Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Pesticides"
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Aguilar, Carolina. "Pesticides and pesticide combinations on brain neurochemistry". Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34697.
Texto completo da fontePesticides have been suggested to play a role in the development of many neurodegerative diseases including Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. Additionally, it has been suggested that exposure to pesticides and other environmental chemicals during the early stages of life could result in an increased vulnerability to such substances that could lead to neurotoxicity and degeneration late in life. We hypothesized that exposure to mixtures of certain pesticides could change neurotransmitter levels and cellular oxidative stress and that this would be greater in mice exposed early and later in life than mice exposed only as adults. We studied the effects of permethrin (PR) (a pyrethroid type I) and endosulfan (EN) (an organochlorine) on the levels of catecholamines, indolamines, acetylcholinesterase, lipid peroxidation and α-synuclein in the brain of mice. These pesticides have different structures but both are known to modify the kinetics of voltage-sensitive ion channels and calcium ion flux/homeostasis that could affect the release of several neurotransmitters. The study consisted of two experiments: In the first experiment, adult C57Bl/6 mice (7-9 months old) were injected, intraperitoneally, with the following treatments: EN 4.3, 2.15 mg/kg; PR 150, 15 mg/kg and their mixtures EN 4.3 + PR 150 and EN 2.15 + PR 15 mg/kg. Mice were sacrificed 24 hrs after the last injection. In the second experiment, doses consisted of EN 0.7, 1.4 mg/kg, PR 1.5, 15 mg/kg and their mixtures EN 0.7 + PR 1.5 mg/kg and EN 1.4 + PR 15 mg/kg were given to juvenile mice intraperitoneally daily during a period of two weeks from postnatal day 5 to 19. Mice were then, left undisturbed with their dams. Re-challenge was performed when mice were 7-9 months old and dosages of EN 4.3, 2.15 mg/kg, PR 150, 15 mg/kg and their mixtures, EN 4.3 + PR 150 and EN 2.15 + PR 15 mg/kg were given intraperitoneally every other day during a period of two weeks to match the treatments when pesticide exposure was only as adults. Mice were sacrificed 24 hrs after the last injection.
The corpora striatum was extracted and analyzed by HPLC for catecholamines (dopamine, DOPAC, homovalinic acid and norepinephrine) and indolamines (serotonin and 5-HIAA). In general low doses of permethrin and endosulfan alone and in combination (EN 2.15 + PR 15 mg/kg) altered the levels of catecholamines and indolamines in both studies with adult mice and mice dosed as juveniles and re-challenged as adults. Catecholamine and indolamines levels were affected to a greater extent in the adult mice than in mice dosed as juveniles and re-challenged as adults, when compared to controls.
Acetylcholinesterase was increased under both exposure situations but again adult mice seemed to be more affected than mice dosed as juveniles and re-challenged as adults.
Because reactive oxygen species have been implicated in the development of Parkinson's disease, and are known to cause degradation of certain neurotransmitters, we monitored the levels of lipid peroxides in brain cortex as an indicator of free radical tissue damage. The peroxide levels were measured by thiobarbituric acid reactive products (TBARS). Increased levels of lipid peroxides were significant in the low dose treatment groups of the adult study. However, there seemed to be a pattern between the levels of dopamine and DOPAC in the striatum and the levels of peroxidation in cortex. The presence of dopamine metabolites appeared to be related to high levels of peroxidation within the basal ganglia and up-regulation of proteins such as α-synuclein. Western blots of α-synuclein in both experiments of the study showed intense double and triple bands that corresponded to aggregated α-synuclein. In general, when compared with controls, mice dosed as juveniles and re-challenged as adults did not alter the above parameters as much as mice dosed only as adults. Instead, the mice first dosed as juveniles seemed to develop an adaptation response to the later exposure of these pesticides.
Taking all these results into account, early exposure and re-challenge with permethrin and endosulfan in this study appeared to induce a protective response against neurochemical changes in the brain of these mice. In addition, low doses of these pesticides and the low dose combination mixture seem to exert an effect on the parameters studied.
Therefore, exposure to pesticides such as endosulfan and permethrin and their combinations could make a contribution towards the initiation or aggravation of biochemical neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases.
Master of Science
Woida, Angela E. "Pesticides". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/292163.
Texto completo da fonteMesnage, Robin. "Effets sur la santé d’un pesticide et des OGM à pesticides". Caen, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CAEN2099.
Texto completo da fonteGlyphosate-based herbicides are the most used pesticides worldwide, their use is increasing with GM crops that are designed to tolerate their residues. A review of the scientific literature and of the tests carried out by pesticide companies showed that the health effects assessment of Roundup and GMOs is insufficient. Their long-term effects were never evaluated until we made our own experience. In this study, Roundup and a GMO (NK603) increased the mammary tumors incidence, and also impacted livers and kidneys of rats from low environmental doses. These effects are due to the neglecting of hormonal and sex-specific effects, and of the toxicity of adjuvants which are mistakenly considered inert in pesticide formulations. Ethoxylated adjuvants are 10. 000 times more toxic than glyphosate on human cells, and are thus good candidates to explain the chronic toxic effects of Roundup. We have demonstrated that the neglecting of adjuvants is a general feature of pesticide toxicology. These gaps lead to an under-estimation of the Acceptable Daily Intake of Roundup. Bt toxins are the second most common type of pesticide associated with GMOs. We evidenced their toxicity to human cells, by contrast to all preconceived ideas used in the regulations without scientific evidence of innocuity. All these studies have given rise to heated debates that have revealed how conflicts of interests in the assessment of side effects can lead to health risks
Jia, Zhenquan. "Pesticides and Pesticide Mixtures Induce Neurotoxicity: Potentiation of Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress". Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28381.
Texto completo da fontePh. D.
Kazmierczak, Richard Francis. "Pesticide regulatory actions and the development of pest resistance : a dynamic bioeconomic model /". Diss., This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07132007-143149/.
Texto completo da fonteTsai, Ming-Yi. "The Washington orchard spray drift study : understanding the broader mechanisms of pesticide spray drift /". Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8471.
Texto completo da fonteSantos, Glauco Pilon dos [UNESP]. "Desenvolvimento de sensor biomimético para detecção de resíduos de pesticidas organofosforados e carbamatos em alimentos". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97828.
Texto completo da fonteConselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Enzimas têm sido empregadas na construção de dispositivos para quantificação de substratos por meio de reação catalítica. Tratando-se de moléculas de alto peso molecular e estrutura complexa, tais compostos biológicos podem apresentar instabilidade, além do alto custo de produção. Neste contexto, a utilização de um peptídeo artificial, proposto por estudos de modelagem molecular para mimetizar o sítio ativo da acetilcolinesterase (AChE), foi uma alternativa investigada para o desenvolvimento de metodologia analítica para detectar pesticidas organofosforados e carbamatos, que em sua maioria apresentam mutagenicidade, elevada toxicidade e são inibidores da AChE, essencial na transmissão de impulsos nervosos. O trabalho envolveu a síntese, purificação e caracterização de duas sequências peptídicas, SEQPEP1: NH3+-EHGGPS-COO- e SEQPEP2: NH3+-CEHGGPS-COO-, obtidas por meio de metodologia em fase sólida, que apresentaram índice de pureza acima de 95 %, possibilitando aplicação analítica. À sequência peptídica SEQPEP2, foi inserido o aminoácido cisteína com a finalidade de imobilizá-lo de forma ordenada na superfície de ouro. Os estudos espectrofotométricos demonstraram uma forte interação (K = 4,10 x 105 M-1) do peptídeo com o pesticida diclorvós e a formação de um complexo com absorção máxima em λ = 250 nm. Como suporte para a imobilização do peptídeo, foram utilizados eletrodos de ouro à base de discos compactos graváveis (CD-R) (Au-CDtrodos). As condições experimentais de imobilização do peptídeo foram otimizadas sendo os melhores resultados obtidos com uma concentração de peptídeo de 1 x 10-3 mol L-1 e um tempo de incubação de 1 h à 25 ºC. A estratégia de inserir cisteína para imobilizar o peptídeo indicou recobrimento de 68 % da superfície. Demonstrou-se pelos experimentos a viabilidade...
