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Buciuta, Andrei. "A brief history of personality tests". Psihiatru.ro 1, n.º 60 (2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.26416/psih.60.1.2020.3109.
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Zabegalin, Oleg, Julia Melnichuk e Victoria Vishnitskaya. "Test as a Method of Psychology. Development History and Basic Requirements". Bulletin of the Innovative University of Eurasia 93, n.º 1 (26 de março de 2024): 31–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.37788/2024-1/31-39.
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Main problem: The article highlights the problem of tests as methods of psychology, the influence of validity and reliability on the results of psychological research. Purpose: Uncovering the significance of validity and reliability on psychological research results. Results and their significance: Testing is an important method in psychology, allowing measuring various aspects of the psyche and behavior of a person. The history of the development of tests in psychology goes back more than a century and began with the work of Francis Galton and Alfred Binet. Over time, the tests have become widely used in various fields such as education, personnel selection, clinical diagnosis and research. Basic requirements for tests include reliability (repeatability of results), validity (measurement accuracy), standardization (same test conditions) and objectivity (lack of subjectivity in assessment). Tests must be designed using psychometric principles to ensure accuracy and validity of results. Modern tests include a variety of measurement techniques, such as tests of personality, intelligence, aptitude, and professional skills. The use of tests in psychology requires professional training to correctly interpret the results and make valid conclusions. Testing as a method of psychology continues to evolve, and its role remains key in the study of the human psyche and behavior. Testing in psychology has a wide range of applications, including assessing personality traits, identifying psychological disorders, and predicting behavior and success in various areas of life. The development of computer-based tests and online platforms makes testing more efficient and convenient for researchers and participants. Modern tests increasingly take into account cultural differences and the diversity of individual characteristics, which contributes to more accurate and tailored assessments. It is important to remember that the use of tests requires ethics, confidentiality and compliance to ensure the reliability and validity of the data obtained.
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Derksen, Maarten. "Discipline, subjectivity and personality: an analysis of the manuals of four psychological tests". History of the Human Sciences 14, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2001): 25–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095269510101400102.
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Tasios, K., A. Douzenis, R. Gournellis e I. Michopoulos. "Empathy in patients with schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder". European Psychiatry 66, S1 (março de 2023): S428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2023.920.
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IntroductionViolent behavior has been linked to deficits in social cognition, namely cognitive and affective aspects of empathy. Schizophrenia and antisocial personality disorder have been associated with violence and empathy deficits.ObjectivesOur main objective is to search for differences in empathy between patients with schizophrenia who have committed a violent offence, patients with schizophrenia with no history of violent offence and patients with antisocial personality disorder.MethodsA total sample of Ν=100 participants was divided into four groups: 1) 27 patients with schizophrenia and history of committing a violent offence, 2) 23 patients with schizophrenia with no history of committing a violent offence, 3) 25 participants with antisocial personality disorder and 4) 25 general population participants comprising the control group. Symptoms of schizophrenia were rated using the Positive(P), Negative(N) and General Psychopathology (G) subscales of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Empathy was evaluated using a) The Empathy Quotient (EQ). Theory Of Mind was evaluated using a) The First Order False Belief task, b) The Hinting task, c) The Faux pas Recognition Test and d) The Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (Revised).ResultsThe four groups differed in PANSS scoring (p<0.001), EQ scoring (p<0.001) and Theory of Mind tests (p<0.001), but this difference was only significant between the controls and the three groups of patients. The three groups of patients did not differ to each other in any of the Theory of Mind tests. No difference was also found between the two groups of psychotic patients.ConclusionsPatients with antisocial personality disorder, schizophrenia and schizophrenia with a history of violent offence do not seem to perform differently in affective and cognitive empathy tests.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared
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Almonacid, C., A. Castillo, M. Lloret, M. Harto, A. Tatay e R. Calabuig. "Psychoactive substance abuse and personality disorders in psychiatric inpatients". European Psychiatry 26, S2 (março de 2011): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71716-3.
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IntroductionComorbidity between Substance Use Disorder (SUD) and other psychiatric disorders, known as Dual Diagnosis, is an issue of growing interest in Mental Health. The high association between Personality Disorders (PD) and substance use is reported in scientific literature. However, not many studies have been published regarding the prevalence of this disorder in a psychiatric unit. AIMSTo determine the prevalence of substance abuse among patients with a Personality Disorder in a psychiatric unit.MethodologyA retrospective descriptive study was carried out among all patients admitted to our psychiatric unit during one year. The data collected from the discharge clinical records of patients were: demographic variables, personal psychiatric history and substance use, urine tests and clinical diagnoses at discharge.ResultsWe obtained a sample of 334 patients. There was comorbidity between Mental Disorder and SUD in 10.17% of subjects; including 4% diagnosed with Personality Disorder (80% belong to Cluster B). 53.3% of patients with PD substance abuse was reported. Excluding nicotine dependence and benzodiazepines, the most common substances used were cannabis (50%), alcohol (37.5%) and cocaine (25%).ConclusionsThis study shows that Personality Disorder is the Mental Disorder most commonly associated with SUD, among inpatients in our psychiatric unit. In order to detect cases of Dual Diagnosis, we suggest optimize recording in clinical history substance use and systematic urine tests in all patients admitted, which would benefit from specific treatment for their condition.
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Firkola, Peter. "Review of Career Assessment Tools". Archives of Business Research 9, n.º 11 (4 de dezembro de 2021): 131–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/abr.911.11299.
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This paper provides an overview of career assessment tools. Background on key career concepts is first introduced. A number of career assessment tools are then examined. These assessment tools included reviewing personal history, interest inventories, values assessments, personality assessments, and aptitude tests. The importance and limitations of these career assessment tools are then discussed.
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Cano-Ramirez, Hugo, Lina Diaz-Castro e Kurt Leroy Hoffman. "Analysis of Educational Attainment in a Mexican Psychiatric Patient Population with Bipolar or Psychotic Disorders". Brain Sciences 13, n.º 6 (30 de maio de 2023): 881. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci13060881.
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Schizophrenia has been associated with premorbid poor educational performance and low educational attainment (EA). However, some studies have found positive associations between psychotic disorders and excellent scholastic performance. In the present study, we examined the association between EA and several clinical and nonclinical characteristics in psychiatric patients diagnosed with psychotic or bipolar disorders. Data were obtained from the files of 1132 patients who entered a major Mexico City psychiatric hospital during the years 2009–2010 for the treatment of psychotic symptoms and who were subsequently diagnosed with schizophrenia, bipolar, schizoaffective, or another psychotic disorder. Chi-squared tests, t-tests, and Cox regression analysis were applied to explore associations between EA and factors including gender, familial history of mental illness, premorbid personality characteristics, age of symptom onset, diagnosis, civil status, and current employment. Family history of mental illness decreased the hazard of having lower EA (B = −0.137, p = 0.025, ExpB = 0.872, 95% CI = 0.774–0.983), while a schizophrenia diagnosis independently increased it (B = 0.201, p = 0.004, ExpB = 1.223, 95% CI = 1.068–1.401). In male patients (but not in females), family history of mental illness was significantly associated with higher EA, while in female patients, premorbid schizoid-like personality characteristics were associated with lower EA. For both genders, lower EA was associated with having more children and being employed in manual labor, while higher EA was associated with professional employment. Conclusions: Compared with bipolar disorder, a schizophrenia diagnosis is associated with lower EA; however, familial history of mental illness and premorbid schizoid-like characteristics independently favor higher and lower EA in males and females, respectively. Since lower EA is generally associated with a lower economic status, special preventative attention should be given to students at high risk for schizophrenia, particularly those displaying a schizoid-like personality.
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Starikova, V. O., M. G. Debolskiy e D. S. Oshevsky. "Traits of antisocial personality of juvenile offenders". Psychology and Law 7, n.º 4 (2017): 79–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/psylaw.2017070407.
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The article presents the results of an empirical study of the so-called traits of an «antisocial personality» in juvenile offenders. In the educational colony of the PKU, the Aleksinsky VK of the UFSIN of Russia in the Tula region and the GSPU "Financial College No. 35" in Moscow, 28 convicts and 17 teenagers with conditional-normative behavior were examined. To describe the individual characteristics that characterize the traits of «antisocial personality», a set of psychological techniques (tests and questionnaires) is selected. A survey map is drawn up, which includes parameters relating to the history of the life of adolescent offenders. It is shown that juvenile convicts are marked by a number of traits that can be considered as predictors of unlawful behavior. In accordance with the foreign medical classifiers (ICD-10, DSM-5) and structured evaluation methods (PCL-R), they are designated as traitsof an «antisocial personality». The individual specificity of the traitsof the «asocial personality» has been determined.
