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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Paper money – United States – Catalogs"
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Raunig, Burkhard, e Johann Scharler. "Money Market Uncertainty and Retail Interest Rate Fluctuations: A Cross-Country Comparison". German Economic Review 10, n.º 2 (1 de maio de 2009): 176–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0475.2008.00454.x.
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Abstract This paper analyzes empirically the relationship between money market uncertainty and unexpected deviations in retail interest rates in a sample of ten OECD countries.We find that, with the exception of the United States, money market uncertainty has only a modest impact on the conditional volatility of retail interest rates. Even for the United States, we find that the effects of money market uncertainty are spread out over time. Our results also indicate that money market uncertainty tends to be passed on to retail rates to a lesser extent in countries where banking relationships play a substantial role.
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Bernussi, Mariana, Priscila Villela e Lívia Jardinovsky Debatin. "‘Follow the Money’". Conjuntura Austral 14, n.º 66 (31 de maio de 2023): 29–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.22456/2178-8839.129946.
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Given the wide reach of transnational crimes and the illegal flow of money, policing at an international level has become a new frontier for authorities who aim to control these threats. The United States has taken the center stage in this effort ever since the proclamation of the war on drugs and the continuing war on terror by promoting the ‘follow the money’ principle as a fundamental strategy to be adopted worldwide. In this paper, we will focus on US efforts to expand the anti-money laundering agenda and policies to Latin America, mobilizing the policy diffusion approach. By incorporating this thinking tool, we also aim to highlight the United States hegemonic position when establishing agendas and priorities internationally. Therefore, we will trace US official documents describing strategies, practices and policies aimed at promoting anti-money laundering policies in Latin American institutions through coercion, competition, learning and emulation mechanisms. By promoting training events and formulating evaluation mechanisms, the US has stimulated Latin American countries to elaborate their own law enforcement efforts inspired by these same paradigms.
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Krušković, Borivoje D., e Tina Maričić. "Monetary Targeting". Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice 4, n.º 3 (1 de setembro de 2015): 137–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jcbtp-2015-0015.
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Abstract In this paper we test the existence of long-term relationship between money supply and inflation, money supply and GDP and money supply and unemployment. Three independent panel cointegration regressions are evaluated where money supply is the explanatory variable, while inflation, GDP and unemployment rates occur as dependent variables. The sample consists of 17 countries (Australia, Canada, Chile, Denmark, Israel, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, New Zealand, Poland, Switzerland, United Kingdom and United States). The data are annual and refer to the period from 1990 to 2013. The results of the empirical analysis in this paper show that there is no significant long-term relationship between inflation and money supply, while there is statistically significant long-term relationship between GDP and money supply, as well as between unemployment rates and the money supply.
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SYLLA, RICHARD. "The transition to a monetary union in the United States, 1787–1795". Financial History Review 13, n.º 1 (31 de março de 2006): 73–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0968565006000060.
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A convertible US-dollar monetary union was the least controversial component of the US financial revolution of the early 1790s. Although the fiat paper currencies of the colonies before 1776 sometimes worked reasonably well, the founders had good reasons for the constitutional ban on their continuance by US states. The ban, a surrender of states' sovereignty over money, at the time proved to be relatively uncontroversial for two reasons. One is that the financial revolution lightened the fiscal burdens of states by assuming their debts and making them part of the national debt. The other is that states quickly learned that chartering banks could accomplish virtually all of the legitimate purposes of state fiat money issues, and possessed additional economic and political advantages.
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Fonkoua, Jean Emmanuel. "The Money Neutrality Proposition: Is Boosting Money Supply A Solution To US Economic Problems?" Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 29, n.º 2 (11 de fevereiro de 2013): 361. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v29i2.7644.
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This paper unfastens the new classical structural model and broadens the reduced form output equation to investigate the money neutrality proposition in the United States. The hypothesis that any predictable monetary policy has no influence on output is extended by the inclusion of foreign exchange rationing to the supply side of the economy as cointegrated with money supply. The final prediction error determines the proper lag length that is used by the dynamic analysis to examine the causality relationship between imports, foreign price, foreign income, and output. The vector autoregressive is used to determine the exogeneity property of foreign exchange and output; it also helps extract the anticipated and unanticipated components of foreign exchange and money series. Empirical evidence provides considerable support for short run cyclical movements in the output of highly industrialized countries in affecting the real output in the United States. Indeed, any policy response in raising output should take into account the well-being of other developed countries. Predicted or not, an increase in the level of growth of other advanced countries does not leads to offsetting expectation and results in raising the economic growth. Empirical test presents no evidence that boosting the money supply leads to an increase in the level of growth. The result also refutes the view that the United States can quickly recover through a monetary policy aimed at depreciating the dollar and stands against the idea that devaluation tends to expand domestic output in industrialized countries. Incompatible with the economic logic is the lack of support of the apparent reality of output determination in industrialized countries open economy models.
