Bibliografias temáticas / Pandi, 1950-

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Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Pandi, 1950-"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 25 de julho de 2024

Última modificação: 29 de julho de 2024

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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Pandi, 1950-"

Francis, Dania V., Darrick Hamilton, Thomas W. Mitchell, Nathan A. Rosenberg e Bryce Wilson Stucki. "Black Land Loss: 1920–1997". AEA Papers and Proceedings 112 (1 de maio de 2022): 38–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20221015.

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Black agricultural land ownership was at a peak just after the turn of the twentieth century; however, there was a nearly 90 percent decline in ownership from 1910 to 1997. In this paper, we use US Census of Agriculture data to estimate that the present, compounded value of the Black land loss from 1920 to 1997 is roughly $326 billion.

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Quincy, Sarah, e Rowena Gray. "Boomtowns: Local Shocks and Inequality in 1920s California". AEA Papers and Proceedings 112 (1 de maio de 2022): 209–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20221080.

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As the United States economy grew in the 1920s, both wealth and income inequality rose as well. California land values were especially volatile as a variety of shocks buffeted the state. This paper summarizes how these local booms affected housing inequality by linking archival data on city property values to the full count 1930 census. I first characterize the relationship between the type of shock and city property values during the 1920s. Then I relate these real estate market swings to the occupational and housing distribution within and across cities in 1930.

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Muhyidin, Rais Al Azizi, e Yusril Fahmi Adam. "Two Imaginations of Indonesia: A Study on the Islamic and Nationalism Ideologies in Pandji Islam Magazine, 1940". Insaniyat : Journal of Islam and Humanities 8, n.º 1 (30 de novembro de 2023): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/insaniyat.v8i1.33856.

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This research delves into the ideologies of Islam and nationalism as envisioned bythe founding fathers through Pandji Islam magazine published in 1940. A historicalmethodology consisting of four stages, heuristic, source criticism, interpretation, andhistoriography, was applied. It also utilized hermeneutics and political approaches.Through these two approaches, this study was not merely narrative but ratherdescriptive-analytical in nature. The findings in this article reveal that Pandji Islamplayed a significant role as a representation of the Islamic press. Through PandjiIslam, Islamic and nationalist figures were able to express their ideas on Islamicmodernism, ideologies, and the concept of an ideal state. Furthermore, the studyresults demonstrate that Pandji Islam magazine also served to raise politicalawareness among the Muslim community and the Indonesian people in general. Itaimed to build collective strength to break free from prolonged colonialism and seekappropriate political formulations for the future of the Indonesian nation.

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Setiawan, Budi Rezky, Muhammad Buhari Sibuea e Erwin Pane. "Analisis Faktor-Faktor yang Mempengaruhi Produksi Usahatani Nanas Pada Lahan Gambut di Kecamatan Panai Tengah Kabupaten Labuhanbatu". AGRISAINS: Jurnal Ilmiah Magister Agribisnis 1, n.º 2 (2 de julho de 2019): 100–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/agrisains.v1i2.239.

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This study aims to determine how the influence of land area, number of seedlings, the number of labor and fertilizer simultaneously and partially on pineapple production in Panai Tengah sub-district Labuhanbatu Regency. This research was conducted in the Central Panai District Labuhan Batu District in April to June 2017. Determination of the location was done intentionally (purposive) with the consideration that the pineapple farming in Central Panai District is a farm carried out on the condition of the land with peat soil types and the results of their production have been has a characteristic as panai pineapple. This research is a descriptive study with a quantitative approach. The number of samples was 86 samples. The data used are primary and secondary data. Primary data obtained by interview using a questionnaire. While secular data uses data obtained from the agency. In this research, the initial step taken is to form an equation with the Cobb Doughlas function, then the equation is transformed in the form of a natural logarithm to facilitate multiple regression analysis using the SPSS 19.0 program. The results showed that the factors affecting pineapple production were land area, number of seeds, and number of workers.