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Koch, Tobias, T. M. Ortner, M. Eid, J. Caspers e M. Schmitt. "Evaluating the Construct Validity of Objective Personality Tests Using a Multitrait-Multimethod-Multioccasion-(MTMM-MO)-Approach". European Journal of Psychological Assessment 30, n.º 3 (1 de janeiro de 2014): 208–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1015-5759/a000212.
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Although Objective Personality Tests (OPTs) have a long history in psychology and the field of psychological assessment, their validity, and reliability have not yet been sufficiently studied. In this study, we examined the convergent and discriminant validity of objective (personality) tests, Implicit Association Tests (IATs), and self-report measures for the assessment of conscientiousness and intelligence. Moreover, the convergent and discriminant validity of these measures was assessed on the trait (stable) and occasion specific (momentary) level by using the multimethod latent state-trait (MM-LST) model proposed by Courvoisier, Nussbeck, Eid, and Cole (2008) which allows for the decomposition of different sources of variance. Data from 367 students assessed on three different measurement occasions was incorporated. Results indicate generally low convergence of OPTs with data gained by other approaches. Additional analyses revealed that the OPTs used assess stable rather than momentary components of the constructs. Reliabilities of different tests ranged from .54 to .95. Furthermore, a substantial amount of trait method specificity revealed that different methods assess trait components that are not shared between OPTs and other measures. Data on the criterion validity of the objective conscientiousness test revealed that it is related to the punctuality of test takers in the laboratory.
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Mi, Zhou, e A. K. Mynbayeva. "Historical sketch of the development of psychometry and pedagogical measurements in China in the 20th century". BULLETIN of the L.N. Gumilyov Eurasian National University. PEDAGOGY. PSYCHOLOGY. SOCIOLOGY Series 143, n.º 2 (2023): 374–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32523/2616-6895-2023-143-2-374-386.
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The article reveals the historical stages and describes a sketch of the development of psychometry, diagnostics, and pedagogical measurements in China in the 20th century. Stages are highlighted: 1910-30s - the utilization of the achievements of European psychometry and measurements in education; 1940-1978s - reduction of the use of tests due to the war and political, ideological changes and the Cultural Revolution; 1980-90s - revival and intensive flourishing of psychometry, pedagogical measurements and psychodiagnostics. Therefore, there is a undulating development of psychometry, psychodiagnostics and pedagogical measurements in China: from a powerful rise in the early twentieth century to a decline due to war and ideological grounds in the middle of the twentieth century, and then to a revival and great prosperity towards the end of the twentieth century. The intrascientific development of psychometry and psychodiagnostics in China also repeated the global trend: from intelligence tests to tests of personality characteristics, scales of personality and private interests of a person. Psychometry and pedagogical measurements are closely linked by history, theoretical development and practical application. The application of a polycentric approach in the development of psychometry and pedagogical measurements in Asia is shown on the example of China at the end of the 20th century.
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Figueredo, Aurelio José, Tomás Cabeza de Baca e Candace Black. "No matter Where You Go, There You Are: The Genetic Foundations of Temporal Stability". Journal of Methods and Measurement in the Social Sciences 5, n.º 2 (18 de fevereiro de 2014): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/jmm.v5i2.18477.
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We present empirical tests of the stability of individual differences over the lifespan using a novel methodological technique to combine behavior-genetic data from twin dyads with longitudinal measures of life history-related traits (including health and personality) from non-twin samples. Using data from The Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) Longitudinal Survey, we constructed a series of “hybrid” models that permitted the estimation of both temporal stability parameters and behavior-genetic variance components to determine the contributions of genetic and environmental influences on individual differences. Our results indicate that changes in a higher-order factor of life history strategy (Super-K, composed of the K-Factor, Covitality, and Personality) over the study period were very small in magnitude and that this temporal stability is under a considerable degree of shared genetic influence and a substantial degree of non-shared environmental influence, but a statistically non-significant degree of shared environmental influence. Implications and future directions are discussed. DOI:10.2458/azu_jmmss_v5i1_figueredo
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Figueredo, Aurelio José, Tomás Cabeza de Baca e Candace Black. "No matter Where You Go, There You Are: The Genetic Foundations of Temporal Stability". Journal of Methods and Measurement in the Social Sciences 5, n.º 2 (18 de fevereiro de 2014): 76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v5i2.18477.
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We present empirical tests of the stability of individual differences over the lifespan using a novel methodological technique to combine behavior-genetic data from twin dyads with longitudinal measures of life history-related traits (including health and personality) from non-twin samples. Using data from The Midlife in the United States (MIDUS) Longitudinal Survey, we constructed a series of “hybrid” models that permitted the estimation of both temporal stability parameters and behavior-genetic variance components to determine the contributions of genetic and environmental influences on individual differences. Our results indicate that changes in a higher-order factor of life history strategy (Super-K, composed of the K-Factor, Covitality, and Personality) over the study period were very small in magnitude and that this temporal stability is under a considerable degree of shared genetic influence and a substantial degree of non-shared environmental influence, but a statistically non-significant degree of shared environmental influence. Implications and future directions are discussed. DOI:10.2458/azu_jmmss_v5i1_figueredo
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Anjani, Ernia Dwi, e Hero Priono. "Pengaruh Kepribadian Narsisme Akuntan Terhadap Praktik Profesi Tidak Etis". Journal of Economic, Bussines and Accounting (COSTING) 7, n.º 1 (13 de agosto de 2023): 947–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.31539/costing.v7i1.6353.
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This study aims to determine the effect of narcissism personality in an accountant on unethical professional practice. This research uses a quantitative method by distributing questionnaires online to accountants through personal chat or group chat. Data analysis used in this study used multiple linear regression analysis by passing several tests including: Classical Assumption Test and Hypothesis Test. The results showed that the narcissism personality level of accountants at IAI Muda East Java is 7.82, which is relatively low, and the level of unethical professional practice is 15.47, which is low.
Keywords: narcissism, accountant, unethical professional practices
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Torsney, Kathleen. "A-90 Personality Tests in Neuropsychological Assessment: Determining the Presence of Psychotic and Obsessive Compulsive Disorders in 3 Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder". Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology 36, n.º 6 (30 de agosto de 2021): 1137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/arclin/acab062.108.
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Abstract Objective The assessment of personality and psychopathology in an individual who has symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) can be a challenging task due to the overlap of characteristic behaviors associated with ASD and markers of psychopathology. Through the examination of key factors in 3 case studies of neuropsychological assessments, this poster outlines steps to facilitate the correct diagnosis of psychiatric disorders in persons with autism spectrum disorder. Method This poster explores 3 case studies in which an individual exhibited signs of a psychiatric disorder as well as ASD. The author describes how the personality tests such as the MMPI-2 and MMPI-RF were administered and interpreted and how case history and test taking behavior affected the understanding of the results. Results The poster highlights critical factors in differentiating psychiatric disorders and symptoms that are part of the ASD. For example, in all 3 case studies, the individuals had significant difficulty with the computerized version of the test and needed to take it with paper and pencil. The author also outlines examples where the symptoms are manifestations of the ASD, such as perseveration and rigid thinking and when they are attributable to an obsessive–compulsive disorder. Further, the author differentiates signs of psychosis in a person with ASD from the typical tangential and circumstantial speech associated with ASD. Conclusion The author offers suggestions for administering personality tests to persons with ASD, for interpreting the results of the tests, and for conducting future research to facilitate the differentiation between symptoms consistent with ASD and with psychopathology.
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Conzelmann, Kristin, Susanne Weis e Heinz-Martin Süß. "New Findings About Social Intelligence". Journal of Individual Differences 34, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 2013): 119–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1027/1614-0001/a000106.
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Social intelligence (SI) is an ability construct with a long history in scientific psychology which has yet to be clearly established. SI tests show low convergent validity and can hardly be distinguished from academic intelligence. This may be the result of conceptual ambiguity and a lack of reliable and valid performappance tests that apply nonverbal stimuli. The Magdeburg Test of Social Intelligence (MTSI) is a new multimedia-based performance test battery relying on a potential-based concept of SI. It presently comprises subtests for social understanding, social memory, and social perception, each of which is measured with real auditory, video-based, pictorial, and verbal task material. It applies target scoring to the social understanding tasks. Two studies with 127 and 190 participants, respectively, examined the psychometric properties and construct validity of the MTSI. Discriminant construct validation was conducted with well-established academic intelligence and personality tests. The findings revealed satisfactory psychometric properties for nearly all of the 22 tasks. A general SI and a social perception factor were not substantiated. Social understanding was separate from academic intelligence, whereas social memory and social perception tasks showed systematic correlations with academic intelligence. The SI tasks were not systematically related to personality traits.
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Mann, K., T. Lemenager, E. Zois, S. Hoffmann, H. Nakovics, M. Beutel, M. Vogelgesang, K. Wölfling, F. Kiefer e M. Fauth-Bühler. "Comorbidity, family history and personality traits in pathological gamblers compared with healthy controls". European Psychiatry 42 (maio de 2017): 120–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.12.002.