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SERLETIS, APOSTOLOS, e ASGHAR SHAHMORADI. "SEMI-NONPARAMETRIC ESTIMATES OF THE DEMAND FOR MONEY IN THE UNITED STATES". Macroeconomic Dynamics 9, n.º 4 (setembro de 2005): 542–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100505040307.
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This paper focuses on the demand for money in the United States in the context of two globally flexible functional forms—the Fourier and the asymptotically ideal model (AIM)—estimated subject to full regularity, using methods suggested over 20 years ago. We provide a comparison in terms of violations of the regularity conditions for consumer maximization and in terms of output in the form of a full set of elasticities. We also provide a policy perspective, using (for the first time) parameter estimates that are consistent with global regularity, in that a very strong case can be made for abandoning the simple-sum approach to monetary aggregation, on the basis of the low elasticities of substitution among the components of the popular M2 aggregate of money.
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Zhukov, P. E. "Money Supply, Inflation and Budget Deficit in Russia Compared to the United States". Review of Business and Economics Studies 11, n.º 4 (12 de fevereiro de 2024): 72–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2308-944x-2023-11-4-72-83.
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The author examines the causes and sources of the depreciation of money in Russia compared with that in the United States. The subject is causal connections between the budget deficit, money supply, and the depreciation of money. The relevance of the research for Russia is determined by concerns about macroeconomic stability and high inflation. In the case of the United States, an increase in the money supply and an inflation spike occurred because of the debt financing of the federal budget deficit. The scientific novelty of the paper lies in considering the two main options for monetary policy to support the liquidity of public debt: hard and soft, and the analytical methods and results of the research. One of the important scientific results is that the burden of public debt should be measured not as the ratio of public debt to gross domestic product (GDP) but as the share of public debt in a bond market. The second scientific result is very important for the practice: during 2011–2022, in the eight biennial periods, the GDP deflator was approximately equal to the growth of the money supply M2 minus GDP growth. Thus, the depreciation of money was directly caused by monetary policy. In the other three biennial periods, a substantial difference was observed, probably because of external shocks. As the method of the study, the author estimated the effect of interest rates caused by crowding out corporate debt by public debt. It was substantiated that to obtain the effects of soft monetary policy and thus the increase of M2 to GDP deflator, it is essential to use biennial periods. Based on the results of the analysis, it was revealed that, particularly in 2021–2022, the growth of the GDP deflator amounted to 139.8% and was due to the growth of the money supply M2 by 140.5%. At the same time, the effect on GDP growth was insignificant, at 3.4%. The key conclusion is that for the implementation of macroeconomic stability policies, it is necessary to manage the expansion of the M2 money supply, the exchange rate, and to use the GDP deflator as an important indicator in addition to the inflation index — consumer price index. A good way to achieve this is to adopt a special law for controlling inflation, similar to the USA Inflation Reduction Act.
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Mulaahmetović, Inda. "Quantitative Easing and Macroeconomic Performance in the United States". Journal of Central Banking Theory and Practice 11, n.º 3 (1 de setembro de 2022): 79–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jcbtp-2022-0024.
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Abstract This scientific paper examines the relationship between macroeconomic variables whose performance is measured under the implementation of Quantitative Easing in the US, by estimating vector autoregression (VAR) and Impulse Response Function with monthly data from US Federal Reserve, observed during the period January 1994-January 2022. Variables include: Consumer Price Index (CPIAUCSL); Industrial Production (INDPRO); Unemployment Rate (UNRATE); Interest Rates, Government Securities, Government Bonds (INTGSBUSM193N); Volatility Index (VIXCLS), Real Broad Effective Exchange Rate (RBUSBIS), Federal Surplus or Deficit (MTSDS133FMS), Money Supply M1 (WM1NS), M2 (WMNS), M3 (MABMM301USM189S). An evidence on macroeconomic variables of Consumer Price Index and Industrial Production when evaluating the effectiveness of QE is provided.
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Garivaltis, Alex. "The Laws of Motion of the Broker Call Rate in the United States". International Journal of Financial Studies 7, n.º 4 (1 de outubro de 2019): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijfs7040056.