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Prince Prabakaran, V. P. "Revival of Agriculture in India – A Theoritical Perspective". Shanlax International Journal of Economics 7, n.º 4 (31 de agosto de 2019): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.34293/economics.v7i4.467.

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India was recognized across the globe as an agrarian economy very first five year plan during 1951-56 gave importance to agriculture. The need of 1950’s compelled or pressured the existence of agriculture sector, planners and policymakers also to formulate and shape of the country accordingly. Gradual improvements and the development of the country diverted from agriculture to service sector and industrial, really well appreciated and advancement but every Indian should realize the importance of mother earth which is providing agricultural output has been food for existence of every human being but current trend has totally changed to focus more and service sector then industrial sector least importance to agriculture sector this is the policy framework side, the other way round environmental factors climatic change, average rainfall, fertility of the soil needed input for agriculture totally disturbing. The current need of the society to think and do proactive measures has rightly pointed out by the first Prime Minister Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru, ‘everything else can wait but not agriculture’. Revival of agriculture is the need of hour with this understanding, the article is classified into four divisions; firstly, it start with introduction and highlight the remarkable performance of agriculture in India. Secondly, exhibits the declined trend of agriculture during the time of new economic policy. Thirdly, it analyse the recent trend of agriculture in India. Finally, this article suggests the concrete measures for future fruitful agricultural development in India.

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Halen, Pierre. "Mumengi, Didier. – Panda Farnana. Premier universitaire congolais (1888-1930)". Cahiers d'études africaines 47, n.º 186 (31 de maio de 2007): 433–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4000/etudesafricaines.7569.

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Pyo, Nari. "China’s Panda Diplomacy(1957-2024) - The Efficacy and the Limit -". Journal of China Area Studies 11, n.º 2 (31 de maio de 2024): 123–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.34243/jcas.11.2.123.

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Iyigun, Murat, Joris Mueller e Nancy Qian. "The Intensifying Effects of Prolonged Climate Change on Conflict, 1400–1900 CE". AEA Papers and Proceedings 114 (1 de maio de 2024): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20241058.

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This study uses historical conflict and weather data for the period 1400-1900 CE to investigate the long-run effects of climate change on political instability in a context that suffered extensive cooling. The results show that temperature changes have little effect on conflict if they are isolated events but that consecutive periods of cooling are associated with increased conflict. This is consistent with the conventional wisdom that societies and economies are able to adapt to a certain amount of environmental change. But if climate change is prolonged, then the disruptions they cause can cumulate and lead to political instability.

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Urfan, Noveri Faikar. "REPRESENTASI PRIBUMI DALAM IKLAN SURAT KABAR PANDJI POESTAKA 1940-1941". Jurnal Komunikasi 6, n.º 2 (20 de abril de 2012): 105–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.20885/komunikasi.vol6.iss2.art3.

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Anderson, D. Mark, Kerwin Kofi Charles, Michael McKelligott e Daniel I. Rees. "Estimating the Effects of Milk Inspections on Infant and Child Mortality, 1880–1910". AEA Papers and Proceedings 112 (1 de maio de 2022): 188–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20221066.

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In the mid-nineteenth century, the urban milk supply in the United States was regularly skimmed or diluted with water, reducing its nutritional value. At the urging of public health experts, cities across the country hired milk inspectors, who were tasked with collecting and analyzing milk samples with the goal of preventing adulteration and skimming. Using city-level data for the period 1880-1910, we explore the effects of milk inspections on infant mortality and mortality among children under the age of five. Event study estimates are small and statistically insignificant, providing little evidence of post-treatment reductions in either infant or child mortality.

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Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Pandi, 1950-"

Kersey, David C. "Reproductive and adrenal endocrinology of the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca)". Fairfax, VA : George Mason University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1920/3428.