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AbstractBackgroundWhile DSM-5 classified pathological gambling as an addictive disorder, there is debate as to whether ICD-11 should follow suit. The debate hinges on scientific evidence such as neurobiological findings, family history of psychiatric disorders, psychiatric comorbidity, and personality variables.MethodsIn the “Baden-Württemberg Study of Pathological Gambling”, we compared a group of 515 male pathological gamblers receiving treatment with 269 matched healthy controls. We studied differences in sociodemographic characteristics, gambling-related variables, psychiatric comorbidity (lifetime), family history of psychiatric conditions, as well as personality traits such as impulsivity (Barratt Impulsiveness Scale), sensation seeking (Zuckerman's Sensation Seeking Scale) and the NEO-FFI big five. Personality traits were validated in an age- and ethnicity-matched subsample of “pure” gamblers without any psychiatric comorbidity (including nicotine dependence). Data were analyzed using two-sample t-tests, Chi2 analyses, Fisher's exact test and Pearson correlation analysis, as appropriate. Bonferroni correction was applied to correct for multiple comparisons.ResultsOnly 1% of the gamblers had been diagnosed with an impulse control disorder other than gambling (ICD-10). Notably, 88% of the gamblers in our sample had a comorbid diagnosis of substance dependence. The highest axis I comorbidity rate was for nicotine dependence (80%), followed by alcohol dependence (28%). Early age of first gambling experience was correlated with gambling severity. Compared to first-degree relatives of controls, first-degree relatives of pathological gamblers were more likely to suffer from alcohol dependence (27.0% vs. 7.4%), pathological gambling (8.3% vs. 0.7%) and suicide attempts (2.7% vs. 0.4%). Significant group differences were observed for the NEO-FFI factors neuroticism, agreeableness and conscientiousness. Gamblers were also more impulsive than controls, but did not differ from controls in terms of sensation seeking.ConclusionsOur findings support classifying pathological gambling as a behavioural addiction in the ICD-11. This decision will have a significant impact on the approaches available for prevention (e.g. age limits) and treatment.
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Zagar, Robert John, Steve A. Varela, Joseph Kovach, Steve Tippins, Brad Randmark, Aaron Richards e Kenneth G. Busch. "Violent-Offenders: Be Leaders and Take Them to Court to Save Lives and Expense". Review of European Studies 15, n.º 3 (30 de agosto de 2023): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/res.v15n3p34.
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Based on 95 years of data involving 320,051 patients, prisoners, students, and workers across 212 studies, there is a “7-point violence profile” (violence, deception, depression, antisocial behavior, paranoid or schizophrenic thinking, and addiction-alcoholism) on equations (Ask Standard Predictor of Violence Potential) and internet computer-scored tests (Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory [MMPI-2/A]) that is similar for male or female, adult, or teen, violence prone or suicidal. Using conventional methods, traditional decision-makers believe that their 39% success rate in finding violence-prone individuals is better than the 97% hit rate of equations and computer tests. Given the $3,834,988.08 cost of 1 killer (2021 US$), lawyers can lead in broadening the liability net to include all who should predict or prevent violence-prone events to save US yearly $13,000,000,000 and 471,000 victims. When a critical mass of attorneys and victims collect payouts resulting in higher insurance and taxes, decision-makers will enthusiastically embrace equations and computer tests.
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Schaeffer, Morgan J., e Theone S. Paterson. "89 The Effect of Personality Traits on the Development of Predementia Cognitive States: Results from the Einstein Aging Study". Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 29, s1 (novembro de 2023): 391–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1355617723005258.
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Objective:Recent research has found associations between the Five Factor Model (FFM) personality traits (Openness to Experience, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, and Neuroticism) and risk of developing subjective cognitive decline (SCD), mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and/or dementia. It has therefore been proposed that personality should be incorporated into conceptual models of dementia risk, as personality assessments have utility as readily available, low-cost measures to predict who is at greater risk for developing pathological cognitive decline. The objective of the present study was to explore the relationship between FFM personality traits and predementia cognitive syndromes including SCD, amnestic MCI (aMCI), and non-amnestic MCI (naMCI). The first aim was to compare baseline personality traits between participants who transitioned from healthy cognition or SCD to aMCI vs. naMCI. The second aim was to determine the relationship between FFM personality traits and risk of transition between predementia cognitive states. The third aim was to explore relationships between levels of FFM personality traits and performance on a comprehensive cognitive battery.Participants and Methods:The participants for this study were 562 (Aim 3; Mean Age = 78.90) older adults from the Einstein Aging Study, 378 of which had at least one follow-up assessment (Aims 1 & 2; Mean Age = 78.60). Baseline levels of FFM personality traits were measured in the EAS using the 50-item International Personality Item Pool (IPIP) version of the NEO-Personality Inventory. Baseline levels of anxiety and depressive symptoms, medical history, performance on a cognitive battery and age sex, and years of education were also collected. A multistate Markov approach was used to model the risk of transition across the four predementia states (cognitively healthy, SCD, aMCI, and naMCI) with each FFM personality trait as covariates.Results:Regarding Aim 1, Mann-Whitney U tests revealed no differences in levels of FFM personality traits between participants who developed aMCI compared to those who developed naMCI. Regarding Aim 2, the multistate Markov model revealed that higher levels of conscientiousness were protective against developing SCD while higher levels of neuroticism resulted in an increased risk of developing SCD. Further, the model revealed that higher levels of extraversion were protective against developing naMCI. Finally, regarding Aim 3, exploratory correlations revealed many positive associations between levels of openness to experience and performance on neuropsychological tests. Few associations were found for the other FFM personality traits.Conclusions:Results from this study suggest that premorbid personality traits may play a predictive role in the risk for or protection against specific predementia syndromes. Thus, FFM personality traits may be useful in improving predictions of who is at greatest risk for developing specific predementia syndromes. These personality measures could be used (in addition to other established risk factors for cognitive decline) to enrich clinical trials by targeting individuals who are at greatest risk for developing specific forms of cognitive decline. Such measures may also be useful in diagnostic prediction models for predementia syndromes. These results should be replicated in future studies with larger sample sizes and younger participants.
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De Forest, Jennifer. "New York City's Failed Teacher Selection Project: Political Reality Trumps Educational Research, 1947–1953". Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education 108, n.º 4 (abril de 2006): 726–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016146810610800404.
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This article describes the history of the failed New York City Teacher Selection Project (TSP; 1947–1953), a collaborative effort to replace the city's teacher licensing tests, which emphasized subject matter knowledge with personality tests. The TSP was a partnership between the Board of Examiners and the Citizens Committee for Children, and its members included pioneers from the field of child psychiatry. The author draws on primary documents to detail the TSP's research and shows how the tests that the group designed reflected individual members’ commitment to progressive education and the ethos of mental hygiene. In addition, the article shows how the TSP embraced an experimental scale created to measure applicants’ authoritarian tendencies. The author concludes that the TSP's efforts to influence teacher licensing failed largely because members chose to work with like-minded colleagues in isolation from the political realities of New York City and the public school system.
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Puji, Rully Putri Nirmala, e Ratna Dwi Lestari. "EVALUATING THE LEVEL OF TEACHER PERFOMANCE: PEDAGOGIC, SOCIAL AND PERSONAL COMPETENCY". Jurnal Pendidikan Sejarah Indonesia 4, n.º 1 (16 de junho de 2021): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17977/um0330v4i1p86-97.
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This study aims to evaluate the level of competency of history teachers in Jember. Competency indicators are pedagogical competence, social competence and personality competence based on the perspective of students. This research used quantitative analyzed using inference statistics to analyze differences in teacher competence according to gender and teaching experience. The research sample involved 100 students across five schools. Data analysis used SPSS with multivariate statistical tests. This study indicates a significant difference between teacher pedagogical competence based on gender and teacher social competence based on the level of teaching experience. This study reflects that competency development is still needed to improve teacher competence to improve learning quality.
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Idris, Haerawati, e Fatimah Tuzzahra. "Factors associated with depressive symptoms among adolescents in Indonesia: A cross-sectional study of results from the Indonesia Family Life Survey". Malaysian Family Physician 18 (27 de abril de 2023): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.51866/oa.265.
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Introduction: Depression is one of the mental illnesses that affect adolescents worldwide. This study analysed the factors associated with depressive symptoms among adolescents in Indonesia. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted using secondary data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey 2014. The sample included 3,603 adolescents aged 10-19 years. Data were analysed using logistic regression statistical tests. Results: Of the adolescents, 29.1% had depressive symptoms. The bivariate analysis showed that sex, region, economic status, chronic illness history, sleep quality, smoking habit, and personality type were associated with a higher probability of depressive symptoms among the adolescents. Conclusion: A history of chronic diseases contributes the most to the occurrence of depressive symptoms among adolescents. To reduce the prevalence of chronic diseases associated with depression, the Indonesian government must make preventive efforts through early detection among young people.