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In this paper, which is the third installment of the author’s trilogy on margin loan pricing, we analyze 1367 monthly observations of the U.S. broker call money rate, e.g., the interest rate at which stockbrokers can borrow to fund their margin loans to retail clients. We describe the basic features and mean-reverting behavior of this series and juxtapose the empirically-derived laws of motion with the author’s prior theories of margin loan pricing (Garivaltis 2019a, 2019b). This allows us to derive stochastic differential equations that govern the evolution of the margin loan interest rate and the leverage ratios of sophisticated brokerage clients (namely, continuous-time Kelly gamblers). Finally, we apply Merton’s (1974) arbitrage theory of corporate liability pricing to study theoretical constraints on the risk premia that could be generated in the market for call money. Apparently, if there is no arbitrage in the U.S. financial markets, the implication is that the total volume of call loans must constitute north of 70 % of the value of all leveraged portfolios.
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Gilbert, Emily. "‘Ornamenting the Facade of Hell’: Iconographies of 19th-Century Canadian Paper Money". Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 16, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 1998): 57–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/d160057.
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In this paper I explore the iconographies on 19th-century Canadian paper money. Drawing upon the recent debates regarding the intersection of culture, society, and economy, it is argued that the form of paper money conveys not only economic but social and cultural values. The paper is divided into three parts. The first section situates Canadian paper currency in terms of the consolidation of paper monies more generally in the 18th and 19th centuries, but with particular reference to Britain and the United States. I then turn to a more specific analysis of the design and production of paper money, illustrating how monetary images were transferred among artistic media. A third section focuses on some of the spatial aspects of paper money by exploring national and imperial monetary narratives which are in turn related to specific monetary practices. In a brief conclusion the importance of an historical analysis to our contemporary understanding of paper and other kinds of monies is outlined and points to our complicity in economic, social, and cultural networks.
Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Paper money – United States – Catalogs"
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Chandrasekaran, Abhijit. "Impact of money market funds on commercial paper markets in United States and South Korea". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/72874.
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Thesis (S.M.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2012.Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (p. 32-34).
The focus of this study is on Commercial Paper markets which are used by financial and non financial firms to manage working capital and maturity transformation. We explore how the primary investors in CP in the US, the Money Market Mutual Funds (MMMFs) have influenced the markets. We see how CP usage has changed post the advent of MMMFs and how they have grown with growth in MMMFs assets. We also try to understand what made MMMFs in the US successful and what has led to their tremendous growth. We then move on to study South Korean CP markets and try to see if there are similar characteristics emerging in the markets with the establishment of short term money funds. South Korea gives a window into Asia to judge if it would be prudent for Asian countries to adapt from the US market structure to spur the CP markets locally. With the tremendous growth taking place in emerging Asia, the requirement for short term capital markets is growing and hence the importance of adapting from successful markets. We do see from the study that post MMMFs establishment there is a greater use of CP among business in both economies. There is also a greater holding of CP as assets by firms in the economy. MMMFs tend to hold large volumes of CP and may have led to greater CP market access for firms. Liquidity, yield and safety come out as the vital characteristics which make MMMFs a preferred investment conduit for money market instruments.
by Abhijit Chandrasekaran.
S.M.
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Ambuske, James Patrick. "Minting America coinage and the contestation of American identity, 1775-1800 /". Oxford, Ohio : Miami University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=miami1164981401.
Texto completo da fonteLivros sobre o assunto "Paper money – United States – Catalogs"
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Bressett, Kenneth E., e Philip Bressett. Guide book of United States currency: Large size, small size, fractional. Atlanta, GA: Whitman Publishing, LLC, 2012.
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Bart, Frederick J. United States paper money errors: A comprehensive catalog & price guide. 3a ed. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 2008.
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Bart, Frederick J. United States paper money errors: A comprehensive catalog & price guide. 3a ed. Iola, WI: Krause Publications, 2008.
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Huntoon, Peter W. United States large size national bank notes. Laramie, WY: Society of Paper Money Collectors, 1995.
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S, Friedberg Ira, e Ganz David L, eds. A guide book of United States paper money: Complete source for history, grading, and values. Atlanta, GA: Whitman Publishing, LLC, 2014.
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Hudgeons, Marc. The official 2008 blackbook price guide to United States paper money. 4a ed. New York: House of Collectibles/Random House Reference, 2007.
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Murray, Douglas D. Handbook of United States large size star notes, 1910-1929. [Kalamazoo, Mich.?]: D.D. Murray, 1985.
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Friedberg, Arthur L. A guide book of United States paper money: Complete source for history, grading, and values. 2a ed. Atlanta, Ga: Whitman Pub., 2008.
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Friedberg, Arthur L. A guide book of United States paper money: Complete source for history, grading, and values. 3a ed. Atlanta, Ga: Whitman Pub., 2011.
