Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Phénotypage plante"
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Bastien, Renaud. "Formes et mouvements gravitropiques des tiges végétales : modèle universel et phénotypage". Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00764999.
Texto completo da fonteLarrey, Mathieu. "Analysis of the root system architecture responses to reserves availability in grapevine rootstocks using the Archisimple model". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0448.
Texto completo da fonteImproving the recovery rate of young grafted grapevines in order to limit their future decline in vineyards is a major challenge for nurseries and grape growers. This requires a better understanding of their rooting capacities and the establisment of their root system architecture (RSA) after implantation, in particular in relation to their efficiencies in soil prospection and soil resources capture. Many genetic, physiological or environmental factors modify these processes in grapes. Among them, the nutritional status of the mother plant material could be decisive. The aim of this thesis is to characterize, in young vines mostly under controlled conditions, the influence of the initial availability of carbon and nitrogen reserves on rhizogenesis, growth and plasticity of the morphological traits of the root system for different Vitis rootstock genotypes contrasted in terms of root development. In particular, it will be investigated whether the processes of root emission, elongation and branching are differently affected by the local carbohydrates content and the nature of the graft. These data will also be used to calibrate a first model of root system development for the vine. Such functional-structural root model is a promising way to overcome in situ root phenotyping issues and can serve as a basis for the development of root ideotypes in silico by highlighting the underlying genetic mechanisms and parameters that are most likely influence RSA
Blancon, Justin. "Identification des déterminants génétiques de la tolérance à la sècheresse chez le maïs par l'étude de l'évolution de l'indice foliaire vert au cours du cycle de la plante et le développement d'une méthode de phénotypage innovant". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CLFAC026.
Texto completo da fonteBy the end of the century, climate forecasts predict a decrease in the quantity and regularity of rainfall with an increasing risk of drought in Europe and in many regions of the world. Breeding for more tolerant varieties will be an essential lever to face these future constraints. The main objective of this work is to characterize the genetic determinisms of drought tolerance in maize. To this aim, it is proposed to dissect this complex trait into underlying physiological traits whose genetic determinism is supposed to be simpler. Green Leaf Area Index (GLAI) dynamics throughout the plant cycle, through its major role in light interception, transpiration and CO2 exchange, is a promising secondary trait to identify and better understand the genetic basis of drought tolerance. During this thesis, we developed a high-throughput method for phenotyping maize GLAI dynamics in the field. This method combines UAV multispectral imagery and a simple GLAI model. It makes possible the estimation of the dynamics of GLAI continuously throughout the whole plant cycle with good accuracy, while reducing the phenotyping time twentyfold. This method was used in two well-watered and two water-deficient trials to characterize the GLAI dynamics of 324 lines from a MAGIC population (Multi-parent Advanced Generation Inter-Cross). The estimated dynamics have a high heritability and explain a significant part of grain yield under well-watered and water-stressed conditions. To characterize the genetic basis of GLAI dynamics, three longitudinal GWAS (Genome Wide Association Study) approaches were compared: a univariate two-step approach, a multivariate two-step approach and a random regression one-step approach. These three approaches, combined with the high density of available genotyping data (nearly 8 million markers), have revealed many QTL (Quantitative Trait Loci), some of which were co-localized with yield QTL. Finally, we demonstrated that the GLAI QTL identified in this study could explain nearly 20 % of the grain yield variability observed in a large network of water-stressed experiments. This work provides methods that will enable a better characterization and understanding of the genetic determinisms of GLAI dynamics, a trait that was out of reach in large populations until now. This trait presents all the characteristics required to improve the effectiveness of selection programs under water stress conditions
Heidsieck, Gaetan. "Gestion distribuée de workflows scientifiques pour le phénotypage des plantes à haut débit". Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTS066.