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Smagulova, G. М., Shotbakova L.К., Тuleuova B.Т. e Beisenbekova N.А. "Unknown pages of Bahia Atshabarov’s biography". Bulletin of the Karaganda university History.Philosophy series 106, n.º 2 (30 de junho de 2022): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.31489/2022hph2/153-160.
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The article deals with the life and work of the world-famous scientist, Doctor of medical sciences, Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan Bahia Atshabarovich Atshabarov, who left a significant mark in the history of independent Kazakhstan and made a great contribution to its development. The authors pay attention to the unknown and unstudied pages from the biography of the famous specialist in the field of medicine B.A. Atshabarov, who was one of the first in 1957–1960 to investigate the terrible consequences of the Semipalatinsk nuclear test site for the people of Kazakhstan, demonstrating his civic position and patriotism. The study of the personality of Bahia Atshabarov as an outstanding scientist, organizer, and patriot relies on the use of general scientific and special methodological principles. An objective analysis of various assessments of the consequences of nuclear tests at the Semipalatinsk test site during the Soviet period, personal documents of B.A. Atshabarov and other eyewitnesses allowed us to reveal the multifaceted personality of B.A. Atshabarov.
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Meena, Pratibha, Gitanjali Narayanan e Pratima Murthy. "Rare case of chronic naphthalene ball ingestion in a young Indian woman". Journal of Family Medicine and Primary Care 12, n.º 11 (novembro de 2023): 2973–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_352_23.
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Chronic oral abuse of naphthalene balls is extremely rare. It is associated with different types of metabolic toxicity, neurological deficits and multiple organ failure. However, the psychological implication of naphthalene abuse is poorly understood. This is a unique case report of a 29-year-old lady who presented with a 17 year history of naphthalene ball consumption. Historically, there have been self-harm behaviors, fire setting, cleaning compulsions, and involuntary motor movements associated with naphthalene. A series of assessments were conducted to assess her personality, psychiatric symptoms and cognitive functions. Additionally, blood tests, CT scan and MRI were done. The patient's profile indicated no apparent medical, neurological or cognitive impairments. Her psychological profile revealed significant co-morbidities and marked personality pathology. The case study provides useful insights into the presentation of chronic naphthalene ball ingestion in an Indian woman, thereby indicating the need to identify psychosocial and biological markers longitudinally. It also highlights recognition of common household items that can be abused, suggesting better understanding of protecting vulnerable individuals from the same.
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Veromaa, Veera, Hannu Kautiainen, Ulla Saxen, Kirsi Malmberg-Ceder, Elina Bergman e Päivi E. Korhonen. "Ideal cardiovascular health and psychosocial risk factors among Finnish female municipal workers". Scandinavian Journal of Public Health 45, n.º 1 (10 de novembro de 2016): 50–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1403494816677661.
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Aims: Ideal cardiovascular health has been defined by the American Heart Association as the absence of disease and the presence of seven key health factors and behaviours. However, little is known about the mental aspects associated with ideal cardiovascular health metrics. The objective of this study was to assess the relationships between psychosocial risk factors and ideal cardiovascular health metrics among Finnish women at municipal work units. Method: A cross-sectional study was conducted in Finland among 732 female employees (mean±SD age 48±10 years) from ten work units in 2014. Ideal cardiovascular health metrics were evaluated with a physical examination, laboratory tests, medical history and self-administrated questionnaires. Psychosocial risk factors (social isolation, stress, depressive symptoms, anxiety, hostility and type D personality) were assessed with core questions as suggested by the European Society of Cardiology. Results: The prevalence of having 5–7 ideal cardiovascular health metrics was 183 (25.0%), of whom 54.1% had at least one psychosocial risk factor. Anxiety (31.3%), work stress (30.7%) and type D personality (26.1%) were the most prevalent of the psychosocial risk factors. The prevalence of depressive symptoms ( p<0.001) and type D personality ( p=0.049) decreased linearly according to the sum of ideal cardiovascular health metrics after adjustment for age and years of education. Conclusions: Even women with good cardiovascular health are affected by psychosocial risk factors at municipal work units. Although the association is possibly bidirectional, screening and treating depression and dealing with type D personality might be crucial in improving cardiovascular health among women.
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Jang, Jiheon, e Yangsik Kim. "Clinical Characteristics, Support System, and Personality Differences of Cannabis and Stimulant Users in South Korea". Psychiatry Investigation 20, n.º 10 (25 de outubro de 2023): 921–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.30773/pi.2023.0029.
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Objective To compare the clinical characteristics, support system, and personality traits of cannabis and stimulant users in South Korea.Methods This study was based on electronic medical records. Among a total of 152 subjects who suspected of drug use and who underwent six types of urine-based drug screening tests at the National Center for Mental Health, 104 people who underwent both an interview with a psychiatrist and a psychological test were selected and classified according to the type of substance used. Psychological and personality characteristics were examined through the National Center for Mental Health psychological test battery for addiction. The differences in characteristics between cannabis (n=60) and stimulant (n=18) users were analyzed by an independent t-test for parametric data and chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test for nonparametric data, and analysis of covariance for psychological tests.Results The average age of cannabis users was lower than that of stimulant users and they were more often single. Substance cravings were higher in stimulant users, who more often had a psychiatric history than cannabis users. Moreover, stimulant users had higher clinical scale scores for depression and anxiety. Among the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory-II clinical scale scores, there was a significant difference in social introversion scores between groups.Conclusion We found differences in demographic, psychological, and personality characteristics between cannabis and stimulant users in South Korea. Considering the recent increase in illegal drug use in South Korea, further follow-up and policy research on drug users are needed.
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Zghal, M., F. Fekih Romdhane, F. El Ghali, M. Mezghani, L. Jouini, I. Ghazeli e R. Ridha. "Homicide, borderline personality disorder and paraphilic disorder: A case report". European Psychiatry 41, S1 (abril de 2017): S594. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.915.
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IntroductionZoophilia consists of sexual intercourse by a human being with a lower animal. There is a paucity of literature on this paraphilia.MethodIn this paper, we report an uncommon case of homicide committed by a man with co-morbid borderline personality disorder and paraphilic disorder, and review the literature.Case reportMr SH was a single and unemployed 30-year-old male. He was hospitalized in our forensic psychiatric department following a dismissal for criminal responsibility for an act of attempted murder with premeditation. There was no history of any other psychiatric disorder, chronic physical illness or drug dependence. He complained that he had been suffering for the past ten years from sad mood, sleeplessness, loss of interest, and feelings of guilt worthlessness, and hopelessness. He had started sexual intercourse with animals eight years ago. He harbored feelings of guilt for his sexual experiences with animals. There was no formal thought disorder or perceptual abnormality. At the beginning of bestiality, he explained his unconventional behavior, by the fact that he had been bewitched, by his uncle's wife. Projective tests found borderline psychopathology. The crime occurred after a zoophilic sexual intercourse. Mr SH was obsessed with bewitchment thoughts, and got an uncontrollable urge to kill his uncle's wife. The crime was impulsive and violent. Psychiatric experts retained the diagnosis of co-morbid borderline personality disorder and other specified paraphilic disorder (DSM-5).ConclusionIn this case, we discuss the clinical and therapeutic challenges of this complex case, and the legal liability of Mr SH.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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BAZANIS, E., R. D. ROGERS, J. H. DOWSON, P. TAYLOR, C. MEUX, C. STALEY, D. NEVINSON-ANDREWS, C. TAYLOR, T. W. ROBBINS e B. J. SAHAKIAN. "Neurocognitive deficits in decision-making and planning of patients with DSM-III-R borderline personality disorder". Psychological Medicine 32, n.º 8 (novembro de 2002): 1395–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291702006657.
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Background. Repeated, self-damaging behaviour occurring in the context of borderline personality disorder (BPD) may reflect impairments in decision-making and planning cognition. However, there has been no systematic neuropsychological examination of these particular cognitive functions in patients diagnosed with BPD. Such investigations may improve our understanding of the possible role of brain dysfunction in BPD and improve the characterization of the psychological difficulties associated with this disorder.Method. Forty-two psychiatric patients with a diagnosis of DSM-III-R BPD (41 of whom gave a history of self-harm), without a history of specified ‘psychoses’ or current major affective disorder, were clinically assessed before completing computerized tasks of decision-making and planning previously shown to be sensitive to frontal lobe dysfunction, and tests of spatial and pattern visual recognition memory previously shown to be sensitive to frontal lobe damage and temporal lobe damage respectively. The performance of the BPD patient group was compared with that of a non-clinical control group consisting of 42 subjects.Results. The performance of the BPD patients on the decision-making task was characterized by a pattern of delayed and maladaptive choices when choosing between competing actions, and by impulsive, disinhibited responding when gambling on the outcome of their decisions. BPD patients also showed impairments on the planning task. There was no evidence of impaired visual recognition memory. Additional analyses suggested only limited effects of current medication and history of previous substance use disorder.Conclusions. These findings suggest that BPD is associated with complex impairments in dissociable cognitive processes mediated by circuitry encompassing the frontal lobes. These impairments may mediate some of the behavioural changes evident in BPD. Further work is needed to examine the specificity of these findings.