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Friedberg, Arthur L. A guide book of United States paper money: Complete source for history, grading, and values. 3a ed. Atlanta, Ga: Whitman Pub., 2011.
Encontre o texto completo da fonteCapítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Paper money – United States – Catalogs"
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"The Paper Money Standard of the United States in 1933". In Kemmerer on Money, 14–28. Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315206738-2.
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Galbraith, John Kenneth, e James K. Galbraith. "The Money War". In Money. Princeton University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.23943/princeton/9780691171661.003.0007.
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This chapter examines the controversies surrounding money and banking in the early years of the new American Republic. It shows how the U.S. Constitution restricted the right of coinage to the federal government and forbade both the states and the national government to issue paper money. It then coinsiders the issuance of Treasury notes by Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin in the 1812–1814 war, while Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the Treasury under the Lincoln administration, asked Congress to authorize repeated issues of greenbacks. The chapter also considers Alexander Hamilton's application for a central bank that would become the Bank of the United States, which competed with other banks. Finally, it discusses the establishment of the Second Bank of the United States and the struggle between President Andrew Jackson and Nicholas Biddle, president of the Bank of the United States.
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Stein, Michael D., e Sandro Galea. "Can We Reverse Course on Health?" In Pained, 7–10. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197510384.003.0003.
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This chapter examines whether the United States can catch up to other countries when it comes to promoting health. A 2018 paper published in the American Journal of Public Health suggests we cannot; in fact, we will fall further behind. There are three reasons for this. First, in the United States, many gains in health and survival over the first half of the 20th century slowed significantly in the latter half of the last century and the first two decades of the 21st century. Second, the United States only excels at extending life for persons over 75. In this age group, we have lower mortality than other high-income countries. But even these gains appear to be diminishing. Third, we ignore the foundational forces that shape health. Data clearly show that the United States persistently underinvests in education, efforts to promote healthy living, preventive care, and other programs and policies that address the root causes of health. Instead, we spend their money on inefficient and expensive health services.
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Wood, Gordon S. "The Crisis of the 1780s". In Power and Liberty, 54–73. Oxford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780197546918.003.0004.
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This chapter describes the crisis that led to the calling of the convention that created the federal Constitution in 1787. Although the Articles of Confederation that united the thirteen states lacked the powers to tax and regulate trade, the country was not doing too badly economically or demographically. But the state legislatures were abusing the great power that had been granted to them in the revolutionary state constitutions and tending to ran amuck. The multiplicity, mutability, and injustice of state legislation, especially with the printing of paper money, led reformers to use the weakness of the Confederation as a cover to scrap the Articles and to create an entirely new and powerful central government.
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Broadwater, Jeff. "A New Government Must Be Made". In Jefferson, Madison, and the Making of the Constitution, 126–53. University of North Carolina Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5149/northcarolina/9781469651019.003.0006.
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In the year leading up to the Constitutional Convention of 1787, Jefferson, now serving as American minister to France, grew increasingly frustrated with Congress’s inability to retaliate against nations that discriminated against U.S. trade. Madison believed an unfavorable balance of trade drained specie out of the United States and created a demand for debt relief, paper money, and the postponement of tax collections, which left the states unable to support Congress financially. Shays’s Rebellion in Massachusetts reaffirmed his view that the preservation of republican government required a much stronger central government. At the Philadelphia convention, Madison supported giving Congress broad powers, including the right to veto state laws, and he proposed that representation in Congress be based on population. His fellow delegates rejected the so-called congressional negative, and small state delegates forced Madison to accept the Great, or Connecticut, Compromise in which in the House of Representatives would reflect a state’s population, but each state would have an equal vote in the Senate. When the convention adjourned, Madison feared the new federal government might still be too weak to survive, while Jefferson, viewing events from Paris, worried the Constitution did too little to protect the people’s liberties.
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Howard, Adam M. "Building a Nation". In Sewing the Fabric of Statehood, 24–49. University of Illinois Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.5622/illinois/9780252041464.003.0003.
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During the late 1920s and early 1930s, some Bundists began to identify as non-Zionists. Although they viewed Zionism as a nationalist distraction from their socialist values, they believed assisting a fellow labor movement in Histadrut a worthy cause. Additionally, they saw Palestine as a practical option for persecuted Jews to emigrate. With immigration restriction quotas passed by congress in 1921 and 1924 that several restricted Eastern and Southern Europeans from immigrating to the United States, these non-Zionists in the labor movement viewed Palestine as a reasonable alternative for persecuted Jews to go and begin new lives with a strong labor movement to help absorb them into the growing Jewish society there. To help Histadrut absorb these new immigrants, Jewish trade-union leaders expanded beyond the fundraising of the Gewerkschaften Campaign to specifically raise money for colonization. They raised money for the purchase of land in two places where housing was built for these new settlers, naming one the Leon Blum colony and the other the Louis Brandeis colony. This demonstrated the power of these non-government organizations (NGOs) operating transnationally to develop the infrastructure of burgeoning nation. However, in 1939, the British government’s McDonald White Paper would drastically reduce Jewish immigration to Palestine for the next five years and then eliminate it altogether after 1944.