Texto completo da fonteIn many scientific domains, such as bio-science, complex numerical experiments typically require many processing or analysis steps over huge datasets. They can be represented as scientific workflows. These workflows ease the modeling, management, and execution of computational activities linked by data dependencies. As the size of the data processed and the complexity of the computation keep increasing, these workflows become data-intensive. In order to execute such workflows within a reasonable timeframe, they need to be deployed in a high-performance distributed computing environment, such as the cloud.Plant phenotyping aims at capturing plant characteristics, such as morphological, topological, phenological features. High-throughput phenotyping (HTP) platforms have emerged to speed up the phenotyping data acquisition in controlled conditions (e.g. greenhouse) or in the field. Such platforms generate terabytes of data used in plant breeding and plant biology to test novel mechanisms. These datasets are stored in different geodistributed sites (data centers). Scientists can use a Scientific Workflow Management System (SWMS) to manage the workflow execution over a multisite cloud.In bio-science, it is common for workflow users to reuse other workflows or data generated by other users. Reusing and re-purposing workflows allow the user to develop new analyses faster. Furthermore, a user may need to execute a workflow many times with different sets of parameters and input data to analyze the impact of some experimental step, represented as a workflow fragment, i.e., a subset of the workflow activities and dependencies. In both cases, some fragments of the workflow may be executed many times, which can be highly resource-consuming and unnecessary long. Workflow re-execution can be avoided by storing the intermediate results of these workflow fragments and reusing them in later executions.In this thesis, we propose an adaptive caching solution for efficient execution of data-intensive workflows in monosite and multisite clouds. By adapting to the variations in tasks’ execution times, our solution can maximize the reuse of intermediate data produced by workflows from multiple users. Our solution is based on a new SWMS architecture that automatically manages the storage and reuse of intermediate data. Cache management is involved during two main steps: workflows preprocessing, to remove all fragments of the workflow that do not need to be executed; and cache provisioning, to decide at runtime which intermediate data should be cached. We propose an adaptive cache provisioning algorithm that deals with the variations in task execution times and the size of data. We evaluated our solution by implementing it in OpenAlea and performing extensive experiments on real data with a complex data-intensive application in plant phenotyping.Our main contributions are i) a SWMS architecture to handle caching and cache-aware scheduling algorithms when executing workflows in both monosite and multisite clouds, ii) a cost model that includes both financial and time costs for both the workflow execution, and the cache management, iii) two cache-aware scheduling algorithms one adapted for monosite and one for multisite cloud, and iv) and an experimental validation on a data-intensive plant phenotyping application
Benoit, Landry. "Imagerie multimodalité appliquée au phénotypage haut-débit des semences et plantules". Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0084.
Texto completo da fonteAlong this work, we have used the potentiality of different modalities of imagery that we apply to the plant domain so as to contribute to the high-throughput phenotyping of seeds and seedlings. We have mainly committed ourselves to the search for answers to two specific and important problematic in this domain. We begin by showing the applicability of visible imaging using an inactinic light and passive thermographic imaging to image the development of seeds and seedlings, a biological phenomenon usually occurring in soil and darkness. We present our contributions to this type of imaging through our contributions to the conception and the realization of a vision system using visible inactinic imaging, whose finality is the realization of individualized automated measurement on the seeds, the seedlings and the organs of the seedlings. This system handle seedling crossing, through the original use of anisotropic diffusion, which allowed us to multiply, without information loss, the output by ten. Furthermore, this system carries out the separation of the organs by means of a generic criterion based on gravitropism. The validation of the image processing algorithms of the vision system use original ways (numerical simulation and test of the influence of the uncertainty through agronomic simulation). Thermographic imaging, which captures the passive heat radiation of objects, allows us to visualize and to measure seeds and seedlings in the darkness. It also allows realizing the segmentation and the tracking of the organs of seedlings. This imaging technology also allowed us to demonstrate the feasibility of a non-destructive determination of sugar quantity in organs of beet seedlings. We then propose a generic methodology that allows the conception of spectrally optimized low-cost sensors, according to determined application tasks. This methodology uses information theory, to extract from, relatively expensive, hyperspectral imaging, the information needed for the conception of the dedicated low-cost sensors. The interest of this methodology for plant phenotyping has been shown and justifies its transfer to the world of research in plant biology
Chenu, Karine. "Variabilité phénotypique de l'architecture de la rosette d'Arabidopsis thaliana en réponse au rayonnement : analyse et modélisation de la réponde de différents génotypes". Montpellier, ENSA, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ENSA0014.
Texto completo da fontePlant development is highly plastic in response to light conditions. In this study, we have investigated how plant architecture is modified by a reduction in incident light in Arabidopsis thaliana. Here we have compared how organogenesis and morphogenesis responses to incident light vary among genotypes and proposed a functionnal-structural model of leaf development that responds to temperature and light. Plants of eight genotypes were grown in a growth chamber under various levels of incident light, characterized in term of spectral and directional components. The amount of light absorbed by the plants was estimated using 3D virtual plants and a radiative balance model. A reduction in incident light decreased leaf area and changed petiole and leaf morphology, without affecting the phyllotaxy and the leaf number. The leaf area reduction resulted from antagonist effects on leaf development processes, namely a decrease in the phytomer initiation rate and in the initial leaf expansion rate, and an increase in the duration of leaf expansion. The two former variables were quantitatively related to the amount of light absorbed by the plant whereas the latter to the light intensity. These relationships were used to compare the genotype responses to incident light. A broad range of responses was observed among genotypes for leaf initiation rate and the duration of leaf expansion. In contrast, the initial expansion rate varied among genotypes but its response to light was stable. The analysis framework established was also used to build a model of simulation that estimates leaf expansion at given temperature and irradiance. To conclude, plants respond in an integrated manner to reduced incident light in such a way to optimise light interception. The relationships identified are proposed as a possible way to analyse phenotypic plasticity of various genotypes of Arabidopsis
Atlan, Anne. "Sexe et hérédité maternelle : évolution de la stérilité-mâle chez Thymus vulgaris L". Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20205.