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Thesis (Ph.D.)--George Mason University, 2008.
Vita: p. 180. Thesis director: Thomas C. Wood. Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Environmental Science and Public Policy. Title from PDF t.p. (viewed Mar. 17, 2009). Includes bibliographical references (p. 156-179). Also issued in print.

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Reyes, Meza Arais. "La vivienda colectiva en la construcción de la Ciudad de México : casas de vecindad y unidades habitacionales". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/392605.

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The present doctoral thesis is about the universal theme of the relationship between architecture and city, more specifically, a research carried out on the question of the existing bond between the architectural form of collective housing and the urban form. Mexico City is the metropolis studied and within it two collective residential genres: the "casas de Vecindad" and the "Unidades l-labitacionales". The "casas de vecindad", commonly called "vecindades", were firstly built during the colonial period of the city, in the seventeenth century, and were subsequently built until the early twentieth century. Many of them still exist today in historical areas of the metropolis. Morphotogically, they are multi-family courtyard houses, comprising a group of dwellings around an uncovered space that in most cases is a "patio". The research undertaken on this type of housing starts off with an analysis of a case of study: the project of "Casas del Colegio de San Pedro y San Pablo", by Ignacio Castera of 1788. This project is reviewed as a theoretical model since it was never built. Consequently, a typotogical definition of the "casa de vecindad" is postulated that describes its elemental architectural features. For this purpose a number of academic statements that explain this type of dwelling are compiled and a set of floor plans of "vecindades" from different periods are classified. Subsequently, a few descriptions of the life in the "vecindad" are noted. Finally, one delves into the form of the city where these collective dwellings were developed, by examining the "Plano General de la Ciudad de México" by Diego Garcia Conde of 1793, and analysing its urban design and the elements that form it. This urban form is put in relation to the architecture of the "vecindades" and there are analogies between both. "Unidades Habitacionales" is the term chosen in this thesis to refer to the modern collective housing complexes that were either only planned or effectively built in the Mexican capital during the period comprised between the early 40's and the late 60's of the twentieth century. Research on this residential genre includes the analysis of three case studies: the project that was never built of the "Colonia Obrera de las Lomas de Becerra" by Hannes Meyer carried out in 1942; the "Centro Urbano Presidente Alemán", by Mario Pani built in 1949; and the "Unidad Independencia", by Alejandro Prieto and José Maria Gutiérrez inaugurated in 1960. Parting from these three examples, one describes their urban-architectural structure, the form in which they build the city. The study on the "vecindades" constitutes the centre of this academia work and the three cases of "unidades habitacionales" are recovered as a residential genre that went so far as to substitute the first. In the comparison of both genres, one observes persistence and changes in the form of building collective housing and the city. The "vecindades" were developed in the historical part of the city of Mexico and the "unidades habitacionales" constitute parts of its modern expansion, thus in this thesis one reflects on some urban parts that currently coexist in the Mexican metropolis.
La presente tesis doctoral trata sobre el tema universal de las relaciones entre arquitectura y ciudad, más específicamente se investiga sobre la cuestión del vínculo existente entre la forma arquitectónica de la vivienda colectiva y la forma urbana. La ciudad de México es la urbe estudiada y dentro de ella dos géneros residenciales colectivos: las Casas de Vecindad y las Unidades Habitacionales. Las casas de vecindad, comúnmente llamadas vecindades, se comenzaron a construir en la época colonial de la ciudad, en el siglo XVII, y se siguieron edificando hasta principios del siglo XX. Muchas de ellas siguen existiendo actualmente en zonas históricas de la metrópoli. Morfológicamente son casas-patio multifamiliares, agrupan un conjunto de viviendas alrededor de un espacio a descubierto que en la mayor parte de los casos es un patio. La investigación sobre este género de vivienda se inicia con el análisis de un caso de estudio: el proyecto de las “Casas del Colegio de San Pedro y San Pablo” de Ignacio Castera de 1788. Este proyecto se revisa en calidad de modelo teórico ya que nunca fue edificado. Seguidamente se postula una definición tipológica de “casa de vecindad” que expone sus rasgos arquitectónicos elementales. Para ello se compila una serie de enunciados académicos que explican este tipo de vivienda y se clasifica un conjunto de planos de vecindades pertenecientes a diferentes épocas. Posteriormente se realizan algunos apuntes sobre la vida en las vecindades. Finalmente se indaga sobre la forma de la ciudad donde se desarrollaron estas viviendas colectivas, examinando el “Plano General de la Ciudad de México” de Diego García Conde de 1793, analizando su traza urbana y los elementos que la componen. Esa forma urbana se pone en relación con la arquitectura de las vecindades y se hallan analogías entre ambas Unidades Habitacionales es el término elegido en esta tesis para denominar a los conjuntos de vivienda colectiva moderna que fueron o bien sólo proyectados o efectivamente edificados en la capital mexicana en el periodo que va de principios de los 40’s a finales de los 60’s del siglo XX. La investigación sobre este género residencial incluye el análisis de tres casos de estudio: el proyecto nunca edificado de la “Colonia Obrera de las Lomas de Becerra” de Hannes Meyer elaborado en 1942; el “Centro Urbano Presidente Alemán”, de Mario Pani edificado en 1949; y la “Unidad Independencia”, de Alejandro Prieto y José María Gutiérrez inaugurada en 1960. De estos tres ejemplos se describe su estructura urbano-arquitectónica, la forma en que construyen ciudad. El estudio sobre las vecindades constituye el centro de este trabajo académico y los tres casos de Unidades Habitacionales se recuperan como un género residencial que llegó a relevar a las primeras. En la comparación de unas y otras se observan persistencias y cambios en la forma de construir vivienda colectiva y ciudad. Las vecindades se desarrollaron en la parte histórica de la ciudad de México y las unidades habitacionales constituyen partes de su expansión moderna, así en esta tesis se reflexiona sobre algunas partes urbanas que conviven actualmente en la metrópoli mexicana.

