultural Institute, an educational institution created by the Japanese military to inculcate the Filipino youth with patriotism and to nurture the future leaders of the “New Philippines”. This organization developed later into a volunteer army which showed determination to fight against the returning U.S. forces.
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Woods, Colleen. "Seditious Crimes and Rebellious Conspiracies: Anti-communism and US Empire in the Philippines". Journal of Contemporary History 53, n.º 1 (9 de janeiro de 2017): 61–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022009416669423.
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This article details how US colonial policymakers and Filipino political elites, intent on fostering a non-revolutionary Philippine nationalism in the late 1920s and 1930s, produced an anti-communist politics aimed at eliminating or delegitimizing radical anti-imperialism. Communist-inspired, anti-imperial activists placed US imperialism in the Philippines within the framework of western imperialism in Asia, thereby challenging the anti-imperial ideology of the US empire. Americans and elite Filipinos met this challenge by repressing radical, anti-imperialist visions of Philippine independence through inter-colonial surveillance and cooperation, increased policing, mass imprisonment, and the outlawing of communist politics in the Philippines.
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Mendoza, Ronald, e Sheena Valenzuela. "Growing the Philippines’ Blue Economy: Policy Challenges and Opportunities". Transactions of the National Academy of Science and Technology 39, n.º 2017 (novembro de 2021): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.57043/transnastphl.2017.1058.
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The "blue economy" is a version of the "green economy" made relevant to our seas and oceans. It is a model of economic development that focuses on the sustainable management and use of natural and other resources in the maritime sector. Given the Philippines' archipelagic nature and distinct resources and comparative advantages in this sector, this paper examines the challenges and opportunities towards growing the Philippines’ blue economy. It argues for the development of an integrated development plan, as well as the institution to catalyze and carry it out, for the entire blue economy. These should recognize and adequately manage rising risks (e.g. geo-political risks in the West Philippine Sea and risks due to climate change) and utilizes opportunities to leverage the marine economy for rapid and inclusive growth (e.g. tourism sector development, sustainable fisheries management and manufacturing and rehabilitation of ships and naval assets). Ultimately, such a strategy could not only help promote inclusive development, it could also help strengthen the country's national security.
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TAMAYO, MAVERICK N., e PETER W. FRITSCH. "Two new endemic species of blueberry (Vaccinium L., Ericaceae) from Luzon and Mindanao islands, Philippines". Phytotaxa 564, n.º 2 (16 de setembro de 2022): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.564.2.1.
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Two new species of Vaccinium from the Philippines are described and illustrated from historical herbarium collections. Vaccinium burburan from Luzon Island, Northern Philippines is morphologically similar to V. tenuipes, but is distinguished by having shorter petioles, pedicels and corolla, adaxially pubescent leaf blades with cordate base, apically pubescent corollas, and pubescent filaments throughout. It is only one of two species of Vaccinium in the Philippines known to have a cordate leaf blade base. Vaccinium burburan is considered critically endangered. Vaccinium jubatum from Mindanao Island, Southern Philippines, is morphologically similar to V. sylvaticum, but is distinguished by having a dentate leaf blade margin, shorter inflorescences and pedicels, a glabrous calyx, and shorter filaments. The dentate leaf blade margin of V. jubatum uniquely distinguishes it from other Philippine Vaccinium species. The conservation status of V. jubatum is considered data deficient. These discoveries further increase the current number of known Vaccinium species in the Philippines to 40.
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Landicho, Leila. "PAFERN: Advancing Philippine Agroforestry Education and Research via Networking". Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development 8, n.º 1 (15 de junho de 2011): 91–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.37801/ajad2011.8.1.6.
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Agroforestry education in the Philippines is already 30 years old. While there was interest among the state colleges and universities to offer various agroforestry education programs in the Philippines, these institutions were faced with a number of issues, development needs, and challenges that hindered program implementation. This article highlights the significant contributions of the Philippine Agroforestry Education and Research Network (PAFERN) in strengthening the quality of agroforestry education in the Philippines. It argues that institutional capacity-building programs of PAFERN made a difference in the current state of agroforestry education in the Philippines. These include building staff capability, establishing learning resources and support facilities, developing institutional linkages, providing access to agroforestry information, and enhancing policy advocacy programs. PAFERN's experiences in strengthening agroforestry education in the Philippines only prove that creative networking and implementation of need-driven capacity-building programs would help advance a specific field or area of concern. PAFERN should continue providing institutional capacitybuilding programs to sustain its relationships, resources, and relevance in a changing world.