Enzymes have been used in the construction of devices to quantify substrate by catalytic reaction. The disadvantages of biological materials as instability and high production cost are well known. Therefore, the design and development of artificial oligopeptides as a mimic of the acethylcholinesterase (AChE) binding site, preserving the highly selective biological properties, was the approach used in this study on the development of an analytical methodology for the detection of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, because of their mutagenicity, high toxicity and the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme, which is essential for the transmission of nerve impulses. This work have involved the synthesis, purification and characterization of two peptide sequences, SEQPEP1: NH3+-EHGGPS-COO- and SEQPEP2: NH3+-CEHGGPS-COO-, obtained by solid phase methodology, which have presented a purity degree above 95 %, enabling the analytical application. A cysteine amino acid was added to the peptide sequence SEQPEP2 in order to self assembly it on the gold electrode surface. The spectrophotometric studies have demonstrated a strong interaction (K = 4.10 x 105 M-1) between the peptide and pesticide dichlorvos, and the formation of a complex with absorption maximum at λ = 250 nm. As a support for the immobilization of peptide, were used gold electrodes based on recordable compact discs (CD-R) (Au-CDtrodes). The experimental conditions for the immobilization of the peptide sequence were optimized, being the best results achieved by using a peptide concentration of 1 x 10-3 mol L-1 and an incubation time of 1 h at 25 ºC. The strategy to add a cysteine amino acid for the immobilization of the peptide has indicated a surface recovery of 68 %. The experiments have shown the viability of monitoring the interaction... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Santos, Glauco Pilon dos. "Desenvolvimento de sensor biomimético para detecção de resíduos de pesticidas organofosforados e carbamatos em alimentos /". Araraquara, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97828.
Texto completo da fonteCoorientador: Gustavo Stoppa Garbellini
Banca: Saulo Santesso Garrido
Banca: Wendel Andrade Alves
Resumo: Enzimas têm sido empregadas na construção de dispositivos para quantificação de substratos por meio de reação catalítica. Tratando-se de moléculas de alto peso molecular e estrutura complexa, tais compostos biológicos podem apresentar instabilidade, além do alto custo de produção. Neste contexto, a utilização de um peptídeo artificial, proposto por estudos de modelagem molecular para mimetizar o sítio ativo da acetilcolinesterase (AChE), foi uma alternativa investigada para o desenvolvimento de metodologia analítica para detectar pesticidas organofosforados e carbamatos, que em sua maioria apresentam mutagenicidade, elevada toxicidade e são inibidores da AChE, essencial na transmissão de impulsos nervosos. O trabalho envolveu a síntese, purificação e caracterização de duas sequências peptídicas, SEQPEP1: NH3+-EHGGPS-COO- e SEQPEP2: NH3+-CEHGGPS-COO-, obtidas por meio de metodologia em fase sólida, que apresentaram índice de pureza acima de 95 %, possibilitando aplicação analítica. À sequência peptídica SEQPEP2, foi inserido o aminoácido cisteína com a finalidade de imobilizá-lo de forma ordenada na superfície de ouro. Os estudos espectrofotométricos demonstraram uma forte interação (K = 4,10 x 105 M-1) do peptídeo com o pesticida diclorvós e a formação de um complexo com absorção máxima em λ = 250 nm. Como suporte para a imobilização do peptídeo, foram utilizados eletrodos de ouro à base de discos compactos graváveis (CD-R) (Au-CDtrodos). As condições experimentais de imobilização do peptídeo foram otimizadas sendo os melhores resultados obtidos com uma concentração de peptídeo de 1 x 10-3 mol L-1 e um tempo de incubação de 1 h à 25 ºC. A estratégia de inserir cisteína para imobilizar o peptídeo indicou recobrimento de 68 % da superfície. Demonstrou-se pelos experimentos a viabilidade... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Enzymes have been used in the construction of devices to quantify substrate by catalytic reaction. The disadvantages of biological materials as instability and high production cost are well known. Therefore, the design and development of artificial oligopeptides as a mimic of the acethylcholinesterase (AChE) binding site, preserving the highly selective biological properties, was the approach used in this study on the development of an analytical methodology for the detection of organophosphate and carbamate pesticides, because of their mutagenicity, high toxicity and the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase enzyme, which is essential for the transmission of nerve impulses. This work have involved the synthesis, purification and characterization of two peptide sequences, SEQPEP1: NH3+-EHGGPS-COO- and SEQPEP2: NH3+-CEHGGPS-COO-, obtained by solid phase methodology, which have presented a purity degree above 95 %, enabling the analytical application. A cysteine amino acid was added to the peptide sequence SEQPEP2 in order to self assembly it on the gold electrode surface. The spectrophotometric studies have demonstrated a strong interaction (K = 4.10 x 105 M-1) between the peptide and pesticide dichlorvos, and the formation of a complex with absorption maximum at λ = 250 nm. As a support for the immobilization of peptide, were used gold electrodes based on recordable compact discs (CD-R) (Au-CDtrodes). The experimental conditions for the immobilization of the peptide sequence were optimized, being the best results achieved by using a peptide concentration of 1 x 10-3 mol L-1 and an incubation time of 1 h at 25 ºC. The strategy to add a cysteine amino acid for the immobilization of the peptide has indicated a surface recovery of 68 %. The experiments have shown the viability of monitoring the interaction... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
Rolland, Olivier. "Toxicologie des pesticides systémiques organophosphorés". Paris 5, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA05P034.
Texto completo da fonteBahi, Aya. "Modelling the fate of pesticides in constructed wetlands". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS037.
Texto completo da fontePesticides used to improve the quality of agricultural products are a source of non-point source pollution that affects the quality of water resources and aquatic habitats. Several studies have evidenced that natural (e.g., lakes, ponds, and bogs) or constructed wetlands (e.g., ponds, irrigation reservoirs, and drainage ditches) that intercept agricultural waters can dissipate pesticide contamination. Thus, this thesis aims to study the fate of pesticides in constructed wetlands (ponds). Ponds were originally constructed to store rainwater and agricultural drainage water to provide water for livestock and irrigation. However, several research studies have demonstrated the environmental benefits of ponds. In addition to providing a habitat for living organisms, they can dissipate the concentration of pesticides contained in agricultural waters. When the pesticides remain in the ponds, they undergo a series of physicochemical processes that reduce their concentration. Subsequently, when the ponds are filled, the water is discharged to the surface, and groundwater sources are less pesticide-loaded. Therefore, as a complement to pesticide use regulations, ponds are an effective tool for reducing pesticide transfer to water resources downstream of agricultural plots. Although many studies of the dissipation potential of ponds focus on nitrates and suspended sediments, very little is known about the behavior of pesticides. Furthermore, most studies evaluate a dissipation process individually without focusing on its potential interaction with other processes. Even fewer papers present mathematical formulations for dissipation processes to develop predictive models. The first objective of the thesis is to study and assess the interactions and contribution of multiple physicochemical processes to pesticide dissipation in ponds, as well as their mathematical formulations and main controlling factors. The quantification of the contribution of each process to pesticide dissipation in ponds allowed the construction of primary process hierarchization hypotheses. In the second phase, the findings of this process investigation and the selected mathematical formulations were used to develop a conceptual model of pesticide fate in the ponds. The model integrates the different processes of transport, transfer, and transformation within the main compartments of the ponds (water and sediments) to predict the dynamics of the pesticides. A sensitivity analysis was performed to identify the most involved processes in pesticide dissipation: sorption, transformation by microorganisms, and photolysis. The model was then applied to a typical agricultural pond in a drainage area (Rampillon, France) where pesticides are mostly transported in a dissolved form in the catchment. The application results enabled to display of the temporal distribution of pesticides in the pond and the contribution of each process to the dissipation of pesticides. The model was also applied to another pond (Auradé, France) representing erosive media to characterize pesticides' particle form behavior
Lam, Ding. "An overview of pesticide consumption and management in Hong Kong /". Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22264401.
Texto completo da fonteKaberia, Doris K. "Participatory action research and testing the effectiveness of stinging nettle as a biopesticide in Kenya /". Link to full text, 2007. http://epapers.uwsp.edu/thesis/2007/kaberia.pdf.
Texto completo da fontePascotto, Viviane Mattos [UNESP]. "Influência da mistura de cinco praguicidas em baixas doses sobre o sistema reprodutor de ratas Aprague-Dawley, Wistar e Lewis". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95894.