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Nikonova, E. Y., e G. E. Rupchev. "The Usage of the Rorschach Test in the 20-30s in the USSR". Cultural-Historical Psychology 20, n.º 1 (22 de abril de 2024): 119–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17759/chp.2024200115.
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<p>The present article addresses and structures the history of the application of the Rorschach test during the period of 1923 to 1936 in the Soviet Union. Hermann Rorschach visited the Russian Empire three times and was familiar with Russian psychoanalysts. His test was published in 1921 in Switzerland. By 1923 was published I.N. Dyakov’s article with the description of the test. The Rorschach test was used with children with normal development, gifted children and those with various deviations in paedology, clinical psychology and psychiatry. It was used for studying the personality of a perpetrator and for examining individuals who had committed a crime. A.E. Petrova very well described the application of the test she used in studying a “primitive” psyche ofchildren and adult perpetrators, and of patients with schizophrenia and epilepsy. L.S. Vygotsky valued highly A.E. Petrova's works and cited them in his lectures. The Rorschach test was also included in the series of tests for studying a perpetrator's personality, it was employed in the psychiatric examination to study the personality of the offender and the crime, it was also used in Serbsky State Scientific Institute for Social and Forensic Psychiatry. In 1936, after the publication of the resolution of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union Communist Party on the paedological perversions in the system of the People's Commissariats for Education, the usage of the test discontinued.</p>
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Sehrawat, Ankita, e Kanchan Sehrawat. "Psychological Measurement: Critical Analysis of Psychological Testing in Personnel Selection". Global Journal of Enterprise Information System 9, n.º 3 (27 de setembro de 2017): 82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18311/gjeis/2017/16031.
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<p>This paper examines the importance of psychological testing in personnel selection. Selection is a process of hiring the job applicant who will be most successful in meeting job demands. Poor hiring can be costly to an organisation, thus, they rely on different techniques of selection, testing is the most commonly used. An attempt is made to understand the history of testing, use of testing in selection procedure, and various kinds of test used with main emphasis on the cognitive ability and personality testing. It also attempts to critically analyse some of the issues associated with testing, with emphasis on the validity and utility of tests. The issue of cultural fairness, biases and discrimination has also been explored.</p>
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Criado, José R., Ian R. Gizer, Howard J. Edenberg e Cindy L. Ehlers. "CHRNA5 and CHRNA3 Variants and Level of Neuroticism in Young Adult Mexican American Men and Women". Twin Research and Human Genetics 17, n.º 2 (3 de março de 2014): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/thg.2014.11.
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A lifetime history of alcohol dependence has been associated with elevations in neuroticism in Mexican American young adults. The identification of genetic markers associated with neuroticism and their influence on the development of alcohol use disorders (AUD) may contribute to our understanding of the relationship between personality traits and the increased risk of AUD in Mexican Americans. The purpose of this study was to investigate associations between neuroticism and 13 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the nicotinic acetylcholine (nAChR) α5-subunit (CHRNA5) and α3-subunit (CHRNA3) genes in young adult Mexican American men and women. Participants were 465 young adult Mexican American men and women who are literate in English and are residing legally in San Diego County. Each participant gave a blood sample and completed a structured diagnostic interview. Neuroticism was assessed using the Maudsley Personality Inventory. The minor alleles of four CHRNA5 polymorphisms (rs588765, rs601079, rs680244 and rs555018) and three CHRNA3 polymorphisms (rs578776, rs6495307 and rs3743078) showed associations with neuroticism. Several of these SNPs also displayed nominal associations with DSM-IV alcohol and nicotine dependence, but tests of mediation suggested that these relations could be partially explained by the presence of co-occurring neuroticism. These findings suggest that genetic variations in nicotinic receptor genes may influence the development of neuroticism, which in turn is involved in the development of AUDs and nicotine dependence in Mexican American young adults.
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Karatas, K. S., A. C. Ercan, A. Murat, S. Polat, C. Hocaoglu e B. Bahceci. "Evaluation of psychological interview before prominent ear reconstruction: Three cases report". European Psychiatry 41, S1 (abril de 2017): S411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.349.
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Medical and mental health professionals have long been interested in understanding both the motivations for seeking a change in physical appearance as well as the psychological outcomes of cosmetic surgery. By time to time researchers began to incorporate standardized psychometric tests and psychiatric evaluation into their studies. Psychiatrists have studied the personality characteristics and psychological state of these patients with the hope of identifying patients who may be psychologically inappropriate for surgery or those who are likely to be dissatisfied with a technically successful surgical outcome. There were some degree of congruence in the factors that appeared to be associated with poor outcome, demographic factors like being male, younger age, psychological/psychiatric factors such as history of depression or anxiety, dysmorphophobia, personality disorder as narcissistic or borderline, previous surgical procedure with which the patient was dissatisfied and minimal deformity. As a cosmetic surgery, prominent ear deformity is the most common abnormality of the external ear. We have used both clinical interview and psychometric assessments in three cases who want to go surgery because of their prominent ear. Two of the cases have used cyanoacrylate adhesive to their postauricular skin for camouflage of their prominent ear deformity. We have evaluated the patients’ psychiatric state with psychosocial viewpoint of the deformity.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Judd, Fiona, Angela Komiti, Phyllis Chua, Anne Mijch, Jennifer Hoy, Paul Grech, Alan Street, John Lloyd e Ben Williams. "Nature of Depression in Patients with HIV/AIDS". Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 39, n.º 9 (setembro de 2005): 826–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/j.1440-1614.2005.01659.x.
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Objective: Existing research suggests that the rate of depressive illness and depressive symptoms are high in people living with HIV/AIDS, but investigations on the causes of depression provide conflicting results. Social, psychological and biological factors have all been suggested as possible causes of depression in people living with HIV/AIDS. The suggestion that depression may be the result of the neurotropic effects of the virus on the central nervous system leading to an ‘organic’ or secondary depression has major implications in the treatment of HIV/AIDS. The aim of the current study was to further investigate the nature and underlying aetiology of depression in people living with HIV/AIDS. Method: One hundred and twenty-nine people living with HIV/AIDS recruited for the study from outpatients clinics and primary care settings completed a range of self-report symptom measures including the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), SF-36, SPHERE and a personality measure, the NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI). They also completed a battery of neuropsychological tests (CANTAB) and a structured clinical interview (SCID-DSM-IV). Medical and sociodemographic data were also recorded. Results: Approximately one-third scored ≥14 on the BDI and 27% met criteria for a current ‘mood disorder’ on the SCID. Depressive symptoms were strongly related to personality style, having a past psychiatric history and current stressful psychosocial situation. There was no association between depression and HIV disease status. There was no evidence in this study cohort of a distinct subtype of ‘organic’ or secondary depression. Conclusions: These results suggest that at least for ‘well’ people living with HIV/AIDS, there is no distinct subtype of depression and early treatment approaches can be modelled on those used for other non-HIV groups. Further longitudinal studies will be required to dissect out the multiple factors underlying depression in HIV/AIDS.
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Santos, G., e V. Costa. "False memory syndrome: A review and emerging issues, following a clinical report". European Psychiatry 33, S1 (março de 2016): S561. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.2078.
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False Memory Syndrome (FMS) is caused by memories of a traumatic episode, most commonly childhood sexual abuse, which are objectively false, but in which the person strongly believes. These pseudomemories usually arise in the context of adult psychotherapy and are often quite vivid and emotionally charged. FMS is rare and sometimes could be confused with psychotic disorder and malingering. The infrequency with which it is encountered makes this syndrome a diagnostic challenge. Failure to diagnose can lead to significant morbidity.We studied a 26-year-old female with no prior Psychiatric history who started to recall vivid memories of sexual abuse perpetrated by her father, following few sessions of clinical hypnosis. She presented a low mood, disorganized behaviour and aggressivity towards her father when she was admitted to our ward. After a normal CT brain scan and lab tests and a meticulous clinical history, the clinical diagnosis was made. She was successfully managed with supportive psychotherapy combined with mood stabilizer medications.This case illustrates the unknown field between memory and confabulation and the value of a complete history. Physicians should be alert and keep an open mind about this iatrogenic disorder. Research is needed on the identification of memory mechanisms, specific situations and personality factors involved in this syndrome.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Bhatia, Sunil, e Kumar Ravi Priya. "Decolonizing culture: Euro-American psychology and the shaping of neoliberal selves in India". Theory & Psychology 28, n.º 5 (outubro de 2018): 645–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0959354318791315.