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Levy, Daniel S. "Panic and Promise". In Manhattan Phoenix, 119–36. Oxford University Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195382372.003.0008.
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This chapter addresses the Panic of 1837. At the time of the new Bowery Theatre's opening in 1837, the national economy was overheating and buffeted by a combination of President Andrew Jackson's war on the Second Bank of the United States, rabid speculation, an unfettered economic boom, and wildly expanding trade. Then, while Congress was on recess, Jackson issued his Specie Circular, directing government land offices to only accept silver or gold in the hope of stopping the spread of paper money. This helped send the economy into a tailspin. Credit contracted, and British merchants cut back on cotton purchases. The shock from the resulting collapse of the cotton market rippled through New York's economy, and caused a long term and devastating depression, which only started to lift in the early 1840s as British credit was loosened, and European nations sought American crops following their local agricultural failures. Yet throughout, one thing that constantly replenished the city's economy was the arrival of immigrants like the merchant Alexander Stewart. Meanwhile, New York's port and rivers beckoned trade from throughout the world, and the city’s became the center of ship building.
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Mason, Rebecca. "Social metaphysics". In Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy. London: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780415249126-n135-1.
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Social metaphysics concerns the existence and nature of social entities. Social metaphysicians have focused primarily on the existence and nature of three ontological categories: social facts (e.g. the fact that pieces of paper are money), social kinds (e.g. races and genders) and social groups (e.g. the United Nations Security Council). Social facts (e.g. the fact that bills issued by the United States Bureau of Engraving and Printing are money) are understood to be worldly rather than representational entities. According to one family of views, all social facts obtain in virtue of facts involving collective intentionality. There are a wide variety of theories of collective intentions; however, the basic idea is that social facts are such that their existence depends on the mental states of more than one individual. A perennial question concerning the metaphysics of social kinds is whether they are natural kinds. Very roughly, natural kinds are those kinds that feature in scientific explanations of the world. Some philosophers deny that social kinds are natural kinds because the former are mind-dependent whereas the latter are not. Others deny that social kinds are natural, because they are susceptible to ‘looping effects’. Still others argue that social kinds can be natural kinds despite these apparently disqualifying features. Another key question about social kinds concerns their existence or reality – in particular, the existence or reality of particular social kinds, like genders (e.g. women and men) and races (e.g. Black, white). Some philosophers argue that races are biological kinds, and that biological races exist. Others argue that races are biological kinds, but that biological races do not exist. Social constructionists about race argue that races exist but are social in nature. Another view is that races exist but are neither social nor biological. Finally, although it is common ground that many social groups exist, philosophers disagree about their nature. One proposal is that social groups are sets of their members; another is that they are identical to sets of worlds, times and individuals. Others argue that social groups are sui generis entities, or that they are structured wholes.
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Daniel, Marcus. "John Fenno and the Constitution of a National Character". In Scandal & Civility, 19–61. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195172126.003.0002.
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Abstract John Fenno was a man in a hurry. During the winter of 1789, the thirty-seven-year-old journalist left his wife and children behind in Boston and moved to New York City to establish what he hoped would become a new national periodical. In the spring, he worked feverishly to outfit and organize his small printing shop at 86 William Street, close to the busy mercantile offices and shipping wharves of lower Manhattan. In February, he traveled to Philadelphia to buy type for his printing press, consulting with Benjamin Franklin and his nephew Benjamin Franklin Bache about the pitfalls of the printing business and using all of his considerable energy and ingenuity to persuade politicians and businessmen of the Federalist persuasion in New York to lend him their support and their money. Now he was ready, and on Wednesday, April 15, 1789, he published the first issue of the Gazette of the United States, priced at six pence a copy and completely free of advertising. There were to be no commercial distractions in this newspaper. In his prospectus, Fenno promised to publish the proceedings of the new federal Congress and essays on “great subjects of Government,” especially those touching “the national and local rights of american citizens,” and to keep his readers abreast of any developments, domestic or foreign, concerning the “interests of the american republick.” The newspaper, he declared, would be “a national paper,” dedicated to the propagation of “national, independent, and impartial principles.” Publishing the Gazette of the United States was a risky venture for Fenno, who had left behind in his beloved Boston not only family and friends, but a budding career as a contributor to Benjamin Russell’s Massachusetts Centinel.