Texto completo da fonteCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
O presente projeto objetivou investigar os efeitos da combinação, em baixas doses, de cinco praguicidas (dieldrin, dicofol, endosulfan, diclorvos e permetrina) sobre o sistema reprodutor de ratas Sprague-Dawley, Wistar e Lewis. Ratas de cada linhagem, com seis semanas de idade, foram randomizadas em três grupos: GI: controle negativo; GII: praguicidas adicionados à ração em doses de NOEL (mg/Kg/dia) - diclorvos (0,23), dicofol (0,5), dieldrin (0,025); endosulfan (0,7), permetrina (5); GIII: praguicidas adicionados à ração em doses de LOEL (mg/Kg/dia) - diclorvos (2,3), dicofol (2,1), dieldrin (0,05), endosulfan (3,8), permetrina (25). A eutanásia foi realizada entre a 10ª e a 12ª semana experimental, na fase de estro. Os parâmetros de avaliação foram: peso de fígado, útero e ovários; análise histológica qualitativa de fígado, útero e ovários; morfometria do endométrio; avaliação do ciclo estral; dosagem de LH, FSH e progesterona; e contagem de folículos ovarianos. Animais das três linhagens tratados com a LOEL apresentaram toxicidade sistêmica, evidenciada pela diminuição de peso corpóreo e aumento de peso de fígado. A análise qualitativa de útero e ovários, assim como a avaliação do ciclo estral e níveis hormonais não indicaram sinais de toxicidade reprodutiva exercida pelas misturas. A contagem de folículos ovarianos indicou ausência de resposta dose dependente e alta variabilidade entre os animais de mesmo grupo experimental. Desta forma concluímos que, embora os resultados tenham mostrado diminuição de algumas populações foliculares nas doses de NOEL e LOEL, este parâmetro não pode ser utilizado isoladamente como indicativo de toxicidade reprodutiva. Estes achados remetem à necessidade de maiores estudos para o esclarecimento dos efeitos destes compostos nas populações foliculares
This project aimed to investigate the effects of the combination, in low doses, of five pesticides (dieldrin, dicofol, endosulfan, dichlorvos and permethrin) on the reproductive system of Sprague- Dawley, Wistar and Lewis rats. Six-weeks-old rats from each strain were randomized into three groups: GI: negative control; GII: pesticides added to the feed at NOEL doses (mg/kg/day) - dichlorvos (0.23), dicofol (0.5), dieldrin (0.025), endosulfan (0.7), permethrin (5), GIII: pesticides added to the feed at LOEL doses (mg / kg / day) – dichlorvos (2.3), dicofol (2.1), dieldrin (0.05), endosulfan (3.8), permethrin (25). Euthanasia was performed between the 10th and 12th experimental week, in the estrous stage. The evaluation parameters were: weight of liver, uterus and ovaries; qualitative histological analysis of liver, uterus and ovaries; endometrium morphometry; estrous cycle assessment; dosage of LH, FSH and progesterone; and counting of ovarian follicles. Animals from all three strains showed systemic LOEL toxicity, as evidenced by decreased body weight and increased liver weight. Qualitative analysis of the uterus and ovaries, as well as estrous cycle and hormone levels evaluations indicated no signs of reproductive toxicity exerted by the mixtures. Counting of ovarian follicles indicated lack of dose-dependent response and high variability among animals from the same experimental group. Hence, we concluded that, although our results have shown a decrease of some follicular populations at the NOEL and LOEL doses, this parameter can not be used alone as an indicator of reproductive toxicity. These findings underscore the need for more studies to clarify the effects of these compounds on follicular populations
Zamariola, Nathalie [UNESP]. "Resíduos de pesticidas em tecido adiposo associado a órgãos reprodutivos: validação de método analítico e aplicação a animais de experimentação". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97813.
Texto completo da fonteCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
Os pesticidas, quando utilizados de forma adequada, protegem as culturas agrícolas contra danos excessivos causados por pragas e doenças. No entanto, segundo a ANVISA, aproximadamente 29% dos alimentos hortifrutícolas consumidos pela população brasileira apresenta alguma irregularidade quanto aos níveis de resíduos de pesticidas, indicando um uso abusivo e indiscriminado. Tendo em vista a preocupação com a saúde humana, foi proposto um estudo com animais de experimentação (ratos Lewis, Wistar e Sprague-Dawley) para avaliar os efeitos da exposição a misturas de pesticidas em baixas doses, simulando o que ocorre com humanos. Para isso foram escolhidos os pesticidas dicofol, dieldrin, endossulfam e permetrina, que foram encontrados em amostras de alimentos de origem vegetal, coletadas em diversas regiões do país pelo Programa de Análise de Resíduos de Agrotóxicos em Alimentos (PARA) da ANVISA. Dentre os efeitos estudados está a alteração endócrina em fêmeas, que pode afetar o sistema reprodutivo, e como estas moléculas apresentam bioacumulação, o tecido alvo é o adiposo. Considerando-se as baixas concentrações previstas para os analitos, a complexidade da matriz (45% de lipídios) e a pequena massa de amostra disponível (cerca de 2 g por animal), houve a necessidade de desenvolver um método que apresentasse confiabilidade para aplicação a este estudo. O método desenvolvido para extração dos analitos é uma modificação do método QuEChERS. O método consiste basicamente de extração com acetonitrila e posterior extração em fase sólida dispersiva (d-SPE) com PSA e C18. Na avaliação da confiabilidade analítica do método foram incluídos os seguintes parâmetros: seletividade, linearidade, sensibilidade limite de detecção, limite de quantificação, exatidão, precisão e efeito matriz. Todas as amostras...
Os pesticidas, quando utilizados de forma adequada, protegem as culturas agrícolas contra danos excessivos causados por pragas e doenças. No entanto, segundo a ANVISA, aproximadamente 29% dos alimentos hortifrutícolas consumidos pela população brasileira apresenta alguma irregularidade quanto aos níveis de resíduos de pesticidas, indicando um uso abusivo e indiscriminado. Tendo em vista a preocupação com a saúde humana, foi proposto um estudo com animais de experimentação (ratos Lewis, Wistar e Sprague-Dawley) para avaliar os efeitos da exposição a misturas de pesticidas em baixas doses, simulando o que ocorre com humanos. Para isso foram escolhidos os pesticidas dicofol, dieldrin, endossulfam e permetrina, que foram encontrados em amostras de alimentos de origem vegetal, coletadas em diversas regiões do país pelo Programa de Análise de Resíduos de Agrotóxicos em Alimentos (PARA) da ANVISA. Dentre os efeitos estudados está a alteração endócrina em fêmeas, que pode afetar o sistema reprodutivo, e como estas moléculas apresentam bioacumulação, o tecido alvo é o adiposo. Considerando-se as baixas concentrações previstas para os analitos, a complexidade da matriz (45% de lipídios) e a pequena massa de amostra disponível (cerca de 2 g por animal), houve a necessidade de desenvolver um método que apresentasse confiabilidade para aplicação a este estudo. O método desenvolvido para extração dos analitos é uma modificação do método QuEChERS. O método consiste basicamente de extração com acetonitrila e posterior extração em fase sólida dispersiva (d-SPE) com PSA e C18. Na avaliação da confiabilidade analítica do método foram incluídos os seguintes parâmetros: seletividade, linearidade, sensibilidade limite de detecção, limite de quantificação, exatidão, precisão e efeito matriz. Todas as amostras... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Hill, Christopher Julian. "Molecular and phenotypic stress responses of Daphnia magna to selected pesticides and a binary pesticide mixture". Thesis, University of Reading, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.529956.
Texto completo da fontePieters, Barry Johan. "Daphnid population responses to pesticides". [S.l. : Amsterdam : s.n.] ; Universiteit van Amsterdam [Host], 2007. http://dare.uva.nl/document/45997.
Texto completo da fonteKunte, (Lagwankar) S. S. "Studies in analysis of pesticides". Thesis(M.Sc.), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, 1986. http://dspace.ncl.res.in:8080/xmlui/handle/20.500.12252/2206.
Texto completo da fonteSolís, Sánchez Cristina. "Geography of pesticide exposure in the Lower Valley (El Paso County, Texas)". To access this resource online via ProQuest Dissertations and Theses @ UTEP, 2009. http://0-proquest.umi.com.lib.utep.edu/login?COPT=REJTPTU0YmImSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=2515.
Texto completo da fonteGamboa, Nadia. "DDT, a historical review". Revista de Química, 2014. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/100129.
Texto completo da fonteDDT is closely linked to the twentieth century. Its production, use and marketing are now banned because it is a persistent organochlorine pollutant controlled by the Stockholm Convention.
Heppell, Catherine Margaret. "The fate of pesticide in underdrained clay soil". Thesis, University of Oxford, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.670237.
Texto completo da fonteCuster-Walker, Anne M. "Learning styles of extension agents responsible for pesticide re-certification training programs in West Virginia". Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 2004. https://etd.wvu.edu/etd/controller.jsp?moduleName=documentdata&jsp%5FetdId=3340.
Texto completo da fonteTitle from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains ix, 65 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 54-57).
Lohner, Timothy W. "Effects of pH, temperature, and sediment on the aquatic fate and toxicity of selected pesticides /". The Ohio State University, 1987. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487332636474975.
Texto completo da fonteNakamura, Estéfano. "Avaliação das concentrações de pesticidas organoclorados em águas superficiais pela otimização da técnica USAEME". Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/2169.
