Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Personnel management – Textbooks"

The article presents review of the textbook for bachelors “Management of library and information activity”. The author analyses the structure of the book and highlights the content of seven chapters. The article describes educational, scientific and practical significance of the publication. The book was published in early 2021 in the publishing house “Profession” as part of the publishing project on series of textbooks on basic academic disciplines for sectoral bachelorʼs degree course. The textbook is prepared by specialists of universities of culture and national, federal and scientific libraries. The basis of the publication is the marketing concept of management, considered in the context of priority areas of sectoral management. The textbook describes theoretical, legal, functional, technological and economic foundations of management of information and library activity and characterizes its areas. The author highlights the issues of personnel management and also considers the role of the head of library institution. At the end of each chapter, the textbook presents the summary, the questions for self-checking of knowledge learning, as well as the lists of the main publications on the topic. The textbook contains the subject index. In the text, there are graphically revealed the key concepts, using tables, graphs and figures. The textbook includes previously unpublished analytical material by I.M. Suslova “Evolution of approaches to library management”. The appendices contain provisions on the trends in libraries activity, as well as organizational and legal documents that can be used to develop their own local documents in specific cultural institutions. The textbook presents the material, taking into account the achievements of the modern level of domestic library science. The publication will be useful for both students and library specialists. The book makes significant contribution to the development of modern educational literature in the profile discipline and helps students learn the course “Management of library and information activity”.

Financing is an important component in providing education. Education costs are the amount of money generated and spent on various educational equipment which includes teacher salaries, facilities and infrastructure, administrative activities, education management activities, procurement of tools and textbooks, extracurricular activities and so on. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of utilizing financing sources in Ta'miriyah High School Surabaya. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection techniques are carried out by interviews and observations. Financing is the most crucial thing that must be faced by education providers. In order for educational goals to be achieved, the management of education funds must be carried out properly and appropriately. This research was held at Ta'miriyah High School Surabaya, because researchers wanted to know the sources of education financing in private schools and their utilization. The results showed that the utilization of funding sources for Ta'miriyah High School Surabaya, both from School Operational Assistance funds, Operational Support Costs for Education Implementation, and Education Development Contribution funds were quite effective both in terms of personnel and non-personnel

Justification. The post–war period is the period of restoration of the national economy of the USSR, destroyed by the war. Most industries during the war were transferred to the production of military products. After the Great Patriotic War, the industry was transferred to the production of civilian products. Consumer goods, especially textile products that were not produced during the war years, have become particularly popular. For the rapid post-war recovery of the textile industry, it was necessary to establish an effective personnel policy. The article analyzes the personnel, numerical, gender and age composition in the textile industry of the Ulyanovsk region in 1945-1955. The main personnel problems in the industry and ways to solve them are identified. The purpose of the study is to study the personnel in the textile industry of the Volga region in the post–war period. Materials and methods. The materials for the study were archival sources, periodicals of the Volga region, works of regional historians. Historical-typological and historical-comparative methods were used in the analysis of sources. The results of the work. By 1955, the main personnel problems in the textile industry of the Volga region were identified, and ways to solve them were outlined. The article reveals the effectiveness of the measures taken to solve personnel problems. The ongoing personnel policy in the Ulyanovsk textile industry has led to an increase in the number of employees at textile enterprises, effective training and advanced training of textile workers. The data obtained allow us to draw conclusions about the personnel situation in the Ulyanovsk textile industry during the period under review. The characteristics of the personnel potential of the Ulyanovsk region are given, which allow us to assess the level of development of the textile industry in 1945 – 1955. The scope of the results. The materials obtained in the course of the research can be used by historians studying the light industry of the Volga region, personnel policy at industrial enterprises of the Volga region, as well as in the educational process (in the form of textbooks, lectures) on the history of the Volga region.

This article presents a case study for transitioning library-led open-educational resources (OER) initiatives away from labor-intensive activities to a model where library personnel focus on project management responsibilities. This shift from labour-intensive activities, such as workshops and training sessions, led to more collaborative partnerships with faculty and students to produce OER projects. In particular, we focus on labour implications for the various stakeholders involved and the sustainability of these initiatives. We describe several initiatives undertaken by the Ohio University Libraries to encourage open educational resource adoptions and projects, including a grant-funded initiative to provide support services for faculty creating OER. That funding, which was awarded to enhance undergraduate education, has been used to support the development of five OER projects that have directly involved students in the creation of those materials. We provide an overview of the various ways in which students have become involved in OER creation in partnership with faculty and librarians and discuss the impact these partnerships have had on student-faculty-librarian relationships and student engagement. Among these projects are an Hispanic linguistics open textbook created using only student-authored texts, student-generated test banks to accompany existing OER materials for a large-enrollment art history course, and several other projects in which hired student assistants are helping faculty to develop content for open textbooks. This article helps to address a gap in the literature by providing transparency regarding the personnel, costs, and workflow for Ohio University Libraries’ OER initiatives and addressing potential areas of concern surrounding student labour.

The subject of the study is the process of formation of management education in Soviet times. The search for new solutions in production management in the conditions of post-war reconstruction and adaptation of industry to the conditions of NTR. Development of the fundamentals of domestic management science, introduction of automated control systems at industrial enterprises of the Soviet Union. Solving problems related to new industries and training qualified personnel for all sectors of the national economy. The creation of the first textbooks and manuals on management, the organization of research laboratories at enterprises, the creation of a Research Laboratory (NIL MGSNH) and the opening of the first information and computing center in the USSR at the Ordzhonikidze Moscow Institute of Engineering and Economics. The object of the research is the contribution of Igor Nikolaevich Kuznetsov to the development of the foundations of managerial education in the conditions of the socialist economic system and the scientific and technical revolution. His work is in the field of scientific organization of production management, evaluation of efficiency at enterprises of different industrial purposes, improvement of the internal structure of the enterprise, development of theoretical problems of management of socialist industrial production and in the field of research of patterns of economic development of socialist industrial enterprises. The basic principles of the introduction and operation of automated control systems are considered separately, the practice of improving the training of personnel in the field of industrial production management is shown by connecting industry enterprises and universities on a research basis.

The article is devoted to the topical issue of optimizing programs related to the training of an education manager in order to increase his communicative competence, as well as a “plot” explanation of the importance of the genre studies course in this process. Having analyzed the textbooks and educational management course programs existing in modern pedagogical science with a view to developing the communicative competence of managers, the authors noted that the analysis of their speech behavior remains unexamined. Thus, there is a certain imbalance between the increasing needs for qualified personnel and the lack of innovative approaches in training managers capable of managing tasks, resources, people, information, quality, projects and organizational changes in this area. In terms of speech development of a manager, at best, such disciplines as «speech culture», «pedagogical rhetoric», or training in certain types of speech genres in pedagogical discourse are offered. It is concluded that from a methodology perspective, the mandatory inclusion in management education programs of a genre studies course related to improving the manager’s speech activity and increasing the status of his linguistic personality as the main tool of his information, analytical and practical activities should help correct the current situation.

The article examines the importance of introducing information technology into the education system, the impact of information technology on the quality of education. The creation and use of electronic textbooks in the learning process is recommended. This is important in a situation of insufficient provision of educational and methodological literature, as well as a way to resolve the contradiction between the desire to cover as much demonstration material as possible and practical. Since it takes time and some skill to master the specialized programming environment, e-tutorials can be created in a well-studied presentation preparation program. The use of software products based on the concept of “electronic patient” is emphasized. The article calls for the acquisition of knowledge, professional skills and abilities, and practical skills are not so much therapeutic and diagnostic manipulations as mastered methods of productive mental activity that provide correct, quick and economical diagnosis and effective treatment. The article will be useful to students, university professors, staff, and management personnel of the education system.

This paper is on Interrogating the Administrative Absurdities of Monetization Policy of Obasanjo’s Administration and the Way Forward. The Philosophy behind Obasanjo’s monetization policy was to reduce wastage and improve on the performance of public servants. The policy attracted several positive effects both to the public service of Nigeria and to the Nigerian economy even though we know that no policy is perfect. The paper adopted Fredrick Winslow Taylor Scientific Management Theory as its Theoretical Analysis due to it’s scientific theory of the science of work. The paper relied on secondary method of data collection with textbooks, research papers, magazines, newspapers, government publication and the world wide web as its sources. There is no gain stating the obvious that there are several absurdities that bedeviled the monetization policy of Obasanjo, no wonder the policy could not outlined Obasanjo. It is based on these absurdities as highlighted above that this paper want to suggest that there should be revisiting of the monetization policy to accommodate all categories of personnel within the public service in Nigeria. the reason for this is to minimize or eliminate bias by other agencies that were not captured by the monetization components.