Texto completo da fonteVasseur, Francois. "Réponses intégrées des plantes aux contraintes hydriques et thermiques : du gène au phénotype chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NSAM0039/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe mechanisms of plant adaptation and evolution are difficult to investigate since environmental constraints have interactive effects on plant phenotypes. Such study requires an integrated approach about the coordination, at different organizational levels, of the plant phenotypic responses to multiple environmental cues. Using the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, we assessed the genetic bases of the integrated responses to two major abiotic constraints that strongly interact in the field: water availability and high temperature. Using powerful tools for the analysis of the phenotype, a large range of traits was measured in many genotypes that differ in their plasticity. We focused on the traits related to plant growth and life history, leaf structure and morphology, and to the acquisition and conservation of resources, specifically water and carbon. After a description of the phenotypic responses and their genetic architecture, the ecological and evolutionary consequences of these responses were evaluated. Specifically, we examined the variations in the functional strategies that are highlighted by phenotypic and genetic covariations. Moreover, the processes responsible of the observed phenotypic responses to environmental constraints were investigated. Strong genetic variability associated to particular genomic regions was identified. Such loci have presumably important influence on the mechanisms of plant adaption to fluctuating environments. Some of these genomic regions have a strong effect on plant performance in stressing conditions, and therefore offer promising avenues for crop improvement facing current global climate change
Madani, Ikram. "Plasticité du système racinaire du blé en condition de carence en N, P ou K révélée par développement d'une méthodologie de phénotypage intégrant les poils absorbants". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Montpellier (2022-....), 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022UMONG059.
Texto completo da fonteLow macroelement availability in most cultivated soils severely limits crop yields in the absence of fertilization. A better understanding of the adaptation of root systems to nutrient-poor soils, and the exploitation of existing genetic diversity in this field, between species and/or varieties, are likely to contribute to the development of new cultivars and new agronomic practices allowing to limit costly and environmentally polluting chemical fertilization inputs. The architecture of the root system and the production of root hairs at the root-soil interface are major determinants of the capacity of the root system to explore the soil and take up nutrient ions. To date, no methodology has been available to phenotype root hairs in a root system considered entirely. In this thesis, I developed a methodology for global, integrative phenotyping of root systems, including root hairs. An original rhizobox-type device was developed, allowing to acquire high resolution images, for which I developed a computerized analysis procedure associating the free software Ilastik for image segmentation, and the softwares WinRHIZOTM and ImageJ for the analysis of global traits characterizing the root development. After validation of the methodology, the root systems of two wheat genotypes, a cultivated emmer wheat cultivar (T.t. dicoccum, cv Escandia), ancestor of durum wheat, and a landrace of durum wheat (T.t. durum, cv Oued Zenati) were compared with each other and with respect to their response to low phosphate (P), nitrogen (N) or potassium (K) availability. In 15-day-old seedlings (roots ca. 30 cm long), N, P or K deficiencies differentially affected plant growth (biomass allocation between roots and leaves, and preferential development of the root system). All three deficiencies were found to result in an increase in the total surface area of the root system, resulting primarily from an increase in the total surface area of root hairs over the entire root system (reflecting an increase in the density and/or length of hairs over the entire system). The rate of increase in total absorptive root hair area was variable between the two varieties and among limiting elements, stronger under N deficiency conditions in the emmer wheat, and P deficiency in the landrace. All the root responses analyzed, including or not the root hairs, revealed a greater developmental plasticity in response to nutrient deficiency in the ancestral variety. A perspective opened by this work would be to compare this plasticity in different wheat varieties recapitulating the domestication and improvement of this species. I also show that the methodology I have developed can be used to phenotype root responses to biotic conditions (presence of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria)
Vilcot, Beate. "Transformation génétique d'Arabidopsis thaliana L. Par Agrobacterium tumefaciens et étude d'un mutant à phénotype Boule". Amiens, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AMIE0101.
Texto completo da fonteMoreau, Delphine. "Réponse du développement et de la croissance de Medicago truncatula aux facteurs environnementaux : contribution à l’élaboration d’outils de phénotypage pour l’analyse de la variabilité génétique associée à la nutrition azotée". Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOS027.