Texto completo da fonteO presente estudo objetivou a determinação de pesticidas organoclorados (OCP, do inglês Organochlorine Pesticides) em águas superficiais do rio Taquara por meio da otimização da técnica de extração USAEME (do inglês Ultrasound - Assisted Emulsification Microextraction) e análise por Cromatografia Gasosa Acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas (CG-EM). A extração foi otimizada para determinação 16 pesticidas organoclorados simultaneamente (α-BHC, γ-BHC, β-HC, δ-BHC, heptacloro, aldrin, heptacloro epóxido, γ-clordano, endosulfan I, α-clordano, 4,4’-DDE, dieldrin, endrin, endosulfan II, 4,4’-DDD, endrin aldeído, endosulfan sulfato, 4,4’-DDT, endrin cetona e metoxicloro). Para isso, foi proposto um planejamento experimental do tipo DCCR (Delineamento Composto Central Rotacional), no qual foram avaliados os seguintes fatores: volume de solvente extrator (clorofórmio), tempo de agitação manual e tempo de exposição ao ultrassom, no total de 20 ensaios. Dentre as variáveis, o volume de clorofórmio foi o mais significativo para todos os 16 pesticidas, principalmente pelo fato que seu volume influencia diretamente o fator diluição do extrato, sendo o valor ótimo de 122 µL. Para a agitação manual, tempos maiores que 1 segundo, não se apresentaram significativos para o processo de extração. Na etapa do ultrassom, tempos maiores que 14 minutos influenciaram negativamente para a extração, principalmente devido à elevação da temperatura do sistema. O aumento da temperatura acabava provocando uma maior solubilização do clorofórmio na fase aquosa, com isso diminuindo a eficiência da extração. Já o percentual de recuperação, realizada a partir de amostras reais com adição de padrão em três níveis (0,5, 1,0 e 2,0 µg L-1), variaram entre 65,35 a 127,14%, valores considerados adequados por se tratarem de análises ambientais. Os valores dos limites de detecção, LOD (Limit of Detection) e de quantificação, LOQ (Limit of Quantification) variaram de 0,13 à 0,50 e 0,39 à 1,52 µg L-1 respectivamente. Quanto a presença dos OCP nas águas superficiais, verificou-se a presença da série do endosulfan em 78% dos pontos amostrados. Foi apontado a presença do DDT e seus metabólitos DDD e metoxicloro exclusivamente no ponto 3, e nas coletas de maio, junho e novembro apenas. Fatos que reforçam o rótulo de poluentes persistentes, principalmente em relação ao DDT, que mesmo após décadas da sua proibição, ainda são encontrados no ambiente.
The main goal of this study was to determine organochlorine pesticides (OCP) concentrations from Taquara River using optimized USAEME extraction technique ((Ultrasound - Assisted Emulsification Microextraction) and analysis by GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-MassSpectrometry). The extraction process was optimized on the determination of 16 organochlorine pesticides simultaneously (α-BHC, γ-BHC, β-HC, δ-BHC, heptacloro, aldrin, heptacloro epóxido, γ-clordano, endosulfan I, α-clordano, 4,4’-DDE, dieldrin, endrin, endosulfan II, 4,4’-DDD, endrin aldeído, endosulfan sulfato, 4,4’-DDT, endrin cetona e metoxicloro). Therefore, the influence a DCCR design (Delineation Central Composite Rotational) with 20 experiments was proposed, in which the following factors were evaluated: extractor solvent volume (chloroform), manual agitation time and time of ultrasound exposure. Among the factors, solvent volume was the most significant parameter to all 20 pesticides, mainly for the fact that its volume influenced directly the extract dilution factor, with the optimum value 122 µL. For manual agitation, time superior to 1 second were not significant to enhance extraction. For ultrasound assisted phase, time superior to 14 minutes negatively influenced the extraction due to elevation on system temperature. Higher temperatures promote higher solubilization of chloroform in the aqueous phase, diminishing extraction efficiency. Percentage of recovery of the compounds in real samples fortified in three different levels (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 µg L 1) varied from 65,35 to 127,14%, which can be considered adequate for environmental analysis. Limit of Detection (LOD) and Limit of Quantification (LOQ) varied from 0.13 to 0.50 and 0.39 to 1.52 µg L-1, respectively. As for the presence of the OCP in real samples, it was detected the endosulfan family in 78% of the samples. DDT and its metabolites, DDD and metoxiclor, were found, exclusively on site 3, and for May, June and November samples only. Those facts reinforce that even after decades of the prohibition of use of these pesticides, mostly for DDT, they are still found in the environment.
Zheng, Shan-qiang. "Comportement de divers pesticides dans les sols. Application en milieux tropical et méditerranéen". Montpellier 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON13504.
Texto completo da fonteSmith, Edward James. "The fate of pesticides on plants". Thesis, University of York, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.488746.
Texto completo da fonteKhor, Jen Nee. "Oxidation of pesticides in photocatalytic reactors". Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403398.
Texto completo da fonteKah, MeÌlanie. "Behaviour of ionisable pesticides in soils". Thesis, University of York, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.440684.
Texto completo da fonteQuivet, Étienne. "Analyse du comportement environnemental de pesticides". Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10278.
Texto completo da fontePapa, Kassim. "Variabilité de l'effet mitochondrial des pesticides". Aix-Marseille 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX20662.
Texto completo da fonteBaker, Paul B., e Luis Carlo. "Agricultural Fumigation Safety Guide for the Arizona Pesticide Applicator Certification". College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146424.
Texto completo da fonteBouya, Houceine. "Dégradation par voie électrochimique de nitro-benzaldehyde et cyperméthrine et étude cinétique d’oxydation atmosphérique du bupirimate et nitrobenzaldehyde". Thesis, Reims, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REIMS018/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis focused on the study of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC), including pesticides and nitro-aromatics compounds in the two compartments, water and atmosphere. The first part of this work concerns the optimization of the different experimental parameters in order to mineralize two compounds (cypermethrin and of 2-Nitrobenzaldehyd), those parameters are initial concentration of compounds, concentration of the electrolyte support, temperature and the density of the current imposed. This mineralization has been done by a direct oxidation through the electrodes of the tin oxide (SnO2) and Boron Doped Diamond (BDD). The degradation process has been followed by the DCO analyzes and the gas chromatography. It has been shown that the rate of mineralization exceeds 80 % for the cypermethrine compound using BDD electrode. The second part is devoted to study the reactivity of bupirimate in heterogeneous phase using ozone and OH radicals as oxidant. The obtained results show that the rate constant values of the analyte are (1,06 ± 0,87) x 10-12 and (5,4 ± 0,3) x 10-20 (cm3 molecule-1 s-1) relative to heterogeneous OH-oxidation and O3, respectively. Such values implicate tropospheric life-times that vary from a few days to several months, meaning that these compounds are relatively persistent and may be transported to regions far from their point of application. The UV-absorption spectra and homogeneous OH-reactivity of 2-Nitrobenzaldehyde compound in the gas phase are investigated. The kinetic studies have been carried out in an atmospheric chamber coupled to an IR spectrometer. The results obtained indicate that the compound studied is susceptible to photolysis in the atmosphere and he exhibit strong reactivity towards OH-radicals. Generally speaking, the atmospheric life-time of this compound is relatively short, in the order of a few minutes to hours and he is non-persistent. Rate constants present a slight variation with the temperature
Gulamussen, Noor Jehan. "Electrospun sorbents for solid phase extraction (SPE) and colorimetric detection of pesticides". Thesis, Rhodes University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1013241.
Texto completo da fonteCarbo, Leandro [UNESP]. "Ação mitigadora de faixa de contenção em lavouras de algodão sobre a contaminação de recursos hídricos superficiais por resíduos de pesticidas". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105703.
Texto completo da fonteCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)
A contaminação de corpos d'água por pesticidas pode representar uma ameaça significativa para os ecossistemas aquáticos e recursos de água potável. Além das perdas de água e solo, os pesticidas merecem destaque, uma vez que são aplicados na agricultura para atender às necessidades de controlar as populações de pragas e doenças que atacam culturas de interesse agronômico. Quando aplicados, estes compostos podem rapidamente adsorver-se às partículas do solo, e dentre outros fenômenos de transportes, contaminarem os recursos hídricos superficiais por escoamento superficial. Neste sentido, boas práticas de conservação agrícola têm sido recomendadas para reduzir os riscos de contaminação ambiental, dentre elas, tem sido descrito na literatura o uso de faixas de vegetação próximas às margens de rios e córregos de maneira a diminuir a velocidade do escoamento e, conseqüentemente, o transporte de pesticidas para o ambiente aquático. Desta forma, neste trabalho foi avaliada a ação mitigadora de uma faixa de vegetação em lavouras de algodão sobre a contaminação de recursos hídricos superficiais por resíduos de pesticidas. O estudo do efeito da faixa de contenção foi desenvolvido em uma propriedade cotonícola às margens do Córrego Chico Nunes, região de Primavera do Leste, Mato Grosso. Foram delimitadas duas parcelas experimentais numa vertente, sendo uma de 10 metros do capim Brachiaria decumbes, como faixa de contenção. No final de cada parcela, foram instalados coletores de escoamento superficial (água e sedimento), que eram transportados para caixas menores, no qual foi determinada a quantidade de água e solo perdidos, e coletadas três amostras representativas para análise dos resíduos de pesticidas aplicados na lavoura de algodão (metomil, carbofurano, diurom, malationa, metolacloro e endosulfam total)...