The paper investigates the inherent features of motivational culture's establishment and development at enterprises in modern economic conditions. The study traces the pressing problems of motivation of the team's work, establishes their impact on the efficiency of the enterprise's functioning. The relevance of the research is determined by the fact that the issues of motivation and team development in modern scientific research are considered in sufficient detail but the problem of motivation for personnel development, which is one of the components of the establishment of motivational culture and a prerequisite for development, cannot be considered fully solved. That is why the development of motivational culture in enterprises is an extremely necessary scientific and practical task that requires a modern solution. The purpose of this study is to consider the features of the establishment of motivational culture at enterprises in modern economic conditions by analysing the international scientific practice of team management, as well as improving motivational methods of team professional development in a modern enterprise. The main method of research was the analysis of documentation, namely monographs, statistical data, scientific papers, and textbooks. Using the method of analysis, the paper processed and systematised the features of the establishment and development of motivational culture at enterprises in modern economic conditions. The study covers and summarises the current motivational methods, considers the systematic diagnosis of the state of motivational culture at the enterprise. The conceptual foundations of the establishment and development of motivational culture, a model of the motivational system of enterprise management in modern economic conditions are proposed. The tasks set in the study and the results of their solution form the methodological and scientific-practical basis for improving the incentive system for professional development of personnel based on the development of effective methods of motivational culture. The developed recommendations are of interest to modern enterprises in current economic conditions and the country's economy as a whole and provide an opportunity to certify the prospects for further research work in this area

The School of Chivalry is one of the most signifi cant modernisation projects carried out in the mid-1760s by Stanisław August and his collaborators shortly after he ascended to the Polish throne. It was an educational project implemented a few years before the establishment of the Commission of National Education, the fi rst educational authority in Poland and in Europe, the function of which corresponded to the present ministry of public, secular education. For the initiative of a modern school to be successful, it needed a well-qualifi ed personnel, including the management staff (a high number of them were foreigners), an appropriately structured educational programme (initially based on Western models), and textbooks. What played a forming role in the case of the Corps of Cadets was an complex ritual supported by the following texts: catechism books, dialogues, forms, which should be treated as mnemotechnical tools, but also as ones building the identity of a graduate from the School, which was intended to be a breeding ground for the military and administrative elite of the state. Its description cannot ignore the moral layer that escaped the educational programmes and the cadets’ everyday life, which was not devoid of duels and embarrassing diseases.

Additional education has long been an integral part of the educational environment. Painting, sports, robotics and other areas make a significant contribution to the development of personality, while teachers play a key role in this process. Education and teaching go hand in hand, which makes it important to invest in the training and professional development of teachers. Today, teachers need various knowledge, skills and abilities to create lesson plans, organize training, work with the administration and interact with parents. Based on the analysis of modern literature and practical experience of the functioning of institutions of children's additional education, the author defines a set of competencies that allow teachers to make a significant contribution to the success of students, and therefore can be taken into account when designing the main professional educational programs of higher education as the results of their development. The article substantiates the relevance of the problem of updating the content of teacher training in the context of the interaction of higher pedagogical and children's additional education. The concept of training pedagogical personnel for the education system for the period up to 2030, methodological recommendations for the training of pedagogical personnel for bachelor's degree programs based on unified approaches to their structure and content ("Core of higher pedagogical education"), professional standard "Teacher of additional education for children and adults" are analyzed. The scientific novelty of the study consists in the fact that on the basis of concretization of scientific ideas about the content of professional training of students of pedagogical vocation, a set of requirements for its results is proposed, clarified taking into account the qualification characteristics of the positions of employees of the system of additional education. The article offers recommendations that allow future teachers to prepare for a career in additional education. The practical significance of the research lies in the possibility of using its results in updating the content of the training of students of pedagogical specialties, compiling textbooks and workshops on the pedagogy of additional education.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the adequacy of the standards of physical training of soldiers of the Ground Forces to the requirements that are objectively imposed on the physical fitness of soldiers by the content, nature and conditions of modern combat operations, as well as their equivalence to the tabular evaluation system; determine the possibility and expediency of their use in the educational process to assess the physical fitness of cadets. Materials and methods. To achieve the goal, a complex of general scientific research methods was used. The methods of theoretical analysis, synthesis, systematization, generalization of available information and practical experience were used to argue the main provisions of the research, generalize the available data, justify the place and role of control to ensure the effective functioning of the system of physical improvement of cadets of higher military educational institutions. The main material of the theoretical analysis was scientific articles and guiding documents on the management of physical training of military personnel of the leading countries in the military field of the world. Preference was given to printed official documentary materials, scientific articles and textbooks related to the development of methods for checking and assessing the physical condition of military personnel. Results and discussion. When assessing the physical fitness of the same cadets at the same time using the exercises of the standards of physical training of the Ground Forces soldiers and according to the requirements of the Physical Training Manual, radically opposite results were obtained. In accordance with the requirements of the standards, 100% of the personnel completed the established standards of control exercises and received a rating “completed”, and the physical readiness of the unit was rated “ready”. When assessing the physical fitness of cadets in accordance with the requirements of the 2021 Physical Training Instructions, only 53 cadets (42.4%) received positive evaluations, the remaining 72 cadets (57.6%) did not score the required 80 points in one or more exercises and, accordingly, received an unsatisfactory rating. The physical training of the unit according to the requirements of the 2021 Physical Training Instructions is also rated unsatisfactory. Conclusion. The norms of control exercises of the standards of physical training of servicemen of the Army of the Armed Forces of Ukraine are not equivalent to the norms of the tests of the tabular system for evaluating the physical fitness of servicemen, and their availability to cadets whose physical fitness is assessed as unsatisfactory according to the tabular system indicates their inadequacy to the requirements of combat activity for the physical fitness of servicemen. They do not allow obtaining reliable information about the level of physical readiness of personnel to perform combat tasks. Thus, their use in the educational process of physical education and special physical training to assess the physical fitness of cadets of military academies is inappropriate

This study focused on investigating the relationship between Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and the provision of high-quality healthcare services. The research employed a survey research design and concentrated on secondary healthcare facilities within the state. A total of 273 healthcare personnel were randomly selected from these facilities using a simple random sampling technique. Data was collected through a well-structured questionnaire. The secondary information was provided through the Kogi State Strategic Health Development Plan, textbooks, journal articles, conference papers, theses, and the internet. The gathered information was analysed using descriptive statistics and linear regression. Data on respondents’ demographic characteristics and ICT utilisation were presented using simple percentages in tables. The findings of the study demonstrated that the adoption of ICT significantly influences the delivery of quality healthcare services in secondary healthcare facilities. Specifically, the utilisation of ICT can enhance patient safety by facilitating comprehension of medical information, enabling online treatment evaluations, monitoring patient progress, and predicting potential medical complications. Based on the results, it can be concluded that improving ICT adoption is crucial for enhancing and sustaining the provision of quality healthcare services. Therefore, the study recommends that the management of secondary healthcare facilities should prioritise efforts to enhance ICT adoption within their operations. The practical implication of the study is that incorporating ICT in healthcare practices can contribute to more informed decision-making and proactive measures, ultimately fostering a safer and more effective healthcare environment in secondary healthcare facilities.

Today, students of higher education study in Ukraine; it is not easy to imagine without information technologies, which are necessary for modern education. Creating a global information space, such technologies penetrate all spheres of human activity, thus becoming an integral part of the educational process. In today's challenges, pandemics, and wars, modern education relies on the informatization of the educational space and distance learning, drawing society's attention to distance learning technologies. During martial law, remote course training in schools and universities makes it possible to receive and continue learning, gain knowledge, and increase training. Using remote platforms to learn educational components is an integral part of the educational process. Training specialists, training, and counseling of higher education seekers in the existing conditions is only possible with modern educational online platforms. The main task is the correct organization of the educational process and for those seeking higher education to successfully acquire the necessary knowledge in specialized disciplines to prepare competent, competitive specialists. Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University applies a distance form of education, which is regulated by regulations (“Regulations on the system of internal quality assurance of education and educational activities at Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University”, “Regulations on the organization of current, semester control and attestation of applicants of professional pre-higher and higher education with the use of distance learning technologies in the regional university center of Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University”, “Regulations on the Moodle learning management system at Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University”). Distance learning in recent years has shown a sufficiently high-quality success rate of higher education applicants and the training of scientific and pedagogical personnel to ensure the educational program Water bioresources and aquaculture at the Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University. Students are provided with electronic versions of manuals, textbooks, lecture courses, and presentations on the Moodle platform and other services. The use of Google digital tools and the Moodle platform, the Zoom service help students of higher education acquire knowledge in their field in an accessible form and comfortable conditions.

Textile economics is a discipline that uses the basic principles and methods of economics to study textile production, sales and international trade. Learning the course is conducive to training applied senior engineering and technical personnel who understand both technology and management. There are problems such as students have no foundation in economics, students have no enthusiasm for studying textile economics, not enough teachers in textile economics, unreasonable textbook layout, single teaching methods and means, lack of teaching experience, teaching resources and teaching conditions, etc. Therefore, the teaching of textile economics is in urgent need of reform.