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Paller Gerale, Christopher. "Decoding the Duterte Doctrine: Understanding Strategic Changes in Philippine Foreign Policy during Duterte Administration". Global Focus 4, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2024): 4–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21776/ub.jgf.c2024.004.01.1.
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This article employs a sophisticated neoclassical realist framework to conduct a comprehensive analysis of the intricate landscape of Philippine foreign policy under the administration of former Philippine President Rodrigo Roa Duterte, elucidating the contours of the so-called “The Duterte Doctrine”. This encompasses a nuanced exploration of the nation's role as a middle power, focusing on the pillars of national security, economic diplomacy, and the safeguarding of overseas Filipinos. Employing an analytical lens that intricately weaves systemic pressures and domestic imperatives, the study meticulously unravels the historical trajectory of Philippines-USA relations and the evolving dynamics in the Philippines-China relationship. Methodologically, a discerning review of historical events, policy decisions, and diplomatic maneuvers is undertaken to unveil discernible patterns and strategic recalibrations within the nation's foreign policy landscape. The main findings underscore a diplomatic chess game in the Philippines-China relationship, marked by a strategic departure in defense posture with the cessation of joint military exercises with the U.S. Economic diplomacy, encapsulated in the Duterte Doctrine, manifests as a fervent pursuit of diversified economic partnerships, concurrently raising cogent concerns about potential economic dependence. The analysis accentuates the adaptive resilience of Philippine foreign policy in response to the evolving global landscape, thereby substantively contributing to regional stability. As a middle power, the Philippines astutely leverages its agency amid great power competition while assiduously upholding principles of international law and justice, necessitating nuanced and context-specific approaches to maintain a delicate balance between traditional alliances and emerging economic partnerships.
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Dargantes, Alan P., April Hari Wardhana, Jose Alexander C. Abella, Milkesidick R. Sequito, Simon A. Reid, Douglas Bruce Copeman e K. AT Dargantes. "Pathogenicity of Philippine and Indonesian Trypanosoma evansi Isolates in Mice and Their Responses to Trypanocides". Jurnal Ilmu Ternak dan Veteriner 26, n.º 1 (22 de junho de 2021): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14334/jitv.v26i1.2508.
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Pathogenicity of 10 isolates of <em>T. evansi</em> collected from Mindanao, Philippines, and one isolate from East Java, Indonesia was determined and compared. The susceptibility of these isolates against diminazene aceturate, melarsomine dihydrochloride, suramin and quinapyramine sulphate/chloride was also tested. Twenty-five mice were infected intraperitoneally with each isolate and 20 were treated with the 4 drugs (5 mice/drug) while 5 infected and 7 uninfected mice served as infected-untreated and uninfected controls, respectively. Treatment was carried out 24 hours post-infection and parasitemia was monitored for 35 days. Mice infected with Philippine isolates significantly died earlier (5-11 days) than those infected with the Indonesian isolate (14-16 days). The prepatent period for Philippine isolates (3-8 days) was significantly shorter than the Indonesian strain (11-13 days). Trypanosomes were not observed in the blood of mice infected with any of the Philippine isolates when treated with quinapyramine sulphate/chloride, melarsomine dihydrochloride or suramin. Two of 10 mice infected with either C4 or A9 Philippine isolates and treated with diminazene aceturate had parasitemia on days 29 and 31, respectively. It is concluded that isolates of <em>T. evansi</em> from Mindanao, Philippines, are more pathogenic than the isolate from East Java, Indonesia. This study also indicated that quinapyramine sulphate/chloride, melarsomine dihydrochloride and suramin are effective against these <em>T. evansi</em> isolates from Mindanao, Philippines and East Java, Indonesia, while two of the Mindanao isolates are resistant to diminazene. This information is valuable in the enhancement of the control strategy against surra in the Philippines and Indonesia.
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Mendoza, Mikayla, e Andrew Gonzalez. "External Debt and its Impact on Exchange Rates in the Philippines". Journal of Economics, Finance and Accounting Studies 4, n.º 1 (9 de janeiro de 2022): 93–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.32996/jefas.2022.4.1.6.