The contamination of water bodies by pesticides can pose a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems and drinking water resources. In addition to the loss of water and soil, pesticides are worth mentioning, since they are applied to control the population of pests and diseases in cropping areas. When applied, pesticides can rapidly be adsorbed to soil particles or contaminate surface water by runoff processes. In this way, good agricultural conservation practices have been recommended to reduce the risk of environmental contamination, as for example, the use of vegetative filter strip near to the banks of the rivers and streams in order to reduce the water flow and the transport of pesticides to the aquatic environment. Thus, this study evaluated the mitigation action of a vegetation filter strip in cotton crops on the contamination of surface water resources by pesticides. The buffer zone study was developed in a private property near of Chico Nunes Creek banks, region of Primavera do Leste, Mato Grosso. We delimited two plots (40 m long x 10 m wide) on a slope, one comprising of 10 meters of Brachiaria decumbes as a vegetative filter strip. At the end of each plot, runoff collectors (water and sediment) were installed, that were transported to smaller boxes where the amount of water and soil losses were determined. Three representative samples were collected for the analysis of residues of pesticides used in farming cotton (methomyl, carbofuran, diuron, malathion, metolachlor and total endosulfan). The study of the buffer zone efficiency was performed in two periods, 2005/2006 and 2006/2007 season, to check the behavior between application and detection of pesticides in the plots. Water samples and sediment were collected when natural rainfall events occurred in sufficient quantity to cause runoff. The sampling in 2005/2006 period was made between... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Soares, Dayane Fonseca [UNESP]. "Validação de metodologias de extração e quantificação de pesticidas, diuron, clorpirifós e metil paration em águas subterrâneas em região de cultura de soja, utilizando QuEChERS/HPLC-UV". Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/115947.
Texto completo da fonteOs pesticidas são substâncias utilizadas no controle de doenças e pragas de plantas. O aumento na produção agrícola ocasionou o uso excessivo de pesticidas nas lavouras, o que tem sido considerado uma importante fonte de contaminação do solo e da água. Estudos realizados no Estado do Mato Grosso apontam resíduos de pesticidas encontrados em solo, águas superficiais e subterrâneas em alguns de seus municípios. Diante deste cenário há uma preocupação quanto à presença destes compostos nos recursos hídricos, pois podem contaminar lençóis freáticos, causando diversos tipos de doenças na população. Assim o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um estudo no sentido de identificar e quantificar o nível de contaminação de águas subterrâneas por resíduos dos pesticidas diuron, metil paration e clorpirifós empregados em cultura de soja em uma pequena região da Bacia Sedimentar do Parecis-MT. Foi feito um levantamento dos pesticidas empregados na cultura de soja, onde 43,8% pertencem às classes I e II da classificação toxicológica e 45,6% pertencem às classes I e II da classificação ambiental. A partir deste levantamento foram selecionados os pesticidas para estudo baseando-se nas propriedades físico-químicas, índice GUS e critérios de Goss, permitindo realizar uma análise preliminar do potencial de contaminação de águas subterrâneas por resíduos de pesticidas. A metodologia de análise foi avaliada para a determinação dos princípios ativos por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência/Detector Ultravioleta (CLAE/UV). Os procedimentos experimentais envolveram a extração dos analitos em amostras de água empregando o método QuEChERS. O método foi avaliado em quatro níveis de fortificação (n = 4), considerando os parâmetros de seletividade, linearidade, efeito matriz, exatidão, precisão, limite de detecção e limite de quantificação. Estes compostos...
Pesticides are substances used to control pests and diseases of plants. The increase in agricultural production caused the excessive use of pesticides on crops, what has been considered an important source of contamination of soil and water. Studies conducted in the State of Mato Grosso point pesticide residues found in soil, surface water and groundwater in some of its municipalities. In this scenario there is concern about the presence of these compounds in water, they can contaminate groundwater, causing different types of diseases in the population. Thus the aim of this study was to conduct a study to identify and quantify the level of groundwater contamination by pesticide residues diuron, parathion-methyl and chlorpyrifos employees under soybean in a small region of Sedimentary Basin Parecis-MT. A survey of pesticides used in soybean, where 43.8% belong to class I and II of the toxicological classification and 45.6% belong to class I and II environmental classification was done. From this survey were selected pesticides for study based on the physicochemical properties, GUS index and criteria Goss, allowing to perform a preliminary analysis of the potential for groundwater contamination by pesticides. The analysis methodology was evaluated for the determination of active ingredients for High Efficiency Liquid Chromatography/Ultraviolet detector (HPLC / UV). The experimental procedures involved the extraction of analytes in water samples using QuEChERS method. The method was evaluated in four fortification levels (n = 4), considering the parameters of selectivity, linearity, matrix effect, accuracy, precision, limit of detection and limit of quantification. These compounds showed average recovery values between 53 and 108% and coefficients of variation below 15%. Six points of collecting water samples from wells in the nearby areas of soybean production during the 2012/2013 harvest urban area...
Chiquetti, Samanta Cristina. "Eficiencia da triplice lavagem em unidades de recebimento de embalagens de agrotoxicos". [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/258152.
Texto completo da fonteDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo
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Resumo: Os agrotóxicos têm sido usados na agricultura, mundialmente, para proteger as plantações e solos do ataque de pragas. As formulações de agrotóxicos devem ser acondicionadas em embalagens seguras e adequadas a cada tipo de produto. Após o uso da formulação, as embalagens vazias, contaminadas com resíduo de agrotóxicos, devem ser descartadas de maneira correta e segura, sendo a forma recomendada, no Brasil, a tríplice lavagem. Neste trabalho foi avaliada a eficiência da tríplice lavagem realizada em embalagens de agrotóxicos enviadas à Central de Recebimento de Embalagens Vazias, em Piracicaba, São Paulo, através da análise dos quatro ingredientes ativos mais comercializados nesta região: glifosato, MSMA, ametrina e tebutiurom. Foram analisadas, 75 embalagens de glifosato, 72 de MSMA, 70 de ametrina e 104 de tebutiurom. Os resultados demonstraram que 34,67 % das embalagens com glifosato, 58,33 % das com MSMA, 75,71 % das com ametrina e 73,07 % das com tebutiurom estavam em não conformidade com a norma vigente, ou seja, com um resíduo remanescente acima de 0,01 %. Concluiu-se que as embalagens analisadas apresentaram elevada percentagem dos princípios ativos, indicando que as tríplices lavagens foram executadas em desacordo à forma recomendada
Abstract: Pesticide formulations have been used in agriculture worldwide to protect the crops and soils from the attack of any pest. These formulations must be stored in safe containers proper to each kind of product. After use, the empty containers contaminated with pesticide residues must be disposed correctly and safely by triple rinse, the technical legislation recommended in Brazil. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficiency of the triple rinse in empty pesticide containers that had been sent to the Collection site in Piracicaba region, São Paulo, through the analysis of the four main active ingredients traded in this region: gliphosate, MSMA, amethrin and tebuthiuron. In total, 75 gliphosate containers, 72 MSMA containers, 70 amethrin containers and 104 tebuthiuron containers were examined. The results were 34,67 % of the tebuthiuron containers, 58,33% of the MSMA containers, 75,71 % of the amethrin containers and 73,07 % of the tebuthiuron containers examined presented non-conformity with the actual technical legislation, that is, with residues above 0,01 %. This study concluded that the containers examined presented a high per cent of residue and that the triple rinse has not been executed according to the recommended technical legislation
Mestrado
Saneamento e Ambiente
Mestre em Engenharia Civil
Moretto, Jéssica Aparecida Silva. "Investigação da influência de diferentes herbicidas sobre a microbiota do solo". Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/60/60135/tde-02052016-110318/.
Texto completo da fonteThe use of pesticides to eradicate pests and weeds resulted in increased agricultural production worldwide, however, led to concern about the environmental, social and economic impacts of this practice. Native soil microbiota is very important to maintain the quality of the environment, but with the intensive use of agrochemicals, changes in microbial biomass and formation of large quantities of toxic waste have been observed. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic potential of cultivable and non-cultivable soil fractions to degradate three different herbicides, to verify if the selective pressure exerted by the presence of a particular herbicide has the potential to change the composition of the local microbiota and to identify the main cultivable soil bacterial genera carrying these herbicides degradation genes. For this, six soil samples from different Brazilian regions were used, which were obtained from the state of São Paulo and from environmental preservation areas in the states of Amazonas and Goiás. The main bacterial genera identified in the soil microbiota were: Acinetobacter, Bacillus, Enterobacter, Escherichia, Leclercia, Lysinibacillus, Klebsiella and Staphylococcus, and variations in cultivable and non-cultivable soil fractions genetic potential to degrade various herbicides were observed. Some of these strains harbored genes for degradation of two herbicides (2,4-D and diuron; atrazine and diuron) and other isolates showed genetic potential to degrade one of the three herbicides. Furthermore, analysis with HPLC-MS showed that some bacteria carrying the diuron degradation genes (puhA and puhB) presented formation of metabolites already described in the literature, such DCPMU, DCPU and DCA, and metabolites that have not been described in the literature. By electrophoresis analysis on denaturing gradient (DGGE), was observed that the selective pressure exerted by the presence of these herbicides alters the composition of the local microbiota, being atrazine the herbicide that most affected the bacterial community in the soil. Therefore, the study of the influence of the selective pressure caused by the use of herbicides in the microbial diversity is very important, since herbicides significantly alter the heterogeneity of the soil bacterial community.