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Keller, Carol Ann. "Pandit and pulpit : teaching the Victorians--Harriet and James Martineau". 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/10614.

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Livros sobre o assunto "Pandi, 1950-"

Accame, Giovanni M. Gianfranco Pardi: [mostra] 1960/90. Milano: Fabbri, 1991.

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Renmei, Chōsen Gunji Kōen, ed. Pando ŭi ch'onghujin. Sŏul T'ŭkpyŏlsi: Kukhak Charyowŏn, 2015.

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Parvez, Sajjād Ḥaidar. Sirāʼikī adab: Ṭor te pandh, 1980-1995. Muz̤affargaṛh: Majlis-i Sirāʼikī Muṣannifīn, Pākistān, 1996.

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Mumengi, Didier. Panda Farnana: Premier universitaire congolais, 1888-1930. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2005.

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Minjuhwa Undong Collection (Library of Congress). Kwangju ŭi pulkkot iyŏ, tŭlpul toeŏ pando rŭl pulsallara! Korea: s.n., 1989.

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Morris, Sarah. Sarah Morris: Lesser panda. London: White Cube, 2008.

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Sayekti, Sri. Analisis struktur cerita pendek dalam majalah, 1930-1934: Studi kasus majalah Pandji poestaka, Poedjangga Baru, dan Moestika romans. Jakarta: Pusat Pembinaan dan Pengembangan Bahasa, Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, 1998.

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Song, Hye-gyŏng. Chung-Il chŏnjaeng kwa singminji Chosŏn ŭi chŏnjaeng tongwŏn: China sabyŏn ch'onghu midam Chosŏn pando kungmin chŏksŏng. Sŏul-si: Yŏngnak, 2016.

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Accusation. House of Anansi Press, 2017.

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The Accusation: Forbidden Stories from Inside North Korea. Tantor and Blackstone Publishing, 2021.