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Adopting a decolonizing framework, this article examines the role of mainstream Euro-American psychology in shaping neoliberal conceptions of self in many postcolonial nations such as India. We specifically draw on our respective ethnographic research to analyze identity formation in Indian cultural contexts. Our article is organized around three goals. First, we show how Indian outsourcing industries have become heavily reliant on Euro-American “personality tests” and are used for recruitment, screening, promotion, cross-cultural communication, and to motivate employees to become happy and positive workers. Second, we examine the tensions around identity or values that Indian youth face while embracing the ideology of Western corporate culture and acquiring new transnational identities. Third, we analyze how mental health in India is being shaped by neoliberalism by investigating the villagers’ narratives in Nandigram, who encountered brutal acts of political violence by the state of West Bengal in India.
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Maliszewska, Karolina, Mariola Bidzan, Małgorzata Świątkowska-Freund e Krzysztof Preis. "Medical and psychosocial determinants of risk of postpartum depression: a cross-sectional study". Acta Neuropsychiatrica 29, n.º 6 (31 de maio de 2017): 347–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/neu.2017.4.
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ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the degree of risk of maternal postpartum depression during the second month of puerperium.MethodIn total, 387 postnatal women filled out a questionnaire concerning their health and social status, as well as the following tests: the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), the Neo Five-Factor Inventory (NEO-FFI) Personality Inventory and the Berlin Social Support Scales. After 4–8 weeks, patients responded to another questionnaire with the EPDS and the PHQ-9.ResultsIn total, 48 patients (12.40%) were found to be at risk of postpartum depression between the fourth and eighth weeks after delivery. Premenstrual syndrome [adjusted odds ratio (ORa)=2.93, confidence interval (CI) 1.30–6.63] and EPDS>12 points during the first week after the delivery (ORa=3.74, CI 1.59–9.04) increased the risk of postnatal depression. A similar role is played by a high result in neuroticism scale of the NEO-FFI (ORa=1.50, CI 1.17–1.92) and a positive family history of any psychiatric disorder (ORa=1.03, CI 1.01–1.06).ConclusionA history of premenstrual syndrome and a higher risk of affective disorder soon after a childbirth are associated with greater chances of depressive symptoms in the second month postpartum. This is also the case if a patient is neurotic and has a relative with a history of any psychiatric disorder. Such women should have their mental status carefully evaluated.
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Marinho, M., C. Moreira e F. Catarina. "Psychosis In A Blindness Patient: A Case Report". European Psychiatry 33, S1 (março de 2016): S532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.1968.
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IntroductionUsing a clinical case as illustration, the present work engages the different psychopathologic alterations that blindness patients could present.MethodsThe presentation and discussion of a clinical case of psychosis in a blind patient are addressed. The scientific documentation used as support was obtained from PubMed/Medline search engines using as keywords blindness and psychosis.ResultsA 43-years-old male patient, with a medical history of arterial hypertension, heroine dependence (presently with methadone schema) and bilateral blindness caused by a bilateral retinal detachment 20 years ago, was admitted in the psychiatric ward. The patient's historical record includes a previous personality with paranoid characteristics, as well as a hospitalization due to persecutory and auto-reference ideas and kinaesthetic hallucinations with 1 month of evolution, coincident with address changes. Lab tests revealed the following results: haemoglobin 13.8; Leucocytosis 13,400; CRP: 6.2; ALT > AST. Positive results were obtained in the drug tests for cannabinoids, as well as for the anti-HCV antibody (IgG). Finally, the patient was medicated with an antipsychotic and humour stabilizer, achieving a significant improvement after 10 days of hospitalization.ConclusionsAlthough studies reveal that mental and behavioural disorders, especially those with symptoms of psychosis and mental retardation, are common among people with congenital blindness, more knowledge of the prevalence and aetiology of mental and behavioural disorders among people suffering from blindness is needed.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
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Bhat, P. Aishwarya, Aditya Pandurangi, Mahesh Mahadevaiah, Swapna Pandurangi e Vinuta Angadi. "Psychological and Social Correlates among Convicts of Intrafamily Homicide in a Tertiary Psychiatry Hospital – A Retrospective Chart Review". Journal of Psychiatry Spectrum 3, n.º 2 (20 de junho de 2024): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/jopsys.jopsys_31_23.
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Background: Intrafamily homicide often described as “parricide” and “familicide” has multifactorial etiology with sociocultural issues and psychiatric disorders having a bearing. Aim: The aim was to study the psychosocial and family correlates in individuals convicted of intrafamily homicide. Methods: This was a retrospective observational study of persons convicted of intrafamily homicide referred by the Karnataka Judiciary between January 1, 2019, and December 31, 2021. The observations were recorded in five domains comprising axis I diagnoses, projective tests, personality evaluation, intelligence quotient, and assessment of family. Results: Of the 54 prison cases that were screened, 24 had a history of homicide, of which 10 belonged to intrafamily homicide. Majority were male, involved in physical labor, belonged to lower socioeconomic status, and hailed from rural domicile. 7/10 had axis 1 diagnosis, of which three had psychosis, one had Internet gaming disorder with emotionally unstable personality disorder, and one had alcohol dependence syndrome. The Rorschach inkblot test of three persons had average productivity with adequate touch with reality, had neurotic constriction with disturbed adjustment, with no diagnostic indicators of psychotic process, affective disorder, or anxiety. 5/10 had reported unhappy childhood and poor interpersonal relationship with spouse, and the majority reported financial difficulties. Conclusion: Psychosocial factors like psychotic disorders, interpersonal conflicts with spouse, unhappy childhood, financial difficulties, and difficulty in adaptability, either independently or together can act as risk factors for intrafamily homicides. Early identification and treatment of psychotic disorders and psychosocial interventions aimed at resolving interpersonal issues, helping adaptability and coping may reduce the risk of such acts.
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Matsuo, Keitaro, Masaru Tateno, Ryoko Katsuki, Tomohiro Nakao e Takahiro A. Kato. "Holiday Internet Usage Time and the Risk of Internet Addiction Tendency among Working Adults in their 30s in Japan". Psychiatry International 4, n.º 3 (12 de julho de 2023): 200–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/psychiatryint4030020.
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Introduction: A positive association between Internet usage time and Internet addiction among adolescents and adults has been frequently reported; however, studies of working adults focusing on weekdays and holidays are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to elucidate the association between Internet usage time and psychometric tests among working adults in their 30s, focusing on weekdays and holidays. Methods: A total of 129 workers aged 30–39 years participated in this study. Participants completed a questionnaire and interview regarding psychometric tests, including Internet usage time, Internet addiction tendency, smartphone addiction tendency, depression tendency, and personality traits. A correlation analysis focusing on differences between weekdays and holidays was conducted. Results: The scores on Internet addiction scales are weakly positively correlated with holiday Internet usage time. The scores of smartphone addiction scales are also weakly positively correlated with the holiday Internet time. No correlation was found between weekdays Internet usage time and scores on Internet addiction scales. Conclusions: Internet usage time during holidays is associated with Internet addiction tendency among the working adult samples. Holiday Internet usage time could be a useful indicator of risk of Internet addiction. Our pilot findings provide clues to the mental health affected by the Internet, especially among adults.
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Lemov, Rebecca. "On being psychotic in the South Seas, circa 1947". History of the Human Sciences 31, n.º 5 (dezembro de 2018): 80–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0952695118811265.
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This article tells the story of an anthropologist and a research subject who encountered each other in the middle of the 20th century on an island in the southwestern Pacific. In the midst of an intensive spate of evidence gathering for his dissertation, anthropologist Melford Spiro noted that one of his would-be interlocutors, a man named Tarev – notable for failing all of his psychological tests – still managed to contribute a different form of evidence: if his views could not be amalgamated in numbers via test scores (and thus contribute directly to Spiro’s data set), they could still be rendered as a case. Tarev’s personality study, ‘A Psychotic in the South Seas’, counted as one of many cases contributing to a broad, worldwide effort to explore the meaning of suffering – specifically psychological illnesses – in non-Western cultures. This article examines Tarev’s rejected test-response ‘data’ and the ways in which his answers did not fit the epistemological and geopolitical frameworks that provoked them. The encounter between anthropologist and interlocutor, today, allows an investigation into how mid-20th-century scholars amassed ambitious data sets meant to revolutionize the sciences that dealt with human beings as psycho-social entities. What sorts of data made it into their archives and what sorts did not? How was the data of happiness, sadness and other fleeting emotional states collected from whole islands newly under US naval occupation?