Martins, FÃtima Itana Chaves CustÃdio. "Development and method validation for multiresidue determination of pesticides in mango (Mangifera indica L.) using QuEChERS and GC - MS". Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15591.
Texto completo da fonteThe development of analytical methods aiming at monitoring of pesticides is essential to ensure that foods are within limits considered safe for health, and to enable the regulatory agencies to obtain faster and more reliable results. In this work, we developed and validated a method for the determination of pesticides in mango, running the sample preparation with QuEChERS method modified with the addition of graphitized carbon (CGB - Carbon Grafitized Black) to remove nonpolar pigments and to identify and quantification of the compounds to the Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The developed method showed selectivity for all compounds. For all compounds was identified matrix effect, so the study of quantification of the compound was made based on the curves made in the matrix extract. The limits of detection (LOD) ranged from 0,0025 to 0,01 mg.kg-1 and the limits of quantification (LOQ) ranged from 0,008 to 0,03 mg.kg-1. The compounds showed acceptable recovery levels ranging from34% to 143%. The method was applied to the determination of pesticide residues in twelve samples of mango, among which, in six samples were detected five different compounds (Chloroneb, Propachlor, α-Chlordane, Chlorpyrifos,DCPA, Chlorobenzilate and trans-Permethrin). For Chloroneb compounds, Propachlor and α-Chlordane were detected concentration above the maximum residue limit allowed under EU data
O desenvolvimento de mÃtodos analÃticos visando o monitoramento de pesticidas à fundamental para assegurar que os alimentos estejam dentro dos limites considerados seguros para a saÃde, bem como possibilitar aos ÃrgÃos fiscalizadores a obtenÃÃo de resultados mais rÃpidos e confiÃveis. Neste trabalho, foi desenvolvido e validado um mÃtodo para a determinaÃÃo de pesticidas em manga, executando-se o preparo da amostra com mÃtodo QuEChERS modificado, com a adiÃÃo de carbono grafitizado (CGB â Carbon Grafitized Black) para remover pigmentos apolares e para identificaÃÃo e quantificaÃÃo dos compostos a Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada a Espectrometria de Massas (CG-EM). O mÃtodo desenvolvido demonstrou seletividade para todos os compostos. Para todos os compostos foi identificado efeito matriz, dessa forma o estudo de quantificaÃÃo dos compostos foi feito com base nas curvas realizadas no extrato da matriz. Os limites de detecÃÃo (LD) variaram de 0,0025 a 0,01 mg.kg-1 e os limites de quantificaÃÃo (LQ) variaram de 0,008 a 0,03 mg.kg-1. Os compostos apresentaram nÃveis de recuperaÃÃo aceitÃveis compreendidos entre 34% a 143%. O mÃtodo desenvolvido foi aplicado para a determinaÃÃo de resÃduos de pesticidas em doze amostras de manga, dentre as quais, em seis amostras foram detectados cinco diferentes compostos (Cloronebe, Propacloro, α-Clordano, ClorpirifÃs, DCPA, Clorobenzilato e trans-Permetrina), com valores entre 0,004 a 0,042 mg.kg-1. Para os compostos Cloronebe, Propacloro e α-Clordano foram detectados concentraÃÃes superiores ao limite mÃximo de resÃduo permitido segundo dados da UniÃo EuropÃia
Almeida, Luís Gustavo de. "Simbiontes de Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): potencial biotecnológico para biorremediação e implicações na metabolização de inseticidas pelo hospedeiro". Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11146/tde-22082013-111842/.
Texto completo da fonteThe capacity of living organisms to degrade xenobiotics has been intensively studied, mainly for soil-associated bacteria. Thus, there is a growing need to search for new niches to lead to the isolation of highly efficient microrganisms. As insect-bacteria interactions are very diverse, we focused on exploiting insecticide resistant insects as a niche of pesticidedegrading bacteria to develop studies devoted to a) bacterial utilization in bioremediation and ii) determination of bacterial contribution to insecticide metabolization by the host insect. Our main objetives were to i) isolate, identify and characterize the microrganisms associated to the gut of resistant strains of Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith, 1797) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) capable to degrade lambda-cyhalothrin,deltamethrin (pyrethroids), chlorpyrifos ethyl (organophosphate), spinosad (naturalyte) and lufenuron (chitin synthesis inhibitor), ii) verify their potential to degrade these insecticides, iii) to verify their association to natural populations of S. frugiperda, and iv) to determine their role in the metabolization of xenobiotics in the host. Bacteria with biodegrading capacity were selected from the gut flora of fifth instars of S. frugiperda on selective media based on the minimum media M9 added of 10 ?g/mL of one of the insecticides selected as the sole carbon source. The isolated bacteria were subjected to RFLP-PCR analysis of the 16S rDNA gene using three restriction enzymes (EcoRI, Rsa, DdeI), which led to the identification of 16 isolates. These isolates were grouped in ten phylotypes after sequencing, representing Firmicutes (Enterococcaceae and Staphylococcaceae), ?-Proteobacteria (Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae), ?- Proteobacteria (Comamonadaceae) and Actinobacteria (Micrococcaceae e Microbacteriaceae). Enterococcus, Pseudomonas and Microbacterium were the only represented by more than two phylotypes. Delftia, Leclercia, Staphylococcus and Arthrobacter were also represented. Enterococcus casseliflavus and Enterococcus mundtii were isolated from almost all resistant lines of S. frugiperda. Antibiogram and carbohydrate metabolism assays indicated the similarity among the isolates of E. casseliflavus, while those of E. mundtii displayed some differences. However, no molecular differences were observed by comparing different alleles in multilocus sequence analysis. Diagnostic-PCR analysis of a susceptible, lab-strain of S. frugiperda allowed the identification of four out of the ten phylotypes isolated from resistant strains. But no bacteria from the susceptible strain could be cultivated in the selective media. In natural populations of S. frugiperda, five out of the ten isolates were detected. The most active isolate to degrade each pesticide was selected for further tests and all displayed a dose-dependent response to the insecticides. Analyses by gas or liquid chromatography-coupled mass spectrometry demonstrated the capacity of each isolate to degrade the insecticides tested. Gut colonization of larvae from the susceptible strain with Microbacterium arborescens isolated from resistant larvae increased the LC50 to lufenuron in 10 fold when compared to the aposymbiont strain. Thus, resistant strains of S. frugiperda are an excellent reservoir of bacteria capable of degrading the tested insecticides, and have a potential to be exploited for the bioremediation of xenobiotic contaminated areas. Moreover, these bacteria can auxiliate the host insect to metabolize insecticides and may play a role in insect response to insecticides.
Gotardo, Maria Carolina Alves de Freitas. "Metaloporfirinas como modelos biomiméticos do citocromo P450 na oxidação de pesticidas\"". Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/59/59138/tde-26052009-165537/.