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"The little orange tree grew". In Stirring the Pot of Haitian History, editado por Mariana Past e Benjamin Hebblethwaite, 75–118. Liverpool University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781800859678.003.0006.
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The sixth chapter likens the Haitian Revolution to a cockfight and begins to question Toussaint Louverture’s uses of power. By January 26, 1801 Toussaint has become the dominant cock, largely due to his huge political organization in the Northern provinces. A hint of reproach echoes in the discourse of narrator Grinn Prominnin because of the unacknowledged debt owed by Toussaint to the masses of formerly enslaved people who participated in the Revolution. At this point the black rebels were often insufficiently armed or were pitted against one another. Some fought for personal interests, others on more general terms; the result was a weakened position. Their advantage lay in their sheer numbers and common determination to become free. In 1793 Toussaint tapped into this energy by declaring the goal of universal freedom and liberty for Saint-Domingue, a political and tactical move that assured the former enslaved people’s loyalty to him. Once his organization solidified, he allied himself with French forces, against the Spanish and British (on whose side other rebel leaders were fighting). By 1795, Spain was defeated, and Saint-Domingue was controlled by three sectors: the new French political commissioner (Lavaud), the freedmen (Vilatte, Beauvais, and Rigaud), and Toussaint’s army. Major contradictions—economic, political, and military—divided the masses from the leaders in the latter group; often the former enslaved people were forced to work the land for the benefit of the revolutionary generals. Meanwhile, both inside and outside of Saint-Domingue, people began to distrust the paper money issued by the revolutionary state, and its value decreased. The war in the South took form, with Toussaint positioned against Rigaud. France’s third civil commissioner, Sonthonax, arrived in 1796 and was determined to crush the British and the mulatto generals’ troops. Sonthonax named Toussaint the leading general and Rigaud an outlaw. But Toussaint had Sonthonax expelled from Saint-Domingue the following year due to their several disagreements (including the fact that Sonthonax promoted Moyse Louverture to the rank of general, passing over several other leaders in Toussaint’s army). Meanwhile, in France, the political situation was becoming more conservative, and Toussaint feared that the former colonists would return to seize their property. In a dog-eat-dog society, every class has economic, political, and ideological interests; the freedmen and newly freed slaves were at odds. Toussaint subsequently repulsed Hédouville (who was sent by France as an agent of the Directory, charged with implementing reforms) and fought a vicious war in the South against Rigaud, the dominant mulatto general, thus deepening the racial divisions in the general population. Although Rigaud took a racial approach himself, Toussaint’s demagogy encouraged this social poison to pit the masses of formerly enslaved people against the mixed-race people, a problem reflecting Haiti’s hereditary ideological disease. Toussaint’s primary interests were commerce, money and the trappings of power. So intent was Toussaint on keeping Saint-Domingue afloat economically that he imposed strictures on the formerly enslaved people through a “rural work code,” forcing them to either remain on the same plantations where they had previously toiled or face severe punishment (including death). The idea of “freedom for all” thus began to lose its meaning. England and the United States began to exert pressure on Saint-Domingue as well. Before the War of the South between Toussaint and Rigaud, blacks and mixed-race people were allied against France, but afterwards each group sought its own type of Haitian independence. The beginning of the end of Toussaint’s power came about when the rebel leader fell into the Rigaud’s trap in the afè Koray [Corail Affair]; he nevertheless continued to fight for several more years. Toussaint’s leadership style moved to demagogy, and after 1799, plots mushroomed everywhere against him. The other rebel general, Jean-Jacques Dessalines, did not play upon social tensions in the same way that Toussaint did: instead of using race as a wedge issue, he allowed a group of mixed race people to join the rebel army, which raised everyone’s spirits and frightened the enemy. Toussaint’s organization was closer to the interests of the masses than Rigaud’s. With Dessalines, he convinced several maroon groups to fight against Rigaud; Dessalines won the South soon afterwards. The war of the South helped advance the larger revolution in Saint-Domingue. Once Rigaud was defeated, Toussaint was the only serious cock in the former colony. Freedom for everyone was the main interest of his organization, and he unified the country around it; Dessalines and Pétion ultimately worked together to help repulse Leclerc’s invasion of 1802. The freedmen’s advantage was blunted before they could take advantage of others. The former slaves grew stronger as a result. Despite Toussaint’s demagogy, the revolution was holding strong; though Toussaint still occupied a position of authority, there remained many contradictions in his camp.
Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Paper money – United States – Catalogs"
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Laird, Alastair. "Delivering Value for Money: Trust and Verify?" In ASME 2011 14th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2011-59253.
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Accurate estimates for national Environmental Management remediation work programs are an essential ingredient of ensuring that plans can be adequately funded. They also form the basis of value measurement as the work is executed on an annual or program basis. However, the inherent uncertainties of many of the Environmental Management (EM) and decommissioning tasks, both in terms of the technical challenges faced, options available, end states to be achieved; and the general risks and uncertainties associated with the hazard and its characterisation means that many estimates were always going to have very high levels of uncertainty. In 2002 the United Kingdom Nuclear Liabilities Estimate was quoted as £48Bn when the government restructured the UK civil nuclear industry and set out the basis for forming what was to become the Nuclear Decommissioning Authority (NDA). By 2005 the NDA had assessed the costs as £56Bn but by 2008 the costs had significantly increased to £73Bn and continue to rise. How does this relate to the more immediate challenges of ‘working off’ the plan and demonstrating Value for Money can be achieved in the near term? In parallel the US Department of Energy Environmental Management Office introduced its ‘Best in Class’ initiative in 2007 — the intention being to tackle underperformance and drive improvements in the baselines and the contractor delivery programs. This paper compares and contrasts UK and US EM program performance issues and covers several interdependent topic areas including: a) Government funding impacts, b) Contractor program estimates, c) Program Controls requirements, and d) Independent assurance requirements. This paper attempts to answer the question “how can governments demonstrate Value for Money in EM”.
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Akinshipe, Olaoluwa, e Clinton Aigbavboa. "Progress on Attempts to Reduce Energy Consumption Used for Road Illumination". In 13th International Conference on Applied Human Factors and Ergonomics (AHFE 2022). AHFE International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54941/ahfe1002215.
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Street lighting has become cheaper, more efficient, and easier to maintain due to the quality of research within this field.This report provides an exploratory account of the importance of an energy-efficient system suitable for highways and regular streets. Also, it evaluates the need for further research in the field of road lighting.The paper uses data sources from various geographical locations, including; South Africa, the United States and the Netherlands. This approach is adopted to discover a broader perspective of the constraints and methodologies employed to solve the same or similar problem, as results vary over different geographical locations worldwide.Judging by the amount of money spent, a typical home spends approximately 15% of its total electricity consumption on lighting. This makes the type of technology used for illumination to become increasingly essential. The introduction of energy-efficient Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) has made it much easier to shrink these consumption numbers. Considering all this in perspective, Artificial Intelligence may need to be widely adopted to reduce these numbers further.
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Makled, A. H., e E. J. Grotke. "Plasma Arc Gasification for Solid Waste Disposal: Update on St. Lucie County, Florida Project". In 16th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec16-1901.
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Plasma arc gasification is an emerging technology for generation of renewable energy and other by-products from a variety of waste. This bold technology is under development in a number of locations around the world, although it is too early to fully know if the technology is technically feasible and economically viable on a truly heterogeneous municipal waste stream like that found in the U.S. Plasma arc technology in the United States in other applications dates back approximately 40 years when it was utilized by NASA to test heat shield materials for spacecraft. In 1989, plasma arc technology was used in an iron melting furnace in Defiance, Ohio (USA). Plasma arc gasification has been used in municipal solid waste destruction since 1999 in Japan for destruction of solid waste and automobile shredder residue. Plasma arc gasification heats waste materials to temperatures in excess of 10,000 degrees Fahrenheit (°F) to break the molecular bonds and gasify the materials. This liberates the energy potential of the waste materials and melts the residue to an inert, glass-like slag, which may be used as an aggregate in construction and manufacturing operations. If this market can be developed, it will significantly reduce the need for landfill disposal in the future. St. Lucie County, Florida (USA), is in the process of negotiating with a developer for the construction of a plasma arc gasification facility that will process 1,000 tons per day of municipal solid waste. The facility may be the first large scale solid waste plasma arc processing facility in the United States. Camp Dresser & McKee is assisting St. Lucie County to negotiate the agreements for this project. The project is expected to be privately financed, so the County will not be putting any money at risk. In this paper, we will describe the plasma arc technology, present its historical applications, and discuss the St. Lucie project from initial conception to its current status.
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West, Raymond A. "Regulatory Endorsement Activities for ASME Nuclear Codes and Standards". In 14th International Conference on Nuclear Engineering. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icone14-89254.