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The exchange rate is a crucial macroeconomic factor within emerging and transition economies. External debt is a driving force for the growth of an economy. This study then aims to determine the impact of external debt on the exchange rate of the Philippines by examining the impact of external debt accumulation on the Philippines' exchange rates. The researcher applies a correlational time series analysis in order to capture the impact of external debt, debt services on external debt, and foreign reserves on the exchange rate of the Philippines within the period from 1980 to 2019. The relationships between variables based on the developed theoretical framework are analyzed through multiple regression analysis. Empirical results show that external debt and debt services positively impact the exchange rate, while foreign reserves exhibit a negative relationship. The corresponding coefficients indicate that a change in any of the independent variables will cause significant but marginal fluctuations in the exchange rate in the case of the Philippines. The author concludes that external debt encourages the growth of exchange rates in the long run in the case of the Philippines due to its positive relationship. This implies that the Philippine government should aim to focus on more efficient external debt management strategies to enhance the value of the exchange rate of the Philippine Peso relative to other countries. Accordingly, the researcher recommends that the government take the necessary means to reduce the country's external debt to better the economy.
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Odagiri, Takashi, Yoko Matsuzaki, Michiko Okamoto, Akira Suzuki, Mariko Saito, Raita Tamaki, Socorro P. Lupisan, Lydia T. Sombrero, Seiji Hongo e Hitoshi Oshitani. "Isolation and Characterization of Influenza C Viruses in the Philippines and Japan". Journal of Clinical Microbiology 53, n.º 3 (31 de dezembro de 2014): 847–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.02628-14.
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From November 2009 to December 2013 in the Philippines, 15 influenza C viruses were isolated, using MDCK cells, from specimens obtained from children with severe pneumonia and influenza-like illness (ILI). This is the first report of influenza C virus isolation in the Philippines. In addition, from January 2008 to December 2013, 7 influenza C viruses were isolated from specimens that were obtained from children with acute respiratory illness (ARI) in Sendai city, Japan. Antigenic analysis with monoclonal antibodies to the hemagglutinin-esterase (HE) glycoprotein showed that 19 strains (12 from the Philippines and 7 from Japan) were similar to the influenza C virus reference strain C/Sao Paulo/378/82 (SP82). Phylogenetic analysis of the HE gene showed that the strains from the Philippines and Japan formed distinct clusters within an SP82-related lineage. The clusters that included the Philippine and Japanese strains were shown to have diverged from a common ancestor around 1993. In addition, phylogenetic analysis of the internal genes showed that all strains isolated in the Philippines and Japan had emerged through reassortment events. The composition of the internal genes of the Philippine strains was different from that of the Japanese strains, although all strains were classified into an SP82-related lineage by HE gene sequence analysis. These observations suggest that the influenza C viruses analyzed here had emerged through different reassortment events; however, the time and place at which the reassortment events occurred were not determined.
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AHYONG, SHANE T. "New species and new records of stomatopod Crustacea from the Philippines". Zootaxa 793, n.º 1 (24 de dezembro de 2004): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.793.1.1.
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Twenty-one species of stomatopod Crustaceans are reported from Balicasag Island, Philippines, and from various Philippine localities visited by the 1907 1910 Albatross Expedition. Four superfamilies, six families and 15 genera are represented. One new genus and five new species are described: Gonodactyloideus rubrus sp. nov., Lysiosquilla isos sp. nov., Carinosquilla balicasag sp. nov., Cloridina albatrossae sp. nov. and Visaya lira gen. et sp. nov. Previous records of Odontodactylus brevirostris (Miers) and Quollastria imperialis (Manning) (as Oratosquilla imperialis) from the Philippines are based on O. hansensii (Pocock) and Q. capricornae Ahyong, respectively. Nine other previously described species are newly reported from the Philippines. Haptosquilla tuberosa (Pocock), Lysiosquilla sulcirostris Kemp, Lysiosquillina lisa Ahyong & Randall, Lysiosquilloides siamensis Naiyanetr, Faughnia formosae Manning & Chan, Busquilla quadraticauda (Fukuda), Carinosquilla carinata (Ser ne), Erugosquilla grahami Ahyong & Manning, and Quollastria kapala Ahyong are also reported herein. The known Philippine stomatopod fauna is increased from 70 to 85 species. A key to the species of Gonodactyloideus is also provided.