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Håkansson, Ulrika, Astrid Halsa, Kerstin Söderström, Finn Skårderud e Merete Glenne Øie. "Keeping Mind in Mind: Mentalizing and Executive Functioning in Substance-Abusing Infant Mothers: Effect on Dyadic Relationship and Infant Outcome". Substance Abuse: Research and Treatment 9s2 (janeiro de 2015): SART.S23502. http://dx.doi.org/10.4137/sart.s23502.
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Although it is well documented that maternal substance abuse has a negative effect on the mother–child interaction, less is known about the pathways through which the interaction is compromised. The main objective of this research proposal is to describe an ongoing research project that focuses on associations between maternal executive function and the quality of mother–infant interaction when the mother has a history of substance abuse. We will also investigate the effects of multiple variables, including maternal relationship experiences, personality disposition, parental stress, comorbid mental illness, and addiction severity, on the dyadic interaction and child functioning. A group of 40–50 mothers with substance abuse problems and their infants aged 6–18 months will be included. The mothers will be assessed with neuropsychological tests, clinical interviews, self-administered questionnaires, and dyadic interaction observations as well as observation and assessment of child functioning. We will use a cross-sectional correlational design. The inclusion of the participants will end in October 2015. Further knowledge about the variables that are important for the mother–infant relationship can inform future research and clinical practice.
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Habota, Tina, Anca-Larisa Sandu, Gordon D. Waiter, Christopher J. McNeil, J. Douglas Steele, Jennifer A. Macfarlane, Heather C. Whalley et al. "Cohort profile for the STratifying Resilience and Depression Longitudinally (STRADL) study: A depression-focused investigation of Generation Scotland, using detailed clinical, cognitive, and neuroimaging assessments". Wellcome Open Research 4 (16 de julho de 2021): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15538.2.
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STratifying Resilience and Depression Longitudinally (STRADL) is a population-based study built on the Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (GS:SFHS) resource. The aim of STRADL is to subtype major depressive disorder (MDD) on the basis of its aetiology, using detailed clinical, cognitive, and brain imaging assessments. The GS:SFHS provides an important opportunity to study complex gene-environment interactions, incorporating linkage to existing datasets and inclusion of early-life variables for two longitudinal birth cohorts. Specifically, data collection in STRADL included: socio-economic and lifestyle variables; physical measures; questionnaire data that assesses resilience, early-life adversity, personality, psychological health, and lifetime history of mood disorder; laboratory samples; cognitive tests; and brain magnetic resonance imaging. Some of the questionnaire and cognitive data were first assessed at the GS:SFHS baseline assessment between 2006-2011, thus providing longitudinal measures relevant to the study of depression, psychological resilience, and cognition. In addition, routinely collected historic NHS data and early-life variables are linked to STRADL data, further providing opportunities for longitudinal analysis. Recruitment has been completed and we consented and tested 1,188 participants.
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Habota, Tina, Anca-Larisa Sandu, Gordon D. Waiter, Christopher J. McNeil, J. Douglas Steele, Jennifer A. Macfarlane, Heather C. Whalley et al. "Cohort profile for the STratifying Resilience and Depression Longitudinally (STRADL) study: A depression-focused investigation of Generation Scotland, using detailed clinical, cognitive, and neuroimaging assessments". Wellcome Open Research 4 (25 de novembro de 2019): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/wellcomeopenres.15538.1.
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STratifying Resilience and Depression Longitudinally (STRADL) is a population-based study built on the Generation Scotland: Scottish Family Health Study (GS:SFHS) resource. The aim of STRADL is to subtype major depressive disorder (MDD) on the basis of its aetiology, using detailed clinical, cognitive, and brain imaging assessments. The GS:SFHS provides an important opportunity to study complex gene-environment interactions, incorporating linkage to existing datasets and inclusion of early-life variables for two longitudinal birth cohorts. Specifically, data collection in STRADL included: socio-economic and lifestyle variables; physical measures; questionnaire data that assesses resilience, early-life adversity, personality, psychological health, and lifetime history of mood disorder; laboratory samples; cognitive tests; and brain magnetic resonance imaging. Some of the questionnaire and cognitive data were first assessed at the GS:SFHS baseline assessment between 2006-2011, thus providing longitudinal measures of depression and resilience. Similarly, routine NHS data and early-life variables are linked to STRADL data, further providing opportunities for longitudinal analysis. Recruitment has been completed and we consented and tested 1,188 participants.
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Kashanian, Amir Ashkan, e Mahmoud Sheikhpour. "The Relationship between Personality and Psychological Well-Being with the Mediation of Positive Affectivity in High School Students". Journal of Assessment and Research in Applied Counseling 5, n.º 3 (2023): 87–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.61838/kman.jarac.5.3.12.
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Objective: The present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between personality and psychological well-being with the mediation of positive affectivity in high school students. Methods and Materials: The research method was descriptive-correlational. Data collection tools included the short form of the NEO five-factor inventory, the Ryff psychological well-being scale (1989) and Watson and Tellegen's Affectivity Scale (1985). The statistical population of the current research was all the male and female students of the first secondary level of the 5th district of Tehran in the academic year 2021-22; according to the Morgan sampling table, 370 students were selected as a statistical sample by random sampling and the questionnaires were distributed among the people. Structural equation model (SEM) was used to analyze the data and it was analyzed by SPSS and AMOS software. Findings: The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between all dimensions of personality and mental well-being in secondary school students, but there is a negative and significant relationship between emotional distress and mental well-being. Also, positive affect significantly plays a mediating role in these relationships, so that it has a positive and significant relationship with all dimensions except neuroticism, and it has a significant negative relationship with neuroticism. Conclusion: Therefore, it is suggested to identify the level of positive emotion and personality of students by conducting standard tests in schools and to improve their psychological well-being.
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Sabau, Monica, e Alexandra Comanescu. "Transient global amnesia - A clinical study". Romanian Journal of Neurology 10, n.º 1 (31 de março de 2011): 34–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37897/rjn.2011.1.5.
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Introduction: Transient global amnesia (TGA) is defined as a selective deficit of the memory that appears suddenly and lasts less than 24 hours. The precise pathophysiology of transient global amnesia is not clear; various brain regions may possibly be affected. Patients and method: Our series of patients with TGA were included in a prospective study during 2004-2009. The diagnosis was based on positive clinical signs and negative symptoms for other neurological disease. We recorded: risk factors, precipitating events, associated symptoms, duration, incidence in daytime and season, recurrence. History of toxic substance intake was exclusion criteria. Laboratory tests, EEG, ECG and brain MRI were performed. Results: 18 patients were diagnosed as TGA, 6 (33.33%) men, 12 (66.66%) women, age: 36-72-year-old. 2 (11.11%) had no risk factors. We found personality changes in 12 (66%), high blood pressure in 6 (33%), history of migraine in 5 (27.77%), previous stroke in 3 (16.66%), diabetes in 1 (11.11%). The precipitating event for TGA was emotional stress in 10 (55.55%), physical exertion in 2 (11.11%), hot bath in 2 (11.11%), not identified in 4 (22.22%). 4 patients (22.22%) were observed during the episode. 8 patients (44.4%)had reoccurring events. MRI disclosed thalamic lesion in 6 (33.33%), multiple lesion in 5 (27.77%) and was normal in 7 (38.88%). Conclusion: These findings suggest that transient global amnesia may sometimes be associated with stroke.
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Ferreira, M. J., R. Margalho, C. Fernandes, J. Serra, J. Cunha e M. Silvestre. "Depression and Hepatitis C". European Psychiatry 24, S1 (janeiro de 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)70874-0.
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Combination therapy of peginterferon and ribavirin for HCV has been recommended as a first choice for chronic hepatitis C. INF therapy has been associated with various IFN-related adverse events, such as psychological disturbances. Beyond that preexisting mental disorders are considered risk factors for INF-alfa-induced severe psychiatric side effects such as depression and/or suicidality, consequently many of these patients remain untreated even tough they fulfil the medical criteria for antiviral treatment of chronic hepatitis C.The authors relate the case of a patient, 56 year's old, sent to infecciology consultation because she had alterations in abnormal liver function tests. She had a previous history of mental disorder with neurotic personality traits and she was treated with psychiatric medication.She had treatment for chronic hepatitis C with peginterferon and ribavirin as well psychiatric and psychotherapeutic support.A low sustained virologic response was obtained however the depressive picture has been difficult to handle so she had had already had a psychiatric hospitalization. There were several adverse life events that can not be forgotten as they certainly trigger and exacerbate the depressive symptomatology.We assume that psychiatric patients have more depressive symptoms before and during treatment compared with patients without no psychiatric history. This shows that this patients have an increase need for treatment with antidepressants and that a close cooperation with a psychiatrist is always needed.
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Scalori, A., L. Gandossini, G. Santamaria, V. Bellia, T. Bordoni, A. Avolio, P. Parravicini, R. Marin, P. Pioltelli e L. Roffi. "Depression in Chronic Hepatitis C Treated with Interferon: Prevalence and Management". European Psychiatry 24, S1 (janeiro de 2009): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(09)71200-3.