Texto completo da fonteThis work was devoted to the analysis of development and growth of M. Truncatula in response to environmental factors. A prerequisite consisted in establishing a framework for the description and the analysis of the development of the aerial part of the plant. Nitrogen nutrition was then investigated at the level of the whole plant using contrasted conditions of nitrate availability in the nutrient solution and quantity of incident radiation. Results were aggregated into a model simulating the relationships between the establishment of plant leaf area and plant nitrogen uptake. The key variables identified were used as criteria for characterising the phenotypic variability associated to nitrogen nutrition within a recombinant inbred line populations. This approach should provide a relevant basis for identifying quantitative trait loci (QTL) involved in the nitrogen nutrition of M. Truncatula
Xue, Zeyun. "Integration of high-throughput phenotyping and genomics data to explore Arabidopsis natural variation". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASB001.
Texto completo da fonteNitrogen and water are crucial for plant survival as well as for crop yield, however the molecular mechanisms that plants mobilise to respond to Nitrogen (N) or Water (W) deficiency and their combination still remain partly unknown. The interconnections between water status and N availability have drawn much attention. Given their critical importance, it is of great importance to dissect the role of each stress in the combined stress. We here address the question of how mild drought and nitrogen stress responses are integrated and how they impaired rosette growth and plant metabolism. In this thesis, a systematic investigation was performed to understand how the N deficiency and drought conjugate to shape dynamic rosette growth in Arabidopsis. We integrated transcriptome and metabolomic data to draw a holistic view of drought x N-deficiency interactions. Moreover, as a case study, 5 highly divergent accessions were used to investigate how genetic components regulate stress responses, in other words, GxWxN interactions. Evaluation of drought, N deficiency and combined stress transcriptomes and metabolomes revealed shared and stress-specific response signatures that were conserved primarily across genotypes, although many more genotype-specific responses also were uncovered. The accession-specific transcriptome adjustments and metabolic profile reflected distinct physiological basal status, such as those of Col-0 and Tsu-0. We also found a subset of stress-responsive genes that are responsible for fine-tuning combined stress response, such as ROXYs, TAR4, NRT2.5, GLN1;4. In addition, we integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic data to construct a multi-omics regulatory network. Two drought stress-responsive metabolites, Raffinose and Myoinositol were highlighted by integrative analysis showing shared N-deficiency patterns in 5 accessions. This study provides molecular resolution of genetic variation in combined stress responses involving interactions between N-deficiency and drought stress and illustrates respective transcriptome and metabolome plasticity. Moreover, large-scale GWA analysis using worldwide populations was conducted to decipher the genetic architecture at the metabolic level and provide links between the metabolomic plasticity and phenotypic diversity behind local adaptation. In addition, this extends our vision of the diversity at the species scale. The comparison of GWA analysis based on regional-scale population and species-wide population also sheds light on how population structure can limit the detection power of GWA analysis
Latron, Mathilde. "Adaptation, régression et expansion en limite d’aire de répartition". Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R025/document.
Texto completo da fonteOngoing global changes may lead to shifts in the geographical range of biological species. Adaptive evolution and phenotypic plasticity will determine these shifts. The demography of the species and their dispersal capacities will also determine their ability to colonize newly favourable habitats. When geographical distributions are shifting, one can expect a variation in life history traits across the geographic range. Indeed, survival, reproduction and dispersal capacity will determine the success or failure of population establishment and persistence. These traits are thus theoretically expected to be maximized on colonization fronts because low recruitment rates, mate limitation and inbreeding depression, among other factors, can lead to population decline, local extinction, or colonization failure. On colonization fronts, we therefore expect to observe an increase in dispersal capacities and self-fertilization rate, advanced phenology, and higher fertility compared to populations located in the central part of the range. On retraction fronts, mate limitation can also drive selection for increased self-fertilization, and worsening habitat conditions can lead to higher investment in survival as compared to central populations. Understanding the evolution of life history traits in relation to species range dynamics is therefore essential to better understand the future evolution of biodiversity in the Anthropocene. In this context, spatial variations of life history traits were characterized for four plant species that show expansion or retraction fronts in northern France: Miner’ lettuce (Claytonia perfoliata), Danish scurvygrass (Cochlearia danica), Rock samphire (Crithmum maritimum) and Dune pansy (Viola tricolor subsp. curtisii). Variations of life history traits were surveyed from the core to the edge of their geographic ranges by using phenotypic measurements in the natural environment and in the common garden and by analysing the spatial genetic structure for a subset of two species. The geographical range dynamics of these focal species were explained by species-specific factors in interaction with their respective environment. Miner’s lettuce and Danish scurvygrass, both expanding in northern France, showed high propagule pressure on their colonization fronts: while Miner’s lettuce exhibited a higher germination rate at the edge of its range, marginal populations of Danish scurvygrass showed an increase in dispersal capacities. Rock samphire, which is expanding northwards, showed no variation in its life history traits along its geographical range. All populations may show a high capacity for successful colonization and analyses of spatial genetic structure indicated large amount of gene flow among populations via long-distance dispersal events of diaspores. Lastly, the retracting populations of Dune pansy showed an increase in selfing rate that may provide some reproductive assurance. However, their lower reproductive output could threaten their long-term persistence. Altogether, while each species shows variations in life history traits consistent with theoretical predictions, trait variations appeared to be idiosyncratic. This suggested that no common evolutionary syndrome occurred in expanding or receding range edges and that species' responses mostly depend on their specific biology. These results have therefore important implications relevant to conservation biology and to forecasting of geographical range shifts under rapidly changing environments
Madec, Simon. "Phenotyping wheat structural traits from millimetric resolution RGB imagery in field conditions High-Throughput Phenotyping of Plant Height: Comparing Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and Ground LiDAR Estimates Ear density estimation from high resolution RGB imagery using deep learning technique". Thesis, Avignon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AVIG0707.