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Capítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Pandi, 1950-"

"The Indian Woman as a Global Citizen: Vijayalakshmi Pandit, Hansa Mehta and the United Nations". In Debating Women’s Citizenship in India 1930–1960. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.5040/9789389714302.ch.007.

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Oswell, David. "Introduction". In Television, Childhood, and the Home A History of the Making of the Child Television Audience in Britain, 1–20. Oxford University PressOxford, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198742609.003.0001.

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Abstract In July 1950 a most extraordinary event in the history of broadcasting took place. In the UK, the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) broadcast a series of television programmes, entitled Andy Pandy, aimed at children under 5 years of age. Two years later it was joined by The Flowerpot Men and both programmes were scheduled under the heading Watch with Mother. Later in the 1950s Rag, Tag and Bobtail, Picture Book and The Woodentops were introduced into the series. Even though the BBC had been making children’s radio programmes for nearly thirty years, it had not set aside a regular time of the day for children under 5. Until this moment the ‘very young child’ audience had not been ‘completely neglected’, but it could not, as Derek McCulloch, London Organizer and, later, Controller of Children’s Hour Radio, stated in 1942, be ‘catered for deliberately’.

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Marcus, N., e M. Green. "Mammalian Erp61". In Guidebook to Molecular Chaperones and Protein-Folding Catalysts, 351–52. Oxford University PressOxford, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198599494.003.00136.

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Abstract ERp61 has also been identified as Grp58 (Lee, 1981), HIP- 70 (Mobbs et al., 1990), Q-2 (Srivastava et al., 1991), a thiol protease of 60 kDa (Urade et al., 1992), a 54 kDa carnitine medium/long chain acyltransferase (Murthy, Pande, 1993), a protein covalently associated with a metabolite of halothane (Martin et al., 1991) and, incorrectly, as form I phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C (Bennett etal., 1988).

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de Alba González, Martha. "Identidad socioterritorial y memoria de Ciudad Satélite". In Habitar la utopía modernista de Ciudad Satélite, 101–53. Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.28928/omp/ebook/2024/561/malba.

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Ciudad Satélite es un fraccionamiento diseñado en la segunda década de los años cincuenta en los terrenos de cultivo de una hacienda que perteneció al expresidente Miguel Alemán, ubicada en el municipio de Naucalpan, en el Estado de México. El proyecto del arquitecto Mario Pani consistía en erigir una ciudad satélite de la Ciudad de México que, junto con otras, ordenaría el crecimiento de la ciudad (Pani, 1957). Desde el punto de vista urbanístico la idea parece lógica y viable, pero desde un punto de vista sociocultural, representa el reto de poblar un lugar aislado, en donde no hay antecedentes de tradición ni cultura, pues los terrenos en los que se proyectó el fraccionamiento se encontraban alejado de los pueblos originarios de Naucalpan.

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Dewey, T. Gregory. "Encoded Walks and Correlations in Sequence Data". In Fractals In Molecular Biophysics, 187–206. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195084474.003.0008.

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Abstract The statistical analysis of sequence data has generated ongoing interest. The statistical properties of nucleic acid and protein sequences (see Doolittle, 1990; Volkenstein, 1994) provides important information on both the evolution and thermodynamic stability of biomacromolecules. In addition to conventional statistical approaches (for reviews, see, Karlin et al. (1991) and White (1994), fractal analyses of DNA and protein sequences have: given new insight into sequence correlations (Peng et al., 1992; Voss, 1992; Buldyrev et al., 1993; Dewey, 1993; Pande et al., 1994; Balafas and Dewey, 1995). In this chapter, we consider such analyses. They represent a problem in discrete dynamics very different from those discussed in the previous chapter. Lattice walks can be constructed from sequence information in a variety of ways. These encoded walks result from assigning a specific numerical value and spatial direction to the members in the sequence. For instance, in DNA problems it is common to give purines a+ 1 step on a one-dimensional lattice and pyrimidines a—1 step (Peng et al., 1992; Voss, 1992; Buldyrev et al., 1993). Similar walks have been studied in protein sequences and have been based on a specific chemical or physical property of the monomeric unit (Pande et al., 1994). The resulting trajectories of these encoded walks can be analyzed as diffusion problems. Deviation of the encoded walk from random behavior provides evidence for long-range correlations.