A Review of: Carroll, A. J., Corlett-Rivera, K., Hackman, T., & Zou, J. (2016). E-book perceptions and use in STEM and non-STEM disciplines: A comparative follow-up study. portal: Libraries and the Academy, 16(1), 131-162. https://doi.org/10.1353/pla.2016.0002 Abstract Objective – To compile a set of usability and collection development suggestions and to examine a possible statistical correlation between visiting the physical library, online resource use, and e-book use. Design – Online questionnaire survey. Setting – Major public research university in Maryland, United States of America. Subjects – 47,209 faculty, students, and staff. Methods – This survey is a follow-up to a similar 2012 study at the same institution. Survey respondents completed 14 multiple-choice and up to 8 open-ended questions about academic e-book discovery, perception, and usage patterns for both STEM and non-STEM respondents using the Qualtrics online research platform. Seven of eight open-ended questions were conditional (i.e., dependent on answers to multiple-choice questions), thus the number of questions answered by respondents could vary. The survey was available from October 1 to November 22, 2014, and promoted across a variety of communication channels (email, library website, social media, print flyers and handouts). Incentives for completing the survey included one iPad Mini and eight U.S. $25 Amazon gift cards. Main Results – 1,911 (820 STEM and 1,091 non-STEM) self-selected students, faculty, and staff from a total campus population of 47,209 faculty, students, and staff (4.2% response rate) participated in the survey, excluding 277 additional responses representing library personnel (70) and individuals not affiliated with the institution (207). 64% of respondents indicated more e-book use than three years before, with only 21.9% of respondents noting they never use e-books for academic purposes compared to 31% in 2012. 32.5% of respondents noted daily or weekly use of e-books for scholarly pursuits, with undergraduates reporting the most frequent use: 38.6% daily/weekly use versus 37.2% for graduate students, 16.2% for faculty, and 14.2% for staff. 38% of respondents reporting daily/weekly use were from STEM disciplines; 31.3% were from non-STEM fields. Computers, not e-readers, were the primary devices used for accessing e-books: 72.5% of respondents reported using laptops or desktops to this end versus tablets, 37.9%; mobile phones, 36.7%; Kindles, 25.6%; Nooks, 5.9%; and other e-readers, 3.3%. Top “mixed device access” responses were tablet/mobile phone/computer (98 responses); mobile phone/computer (93 responses); and tablet/computer (81 responses). The top three discovery tools respondents reported using for finding e-books were commercial sites (35.9%), free websites (26.8%), and the library website (26.2%). A weak-positive Spearman’s rho rank correlation of 0.25 provides some evidence that respondents who visit the library often are likely to use online resources and e-books. 35% of respondents reported they use e-books online “most of the time,” and 67% of respondents indicated they print out e-book content for use. Responses to the question “What, if anything, would make you more likely to use e-books for academic purposes?” included easier access via the library website (48% of respondents), better functionality for highlighting/annotating (44%), reduced cost (43.2%), easier downloading (38.5%), more e-books in area of research interest (37.3%), more textbooks (37.2%), and ownership of a dedicated e-reader (35.6%). In 2012, 52% of respondents reported never having downloaded an e-book for offline use. This percentage dropped notably in this study, with only 11.5% of respondents indicating they had never downloaded for later use. Conclusion – While this study indicates both STEM and non-STEM respondents at this institution are increasingly using e-books, preferences for electronic versus print format varied according to content type and type of user (e.g., STEM or non-STEM, undergraduate or graduate, student/faculty/staff). Key recommendations for usability and collection development include: improving discovery and awareness mechanisms, purchasing some content (e.g., references works, style guides) in e-format while ensuring multiple simultaneous use, taking advantage of print plus electronic options to serve users with different format preferences, and encouraging vendors to allow digital rights management free downloading and printing.

The issue of smart education in the transformation digital society is highlighted. The smartsociety formation as the next stage of the digital society development is studied. It is established that inthe smart society there is a transition from the traditional learning model to e-learning, and then to smarteducation. Smart education allows students to generate new knowledge and form a personality who iswell-versed in the information and computer technologies for searching, analyzing information andcreating innovations. The pecularitis of the smart education and the technologies with which it isimplemented are considered. It is noted that the concept of smart education assumes the elements in the education system that ensure rapid adaptation of the entire system to changing requirements, not only theeducational process. This is a complex development of educational services, including personnel support,administrative and legal management, material and technical base and pedagogical design. The elements,characteristics and conditions of the smart education implementation are given. The key task facing thesmart education is identified, which is to ensure the sustainable development of the society and theeconomy in accordance with the changing environment, providing opportunities for creating a new levelof efficiency in the economy and public administration. An important factor of smart education is theorganization of feedback, in order to motivate students, save educational materials and records, also it isnecessary to create a cyber space for further joint use of resources.The concept of smart technologies and the list of the main smart learning technologies used in highereducation are characterized. The requirements for smart technologies (availability, efficiency, economy,aggregativity, complexity) are given.The concept of a smart textbook, which should be the basis for a smart educational process, ischaracterized, and the scheme of its development is given. The requirements for the technology ofcreation and the foundations that are the basis of the smart textbook, the requirements for its content andits structure are highlighted. The interactive environment of the smart textbook is defined.It is concluded that smart education expands the perception of education in comparison with training;goes beyond the technical developments; solves a greater number of educational tasks and satisfies morediverse needs of social subjects.

Medical science has progressed leaps and bounds over the past century or so. New concepts and understandings have developed overtime broadening the scope of scientific knowledge in terms of diagnosis and management of various diseases. Surgical procedures have become highly technical with surgeons world over, keen to try and adapt to the changing trends and requirements from time to time. The medical field is one which has always relied on sharing of knowledge amongst the stake holders especially the doctors and paramedical staff in an effort to learn from each other’s experience. The need for this co-operation and co-ordination in this day and age is beyond the iota of any doubt. One way for a constructive exchange of ideas and knowledge amongst the medical personnel is to rely on details of one’s experiences and views to be published in peer review journals accessible to others for enhancing the horizon of their professional practice The importance and impact of Medical journals was best described by a Chicago Physician Salisbury JH in 1906 as follows; “Medical school is attended, as a rule, but once in a lifetime; the meetings of the medical society are usually infrequent, but the medical journal, like the newspaper, is an ever-present friend whose influence and advice are potent for good or evil. 1” To derive maximum benefit from published work it is important to ensure global review of research work and have a constant exchange of ideas2 by way of constructive criticism. To ensure the credibility of their published journals, most of the editorial boards strive to attain high standards of published material. Research work in the form of original articles are favored by most medical journals supplemented by book reviews, reviews of clinical practice, case reports, readers' letters, and their own editorials.3 Their significance is described as under; Original articles give information about objectives, methods, results, discussion and conclusions of a new research. Reviews are an overview of one particular topic of clinical Also included under this umbrella are systematic reviewsand meta-analysis. Reports of clinical cases of special interest or a short series of case reports are now sparingly published in journals. Readers letters and the editors own views on varied subjects adds to the amplitude of a journal. In spite of their importance in disseminating key health information, medical journals have often have had a tenuous existence with a constantly changing spectrum and many journals struggling to define their role. A lot depends on the quality of printed material and readiness of the reading physician to accept the findings printed.Various modalities are used to rate journals for the benefit of their readers. Peer reviewed journals are now accepted as a norm for any publication to be deemed credible. With growing awareness other portals such as impact factor devised by’ Eugene Garfield’ are now frequently quoted to define the quality of a journal. Impact factor is a measure of average number of citations to recent published articles in an academic journal. It is calculated by taking into account the number of times that all items published in a journal over the period of 2 consecutive years are cited by indexed publications in the following e.g. year and dividing it by the total number of citable items published by that journal over the period of the 2 years in question. However it will be inappropriate to use it as a mean of comparison between different journals because it cannot be consistently reproduced in an independent audit4 , the speed of publication varies amongst disciplines and the nature of published articles (e.g. review articles which are cited more often).Way back in 1884, President Leartus Connor of America gave his vision for the medical journal as one which ought to be a medical school, a residency program, a clinical preceptor, a set of textbooks, and a medical society unto itself. He concluded, “it is the great unifier of the past and present, the diffuser of all new facts, new thoughts, all new and better appliances for the study of the human body and for the relief of its derangements5” Almost a century and three decades later his words have been imbibed in history as a guiding principle to define the role of journals in medical science.

Human resource procurement is one of the essential stages of organizational decision-making. The scope of procurement consists of planning, recruitment, selection, placement, and orientation of new personnel. Human resources studied in this research are situated in Pesantren comprising of the committee or board; teachers of kitab kuning (classical Arabic Islamic textbook) either with sorogan or bandongan methods; teachers of reciting and memorizing Al-Qur’an; persons in charge of media such as website, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, magazines, and newsletters of Sirojuth Tholibin both. Sirojuth Tholibin commonly used a bottom-up approach in human resources planning. As a part of the planning process, The institution usually combines unstructured interview and observation methods in job analysis. In recruitment and selection, Sirojuth Tholibin pays more attention to behavioral competencies over technical competencies. Recruitment of committee and teachers usually carried out through the employee referral method. Those recruited and selected are recommendations from previous administrators who understand the background of potential candidates. The placement of new human resources is made based on their respective competencies. Orientation is the responsibility of each department, and the duration is according to the speed of each new individual in capturing new knowledge related to their jobs. The weakness of human resources procurement in Sirojuth Tholibin has no formal written job description and job specification. There is also a lack of management information systems of human resource procurement.

In its historical development, higher Russian engineering and economic education has gone through a centuries-long path of reformatory changes. It began with the establishment in 1830 of the Moscow Trade School to train skilled masters of factory crafts. Soon, by decision of the reigning government, it turned into the Imperial Technical School, intended to provide students with higher education in mechanical specialties with a duration of study of 5 years. For a long period of time, the Imperial Technical School represented in Russia the world's leading frontier of creative engineering thought by outstanding domestic mechanical engineering scientists. It has always been and still remains the first university-type higher technical educational institution in the country, training engineers and economists of a wide profile based on a combination of theoretical and practical training of students in real scientific and economic activities at existing industrial enterprises. At the Moscow Higher Technical School, under the leadership of D.K. Sovetkin, a new system of professional training for future engineering personnel was first developed and used with wide success in the educational process, which received worldwide recognition as the Russian method of teaching crafts. At that time, it was mandatory for all engineers to master carpentry, blacksmithing, turning, plumbing and modeling, each of which was studied in order of increasing complexity. In subsequent years, the basic scientific principles of the formation of complex theoretical knowledge and practical skills of future engineers of mechanical engineering production were presented in a systematic form in the textbook of the professor of the Moscow Imperial Technical School N. G. Charnovsky “Organization of industrial enterprises for metal processing. Published more than 100 years ago, the textbook, according to the organizers of the modern scientific “Charnov Readings”, is the world’s first textbook on production management. Samara State Technical University was also established, like the Bauman Moscow State Technical University many years earlier, by an imperial law signed by Nicholas II in his own hand with the words “Be according to this” on July 3, 1914. The “Law on the Establishment of a Polytechnic Institute in Samara”, approved by the State Council and the State Duma, determined its location, structure of divisions, general status, staff, sources of funding and start time of educational activities: I. To establish a Polytechnic Institute in the city of Samara consisting of two faculties: commercial-economics, with departments of economics and commercial-technical, and agricultural-economics, with divisions of commercial-economics and agricultural-economics departments into subdepartments by specialty. Classify the said institute as a higher education institution. II.Establish the attached staff of the polytechnic institute and put it into effect from July 1, 1915. The article examines, using the example of the country's well-known Bauman, Samara and other technical universities, the historical experience of the development of engineering and economic education in Russian higher education during the formation of new market relations. The main directions and results of cooperation between the Department of Production Management of SamSTU and the Volzhsky Automobile Plant PJSC AvtoVAZ in carrying out scientific research and improving the training of labor and production organizers are also revealed.