Texto completo da fonteGenetic progress is one of the major leverage used to increase food production and satisfy the needs for the increasing human population under global change issues. Selecting or creating the optimal cultivar for a given location is quite challenging considering the very large spatial and temporal variability of the environmental conditions. Field phenotyping, i.e. the quantitative monitoring of crop state variables and canopy functioning, was recognized as the bottleneck to accelerate genetic progress and increase crop yield. This multidisciplinary study develops statistical and image processing methods to estimate the several structural traits of wheat to be applied to crop breeding. Further, this thesis was undertaken in the context of rapid hardware and software technological advancements illustrated by the increasing accessibility to UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle) and UGV (Unmanned Ground Vehicle) platforms, the decreasing cost of processing units (GPUs, cloud computing) and the boom in the development of deep learning algorithms. This manuscript is divided into five chapters: The first chapter introduces the motivation behind the study as well as the current needs for high throughput phenotyping. A state of the art on phenotyping is also achieved by drawing attention to image processing methods and convolutional neural networks. The second chapter presents the development of methodologies for estimating the crop height. The feasibility of two main technologies and platforms were compared and proven: LiDAR mounted on a UGV and RGB (Red Green Blue) images acquired by a UAV. The next two chapters address the problem of estimating the density of wheat ears and stems from spatial high-resolution images. The results show the potential and limitations of deep learning for this application. Emphasis is also put on the study of the different possible acquisition configurations and the throughput of the method. The last chapter summarizes the pipelines developed and draws different perspectives of high throughput phenotyping to replace or supplement in-situ measurements as well as the improvement facilitated by the methods developed
Latron, Mathilde. "Adaptation, régression et expansion en limite d’aire de répartition". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LILUR025.
Texto completo da fonteOngoing global changes may lead to shifts in the geographical range of biological species. Adaptive evolution and phenotypic plasticity will determine these shifts. The demography of the species and their dispersal capacities will also determine their ability to colonize newly favourable habitats. When geographical distributions are shifting, one can expect a variation in life history traits across the geographic range. Indeed, survival, reproduction and dispersal capacity will determine the success or failure of population establishment and persistence. These traits are thus theoretically expected to be maximized on colonization fronts because low recruitment rates, mate limitation and inbreeding depression, among other factors, can lead to population decline, local extinction, or colonization failure. On colonization fronts, we therefore expect to observe an increase in dispersal capacities and self-fertilization rate, advanced phenology, and higher fertility compared to populations located in the central part of the range. On retraction fronts, mate limitation can also drive selection for increased self-fertilization, and worsening habitat conditions can lead to higher investment in survival as compared to central populations. Understanding the evolution of life history traits in relation to species range dynamics is therefore essential to better understand the future evolution of biodiversity in the Anthropocene. In this context, spatial variations of life history traits were characterized for four plant species that show expansion or retraction fronts in northern France: Miner’ lettuce (Claytonia perfoliata), Danish scurvygrass (Cochlearia danica), Rock samphire (Crithmum maritimum) and Dune pansy (Viola tricolor subsp. curtisii). Variations of life history traits were surveyed from the core to the edge of their geographic ranges by using phenotypic measurements in the natural environment and in the common garden and by analysing the spatial genetic structure for a subset of two species. The geographical range dynamics of these focal species were explained by species-specific factors in interaction with their respective environment. Miner’s lettuce and Danish scurvygrass, both expanding in northern France, showed high propagule pressure on their colonization fronts: while Miner’s lettuce exhibited a higher germination rate at the edge of its range, marginal populations of Danish scurvygrass showed an increase in dispersal capacities. Rock samphire, which is expanding northwards, showed no variation in its life history traits along its geographical range. All populations may show a high capacity for successful colonization and analyses of spatial genetic structure indicated large amount of gene flow among populations via long-distance dispersal events of diaspores. Lastly, the retracting populations of Dune pansy showed an increase in selfing rate that may provide some reproductive assurance. However, their lower reproductive output could threaten their long-term persistence. Altogether, while each species shows variations in life history traits consistent with theoretical predictions, trait variations appeared to be idiosyncratic. This suggested that no common evolutionary syndrome occurred in expanding or receding range edges and that species' responses mostly depend on their specific biology. These results have therefore important implications relevant to conservation biology and to forecasting of geographical range shifts under rapidly changing environments
Trémouillaux-Guiller, Jocelyne. "Etude comparative des phénotypes ultrastructuraux et métaboliques d'une population de souches fixées de Choisya Ternata (rutacée) et les lignées clonales en dérivant". Tours, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986TOUR3801.