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Salgado, A. E. "DOES ASPLENIUM FALCATUM EXIST IN THE PHILIPPINES?" Edinburgh Journal of Botany 74, n.º 1 (19 de outubro de 2016): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960428616000214.
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Plants commonly known as Asplenium falcatum in the Philippines and other parts of Southeast Asia represent a complex of closely related taxa. Because of the great variability of these plants, several names have been proposed over the years to refer to members of this complex in the Philippines. The name Asplenium falcatum has been used erroneously for superficially similar Philippine plants, which should be named Asplenium oxyphyllum Kunze.
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Rappa, Antonio L. "Democracy in the Philippines". BOHR International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research 2, n.º 1 (2023): 261–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.54646/bijsshr.2023.59.
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Democracy in the Philippines is a superficial form of government. On the surface, the Philippines’s democracy has a popularly elected president who is both the Head of Government (HOG) and the Head of State (HOS). Chief executive and commander in chief are two phrases that are commonly used to describe the President of the Republic of the Philippines. The paper explains why liberal democracy poses a problem for Southeast Asian states in late modernity. It uses a seven-question democratic framework to determine the existence of democracy in Southeast Asia.
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Yu Jose, Lydia N. "The Koreans in Second World War Philippines: Rumour and history". Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 43, n.º 2 (20 de abril de 2012): 324–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463412000082.
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‘Mas malupit ang mga Koreano kaysa mga Hapon’ is a rumour about Koreans in Second World War Philippines that has persisted to this day. A comparative, quantitative statement, it is roughly translated as ‘The Koreans committed more atrocities than the Japanese in Second World War Philippines’. This is a half-true memory: true, there were Koreans in the Philippines; false, they could not have committed more atrocities than the Japanese because there were very few of them, as archival evidence discussed in this article proves. If only the Koreans and their role in the war were properly discussed in Philippine textbooks, this rumour would not have persisted to this day.
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Villasis, James Gregory Alcaraz. "Public Policy Defense and the Arbitrability of Competition Disputes Under the Philippine Arbitration Regime". Sriwijaya Law Review 4, n.º 1 (31 de janeiro de 2020): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.28946/slrev.vol4.iss2.294.pp79-90.
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The arbitrability of anti-competition disputes in the Philippines remains to be tested. It is since the Philippine Competition Act is relatively at its infancy, and cases are yet to be brought before the courts. This area entails much complexity considering that competition disputes are by nature imbued with public policy concerns, a mandatory exception for arbitration. This paper aims to examine the arbitrability of competition disputes under the Philippine domestic arbitration regime. After conducting an examination of cases and literature both in the Philippines and abroad, the paper argues that the Philippines may consider the US and French positions as to the arbitrability of competition disputes despite the presence of various public policy concerns. The public policy issues should only be taken into consideration when an arbitral award is brought before judicial bodies for recognition and enforcement and should not bar domestic arbitral bodies from taking cognizance of these disputes. It is to accommodate the state policy regarding alternative means of settling disputes such as arbitration in rendering speedy administration of justice. Whenever an award is granted, the same will be subject to court's intervention for recognition with due respect to the public policy concerns. In so doing, arbitration is being promoted without sacrificing the competition law policy of the Philippines.
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Altomonte, John Charles, e Hannah Sofia Guinto. "How can microgrids help the Philippines’ energy transition? Adapting the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) framework for microgrid development". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 997, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2022): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/997/1/012012.
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Abstract The Philippine energy sector remains plagued with issues of energy security, high electricity costs, and vulnerable grid infrastructure. This paper argues for the increased uptake of microgrids as a solution for these issues, using the Institutional Analysis and Development (IAD) Framework as a guide for microgrid policy. We begin this paper with an analysis of existing energy policies in the Philippines, highlighting a lacking integrated approach for energy security. The main discussion explores the IAD framework for microgrid development in the Philippines, identifying key barriers and dynamics among institutions and actors in the local energy sector. We then conclude with policy implications for adopting microgrids for the Philippine energy landscape.
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Abella, Manolo I. "Labor Mobility, Trade and Structural Change: The Philippine Experience". Asian and Pacific Migration Journal 2, n.º 3 (setembro de 1993): 249–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/011719689300200302.