The Voronezh region has a long history in the creation and cultivation of man-made forests in the forest-steppe and steppe zones and in the formation of forest reclamation complexes in forest-agricultural landscapes. Such work, training of personnel for forestry enterprises, the development of theoretical provisions is associated with the well-known names of prominent scientists and their students of the Voronezh Forestry University. Treshchevsky Igor Vladimirovich - Professor, Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Honored Forester of the RSFSR, participant of the Great Patriotic War. With his participation and under his leadership, work was carried out for the first time on the reclamation of disturbed lands of the KMA. Important studies were carried out and recommendations were developed for optimizing the assortment of species and agricultural technology for growing them on dumps, a method for determining the economic efficiency of creating protective plantations was proposed and tested. Igor Vladimirovich owns more than 130 works, most of which are devoted to forest reclamation of disturbed lands. Professor Treshchevsky I.V. prepared 13 candidates of sciences. V.G. Shatalov and Ya.V. Pankov. Popov Vladimir Ksenofontovich - a famous scientist forester, professor, honored worker of higher education, full member of the Academy of Natural Sciences and the Academy of Quality Problems of the Russian Federation, rector of VSFI, VSAFT (1985-2005). Vladimir Ksenofontovich is the author of over 200 scientific papers. Under his leadership and direct participation, experimental-production facilities for provenance trial plantations of birch, pine-birch crops, and pine cultures of various densities were created. Shatalov Viktor Grigorievich - Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor. He is the founder of the scientific direction - floodplain afforestation, principles of management in water protection zones. Based on the results of many years of research, he published 243 works, including 14 monographs, 1 textbook and 7 teaching aids. V.G. Shatalov paid much attention to personnel training. He prepared 10 candidates and 2 doctors of sciences. Deryuzhkin Rostislav Ivanovich - Doctor of Agriculture, Professor. Rostislav Ivanovich can rightfully be considered the creator of forestry. With his direct participation, tens of hectares of forest plantations of larch, pine and oak were laid. During the period of his work, he prepared 160 graduate students and 22 candidates of sciences, published more than 150 scientific papers. Pankov Yakov Vladimirovich - Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, a recognized specialist in the field of the environment, rational nature management and forest reclamation. With his participation, over 40 years, unique biological objects were created on the dumps of the KMA. He prepared 4 doctors and 15 candidates of sciences; he published over 250 scientific works, including 14 monographs, received copyright certificates. All these scientists make a huge contribution to the theory and practice of afforestation and reforestation, training for the forestry industry

In the new issue, our scientific journal offers you thirteen scientific articles. As always, we try to offer a wide variety of topics and areas and follow current trends in the history of science and technology. In the article by Olha Chumachenko, оn the basis of a wide base of sources, the article highlights and analyzes the development of research work of aircraft engine companies in Zaporizhzhia during the 1970s. The existence of a single system of functioning of the Zaporizhzhia production association “Motorobudivnyk” (now the Public Joint Stock Company “Motor Sich”) and the Zaporizhzhia Machine-Building Design Bureau “Progress” (now the State Enterprise “Ivchenko – Progress”) has been taken into account. Leonid Griffen and Nadiia Ryzheva present their vision of the essence of technology as a socio-historical phenomenon. The article reveals the authors' vision of the essence of the technology as a sociohistorical phenomenon. It is based on the idea that technology is not only a set of technical devices but a segment of the general system – a society – located between a social medium and its natural surroundings in the form of a peculiar social technosphere, which simultaneously separates and connects them. Definitely the article by Denis Kislov, which examines the period from the end of the XVII century to the beginning of the XIX century, is also of interest, when on the basis of deep philosophical concepts, a new vision of the development of statehood and human values raised. At this time, a certain re-thinking of the management and communication ideas of Antiquity and the Renaissance took place, which outlined the main promising trends in the statehood evolution, which to one degree or another were embodied in practice in the 19th and 20th centuries. A systematic approach and a comparative analysis of the causes and consequences of those years’ achievements for the present and the immediate future of the 21st century served as the methodological basis for a comprehensive review of the studies of that period. The article by Serhii Paliienko is devoted to an exploration of archaeological theory issues at the Institute of archaeology AS UkrSSR in the 1960s. This period is one of the worst studied in the history of Soviet archaeology. But it was the time when in the USSR archaeological researches reached the summit, quantitative methods and methods of natural sciences were applied and interest in theoretical issues had grown in archaeology. Now there are a lot of publications dedicated to theoretical discussions between archaeologists from Leningrad but the same researches about Kyiv scholars are still unknown The legacy of St. Luke in medical science, authors from Greece - this study aims to highlight key elements of the life of Valentyn Feliksovych Voino-Yasenetskyi and his scientific contribution to medicine. Among the scientists of European greatness, who at the turn of the XIX and XX centuries showed interest to the folklore of Galicia (Halychyna) and Galician Ukrainians, contributed to their national and cultural revival, one of the leading places is occupied by the outstanding Ukrainian scientist Ivan Verkhratskyi. He was both naturalist and philologist, as well as folklorist and ethnographer, organizer of scientific work, publisher and popularizer of Ukrainian literature, translator, publicist and famous public figure. I. H. Verkhratskyi was also an outstanding researcher of plants and animals of Eastern Galicia, a connoisseur of insects, especially butterflies, the author of the first school textbooks on natural science written in Ukrainian. A new emerging field that has seen the application of the drone technology is the healthcare sector. Over the years, the health sector has increasingly relied on the device for timely transportation of essential articles across the globe. Since its introduction in health, scholars have attempted to address the impact of drones on healthcare across Africa and the world at large. Among other things, it has been reported by scholars that the device has the ability to overcome the menace of weather constraints, inadequate personnel and inaccessible roads within the healthcare sector. This notwithstanding, data on drones and drone application in Ghana and her healthcare sector in particular appears to be little within the drone literature. Also, little attempt has been made by scholars to highlight the use of drones in African countries. By using a narrative review approach, the current study attempts to address the gap above. By this approach, a thorough literature search was performed to locate and assess scientific materials involving the application of drones in the military field and in the medical systems of Africans and Ghanaians in particular. The paper by Artemii Bernatskyi and Vladyslav Khaskin is devoted to the analysis of the history of the laser creation as one of the greatest technical inventions of the 20th century. This paper focuses on establishing a relation between the periodization of the stages of creation and implementation of certain types of lasers, with their influence on the invention of certain types of equipment and industrial technologies for processing the materials, the development of certain branches of the economy, and scientific-technological progress as a whole. The paper discusses the stages of: invention of the first laser; creation of the first commercial lasers; development of the first applications of lasers in industrial technologies for processing the materials. Special attention is paid to the “patent wars” that accompanied different stages of the creation of lasers. A comparative analysis of the market development for laser technology from the stage of creation to the present has been carried out. Nineteenth-century world exhibitions were platforms to demonstrate technical and technological changes that witnessed the modernization and industrialization of the world. World exhibitions have contributed to the promotion of new inventions and the popularization of already known, as well as the emergence of art objects of world importance. One of the most important world events at the turn of the century was the 1900 World's Fair in Paris. Thus, the author has tried to analyze the participation of representatives of the sugar industry in the World's Fair in 1900 and to define the role of exhibitions as indicators of economic development, to show the importance and influence of private entrepreneurs, especially from Ukraine, on the sugar industry and international contacts. The article by Viktor Verhunov highlights the life and creative path of the outstanding domestic scientist, theorist, methodologist and practitioner of agricultural engineering K. G. Schindler, associated with the formation of agricultural mechanics in Ukraine. The methodological foundation of the research is the principles of historicism, scientific nature and objectivity in reproducing the phenomena of the past based on the complex use of general scientific, special, interdisciplinary methods. For the first time a number of documents from Russian and Ukrainian archives, which reflect some facts of the professional biography of the scientist, were introduced into scientific circulation. The authors from Kremenchuk National University named after Mykhailo Ostrohradskyi presented a fascinating study of a bayonet fragment with severe damages of metal found in the city Kremenchuk (Ukraine) in one of the canals on the outskirts of the city, near the Dnipro River. Theoretical research to study blade weapons of the World War I period and the typology of the bayonets of that period, which made it possible to put forward an assumption about the possible identification of the object as a modified bayonet to the Mauser rifle has been carried out. Metal science expert examination was based on X-ray fluorescence spectrometry to determine the concentration of elements in the sample from the cleaned part of the blade. In the article by Mykola Ruban and Vadym Ponomarenko on the basis of the complex analysis of sources and scientific literature the attempt to investigate historical circumstances of development and construction of shunting electric locomotives at the Dnipropetrovsk electric locomotive plant has been made. The next scientific article continues the series of publications devoted to the assessment of activities of the heads of the Ministry of Railways of the Russian Empire. In this article, the authors have attempted to systematize and analyze historical data on the activities of Klavdii Semyonovych Nemeshaev as the Minister of Railways of the Russian Empire. The article also assesses the development and construction of railway network in the Russian Empire during Nemeshaev's office, in particular, of the Amur Line and Moscow Encircle Railway, as well as the increase in the capacity of the Trans-Siberian Railway. The article discusses K. S. Nemeshaev's contribution to the development of technology and the introduction of a new type of freight steam locomotive for state-owned railways. We hope that everyone will find interesting useful information in the new issue. And, of course, we welcome your new submissions.