Texto completo da fonteIn this work we investigated the ability of metalloporphyrin model systems to mimic the action of cytochrome P450 in the oxidation of a herbicide, atrazine. To this end, we employed the second generation commercially available metalloporphyrins metal (III) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(2,6-dichlorophenyl)porphyrin chloride [M(TDCPP)Cl] and metal (III) 5,10,15,20- tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin chloride [M(TFPP)Cl] (metal = iron or manganese), all soluble in organic solvents, as well as the water soluble metalloporphyrins iron (III) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(N-methyl-4-pyridyl)porphyrin chloride [Fe(TMPy)Cl] and iron (III) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphyrin chloride [Fe(TCPP)Cl]. These metalloporphyrins were used both in homogeneous solution and supported on montmorillonite K-10. Iodosylbenzene, metachloroperbenzoic acid, and hydrogen peroxide were tested as oxidants, using one of the following reaction media: water, methanol, and acetonitrile. Products generated during atrazine oxidation were identified by high performance liquid chromatography. Our results show that the metalloporphyrins are able to oxidize atrazine, a highly persistent herbicide in the environment, as well as mimic the action of P450 enzymes both in vivo and in vitro, with formation of two metabolites, namely DEA and DIA, which result from the N-dealkylation of the ethyl and propyl chains of the substrate, respectively. We also detected the formation of five unknown products, and we were able to identify only one of them by means of mass spectrometry, which corresponds to the formation of an amide on the atrazine ethyl chain (COA) and was the compound obtained in highest yields in most of the reactions. The other four unknown products were obtained in very low concentrations, which prevented us from determining their structures. By monitoring the reactions at different time intervals and varying the reactional conditions, we were able to see that the main herbicide oxidation products, DEA and COA, are generated via distinct mechanisms and different active catalytic species. DEA is formed via the species Me(V)OP [Mn(V)OP or Fe(IV)OP.+], while COA results from the action of the species Me(IV)OP [Mn(IV)OP or Fe(IV)OP]. Studies of the reaction intermediates by UV-VIS and EPR showed that the ferryl species is the main reaction intermediate in the case of Fe(TFPP)Cl/ACN systems and the oxidants, iodosylbenzene and metachloroperbenzoic acid. Studies of herbicide oxidation were difficult to carry out in the case of the metalloporphyrins Fe(TCPP)Cl and Fe(TMPy)Cl due to the low solubility of atrazine in water, which led to its precipitation and catalyst destruction. With respect to the metalloporphyrins supported on montmorillonite K-10, no reaction products were obseved because of the difficult diffusion of the inert substrate into the catalytic site. All these results demonstrate the potential application of these biomimetic model systems in studies that pursue the elucidation of herbicide metabolism in vivo, especially when one bears in mind the difficulty in working with enzymes in vitro. Our data enabled the proposition of a scheme for metalloporphyrin-catalyzed atrazine oxidation under the conditions used herein.
Cappelini, Luciana Teresa Dias. "Análise dos pesticidas ametrina, atrazina, diuron e fipronil em amostras de água do Ribeirão do Feijão - São Carlos - SP". Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/75/75132/tde-11122008-093156/.
Texto completo da fonteSeeking to increase productivity of the sugarcane farmings, due to an economical interests, it has been used pesticides each more. The water used in this study is from Ribeirão do Feijão, responsible for the provisioning of the city of São Carlos, in their state of São Paulo. The main culture around Ribeirão do Feijão is sugarcane, and for this reason the pesticides ametrine, atrazine, diuron and fipronil were selected for this study, because according to researches, these compounds are very used in this culture. The sample points were three: in the source, along the river, near to a sugarcane culture and near to the station of treatment of water. For aim this, research had an objective the application of the solid phase extraction (SPE) and optimization of the liquid chromatography technique using a detector of diodearrary (HPLC. DAD) for the determination of multiresiduos of pesticides in samples of water. The validation of the method was made for the equipment (HPLC. DAD) and for the method (SPE. HPLC - DAD). The detection limits and quantification of the equipment varied from 0.02 to 0.05 mgL-1 and 0.07 to 0.17 mgL-1 respectively. The linearity was of 0.99 and the precision was around 0.41 to 2.56%. It was calculated the recovery of the extraction method that varied between 90 and 95%, the linearity was of 0.99and the accuracy was close to 100%. All the results of validation of the method are in agreement with the Brazilian and international Legislation.
Rodrigues, Sandra Cristina Cardoso. "Biodegradação de pesticidas em solos e biomisturas". Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/23112.
Texto completo da fonteSoares, Dayane Fonseca. "Validação de metodologias de extração e quantificação de pesticidas, diuron, clorpirifós e metil paration em águas subterrâneas em região de cultura de soja, utilizando QuEChERS/HPLC-UV /". Araraquara, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/115947.
Texto completo da fonteCo-orientador: Anizio Márcio de Faria
Banca: Clóvis Augusto Ribeiro
Banca: Leandro Cardoso de Morais
Banca: Efigênia Amorim
Banca: Wallans Torres Pio dos Santos
Resumo: Os pesticidas são substâncias utilizadas no controle de doenças e pragas de plantas. O aumento na produção agrícola ocasionou o uso excessivo de pesticidas nas lavouras, o que tem sido considerado uma importante fonte de contaminação do solo e da água. Estudos realizados no Estado do Mato Grosso apontam resíduos de pesticidas encontrados em solo, águas superficiais e subterrâneas em alguns de seus municípios. Diante deste cenário há uma preocupação quanto à presença destes compostos nos recursos hídricos, pois podem contaminar lençóis freáticos, causando diversos tipos de doenças na população. Assim o objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um estudo no sentido de identificar e quantificar o nível de contaminação de águas subterrâneas por resíduos dos pesticidas diuron, metil paration e clorpirifós empregados em cultura de soja em uma pequena região da Bacia Sedimentar do Parecis-MT. Foi feito um levantamento dos pesticidas empregados na cultura de soja, onde 43,8% pertencem às classes I e II da classificação toxicológica e 45,6% pertencem às classes I e II da classificação ambiental. A partir deste levantamento foram selecionados os pesticidas para estudo baseando-se nas propriedades físico-químicas, índice GUS e critérios de Goss, permitindo realizar uma análise preliminar do potencial de contaminação de águas subterrâneas por resíduos de pesticidas. A metodologia de análise foi avaliada para a determinação dos princípios ativos por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência/Detector Ultravioleta (CLAE/UV). Os procedimentos experimentais envolveram a extração dos analitos em amostras de água empregando o método QuEChERS. O método foi avaliado em quatro níveis de fortificação (n = 4), considerando os parâmetros de seletividade, linearidade, efeito matriz, exatidão, precisão, limite de detecção e limite de quantificação. Estes compostos...
Abstract: Pesticides are substances used to control pests and diseases of plants. The increase in agricultural production caused the excessive use of pesticides on crops, what has been considered an important source of contamination of soil and water. Studies conducted in the State of Mato Grosso point pesticide residues found in soil, surface water and groundwater in some of its municipalities. In this scenario there is concern about the presence of these compounds in water, they can contaminate groundwater, causing different types of diseases in the population. Thus the aim of this study was to conduct a study to identify and quantify the level of groundwater contamination by pesticide residues diuron, parathion-methyl and chlorpyrifos employees under soybean in a small region of Sedimentary Basin Parecis-MT. A survey of pesticides used in soybean, where 43.8% belong to class I and II of the toxicological classification and 45.6% belong to class I and II environmental classification was done. From this survey were selected pesticides for study based on the physicochemical properties, GUS index and criteria Goss, allowing to perform a preliminary analysis of the potential for groundwater contamination by pesticides. The analysis methodology was evaluated for the determination of active ingredients for High Efficiency Liquid Chromatography/Ultraviolet detector (HPLC / UV). The experimental procedures involved the extraction of analytes in water samples using QuEChERS method. The method was evaluated in four fortification levels (n = 4), considering the parameters of selectivity, linearity, matrix effect, accuracy, precision, limit of detection and limit of quantification. These compounds showed average recovery values between 53 and 108% and coefficients of variation below 15%. Six points of collecting water samples from wells in the nearby areas of soybean production during the 2012/2013 harvest urban area...
Doutor
Pascotto, Viviane Mattos. "Influência da mistura de cinco praguicidas em baixas doses sobre o sistema reprodutor de ratas Aprague-Dawley, Wistar e Lewis /". Botucatu : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95894.
Texto completo da fonteAbstract: This project aimed to investigate the effects of the combination, in low doses, of five pesticides (dieldrin, dicofol, endosulfan, dichlorvos and permethrin) on the reproductive system of Sprague- Dawley, Wistar and Lewis rats. Six-weeks-old rats from each strain were randomized into three groups: GI: negative control; GII: pesticides added to the feed at NOEL doses (mg/kg/day) - dichlorvos (0.23), dicofol (0.5), dieldrin (0.025), endosulfan (0.7), permethrin (5), GIII: pesticides added to the feed at LOEL doses (mg / kg / day) - dichlorvos (2.3), dicofol (2.1), dieldrin (0.05), endosulfan (3.8), permethrin (25). Euthanasia was performed between the 10th and 12th experimental week, in the estrous stage. The evaluation parameters were: weight of liver, uterus and ovaries; qualitative histological analysis of liver, uterus and ovaries; endometrium morphometry; estrous cycle assessment; dosage of LH, FSH and progesterone; and counting of ovarian follicles. Animals from all three strains showed systemic LOEL toxicity, as evidenced by decreased body weight and increased liver weight. Qualitative analysis of the uterus and ovaries, as well as estrous cycle and hormone levels evaluations indicated no signs of reproductive toxicity exerted by the mixtures. Counting of ovarian follicles indicated lack of dose-dependent response and high variability among animals from the same experimental group. Hence, we concluded that, although our results have shown a decrease of some follicular populations at the NOEL and LOEL doses, this parameter can not be used alone as an indicator of reproductive toxicity. These findings underscore the need for more studies to clarify the effects of these compounds on follicular populations
Orientador: Noeme Sousa Rocha
Coorientador: Carla Adriene da Silva Franchi
Banca: Clarissa Scolastici
Banca: Antonio Francisco Godinho
Mestre
Zamariola, Nathalie. "Resíduos de pesticidas em tecido adiposo associado a órgãos reprodutivos : validação de método analítico e aplicação a animais de experimentação /". Araraquara : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/97813.