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The ASME Board on Nuclear Codes & Standards (BNCS) has formed a Task Group on Regulatory Endorsement (TG-RE) that is currently in discussions with the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) to look at suggestions and recommendations that can be used to help with the endorsement of new and revised ASME Nuclear Codes & Standards (NC&S). With the coming of new reactors in the USA in the very near future we need to look at both the regulations and all the ASME NC&S to determine where we need to make changes to support these new plants. At the same time it is important that we maintain our operating plants while addressing ageing management needs of our existing reactors. This is going to take new thinking, time, resources, and money. For all this to take place the regulations and requirements that we use must be clear concise and necessary for safety and to that end both the NRC and ASME are working together to make this happen. Because of the influence that the USA has in the world in dealing with these issues, this paper is written to inform the international nuclear engineering community about the issues and what actions are being addressed under this effort.
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Knight, Kelly J., Kristian K. Debus, Jon M. Berkoe e Tim J. Dasey. "Practical Application of the LES Method to Mixing in Large Indoor Spaces". In ASME 2005 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2005-82025.
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The scope of protecting public venues in the U.S. is staggering in the areas of money, time and experience at doing this sort of thing. Derivation of protection strategies for the building infrastructure will necessarily involve a combination of experiments and computer simulations to provide confidence in building design or retrofit before the needed dollars and time are committed. Computer simulation can be less costly and be performed in shorter times than experiments even when the building of interest is quite large and thus, will be used extensively now and in the future for building protection design. This paper specifically targets the accuracy and application of computational fluid dynamic (CFD) codes for prediction of mixing behavior. The ability to determine the nature, make correct identification and quantify the amount of a release from a chemical or biological weapon (CBW) relies in part on understanding the underlying physics of air propagation throughout the domain. Specifically, we must understand the rates at which a contaminant may mix throughout the domain. Turbulent mixing is a function of the range of spatial and temporal scales found in the domain, i.e., the large scale eddies (on the size of the domain) advecting the contaminant, the small scale eddies (inertial range) “mixing” the contaminant as it is being advected and the time scales corresponding to these eddy sizes. The widely used Reynolds Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) numerical modeling methods cannot capture the time dependent motions which are responsible for a significant amount of mixing. The Large Eddy Simulation (LES) method is based on simulating the turbulent fluctuations that can be resolved by the mesh while the smaller eddies are modeled. The LES method can produce more information about the nature of the flow field than RANS. This paper discusses the application of the LES method, specifically an LES/DES (Detached Eddy Simulation) coupled method, to simulate mixing in a realistically scaled fictitious airport. Application of the LES method such as determination of what eddy size to resolve, transient startup effects, determination of eddy turnover time and others are discussed. This research is sponsored by Department of Homeland Security under Air Force Contract F19628-00-C-0002. The views expressed are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or procedure of the United States Government.
Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Paper money – United States – Catalogs"
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Goto, Junichi. The Migrant Workers in Japan from Latin America and Asia: Causes and Consequences. Inter-American Development Bank, março de 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010753.
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The world has been increasingly interconnected both economically and politically ever since the end of the World War II. In addition to the increase in the movement of goods (international trade) and the movement of money (foreign investment), we have observed increased amount of movement of labor (international migration) in various parts of the world. For example, European countries, notably Germany and France, have accepted a large number of migrant workers from neighboring countries for many years. In the United States, huge number of migrant workers, both legal and illegal, have been flowing from various countries in Latin America and the Caribbean. While Japan had been a fairly closed country to foreigners for many years, the influx of migrant workers emerged in the mid-1980s when an economic boom brought about serious labor shortage created an economic boom. Initially, most of these foreign workers are illegal migrant workers from neighboring Asian countries. However, since the revision of the Japanese immigration law in 1990, there has been a dramatic influx of the Latin American of Japanese origin (Nikkei) because these people are now allowed to do whatever activities in Japan, including an unskilled work that is prohibited to foreigners in principle. The number of these Latin American migrants is estimated to be around 150,000 to 200,000. This paper analyzes the recent experiences in the economic and social impact of international migration from Latin America and Asia in Japan.
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Remittances 2008: Remittances in Times of Financial Instability. Inter-American Development Bank, março de 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005934.
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This paper presents the reality of remittances in Latin America and the Caribbean, to be influenced by four points in the first quarter of 2008, such as:: the economic slowdown in the United States, sharp spikes in food and fuel prices, a harsher climate against immigration, and a weakening U.S. dollar. The IDB advises governments in the region on how to cushion the impact of the financial crisis on families receiving remittances. In addition, working with public and private sectors to create conditions conducive to remittance flows have a greater development impact. The economic crisis has affected migrant workers, but has not changed its decision to seek better opportunities outside their country of origin, or their commitment to send money home. When global economic conditions improve, it will resume migration and remittances.