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Nixon, Rob. "Naipaul and The Traditions Of Travel". In London Calling, 44–65. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195067170.003.0003.

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Abstract One can flesh out the notion of Naipaul’s “almost genetic” uprootedness by arguing that, as almost all the indigenous peoples of the Caribbean were exterminated by European colonists and as contemporary Caribbeans are therefore descended from introduced populations, the inhabitants of the region are deracines pur sang. In these terms, the displacement of Naipaul and other Antillean writers to England (most concentratedly in the 1950s), can be read as a response, several generations later, to the extraordinary violence of that ancestral exile that entailed suffering the middle passage or, in the case of Naipaul’s forebears, crossing the kala pani (black water) as they were shipped out from India to Trinidad as indentured laborers.

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Turton, Richard. "The Rise and Rise of the Silicon Chip". In The Quantum Dot, 1–4. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195109597.003.0001.

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Abstract Legend tells of a chess-playing king called Purushottama who was so confident of his ability at the game that he challenged all comers. Finally he was defeated by the wise Pandit. On being asked to name his reward, the Pandit asked only to be given one grain of rice for the first square of the chess board, two for the second, four for the third, and so on. Foolishly the king agreed to this seemingly trivial request. Anyone who has ever tried to calculate the numbers corresponding to the other squares will appreciate how the repeated doubling rapidly produces huge numbers: the number of grains of rice for the sixty-fourth square is a nineteen-digit number, far in excess of the total number of grains of rice in the world. The phenomenal rise of the integrated circuit, better known as the silicon chip, is due to a similar exponential increase. The origins of the integrated circuit can be traced back to 1959. Developments in this year by Jack Kilby at Texas Instruments and Robert Noyce at Fairchild Semiconductor Corporation laid the foundations for what was to follow. Two years later a circuit comprising four transistors was successfully fabricated on a single piece of silicon, and over the next few years increasingly complex circuits were produced. In 1964 Gordon Moore, also at Fairchild, examined this trend and predicted that the number of transistors on a chip would continue to double every year. This now famous prediction has come to be known as Moore’s law.

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"The War in China". In Thirteen Months in China, editado por Anand A. Yang, traduzido por Kamal Sheel e Ranjana Sheel, 33–54. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199476466.003.0002.

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The chapter recounts Gadadhar Singh voyage to China on board the ship Palamcottah. He and his 7th Rajputs Regiment sailed from Calcutta on June 29, 1900, and made brief stopovers in Singapore and Hong Kong en route to Tianjin. The author opens with his reflections on China seemingly on the verge of collapse, Japan on the rise, and India already subordinated and closes with his thoughts on such topics as the Arya Samaj; ‘sea voyages’ or kala pani, i.e., the issue of Hindus crossing the ‘black waters’; the differential treatment of white and black soldiers; and the martial identity and ideology of Rajputs. As his ship approaches China, Singh launches into a discussion of religion and the deep compassion he felt towards the Chinese even though he was there to wage war on them.

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"1950. Public housing reaches a monumental scale: Mario Pani, Carlos Raúl Villanueva, Affonso Reidy, Oscar Niemeyer". In Modern Architecture in Latin America, 153–57. University of Texas Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.7560/758650-048.

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Brown, Laurence, e Radica Mahase. "9 Medical Encounters on the Kala Pani: Regulation and Resistance in the Passages of Indentured Indian Migrants, 1834–1900". In Health and Medicine at Sea, 1700-1900, 195–212. Boydell and Brewer, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781846157325-015.