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This article addresses three questions: (1) Is the high rate of emigration of labor from the Philippines related to the country's trade policy? (2) Why have migration and accompanying remittances not made much of an impact on the growth and structure of the Philippine economy? (3) Would economic growth and structural change eventually curtail labor emigration? The Philippines' history of labor export and its economic development are contrasted with those of Asian NIEs which have adopted liberal trade regimes. Structural economic and demographic factors combined with an inward-looking industrialization policy have sustained a strong labor outflow from the Philippines, in contrast to the NIEs which are becoming net importers of labor. In the newly emerging integration of Asian economies, the Philippines must develop exports based on factors other than labor intensity ( e.g., its highly educated workforce) to maintain a competitive edge.
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Hernandez, Carolina. "The Philippines in 2015". Asian Survey 56, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2016): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2016.56.1.115.
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Other than the South China Sea (SCS) disputes, the Philippines in 2015 faced the same conditions as in 1996: keeping a sustainable peace in Mindanao, presidential elections, and a promising economy. The year was capped by the country’s hosting of the Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) Summit. Chinese assertiveness challenged ASEAN’s unity and made closer Philippine ties to Washington and Tokyo an imperative.
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Piscos, James Lotero. "“Humanizing the Indios” Early Spanish missionaries’ struggles for natives’ dignity: Influences and impact in 16th Century Philippines". Bedan Research Journal 7, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2022): 158–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.58870/berj.v7i1.36.
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Spanish conquest in the New World has two sides, evangelization, and colonization. The former was carried by the missionaries who were heavily influenced by Bartolome de Las Casa and Vitoria, while the latter by conquistadores, the defenders of the conquest. Early missionaries fought for the dignity of the Indios where they clashed with the motives of the conquistadores to exploit human resources. The problematic part was they have to work under the Spanish crown where their point of contact was also their area for friction. When they arrived in the Philippines, that social solidarity and dynamics of social relation continued where it became complex due to the involvement of various groups including the natives and their leaders, the religious orders, and most of all the Spanish Royal Court that had the history of having a heart for the Indians. King Philip II created a space for debates within his agenda of social conscience. Using Durkheim’s structuralist-functionalist approach, historical narratives about early missionaries’ struggles for natives’ dignity in the 16th century Philippines were examined. Durkheim’s social solidarity, dynamics of social relations, and his concepts of anomie as disruptions due to dramatic changes and conflicts were utilized as tools to analyze the quest for total well-being. The achievement of sustainable development goals (SDGs) is authenticated in amplifying the value of human dignity, equality, and respect for each individual. With this, the 500 years of Christianity in the Philippines is worth the celebration.ReferencesAbella, G. (1971) From Indio to Filipino and some historical works. Philippine Historical Review. (Vol. 4).Arcilla, J. S. S.J. (1998). The Spanish conquest. Kasaysayan: The story of the Filipino people. (Vol. 3). C & C Offset Printing Co., Ltd.Bernal, R. (1965). “Introduction.” The colonization and conquest of the Philippines by Spain: Some contemporary source documents. Filipiniana Book Guild.Burkholder, M. (1996). “Sepulveda, Juan Gines de.” Encyclopedia of Latin American history and culture. (Vol.5). Edited by Barbara A. Tenenbaum. Macmillan Library Reference.Burkholder, S. (1996). “Vitoria, Francisco de.” Encyclopedia of Latin American history and culture. (Vol.5). Macmillan Library Reference.Tenenbaum, B. (ed). (1996). “Sepulveda Juan Gines de” in Encyclopedia of Latin American history and culture (Vol. 5) Macmillan Library Reference.Cabezon, A. (1964) An introduction to church and state relations according to Francisco Vitoria. University of Sto. Tomas. Cathay Press Ltd. (1971). Spain in the Philippines: From conquest to the revolution.Catholic Bishops’ Conference of the Philippines (CBCP) (2020). Pastoral letter celebrating the 500th Year of Christianity in the Philippines. https://cbcpnews.net/cbcpnews/wp-content/uploads/2021/ 