the article presents a historical and methodological analysis of the formation and development of scientific schools of the Department of Psychology, Pedagogy and Organization of work with personnel of the Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: legal pedagogy, legal Psychology, social Psychology, psychology of management, personnel management and organization of work with personnel of internal affairs bodies. The research culture of the teaching staff, as well as adjuncts and applicants - teachers and students of scientific schools - was formed in the personalities and published works, defended dissertations, and the scientific and applied tasks of the internal affairs bodies were solved. The formation and development of scientific schools was formed on an interdisciplinary and interdepartmental basis, based on the already existing and advanced innovative methodological approaches. The theoretical achievements of scientific schools were mediated by the educational process and the practice of the internal affairs bodies. For the first, members of scientific schools prepared textbooks and other educational and methodological publications, for the second, methodological recommendations and other scientific and methodological products were developed. The article also describes promising directions for the development of scientific schools of the Department of Psychology, Pedagogy and the organization of work with personnel of the Academy of Management of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia.

The responsibility for developing professional and high-quality teacher candidates lies with the Education Institution for Educational Personnel (LPTK). However, achieving this goal is certainly challenging to achieve during this pandemic. This research explores student perspectives on the effectiveness of lectures in developing the ability to create innovative textbooks. The research employed quantitative descriptive methods and involved students from the mathematics education study program Universitas Negeri Semarang who were enrolled in the Innovation of Mathematics Learning course. The data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results of the study indicate that preparing learning resources in modules is crucial during lectures. Additionally, activities such as synchronous lecture activities, use of Learning Management System (LMS), resources like videos, discussions with colleagues, virtual face-to-face, discussions using WhatsApp Group, presentation of each assignment, group assignments, and projects should be prepared during lectures. These results highlight the necessity of implementing a team-based project model to develop students’ abilities in developing innovative textbooks. Keywords: innovative textbooks, mathematics learning online course, students’ perspectives.

<h1 style="text-align: justify; margin: 0in 0in 0pt;"><span style="font-family: &quot;Times New Roman&quot;,&quot;serif&quot;; font-size: 10pt;">FASB Statement No. 95, Statement of Cash Flows has now been in existence for more than ten years (since 1988) and yet, there still has not been any consensus about how to effectively evaluate information provided from this statement. Accounting educators should be the primary personnel for disseminating the necessary information for understanding the cash flow statement as well as for providing the analytical tools for evaluating the cash flow information.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>Carslaw and Mills (1992) provided a preliminary study that examined the intermediate textbooks to determine what the authors were providing in terms of analytical tools for evaluating cash flow information. The study concluded that while all the textbook authors point out that the cash flow statement should be used to evaluate liquidity and financial flexibility, none provided analytical tools for evaluation. The Carslaw and Mills article then provided a series of suggested ratios that they felt might provide a foundation for analyzing cash flow information.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">&nbsp; </span>This paper is a follow-up of the prior study. We reviewed the information in the current intermediate accounting texts that provides a basis for the evaluation of the cash flow statement. Our conclusion is that, while some authors have attempted to provide better measures of cash flow information, ten years later, there is still no common consensus among authors on providing the necessary tools for properly analyzing cash flow information.</span></h1>

Performance management is a concept that helps in the improvement of results by providing the means for individuals to perform well within an agreed framework of planned goals, standards and competency requirements. It includes developing an understanding about what needs to be achieved and how it must be achieved. Hence, the aim of this study was to review the factors influencing implementation of performance management programmes in South African Universities. This study was a conceptual study that examined the factors that influence successful implementation of performance management programmes, and classified the importance of a performance management system in South African Universities. An archival investigation was used to conduct the study through in-depth study of past literatures, such as textbooks, newspaper articles, company websites, journals and conference publications. This approach was chosen because it was the most effective method to carry out an informative review of the factors that influence successful implementation of performance management programmes, and classify the importance of a performance management system in South African Universities. In this study, the researchers reported that performance management implementation is influenced by a number of factors which include but not limited to shortage of staffs in the human resource department. In addition, human resource personnel require training on how performance management should be implemented. The study also reported that there is only a partial trust in the relationship between managers and the staffs. In other words, employees often resist the implementation of performance management and are either ready or educated about the performance management system. However, if properly adopted, the study suggested that effective implementation of performance management system will improve employees and organisational performance. Such policy must be discussed with all stakeholders so that they will not be caught unaware. Hence, performance management needs to be piloted before final implementation. Keywords: Organizational Performance, Performance Management, Business Policy, Stakeholders, Human Resources, Literature Review.

Even if the rippling effects of radical and incremental innovations often bolster a firm's overall effective financial performance, managing all kinds of innovation activities is often not a linear process that induces the desired outcome and profitability levels. Thus, given the high rivalrism in the global car market, this paper offers a critical analysis of Tesla and Toyota's radical and incremental innovation management strategies so as to extract the best practices that can be emulated by other innovation ventures to bolster their competitiveness and financial performance. Methodology used in such analysis entailed a systematic review and synthesis of the existing online data, academic journals and textbooks on Tesla and Toyota's radical and incremental innovation management strategies. Combined with the interview of twenty personnel from car dealers in Aberdeen, Edinburgh and Glasgow in Scotland about their perceptions of Tesla and Toyota's innovative products, outcomes of such systematic review were triangulated with the core radical and incremental innovation management theories to discern how they offer coherent explanation of Tesla and Toyota's innovation space and management strategies. Though Tesla and Toyota seem to use similar radical and incremental innovation management strategies of search, select, implement and capture, Toyota was still found to have a radical product innovation disadvantage that undermines the development of better EVs to counter Tesla's premium EVs. Similarly, Tesla also has a radical process innovation deficiency that affects the development of cheaper and affordable EVs to further erode Toyota's market dominance. Given such findings, the paper highlights some of the best radical and incremental innovation management practices that can be emulated by different innovation ventures to create, deliver and capture the desired innovation values that can bolster their overall competitiveness and financial performance.

The Employee Provident Fund (EPF) was established Under the Employees Provident Fund Act 1991 (EPF Act 1991) as a social security organisation that offers members with trustworthy and efficient savings management, and it is open to both di personnel. In contrast, the Private Pension Administrator (PPA) developed the Private Retirement Scheme (PRS), a retirement programme, to address retiree' insufficient resources for meeting their retirement expenses in light of rising living standards and longer life expectancies. Having to see the similar aspects between EPF and PRS in terms of creating a savings and their importance towards securing certain degree of comfort to retirees , this study seeks to make a comparative analysis between the two. The researcher employs a qualitative approach, by conducting a library-based research on the relevant materials including, but not limited to statutory provisions, case laws, textbooks, journal articles, newspapers, conference proceedings, and seminar papers. The findings show that both are identical in certain regards despite having distinctive features and could greatly benefit not only the account holder, but also serve as a potential inheritance estate to his beneficiaries, subject to the effect of its nomination. it is believed that efforts should be bolstered by the stakeholders in creating more awareness regarding the importance of contributing in EPF or PRS.

The article is devoted to the study of the development of employees of enterprises and organizations of Ukraine, to determine the general trends of human development in the world ranking (according to the Human Development Index), as well as analysis of teaching methods in different conditions, including at remote work and forced isolation of workers. The information base of the research was the reports on human development for 1990 - 2019 of the World Economic Forum (Human Development Index of Ukraine); textbooks, scientific professional publications of Ukraine; data from the UNIAN news agency. To ensure the reliability, completeness and validity of the study, the following scientific methods were used: theoretical generalization, analysis and synthesis, as well as induction and deduction. In the process of research work, an analysis of the dynamics of human development in Ukraine was performed. His comparison with the leading countries in the Human Development Index proved the need to improve the quality of training of personnel of domestic enterprises and to gain experience in the world's best corporations. The general traditional forms of personnel development in the leading companies of the USA, England and Japan are analyzed. The spread of the use of computer networks and media during the pandemic for training and development of distance learning skills, has led to the expediency of grouping methods and ways of learning into two classes: "Off-line - training" and "On-line - training". Peculiarities of application, advantages and disadvantages of each of them are determined. Made a certain systematization of their views on human resource management in modern socio-economic conditions. Popular practices that are used during the work of staff in remote access are studied. Examples of tools with which employees successfully learn and work are given. Thus, the possibility of productive continuation of the work process with continuous learning in the conditions of distance work as a necessary element of increasing the competitiveness and economic development of the country during the pandemic is substantiated.