Texto completo da fonteBody, Mélanie. "Manipulations des végétaux par les organismes endophytes : mécanismes physiologiques, signalisation et conséquences nutritionnelles chez un insecte mineur de feuilles". Thesis, Tours, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013TOUR4054.
Texto completo da fonteEndophytophagous insects, such as stem-boring, gall-forming and leaf-mining insects, live within plant tissues and feed internally. The selective feeding hypothesis states that this life-style presumably provides adaptive advantages for the insect over other external-feeding modes by allowing access to most nutritional tissues while avoiding main plant defensive compounds. This selective feeding behavior can be reinforced by manipulating the plant physiology which has been clearly demonstrated in gallers but also suggested in leaf-miner insects due to the autumnal formation of “green islands” around mining caterpillars in yellow leaves. This study aimed to investigate, under field conditions, the ability of insects to manipulate their host-plant in the Malus domestica / Phyllonorycter blancardella biological system. This insect is highly specialized and entirely develops within a restricted area of a single leaf. We first characterized the plant-insect interface by describing larval mouthparts and leaf anatomy alterations resulting from the insect feeding activity
Al, Hayek Patrick. "Roles of environmental plasticity and adaptation of nurse species from the subalpine and oromediterranean zones of the Pyrenees and the Mount-Lebanon for alpine communities structure". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BORD0164/document.
Texto completo da fonteAlpine cushion plants are foundation species known for their nursingability. Moreover, studies have shown that morphological variation in foundationspecies can trigger variation in competitive effects on subordinate species, likely toaffect community composition. We investigated the consequences of intraspecificvariation within two alpine cushion species (Festuca gautieri and Onobrychis cornuta)across heterogeneous environments in two mountain ranges [the Pyrenees (France)and Mount-Lebanon (Lebanon), respectively] for the associated plant communities(subalpine and oromediterranean, respectively). We assessed with observationaland/or experimental (common-gardens, reciprocal transplantation experiments)approaches the relative contribution of genetics and plasticity to the morphologicalvariation between two cushion phenotypes (tight and loose) of the foundationspecies, and to their differential effects on subordinate species. Communityfeedbacks were also quantified. Our results show that both genetics and plasticitycontributed to the phenotypic variation. The genetic basis of the morphologicaldifferences between phenotypes induced heritable differences in competitive effectson subordinate species, but however counteracted the general increase incompetition with decreasing stress dominantly found in the literature on subalpinesystems. We also found negative feedbacks of subordinates on foundation speciesfitness, with higher cover of subordinate species reducing the cushions flowerproduction. Subordinate species diversity was higher in benign than in stressedenvironmental conditions. Consequently, we concluded that genetic effects overcomethe environmental effects by limiting competition in benign physical conditions, thusmaintaining a higher diversity in benign than stressed conditions
Bordes, Jacques. "Création de lignées haploïdes doublées de maïs par gynogenèse induite in situ : amélioration de la méthode et intégration dans les schémas de sélection". Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00688812.
Texto completo da fontePostic, François. "Test et apports d’outils de phénotypage racinaires directs (imagerie des racines) et indirects (méthode électrique capacitive) pour une utilisation en sélection variétale au champ : application au blé". Thesis, Avignon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AVIG0680/document.