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Neuropsychiatric disturbances, from depression to psychosis and attempted or successful suicides are reported during interferon (IFN) therapy for chronic viral hepatitis. IFN schedule and history of psychiatric illness are not enough to predict who will develop symptoms.Aims:To assess the prevalence of depression during IFN therapy; to test whether a computerized version of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is a sensitive and reliable test for the early identification of patients at risk of depression before IFN therapy is started; and whether and how the depression can be cured. Patients. 185 patients treated with IFN.Methods:Before therapy, all patients underwent an MMPI and a clinical examination for identification of depressive symptoms.Results:Thirty-one patients developed a psychiatric disorder, 11 of them requiring treatment. Among the 18 patients with MMPI positive tests, 16 developed a psychiatric disorder (sensitivity of 0.58). Among the 154 who did not develop psychiatric side effects, 152 had a negative MMPI (specificity: 0.99). Severe psychiatric disorders (8 patients) were successfully treated with antidepressant drugs.Conclusions:Psychiatric side effects are easy to see during IFN therapy. An accurate psychiatric evaluation should be considered on all patients before treatment. However, as this specific examination cannot always be performed because of the lack of psychiatrists in liver units, it is necessary to identify tests, that are easy to carry out, reproducible, self-administered and inexpensive in order to screen all patients. If depression develops, it should be treated aggressively, and selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors are the anti-depressant of choice.
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Aweimer, Assem, Luisa Engemann, Sameh Amar, Aydan Ewers, Faegheh Afshari, Clara Maiß, Katharina Kern et al. "Stress-Mediated Abnormalities in Regional Myocardial Wall Motion in Young Women with a History of Psychological Trauma". Journal of Clinical Medicine 12, n.º 21 (24 de outubro de 2023): 6702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcm12216702.
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Background: Psychosocial stress has been associated with the development and progression of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Previously, we reported subtle differences in global longitudinal strain in somatically healthy women with a psychiatric diagnosis of borderline personality disorder (BPD). This study aimed to investigate the impact of BPD on segmental myocardial wall motion using speckle tracking echocardiography (STE) analysis. Methods: A total of 100 women aged between 18 and 38 years were included in this study. Fifty patients meeting the diagnostic criteria for BPD were recruited from the Department of Psychiatry (LWL-University Hospital Bochum) and compared with fifty age-matched healthy control subjects without previous cardiac disease. Laboratory tests and STE were performed with segmental wall motion analysis. Results: The BPD group had a higher prevalence of risk factors for CVD, with smoking and obesity being predominant, when compared with the control group. Other cardiovascular parameters such as blood pressure, glucose, and cholesterol levels were also elevated, even though not to pathological values. Moreover, in the STE analysis, the BPD group consistently exhibited decreased deformation in nine myocardial wall regions compared with the control group, along with a shift toward higher values in the distribution of peak pathological segments. Additionally, significantly higher values of free thyroxine concentration and thyroid’s secretory capacity were observed in the BPD group, despite falling within the (high-) normal range. Conclusions: BPD is associated with chronic stress, classical risk factors, and myocardial wall motion abnormalities. Further exploration is warranted to investigate the relationship between high-normal thyroid metabolism, these risk factors, and myocardial function in BPD patients. Long-term follow-up studies would be valuable in confirming the potential for predicting adverse events.
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Panek, Michał G., Michał S. Karbownik e Piotr B. Kuna. "Comparative analysis of clinical, physiological, temperamental and personality characteristics of elderly subjects and young subjects with asthma". PLOS ONE 15, n.º 11 (6 de novembro de 2020): e0241750. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0241750.
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Background Asthma is a heterogeneous disease of a complex etiology in which genetic, environmental and personality variables are important factors determining the development of complicated strategies related to coping with stress and temperament traits. Our thesis is that coping styles in asthmatic patients are modified by the environment (chronic inflammation and stress) which affects individual temperament traits in the course of time. Thus, patient age is one of factors which determine the clinical image of asthma and its natural history. Aim The aim of the study was to evaluate the variables describing stress coping styles and temperament in young (18 to 35 years old) and elderly asthmatics (aged ≥60 years). Material and methods A total of 200 patients, 104 elderly and 96 young asthmatics were enrolled in the study. Apart from medical examination, the following tests were performed in all subjects: the Formal Characteristics of Behavior- Temperament Inventory (FCB-TI), Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations (CISS), Beck Depression Inventory, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory, and Borg Rating of Perceived Exertion (RPE) Scale. Results Elderly patients with asthma exhibited higher intensity of anxiety as a trait, a higher level of depression and experienced dyspnea, as well as higher levels of stress coping strategies such as Avoidance-Oriented Coping (AOC), Distraction Seeking (DS) and Social Diversion (SD) compared to young asthmatics. In elderly patients, Perseverance and Sensory Sensitivity traits have been observed to decline with the duration and development of asthma at later life stages as opposed to young asthmatics, in whom these temperament characteristics are elevated. Conclusions Asthma is a heterogeneous disease of a complex etiopathogenesis that has a complex interplay with mental health. The present study confirms a relationship between age and stress coping strategies as well as temperament traits.
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Maulana, Muhammad Aditya, Ria Susanti e Khairul Washfiah. "A PENERAPAN ALAT PERAGA BONEKA DENGAN TEKNIK VENTRILOQUIST UNTUK PENINGKATAN PEMAHAMAN SISWA DALAM MATA PELAJARAN SEJARAH KEBUDAYAAN ISLAM". FIKRUNA 6, n.º 2 (25 de julho de 2023): 20–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.56489/fik.v6i2.116.
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The ventriloquist technique is the use of abdominal sounds accompanied by dolls by having a certain character personality. This research departs from the background that the learning process of students experiences a lackof a pleasant learning atmosphere and it makes children bored. Especially in learning Islamic Cultural History which is notoriously boring, the application of puppet props with ventriloquist techniques in learning Islamic Cultural History is very necessary. This study aims to determine the application of puppet props with ventriloquist techniques in increasing students' understanding in MI Rakha Amuntai. The subjects in this study were class VI A MI Rakha Amuntai students totaling 3.3 people consisting of 15 men and 1.8 women. The executing subjects of action are researchers and teachers of the history of Islamic culture. The object in this study is puppet props. This research is a class action research, which is carried out in 2 cycles with each cycle consisting of 2 meetings and 4 stages, namely Planning, Implementation, Observation, and Reflection. This class action research was conducted in class VI A MI Rakha. Data collection in this study was carried out by observation, documentation, and tests. The results of this study showed thatthe increase in learning activities in cycle I was 55.71% (Sufficient) to 92.8% (Very Good) in cycle II. Astudent activity in cycle I is 52.5% (Enough) to 100% (Very Good) in cycle II. Hasil student learning from 30.30% (Sufficient) to 100% (Very Good) in cycle II. This study can be concluded that the application of puppet props with ventriloquist techniques can increase student understanding by marking student activity in learning and completeness scores have been achieved.
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DINA, Maria Miana, Jose Manuel Rodriguez GOMEZ e Cornelia RADA. "THE SEXUAL ABUSER, CHARACTERISTICS AND RISK FACTORS – LITERATURE REVIEW". ANTHROPOLOGICAL RESEARCHES AND STUDIES 12, n.º 1 (2022): 128–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.26758/12.1.10.
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Objective. The objective of this study was to examine some dimensions of personality encountered among people with difficulties in controlling sexual impulses, depending on the gender of the aggressor, as well as to highlight the main predictors regarding the probability of committing sexual abuse. Material and methods. 48 studies were analyzed, of which 13 qualitative and 35 quantitative. The qualitative researches were mainly based on observation or semi-structured interview, and the quantitative ones were based on descriptive statistics, correlational tests. The size of the samples ranged from 51 to 2950 participants. The search covered the period from 1997 to 2020. Results. Men and women who have committed sexual offences have both common characteristics such as mental disorders, inadequate sexual style, lack of remorseful or empathetic feelings towards the victim, tendency towards criminal behavior, and differences. These were represented by the way they approach the victim, while men tend more towards the use of manipulation, women choose dissimulation. The risk factors in the occurrence of this crime were: the close relationship between the aggressor and the victim, the age specific to the aggressor’s youth stage, spatio-temporal factors correlated with the time of year and the time of day, the existence of a preferential pattern and dysfunctions of the social environment. Conclusions. A customized intervention is required, depending on the specificity of the clinical frame, on the type of socioeconomic and educational environment of origin and on the experiential history of each person in this criminal category. In the case of men, the approach must keep in mind the relational-value side, and in the case of women the affective sphere, taking into account the involvement of a wide range of emotions. Keywords: sexual assault, pedophilia, personality, rape, risk.