The movement and educational reform to unlock the various restrictions from Thai government and the concept of providing opportunities for various sectors to participate in educational management, thus resulting in this research with the purposes; 1) to study the needs of area-based education, 2) to construct area-based education strategies and 3) to evaluate the area-based education strategies of primary schools in Nong Khai Province. The mixed-method research design was used in this study consisting of 4 phases: Phase 1: studying the area-based education from the document, textbooks and theories as well as semi-structured interviews with 5 experts, Phase 2: studying the current states, desirable states and needs of area-based education by 159 principals using a questionnaire and prioritizing with PNImodified technique, Phase 3: constructing the area-based education strategies using TOWS Matrix technique and focus group discussion by 9 experts and Phase 4: evaluating the appropriateness, feasibility, utility and accuracy of area-based education strategies by connoissuership13 experts.The results of this research were as follows:1. The current states of area-based education of primary schools in Nong Khai Province were at the high level and the desirable states of area–based education of primary schools were at the highest level. The needs of area-based education of primary schools overall index of demand, is 0.22. The sequences were: 1) collaboration and participation, 2) area desirable learning management, 3) enhancing potential and competency of personal education, 4) producing effective system of evaluation and assessment, 5) decentralization and autonomy in educational management, and 6) information database and educational innovation development.2. The area-based education strategies of primary schools consist of 6 main strategies, 30 sub-main strategies, 95 guidelines and 65 indicators. The main strategies were: 1) enhance collaboration and participation, 2) promote desirable area corresponding with learning management, 3) enhance potential and competency of educational personnel, 4) produce effective system of evaluation and assessment, 5) promote decentralization and autonomy in educational management and 6) develop information database and educational innovation. 3. Strategic evaluation of 6 strategies in 4 aspects: appropriateness, propriety, feasibility, utility and accuracy were at the highest level in all aspects.

This journal has a complex subtitle: Media, technology and lifelong learning. The subtitle will to many of our readers be perceived as a synonymous to “ICT in education”. However, ICT in education is strongly influenced by informatics and psychology. Even if schools are main receivers of educational technology, not many inventions in the field stem from the educational field itself. There are many tendencies reminding us of the continual conflict between technology and education. The task of this journal has the aim to discuss media and technology on educational grounds. One might think that in the ideal world, media and technologies would develop gradually from good practice where the technology would fit to the expressed needs and desires of the teachers and students of the actual situation. Ivan Illich brings such an example to the fore: in the 7th century the process of christening the people in Northern Europe came to slow down. For some reasons it was difficult to teach newly recruited students in the monastery schools Latin and therefore Christianity. Some clever monks in Ireland came up with the idea of inserting a graphical sign - an open space - to mark the differences between letters that ends a word and starts the next (Illich 1995, p. 87). Inserting an open space, made words distinct and a lot easier to understand. This innovation speeded up the learning process not only for slow learners of the Northern Europe, but for the whole community of readers worldwide. Inserting a space greatly improved the technology of writing, reading and teaching. A genuinely simple innovation radically changed how writing was undertaken, and the innovation came from teaching. It might not be common to think of writing as technology. In Carl Mitcham’s seminal work “Thinking through technology” he points out how technology has developed historically, and covers a number of shapes and forms. In the modern everyday conception of technology, most people – as well as academics – think of technology as visible artefacts, gadgets, gizmos or whatever material expressions it may take. But a wider interpretation is that technology is an expression of “how things work”. According to Mitcham (1994), technology can be identified on many levels: as knowledge, as artefacts, as activity, and as volition. In this sense didactics and didactical interventions are both knowledge and activity. But there are also manifest artefacts representing didactics, that act as the type of “organ projections” that technology has been conceived to be: textbooks, classrooms, computers, projectors etc.. The problem with educational technology is that so much of it does not come as a response to expressed desires and needs. This is a general concern with technology. Technologies are invented for some specific purpose – or simply because it was possible to develop. By accident or serendipity it is all of a sudden applied to some other function. Dissemination of technology is difficult to predict, its patterns, means and ends is difficult to foresee. Our first contributor, Bjørn Hofmann, deals with this phenomenon, and he describes this as an uncontrollable technology. He explains how rather technology controls us. From being a means, technology now has become the end in itself. Hofmann offers us also a profound critique of this position. He claims there is a fundamental link between values and technology. We, educators as well as citizens in general, have a certain responsibility to screen and test technology according to its effects. We have to evaluate the ethics of the technology that surrounds us, and never accept this superfluous fact implied in “technological determination”. He asks us to trace the values inherent in the technology in question and seek beyond the imperatives of technology, for the ethics of technology. The second article addresses a specific context of teaching about human communication. Halvor Nordby seeks to explore the nature of face-to-face and interactive communication and the respective challenges that students of a national further education program for medical paramedics experience. Nordby builds his paper on an analysis of the communicative situations paramedics often find themselves in. He addresses two main questions: What are the basic problems of understanding paramedics confront when they meet patients and other health personnel in face-to-face situations? And how are these problems similar to, but also different from, the challenges they confront when they communicate interactively via radio or telephone with other health personnel? Nordby uses philosophy of mind and language to understand these situations and provides us with an analytical framework for not only understanding the similarities and differences, but also to avoid misunderstandings. Nordby’s paper is an excellent example on how one can develop fine research from investigating one’s own teaching. Another insight from Carl Mitcham is how technology seems to follow steps of naturalistic innovation. What started as an idea and turned into standard procedures in a community of practitioners became more or less fundamental “rules of thumb”, written down in manuals, and distributed in the community. In the next stage one seeks for more consistent systems of predictions, such as ‘if A, then B’ appear, a semi-scientific stage which strives for Scientific precision. In its final stage, agents of the community seek to legitimize and systematize what once was a practical rule by transforming it to science. Now, scientific theories are of two kinds, Mitcham argues: the highest status is gained by being defined as a substantial theory, to which most nature sciences belong. The second group, operational theories, offer less absolute certainty, more insecurity, less predictability. Think of “thermodynamics” and “management” as examples of the two kinds. Education is often trapped between these types of scientific theory. On one hand most teachers act on the grounds of “rules of thumb”, believing there is a good reason to claim that “If I do A, B will follow”. These are dimensions of the personal knowledge teachers carry without giving it much thought. University teachers are no exception in this respect. Even if they seek to build their research on scientific theories, their lives are just as based on personal knowledge as any layperson. When it comes to teaching, university teachers are equally attached do unreflected traditions, habits and unjustified patterns of action. The last paper deals with how scientific interventions into education seeks to challenge established “ways of doing things”, by changing methods of assessment. The paper suggests that giving students proper feedback on their written essays pays off significantly: more students pass the exam, and with better results. Raaheim has screened the available literature on what seems to have a positive effect on student learning when writing papers, and shows how using a different method improves the studying conditions for students. He offers a technological innovation that illuminates the recursive process between the developmental levels of technologies. The obligation of educators is to improve the chances for learners to fulfil their aims. Even if education never can become a scientific theory on par with “substantial” theories, the obligation is still there to increase the chance for making A be followed by B. Literature: Illich, I. (1995): In the Vineyard of the text. A Commentary to Hugh's Didascalicon. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago. Mitcham, C. (1994): Thinking through technology : the path between engineering and philosophy . University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Most undergraduate programmes in tourism management in Malaysia and elsewhere include a course on tourism geography. Knowledge of geography is deemed essential on the ground that it will equip travel and tourism professionals with geographic literacy of both the immediate environment at a particular destination and the world outside, regional and international. Travel counsellors, tourist guides and hotel guest contact personnel in particular, need knowledge in geography to be in the position to advise or provide visitor information on numerous geographic aspects of a destination such as weather, distance, time, location, direction, costs, terrain and the physical environment, especially fauna and flora. Mancini wrote Selling Destinations: Geography for the travel professional with this in mind. He begins the textbook with a debatable observation that travel professionals do not sell travel, what they really sell is geography. While it is true that most travellers see the burden of transfer from the place of origin to the destination as the less favored part of leisure travel, many travellers such as the early explorers, pilgrims, globetrotters and nowadays cruise ship passengers, value the transit experience as part of the leisure travel package. Indeed for the more exclusive niche markets such as space travel, overnight ecotourism hiking trails and mountain climbing, the thrill lies in the journey itself rather than any expected ‘eureka’ at the destination. Travel is thus always an inseparable part of a tour package. The book is big and thick, not a user-friendly volume that readers can conveniently pass around or carry in the suitcase. The author tries to cover a long list of places and items, at the expense of useful foci on pertinent elements at the destination. As a result it paradoxically suffers a lack of both depth and breath. In terms of depth the text is hardly academically rigorous as it claims to be (p. vii). For a self-proclaimed bestseller textbook that is used in more than 60 travel schools in Canada the reader expects a list of references at the back of the book if not after each chapter. Unfortunately the author prefers to stray from the familiar by not including features that, he worries, may ‘clutter’ the mind and this includes distractive references. Selling Destinations... seems to be the only travel geography text in the market that strangely omits references to others’ works. Thus it claims without evidence that, “Fifty-two percent of travellers pick the restaurant they will eat in before arriving at their destination” (p. 7), and that the word ‘serendipity’ comes from the Muslim name for Sri Lanka! In the same breadth this is hardly a scientific text which resorts to a tendentious myth (p. 583) that the eruption of Krakatoa in A. D. 535 caused...the rise of Islam (note: the religion of Islam was not founded until A. D. 622). It also claims that Jerusalem is the capital of Israel (p. 440) although this is still contestable. Coverage of the world is fairly comprehensive albeit uneven. For instance while Canada is allotted 72 pages, Malaysia, Indonesia, Philippines, Taiwan and Korea are only allocated one page each, notwithstanding the fact that Malaysia receives far more tourists that Canada. There is a conspicuous absence of Air Asia and Langkawi in the description of inbound airlines and island destinations in Malaysia. That the author refers to eastern Malaysia as Sarawak and Sabah regions rather than states indicates his own lack of geographic literacy. This book nonetheless offers the beginner an adequate descriptive framework which covers the essential geographic elements of a destination, namely location, local weather and climate, time zone, landscape, accessibility and key attractions. To Mancini’s credit students will find the trivia, misgivings and quiz sections enjoyable. As the reader proceeds from continent to continent s/he will be increasingly familiar with a rather formulaic format which details information on how to get to the destination, local weather, tips on getting around, possible itineraries, allied destinations, factors that motivate visitors and sales considerations. The prospective visitor is also alerted to possible misgivings on the destination which the travel counsellor might want to address in his/her advice to the client. This is clearly a book on the geography for travel which aims at equipping students with the core competencies for travel counselling. It contrasts with the less vocational orientation of other tourism geography books which devote some space for the geography of tourism with its key concepts and theories. In the latter emphasis is usually given to explaining why tourists and facilities catering to their needs are concentrated in particular regions and locations. For an understanding of the distribution patterns Ullman’s model on spatial interaction and Butler’s idea on the evolution of a tourist destination are now common knowledge, as are concepts of tourism demand and supply, and more recently ideas on ‘sustainable tourism’. Although Mancini does not delve explicitly into the five themes associated with the above concepts: location, place, human-environment interaction, movement and the character of a region as the destination, the diligent learner would nevertheless be able to connect the dots by the end of the course. His use of side notes and trivia boxes helps to make reading a breezy and enjoyable task. The reader is also provided with a 6.5 cm margin to write whatever noteworthy comments s/he wants to write for future reference and recollection. Selling Destinations...is clearly tailor-made for Canadian undergraduates, hence the disproportionate emphasis on the geography of Canadian destinations. A titular subscript Geography for the Canadian Travel Professional would have been more appropriate given such an emphasis. In view of its vocational orientation one does not expect this expensive book, now in its fifth edition, to be included in scholarly reviews among geographers. It is ironic that such a successful book in the market receives no mention in any scholarly review in the subfields of tourism geography or tourism marketing. The author himself seems oblivious to the existence of a large and growing body of literature on tourism geography and destination marketing. There is thus still a lack of integration in tourism geography literature with one concentration addressing geography for tourism while the other on geography of tourism. For a more comprehensive treatment the two sections clearly ought to come together.