Texto completo da fonteEnsuring the food supply of an increasing world population could be achieved by improvingcrop yields through plant breeding. Due to the climate change and the rarefaction of fossilresources, the root systems of the future wheat cultivars should be adapted to low soilmoisture and low soil fertility. Developing tools for in situ root traits measurements fulfilling the high through put requirement of modern breeding is crucial. For this purpose, anagronomic trial was conducted on wheat cultivars to evaluate the relevance of minirhizotrons and plant electrical impedance on assessing varied rooting architecture.We showed that minirhizotrons provide dynamic and relevant quantifications of deep rootlengths, which was a key factor in crop yield under rainfed conditions. In spite ofunderestimated lengths in the shallow part of the root systems, a volumetric conversion ofminirhizotron data using a depth-of-field criterion, coupled with auger sampling for surfacelayers, allowed fairly estimation root to shoot ratio at different growth stages.We determined the optimal setup of plant impedance measurements by a methodological study performed under laboratory conditions. The application of this optimal set up to an in situ survey showed that the quality of the predictions decreased at later growth stages andunder low soil wetness. The plant impedance was described by an imperfect parallel-platecapacitor mode, where plant tissues acted as the separating medium. Consequently, electrical reactance is a root biomass sensor, but only in surface soil layers at low water content
Monroy, Ata Arcadio. "Installation de plantes pérennes de la zone aride soumises à des contraintes hydriques contrôlées et à des coupes". Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20025.
Texto completo da fonteGalland, Marc. "Identification par des approches phénotypiques, transcriptomiques et bioinformatiques de gènes clés d'Arabidopsis thaliana impliqués dans l'interaction avec la bactérie bénéfique Phyllobacterium brassicacearum STM196". Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20181.
Texto completo da fonteThe presence in the plant rhizosphere of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) leads to an increase of plant growth. However, the plant genetic elements that are required during this beneficial interaction are still largely unknown. A better knowledge of the plant signaling components that are targeted by PGPR would help to improve the use of PGPR in agriculture as it would be possible to select plant varieties more sensitive to the beneficial effect of PGPR. In the LSTM, the team uses a biological model formed by the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana and the PGPR Phyllobacterium brassicacearum STM196 discovered in the rhizosphere of oil-seed rape. With the help of phenotypic, transcriptomics and Bioinformatics approaches, we had the opportunity to discover genetic targets of STM196 in Arabidopsis. The involvement of the F - box protein EBF2 in the root hair elongation triggered by the bacteria has been highlighted. Moreover, we have confirmed a role for ZAT10 and WRKY46 transcription factors in the H202 accumulation and PAL activity repression induced by STM196. Finally, in collaboration with bioinformaticians, we have developed an online tool called "Virtual Lab Book on Arabidopsis" (database and Web interface). In the future, this tool should help in the identification of new genetic targets of STM196 through the meta-analysis of our experiments
Vazquez-Carrasquer, Victor. "Identification and genotypic variability of plant traits early determining nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in winter oilseed rape under low-N inputs". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021UPASB002.
Texto completo da fonteImproving rapeseed yields in a low-Nitrogen (N) agricultural context is a major issue for breeding. It requires a thorough knowledge of the genotypic variation of the processes related to Nitrogen Use Efficiency (NUE, seed yield per unit of N available). This PhD aims at better understanding the ecophysiological processes determining the NUE and its components under low-N availability by identifying and hierarchizing the main traits supporting observed genotypic variation. Six winter oilseed rape genotypes were investigated throughout the crop cycle under semi-controlled conditions and contrasting N-conditions. We proposed NUE_DM (plant dry matter per unit of N available), as a new proxy of NUE at harvest, valid as early as the beginning of stem elongation. This proxy allowed us to dynamically characterize NUE, highlighting NUpE (plant N-amount per unit of N available) as a main contributor of NUE under low-N conditions, which explained up to 80% of the NUE_DM variations before flowering, and more than 30% after. Moreover, NUpE genotypic variability resulted from fine root growth rather than specific N-uptake differences. We developed a whole-plant conceptual modeling framework of carbon and nitrogen absorption and partitioning for winter oilseed rape. This framework, validated up to flowering, highlighted specific carbon assimilation, carbon partitioning between leaves and stems, and fine root ratio as critical traits explaining contrasting genotypic behavior to N-conditions. Our results suggest NUpE and fine root ratio as promising traits for screening larger sets of varieties for NUE breeding purposes
Krzaczkowski, Lucie. "Recherche exploratoire de substances actives en pharmacologie antitumorale à partir des Bryophytes". Toulouse 3, 2008. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/311/.