03/500-YOC-CBCP-Pastoral-Statement-Final.pdf.Charles V. (1539) De Indis, Letter of Emperor Charles V to Francisco Vitoria, Toledo.Cushner, N. (1966). The isles of the west: Early Spanish voyages to the Philippines, 1521-1564. Ateneo de Manila Press.Dasmarinas, G. (1591). Account of Encomiendas in Philipinas. Blair, E. and R. (1903) (Vol. 8) (eds. at annots). The Philippine Islands, 1493-1898 Vol.3: Explorations by early navigators, descriptions of the islands and their peoples, their history and records of the catholic missions, as related in contemporaneous books and manuscripts showing the political, economic, commercial and religious conditions of those islands from their earliest conditions with European nations to the close of the nineteenth century. Arthur H Clark. Hereinafter referred to as B and R.De la Costa, H. (1961). 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(1975). “Domingo de Salazar’s struggle for justice and humanization in the conquest of the Philippines.” Philippiniana Sacra 14.Harvard University. (1951). Jurisdictional conflicts in the Philippines during the XVI and XVII.Lavezaris, M. (1569) Letter to Felipe II in B and R (1903) (Vol. 3).Licuanan, V. and Mira J. (1994). The Philippines under Spain: Reproduction of the original spanish documents with english translation (Vol. 5). National Trust for Historic and Cultural Preservation of the Philippines.Lietz, P. (Trans). (1668). Munoz Text of Alcina’s History of the Bisayan Islands. Philippine Studies Program. XXV(74). National Quincentennial Committee (2021). Victory and Humanity. https://nqc.gov.ph/en/resources/victory-and-humanity/Lukes, S. (ed) (2013) The rules of sociological method. Palgrave Macmillan.National Trust for Historic and Cultural Preservation of the Philippines. (1996). The Philippines under Spain: Reproduction of the original Spanish documents with English translation (Vol 6).Piscos, J.L. (2017). Human Rights and Justice Issues in the 16th Century Philippines. Scientia, The international journal on the liberal arts. San Beda College. https://scientia-sanbeda.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/2-piscos.pdfPorras, J.L. (1990). The synod of Manila of 1582. Translated by Barranco, Carballo, Echevarra, Felix, Powell and Syquia. Historical Conservation Society.Munoz, H. (1939). Vitoria and the Conquest of America.Rada. M. (1574) Opinion regarding tributes to the Indians in B and R (1903) (Vol.3).Rafael, V. (2018) Colonial contractions: The making of the modern Philippines, 1565–1946. https://www.academia.edu/ 41715926/Vicente_L_Rafael_Colonial_Contractions_The_ Making_of_the_Modern_Philippines_1565_1946_Oxford_Modern_Asia.Recopilacion de Leyes de los Reynos de las Indias. (1943). Tomo I.Roberts, D. (2021) The church and slavery in Spain. https://www.academia. edu/49685496/THE_CHURCH_AND_SLAVERY_IN_NEW_SPAIN.San Agustin, G. (1998). Conquistas de las Islas Filipinas: 1565-1615. Translated by Luis Antonio Maneru. Bilingual Edition. San Agustin Museum.Schaefer, R. (2013). Sociology matters. McGrawHill.Scott, J.B. (1934) Francisco de Vitoria and his law of nations. Oxford Press.Scott, W.H. (1991). Slavery in the Spanish Philippines. De la Salle University Press.Szaszdi, I. (2019). The “Protector de Indios” in Early Modern Age America. University of Valladolid: Journal on European History of Law, Vol. 10. https://www.academia.edu/43493406/The_Protector_de_Indios_in_early_Modern_Age_America on August 4.United Nations Development Program (2015). 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Treceñe, Jasten Keneth D. "The Digital Transformation Strategies of the Philippines from 1992 to 2022: A Review". Engineering & Technology Review 2, n.º 1 (30 de janeiro de 2021): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.47285/etr.v2i1.66.
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The report begins by looking into the different digital transformation strategies of the Philippines from 1992 to 2022 from the different government databases. The study used the qualitative approach particularly the document analysis of public documents. Six strategic plans were reviewed namely: a) National Information Technology Plan for the 21st Century (1997) 1992 – 1998, b) e-Philippines Strategy Government Information Systems Plan (2000) 1998 – 2001, c) Philippine ICT roadmap 2006 – 2010, d) Philippine Digital Strategy of 2011-2016, e) Philippine e-Government Master plan of 2012, and the current f) Philippine digital transformation strategy 2022. The strategic plans focused on the Information and Communications Technology (ICT) infrastructure development, transforming the government’s operations and policies online, direct digital engagement among citizens, ICT policies and laws, and bridging digital gaps. However, the policy developments of the government should recognize the interconnection between, digital literacy, availability of affordable connectivity, and ICT infrastructures.