At one point in Victor Hugo’s novel, The Hunchback of Notre Dame, the archdeacon, Claude Frollo, looked up from a book on his table to the edifice of the gothic cathedral, visible from his canon’s cell in the cloister of Notre Dame: “Alas!” he said, “this will kill that” (146). Frollo’s lament, that the book would destroy the edifice, captures the medieval cleric’s anxiety about the way in which Gutenberg’s print technology would become the new universal means for recording and communicating humanity’s ideas and artistic expression, replacing the grand monuments of architecture, human engineering, and craftsmanship. For Hugo, architecture was “the great handwriting of humankind” (149). The cathedral as the material outcome of human technology was being replaced by the first great machine—the printing press. At this point in the third millennium, some people undoubtedly have similar anxieties to Frollo: is it now the book’s turn to be destroyed by yet another great machine? The inclusion of “post print” in our title is not intended to sound the death knell of the book. Rather, we contend that despite the enduring value of print, digital publishing is “present and active” and is changing the way in which research, particularly in the humanities, is being undertaken. Our approach has three related parts. First, we consider how digital technologies are changing the way in which content is constructed, customised, modified, disseminated, and accessed within a global, distributed network. This section argues that the transition from print to electronic or digital publishing means both losses and gains, particularly with respect to shifts in our approaches to textuality, information, and innovative publishing. Second, we discuss the Children’s Literature Digital Resources (CLDR) project, with which we are involved. This case study of a digitising initiative opens out the transformative possibilities and challenges of digital publishing and e-scholarship for research communities. Third, we reflect on technology’s capacity to bring about major changes in the light of the theoretical and practical issues that have arisen from our discussion. I. Digitising in a “post-print age” We are living in an era that is commonly referred to as “the late age of print” (see Kho) or the “post-print age” (see Gunkel). According to Aarseth, we have reached a point whereby nearly all of our public and personal media have become more or less digital (37). As Kho notes, web newspapers are not only becoming increasingly more popular, but they are also making rather than losing money, and paper-based newspapers are finding it difficult to recruit new readers from the younger generations (37). Not only can such online-only publications update format, content, and structure more economically than print-based publications, but their wide distribution network, speed, and flexibility attract advertising revenue. Hype and hyperbole aside, publishers are not so much discarding their legacy of print, but recognising the folly of not embracing innovative technologies that can add value by presenting information in ways that satisfy users’ needs for content to-go or for edutainment. As Kho notes: “no longer able to satisfy customer demand by producing print-only products, or even by enabling online access to semi-static content, established publishers are embracing new models for publishing, web-style” (42). Advocates of online publishing contend that the major benefits of online publishing over print technology are that it is faster, more economical, and more interactive. However, as Hovav and Gray caution, “e-publishing also involves risks, hidden costs, and trade-offs” (79). The specific focus for these authors is e-journal publishing and they contend that while cost reduction is in editing, production and distribution, if the journal is not open access, then costs relating to storage and bandwith will be transferred to the user. If we put economics aside for the moment, the transition from print to electronic text (e-text), especially with electronic literary works, brings additional considerations, particularly in their ability to make available different reading strategies to print, such as “animation, rollovers, screen design, navigation strategies, and so on” (Hayles 38). Transition from print to e-text In his book, Writing Space, David Bolter follows Victor Hugo’s lead, but does not ask if print technology will be destroyed. Rather, he argues that “the idea and ideal of the book will change: print will no longer define the organization and presentation of knowledge, as it has for the past five centuries” (2). As Hayles noted above, one significant indicator of this change, which is a consequence of the shift from analogue to digital, is the addition of graphical, audio, visual, sonic, and kinetic elements to the written word. A significant consequence of this transition is the reinvention of the book in a networked environment. Unlike the printed book, the networked book is not bound by space and time. Rather, it is an evolving entity within an ecology of readers, authors, and texts. The Web 2.0 platform has enabled more experimentation with blending of digital technology and traditional writing, particularly in the use of blogs, which have spawned blogwriting and the wikinovel. Siva Vaidhyanathan’s The Googlization of Everything: How One Company is Disrupting Culture, Commerce and Community … and Why We Should Worry is a wikinovel or blog book that was produced over a series of weeks with contributions from other bloggers (see: http://www.sivacracy.net/). Penguin Books, in collaboration with a media company, “Six Stories to Start,” have developed six stories—“We Tell Stories,” which involve different forms of interactivity from users through blog entries, Twitter text messages, an interactive google map, and other features. For example, the story titled “Fairy Tales” allows users to customise the story using their own choice of names for characters and descriptions of character traits. Each story is loosely based on a classic story and links take users to synopses of these original stories and their authors and to online purchase of the texts through the Penguin Books sales website. These examples of digital stories are a small part of the digital environment, which exploits computer and online technologies’ capacity to be interactive and immersive. As Janet Murray notes, the interactive qualities of digital environments are characterised by their procedural and participatory abilities, while their immersive qualities are characterised by their spatial and encyclopedic dimensions (71–89). These immersive and interactive qualities highlight different ways of reading texts, which entail different embodied and cognitive functions from those that reading print texts requires. As Hayles argues: the advent of electronic textuality presents us with an unparalleled opportunity to reformulate fundamental ideas about texts and, in the process, to see print as well as electronic texts with fresh eyes (89–90). The transition to e-text also highlights how digitality is changing all aspects of everyday life both inside and outside the academy. Online teaching and e-research Another aspect of the commercial arm of publishing that is impacting on academe and other organisations is the digitising and indexing of print content for niche distribution. Kho offers the example of the Mark Logic Corporation, which uses its XML content platform to repurpose content, create new content, and distribute this content through multiple portals. As the promotional website video for Mark Logic explains, academics can use this service to customise their own textbooks for students by including only articles and book chapters that are relevant to their subject. These are then organised, bound, and distributed by Mark Logic for sale to students at a cost that is generally cheaper than most textbooks. A further example of how print and digital materials can form an integrated, customised source for teachers and students is eFictions (Trimmer, Jennings, & Patterson). eFictions was one of the first print and online short story anthologies that teachers of literature could customise to their own needs. Produced as both a print text collection and a website, eFictions offers popular short stories in English by well-known traditional and contemporary writers from the US, Australia, New Zealand, UK, and Europe, with summaries, notes on literary features, author biographies, and, in one instance, a YouTube movie of the story. In using the eFictions website, teachers can build a customised anthology of traditional and innovative stories to suit their teaching preferences. These examples provide useful indicators of how content is constructed, customised, modified, disseminated, and accessed within a distributed network. However, the question remains as to how to measure their impact and outcomes within teaching and learning communities. As Harley suggests in her study on the use and users of digital resources in the humanities and social sciences, several factors warrant attention, such as personal teaching style, philosophy, and specific disciplinary requirements. However, in terms of understanding the benefits of digital resources for teaching and learning, Harley notes that few providers in her sample had developed any plans to evaluate use and users in a systematic way. In addition to the problems raised in Harley’s study, another relates to how researchers can be supported to take full advantage of digital technologies for e-research. The transformation brought about by information and communication technologies extends and broadens the impact of research, by making its outputs more discoverable and usable by other researchers, and its benefits more available to industry, governments, and the wider community. Traditional repositories of knowledge and information, such as libraries, are juggling the space demands of books and computer hardware alongside increasing reader demand for anywhere, anytime, anyplace access to information. Researchers’ expectations about online access to journals, eprints, bibliographic data, and the views of others through wikis, blogs, and associated social and information networking sites such as YouTube compete with the traditional expectations of the institutions that fund libraries for paper-based archives and book repositories. While university libraries are finding it increasingly difficult to purchase all hardcover books relevant to numerous and varied disciplines, a significant proportion of their budgets goes towards digital repositories (e.g., STORS), indexes, and other resources, such as full-text electronic specialised and multidisciplinary journal databases (e.g., Project Muse and Proquest); electronic serials; e-books; and specialised information sources through fast (online) document delivery services. An area that is becoming increasingly significant for those working in the humanities is the digitising of historical and cultural texts. II. Bringing back the dead: The CLDR project The CLDR project is led by researchers and librarians at the Queensland University of Technology, in collaboration with Deakin University, University of Sydney, and members of the AustLit team at The University of Queensland. The CLDR project is a “Research Community” of the electronic bibliographic database AustLit: The Australian Literature Resource, which is working towards the goal of providing a complete bibliographic record of the nation’s literature. AustLit offers users with a single entry point to enhanced scholarly