Texto completo da fonteBanca: Silvia Helena Govoni Brondi
Banca: Maria Eliana Lopes Ribeiro de Queiroz
Resumo: Os pesticidas, quando utilizados de forma adequada, protegem as culturas agrícolas contra danos excessivos causados por pragas e doenças. No entanto, segundo a ANVISA, aproximadamente 29% dos alimentos hortifrutícolas consumidos pela população brasileira apresenta alguma irregularidade quanto aos níveis de resíduos de pesticidas, indicando um uso abusivo e indiscriminado. Tendo em vista a preocupação com a saúde humana, foi proposto um estudo com animais de experimentação (ratos Lewis, Wistar e Sprague-Dawley) para avaliar os efeitos da exposição a misturas de pesticidas em baixas doses, simulando o que ocorre com humanos. Para isso foram escolhidos os pesticidas dicofol, dieldrin, endossulfam e permetrina, que foram encontrados em amostras de alimentos de origem vegetal, coletadas em diversas regiões do país pelo Programa de Análise de Resíduos de Agrotóxicos em Alimentos (PARA) da ANVISA. Dentre os efeitos estudados está a alteração endócrina em fêmeas, que pode afetar o sistema reprodutivo, e como estas moléculas apresentam bioacumulação, o tecido alvo é o adiposo. Considerando-se as baixas concentrações previstas para os analitos, a complexidade da matriz (45% de lipídios) e a pequena massa de amostra disponível (cerca de 2 g por animal), houve a necessidade de desenvolver um método que apresentasse confiabilidade para aplicação a este estudo. O método desenvolvido para extração dos analitos é uma modificação do método QuEChERS. O método consiste basicamente de extração com acetonitrila e posterior extração em fase sólida dispersiva (d-SPE) com PSA e C18. Na avaliação da confiabilidade analítica do método foram incluídos os seguintes parâmetros: seletividade, linearidade, sensibilidade limite de detecção, limite de quantificação, exatidão, precisão e efeito matriz. Todas as amostras... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Os pesticidas, quando utilizados de forma adequada, protegem as culturas agrícolas contra danos excessivos causados por pragas e doenças. No entanto, segundo a ANVISA, aproximadamente 29% dos alimentos hortifrutícolas consumidos pela população brasileira apresenta alguma irregularidade quanto aos níveis de resíduos de pesticidas, indicando um uso abusivo e indiscriminado. Tendo em vista a preocupação com a saúde humana, foi proposto um estudo com animais de experimentação (ratos Lewis, Wistar e Sprague-Dawley) para avaliar os efeitos da exposição a misturas de pesticidas em baixas doses, simulando o que ocorre com humanos. Para isso foram escolhidos os pesticidas dicofol, dieldrin, endossulfam e permetrina, que foram encontrados em amostras de alimentos de origem vegetal, coletadas em diversas regiões do país pelo Programa de Análise de Resíduos de Agrotóxicos em Alimentos (PARA) da ANVISA. Dentre os efeitos estudados está a alteração endócrina em fêmeas, que pode afetar o sistema reprodutivo, e como estas moléculas apresentam bioacumulação, o tecido alvo é o adiposo. Considerando-se as baixas concentrações previstas para os analitos, a complexidade da matriz (45% de lipídios) e a pequena massa de amostra disponível (cerca de 2 g por animal), houve a necessidade de desenvolver um método que apresentasse confiabilidade para aplicação a este estudo. O método desenvolvido para extração dos analitos é uma modificação do método QuEChERS. O método consiste basicamente de extração com acetonitrila e posterior extração em fase sólida dispersiva (d-SPE) com PSA e C18. Na avaliação da confiabilidade analítica do método foram incluídos os seguintes parâmetros: seletividade, linearidade, sensibilidade limite de detecção, limite de quantificação, exatidão, precisão e efeito matriz. Todas as amostras... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
Zhu, Danyun. "Determination of Residential-Use Turf Pesticides in Surface and Ground Water by HPLC/DAD". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2003. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/ZhuD2003.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteHerno, Valérie. "Intérêts de deux lignées cellulaires d'hépatomes humains dans l'étude des micropolluants organiques des eaux (pesticides)". Nancy 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994NAN10444.
Texto completo da fonteLichiheb, Nebila. "Volatilisation des pesticides depuis les plantes : approche expérimentale et modélisation". Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGPT0047/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe agricultural activity presents the main source of the atmospheric contamination by pesticides. The occurrence of pesticides in the atmosphere concerns the research community due to their potential impacts on population and ecosystems. The volatilization from plants is higher and faster than the volatilization from soil. However, this transfer pathway is difficult to assess with few available models. The lack of knowledge on pesticide volatilization from plants is essentially linked to the complex interactions between processes occurring at the leaf surface and competing with volatilization, such as leaf penetration and photodegradation. A laboratory volatilization chamber was developed in order to study simultaneously the processes of volatilization and leaf penetration of 3 fungicides (epoxyconazole, chlorothalonil and fenpropidine) applied on wheat leaves. These experimentations allowed a refined description of leaf penetration process using a well-defined sequential extraction procedure of leaves. Leaf penetration coefficients, which are necessary to modelling the pesticide fate in plants, were calculated. Moreover relationships between physicochemical properties of pesticides and processes regulating their distribution on and in plant leaves were identified. The experimental study on the photodegradation process consisted in irradiating wax films using simulated solarlight. The results showed that for experimental conditions and pesticides chosen in our study, photodegradation seems to have played a minor role as dissipation process.The soil-vegetation-atmosphere exchange model SURFATM was adapted for pesticides using an approach inspired from the parameterization developed in the PEARL model. The originality of this model resides in its mechanistic description of the micro-meteorological conditions inside the canopy. As a first step the SURFATM-Pesticides model describes leaf penetration and photodegradation processes using empirical coefficients. Then a distribution of pesticide residues in the different compartments of the leaf surface was identified based on the experimental results. This approach allowed the quantification of pesticide fraction on the leaf surface available for volatilization. The combination of this compartmental approach and the identified relationships between physicochemical properties of pesticides and the leaf penetration process improves the genericity of the model. Moreover, the effect of the pesticide formulation in the commercial preparations was integrated in the model via empirical coefficients allowing a better simulation of the volatilization fluxes in the case of systemic pesticides. Comparison of model results and experimental measurements collected from two datasets showed satisfactory results. Once the contribution of soil volatilization has been activated, the SURFATM-Pesticides model will allow us to predict the overall pesticide volatilization at the field scale
Pellegrino-Peard, Patricia L. "A review of research and literature linking breast cancer to pesticides". CSUSB ScholarWorks, 1995. https://scholarworks.lib.csusb.edu/etd-project/1216.
Texto completo da fonteMonteiro, Sérgio Henrique. "Desenvolvimento e validação de metodologia para determinação de resíduos de pesticidas piretróides por HPLC em feijão". Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/46/46133/tde-22062016-160326/.
Texto completo da fonteA rapid liquid chromatographic (LC) method has been developed for simultaneous determination of 7 pyrethroid insecticides (bifenthrin, cypermethrin, fenpropathrin, fenvalerate, permethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin and deltamethrin) in beans. Residues are extracted from beans with acetone and the partition realized according to the multi-residue method DFG-S19, replacing dichloromethane by ethyl acetate/cyclohexane (1+1) and cleaned up using gel-permeation with a Biobeads SX3 column and ethyl acetate/cyclohexane (1+1) as eluant. LC separation is performed on a LiChrospher 100 RP-18 column with acetonitrile/water (8+2) as mobile phase. The pesticides are detected at 212 nm. Recoveries of 7 pyrethroid insecticides from beans fortified at 0.010; 0.100; 1.000 mg/kg levels were 71-105 %. The particular differential of this method is the quantification limits, which were between 0.004-0.011 mg/kg, lower than most of the limits reported for LC methods described in the literature. The gas chromatographic (GC) with electron capture detection is more sensitive than LC, but the LC method facilitates the identification of the peaks. Analysis of pyrethroids by GC shows several peaks, but LC shows only one for most pyrethroids. The analysis by LC was a good alternative for determination pyrethroid residues in beans. During 2005 year, a total of 48 bean samples commercialized in Sao Paulo City were analyzed. No residues of pyrethroids pesticides were detected in the samples.
Cravey, Suzanne Perritt. "Are pesticides a factor in bird declines? /". Connect to this title online, 2005. http://www.orwapif.org/pdf/pesticides%5Fbirds.pdf.
Texto completo da fonte