Texto completo da fonteOver half of the current anticancer agents in clinical use are natural substances or are derived from natural products mainly isolated from higher plants, micro-organisms and marine sources. The present work has focused on Bryophytes, considered as "lower" plants, as a potential source of compounds acting on mitosis. The screening of 237 samples using a phenotypic cell-based assay revealed forty-one extracts disturbing cell division. The bio-guided fractionation of six active extracts failed to isolate or identify the active substances. We showed that, in some cases, contaminants and/or closely associated micro-organisms might be involved in moss extract activity. Seven extracts from mosses displaying intrinsic activity were further studied using a cell viability assay, cell cycle analysis and quantification of abnormalities detected by the phenotypic assay. Three distinct pharmacological patterns, including two unusual phenotypes, have been identified
Picq, Sandrine. "Diversité et évolution chez Vitis vinfera L. de traits impliqués dans le syndrome de domestication et dans la biologie de la reproduction". Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20001.
Texto completo da fonteDomestication is a complex evolutionary process in which, human selection pressures lead to great morphological and physiological changes that allow to differentiate domesticated species from their wild ancestors. Recent archaeobotanical, genetic and genomic studies of various annual crops such as maize (Zea mays L.), rice (Oryza sativa L.) and tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) have significantly advanced our understanding of plant domestication. However, the domestication of perennial plants, particularly fruit trees, remains poorly documented compared to the domestication of annual crop plants.In this framework, this work aims to contribute to the understanding of the domestication process of the emblematic perennial plant, the grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) through the study of diversity and evolution of two major traits of the domestication syndrome: the seed shape and the reproductive system. Our work on seed shape based on the method of the elliptic Fourier transforms revealed significant relationships between seed shape, the taxonomic status (wild – domesticated), the geographic origin of cultivars and their parentage relationships, corroborating former results from genetic analysis. On the other hand, seed shape changes occurred during domestication seem to be linked to the increase of the berry size as the consequence of major human selection pressures. Regarding the transition from diecy to hermaphroditism to diecy operated during domestication, the analysis of sequence polymorphism in the sex locus revealed that domesticated grapevine would be the descendant of wild male individuals able to produce berries. The pattern of diversity of these sequences supports the hypothesis of the occurrence of a major domestication event in the Near East and testify of introgressions of Western European cultivars by local wild grapes
Hébert, Dominique. "Plasticité phénotypique et interaction génotype x milieu chez "Medicago lupulina"". Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20070.
Texto completo da fonteAlber, Annette Veronika. "Phenolic 3-hydroxylases in land plants : biochemical diversity and molecular evolution". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1828/7651.
Texto completo da fonteGraduate
2017-08-31
Laugier, Thierry. "Ecologie de deux phanérogames marines sympatriques "Zostera marina L. " et "Zostera noltii Hornem. " dans l'étang de Thau (Hérault, France)". Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20170.
Texto completo da fonteMasoud, Kinda. "Caractérisation moléculaire et fonctionnelle des protéines GIPs (Gamma-tubulin complex protein 3-Interacting Proteins) d'Arabidopsis thaliana". Thesis, Strasbourg, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013STRAJ011/document.
Texto completo da fonteMicrotubules (MTs) constitute one of the cytoskeletal networks in eukaryotic cells. They are involved in various processes such as cell division, intracellular transport and cell morphogenesis. In higher plants, MTs can be organized into dynamic structures, which undergo continual assembly and disassembly during the cell cycle. This specificity requires the recruitment of the nucleation complexes of the MTs to the nuclear envelope, to the cortex and to pre-existing MTs. The work of A. C. Schmit’s team (IBMP, CNRS, Strasbourg), in which I did my thesis, focuses on the characterization of MT nucleation complexes (γ-TuRCs) and the regulation of mitotic spindle assembly in plants. We have identified small proteins interacting with Gamma-tubulin Complex Protein 3 (GCP) and named GIP1 and GIP2 (GCP3-Interacting Proteins). The aim of these studies was to characterize this new class of proteins in order to understand their role. It shows that GIPs are conserved among eukaryotes and suggests that their association with the γ-TuRC participates in the regulation of their activity and the formation of a robust mitotic spindle. The localization of GIPs during the cell cycle and the phenotypes observed in T-DNA insertional gip1gip2 double mutants indicatethat GIPs are required for the recruitment of γ-TuRCs, MT nucleation, spindle assembly, cell cycle regulation and stem cell maintenance. Likewise, in vitro assays showed that GIP1 is a novel substrate for Aurora kinase1, which is a well known cell cycle regulator. The results of complementation experiments with GIP1 phosphomutants indicate that the phosphorylation of GIPs may be required for their function(s). Altogether, our results have contributed to the characterization of a new class of proteins involved in MT nucleation/organization and functions. The study of the interaction network (interactome) of GIPs and oftheir homologues could open new ways of research in the control of cell division and in the fight against cancer