resources on Australian writers, their works, and other aspects of Australian literary culture and activities. AustLit and its Research Communities are supported by grants from the Australian Research Council and financial and in-kind contributions from a consortium of Australian universities, and by other external funding sources such as the National Collaborative Research Infrastructure Strategy. Like other more extensive digitisation projects, such as Project Gutenberg and the Rosetta Project, the CLDR project aims to provide a centralised access point for digital surrogates of early published works of Australian children’s literature, with access pathways to existing resources. The first stage of the CLDR project is to provide access to digitised, full-text, out-of-copyright Australian children’s literature from European settlement to 1945, with selected digitised critical works relevant to the field. Texts comprise a range of genres, including poetry, drama, and narrative for young readers and picture books, songs, and rhymes for infants. Currently, a selection of 75 e-texts and digital scans of original texts from Project Gutenberg and Internet Archive have been linked to the Children’s Literature Research Community. By the end of 2009, the CLDR will have digitised approximately 1000 literary texts and a significant number of critical works. Stage II and subsequent development will involve digitisation of selected texts from 1945 onwards. A precursor to the CLDR project has been undertaken by Deakin University in collaboration with the State Library of Victoria, whereby a digital bibliographic index comprising Victorian School Readers has been completed with plans for full-text digital surrogates of a selection of these texts. These texts provide valuable insights into citizenship, identity, and values formation from the 1930s onwards. At the time of writing, the CLDR is at an early stage of development. An extensive survey of out-of-copyright texts has been completed and the digitisation of these resources is about to commence. The project plans to make rich content searchable, allowing scholars from children’s literature studies and education to benefit from the many advantages of online scholarship. What digital publishing and associated digital archives, electronic texts, hypermedia, and so forth foreground is the fact that writers, readers, publishers, programmers, designers, critics, booksellers, teachers, and copyright laws operate within a context that is highly mediated by technology. In his article on large-scale digitisation projects carried out by Cornell and University of Michigan with the Making of America collection of 19th-century American serials and monographs, Hirtle notes that when special collections’ materials are available via the Web, with appropriate metadata and software, then they can “increase use of the material, contribute to new forms of research, and attract new users to the material” (44). Furthermore, Hirtle contends that despite the poor ergonomics associated with most electronic displays and e-book readers, “people will, when given the opportunity, consult an electronic text over the print original” (46). If this preference is universally accurate, especially for researchers and students, then it follows that not only will the preference for electronic surrogates of original material increase, but preference for other kinds of electronic texts will also increase. It is with this preference for electronic resources in mind that we approached the field of children’s literature in Australia and asked questions about how future generations of researchers would prefer to work. If electronic texts become the reference of choice for primary as well as secondary sources, then it seems sensible to assume that researchers would prefer to sit at the end of the keyboard than to travel considerable distances at considerable cost to access paper-based print texts in distant libraries and archives. We considered the best means for providing access to digitised primary and secondary, full text material, and digital pathways to existing online resources, particularly an extensive indexing and bibliographic database. Prior to the commencement of the CLDR project, AustLit had already indexed an extensive number of children’s literature. Challenges and dilemmas The CLDR project, even in its early stages of development, has encountered a number of challenges and dilemmas that centre on access, copyright, economic capital, and practical aspects of digitisation, and sustainability. These issues have relevance for digital publishing and e-research. A decision is yet to be made as to whether the digital texts in CLDR will be available on open or closed/tolled access. The preference is for open access. As Hayles argues, copyright is more than a legal basis for intellectual property, as it also entails ideas about authorship, creativity, and the work as an “immaterial mental construct” that goes “beyond the paper, binding, or ink” (144). Seeking copyright permission is therefore only part of the issue. Determining how the item will be accessed is a further matter, particularly as future technologies may impact upon how a digital item is used. In the case of e-journals, the issue of copyright payment structures are evolving towards a collective licensing system, pay-per-view, and other combinations of print and electronic subscription (see Hovav and Gray). For research purposes, digitisation of items for CLDR is not simply a scan and deliver process. Rather it is one that needs to ensure that the best quality is provided and that the item is both accessible and usable by researchers, and sustainable for future researchers. Sustainability is an important consideration and provides a challenge for institutions that host projects such as CLDR. Therefore, items need to be scanned to a high quality and this requires an expensive scanner and personnel costs. Files need to be in a variety of formats for preservation purposes and so that they may be manipulated to be useable in different technologies (for example, Archival Tiff, Tiff, Jpeg, PDF, HTML). Hovav and Gray warn that when technology becomes obsolete, then content becomes unreadable unless backward integration is maintained. The CLDR items will be annotatable given AustLit’s NeAt funded project: Aus-e-Lit. The Aus-e-Lit project will extend and enhance the existing AustLit web portal with data integration and search services, empirical reporting services, collaborative annotation services, and compound object authoring, editing, and publishing services. For users to be able to get the most out of a digital item, it needs to be searchable, either through double keying or OCR (optimal character recognition). The value of CLDR’s contribution The value of the CLDR project lies in its goal to provide a comprehensive, searchable body of texts (fictional and critical) to researchers across the humanities and social sciences. Other projects seem to be intent on putting up as many items as possible to be considered as a first resort for online texts. CLDR is more specific and is not interested in simply generating a presence on the Web. Rather, it is research driven both in its design and implementation, and in its focussed outcomes of assisting academics and students primarily in their e-research endeavours. To this end, we have concentrated on the following: an extensive survey of appropriate texts; best models for file location, distribution, and use; and high standards of digitising protocols. These issues that relate to data storage, digitisation, collections, management, and end-users of data are aligned with the “Development of an Australian Research Data Strategy” outlined in An Australian e-Research Strategy and Implementation Framework (2006). CLDR is not designed to simply replicate resources, as it has a distinct focus, audience, and research potential. In addition, it looks at resources that may be forgotten or are no longer available in reproduction by current publishing companies. Thus, the aim of CLDR is to preserve both the time and a period of Australian history and literary culture. It will also provide users with an accessible repository of rare and early texts written for children. III. Future directions It is now commonplace to recognize that the Web’s role as information provider has changed over the past decade. New forms of “collective intelligence” or “distributed cognition” (Oblinger and Lombardi) are emerging within and outside formal research communities. Technology’s capacity to initiate major cultural, social, educational, economic, political and commercial shifts has conditioned us to expect the “next big thing.” We have learnt to adapt swiftly to the many challenges that online technologies have presented, and we have reaped the benefits. As the examples in this discussion have highlighted, the changes in online publishing and digitisation have provided many material, network, pedagogical, and research possibilities: we teach online units providing students with access to e-journals, e-books, and customized archives of digitised materials; we communicate via various online technologies; we attend virtual conferences; and we participate in e-research through a global, digital network. In other words, technology is deeply engrained in our everyday lives. In returning to Frollo’s concern that the book would destroy architecture, Umberto Eco offers a placatory note: “in the history of culture it has never happened that something has simply killed something else. Something has profoundly changed something else” (n. pag.). Eco’s point has relevance to our discussion of digital publishing. The transition from print to digital necessitates a profound change that impacts on the ways we read, write, and research. As we have illustrated with our case study of the CLDR project, the move to creating digitised texts of print literature needs to be considered within a dynamic network of multiple causalities, emergent technological processes, and complex negotiations through which digital texts are created, stored, disseminated, and used. Technological changes in just the past five years have, in many ways, created an expectation in the minds of people that the future is no longer some distant time from the present. 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Centre for Studies in Higher Education. 12 June 2008 ‹http://www.themodernword.com/eco/eco_future_of_book.html>. Hayles, N. Katherine. My Mother was a Computer: Digital Subjects and Literary Texts. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 2005. Hirtle, Peter B. “The Impact of Digitization on Special Collections in Libraries.” Libraries & Culture 37.1 (2002): 42–52. Hovav, Anat and Paul Gray. “Managing Academic E-journals.” Communications of the ACM 47.4 (2004): 79–82. Hugo, Victor. The Hunchback of Notre Dame (Notre-Dame de Paris). Ware, Hertfordshire: Wordsworth editions, 1993. Kho, Nancy D. “The Medium Gets the Message: Post-Print Publishing Models.” EContent 30.6 (2007): 42–48. Oblinger, Diana and Marilyn Lombardi. “Common Knowledge: Openness in Higher Education.” Opening up Education: The Collective Advancement of Education Through Open Technology, Open Content and Open Knowledge. Ed. Toru Liyoshi and M. S. Vijay Kumar. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2007. 389–400. Murray, Janet H. Hamlet on the Holodeck: The Future of Narrative in Cyberspace. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2001. Trimmer, Joseph F., Wade Jennings, and Annette Patterson. eFictions. New York: Harcourt, 2001.