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Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Pandi, 1950-"

Gulunay, Ncati. "F‐Xdomain least‐squares tau‐Pand tau‐Q". In SEG Technical Program Expanded Abstracts 1990. Society of Exploration Geophysicists, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/1.1890071.

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Alcantar, Erika Angélica. "Modernidad para las masas: dos formas de producir ciudad en México (1952-1976)". In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Bogotá: Universidad Piloto de Colombia, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.10251.

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During the 20th century in Mexico, two types of producing the city were in constant tension: the rationalist city and the popular city. The first of these, configured institutions from the first decades of the twentieth century. At the same time, the "informal city" was also developing, which grew more rapidly and proportionally from the 1940s onwards. The tension between these two visions of the city or urban cultures can be traced from the projects, testimonies and ideologies of its different actors. In this paper we propose to analyze some key discourses and ideas of these two ways of making the city between 1952 and 1976, in order to evidence a high point of the tension between rationalist and popular urban cultures, during a period in which modern urbanism became a state urbanism and the popular city shaped the Metropolitan Zone of Mexico City. It also seeks to vindicate popular urban culture as a category of analysis belonging to the history of urbanisms in Mexico. Key words: Mexico, rationalism, popular urbanism, Mexico City. Durante el siglo XX en México, dos tipos de producir la ciudad estuvieron en constante tensión: la ciudad racionalista y la ciudad popular. La primera de ellas ingresó al campo académico desde la década de 1920 gracias a figuras reconocidas en el campo de la arquitectura como Carlos Contreras, miembro de la Federación Internacional de Planificación y asistente de conferencias internacionales de planificación. Este movimiento se consolidó con la Comisión de Planificación del Distrito Federal. Posteriormente el Movimiento Moderno penetró en México, de la mano de algunos arquitectos como Juan O’Gorman y con los proyectos de vivienda masiva de Mario Pani, quien se consideró seguidor y admirador de Le Corbusier, personaje clave de los CIAM. Paralelamente, desde la década de 1940 la "ciudad informal" creció más rápido y proporcionalmente en las principales ciudades mexicanas, gracias a las oleadas migratorias de los pobres del campo que buscaban fuentes de empleo en los centros industriales en apogeo. La llamada "Herradura de tugurios" y las "colonias populares" en la periferia de la Ciudad de México se convirtieron en una preocupación hacia fines de la década de 1960 cuando la capital mexicana duplicó su población y se convirtió en una ciudad masiva. La tensión de estas dos visiones de ciudad o culturas urbanísticas se puede rastrear a partir de los proyectos y testimonios de diferentes arquitectos, que conformaban cuadros de técnicos en organismos gubernamentales y redactaban informes, acuerdos y contribuían a configurar la normativa urbana en vigencia; asimismo, este grupo de profesionales también formaba cuadros en las universidades mexicanas y redactaba libros de texto para el mismo propósito. De esta manera, el gremio de los arquitectos que prescribieron una forma de vida moderna. Por otro lado estaban otros profesionales como sociólogos, antropólogos y otro grupo de arquitectos, que buscaban entender por qué los pobres vivían como vivían y denunciaban el abandono en el que los tenía el Estado. Ellos denunciaron sobre todo en la prensa y la fotografía las condiciones de vida de los pobres urbanos. En este trabajo se propone analizar mediante la historia urbana cultural algunos elementos clave de estas dos formas de hacer ciudad entre 1952 y 1976, período en el que el urbanismo moderno se conviertió en un urbanismo estatal en México y la ciudad popular se expandió conformando la periferia de lo que hoy se conoce como la Zona Metropolitana de la Ciudad de México, mediante ocupaciones ilegales de tierras, compra-venta legal e ilegal de lotes sin urbanizar, procesos autogestivos de vivienda y de urbanización colectiva. Estos elementos se revisan a través de las propuestas de la historia urbana, la historia de las ideas y la hermenéutica analógica; a saber, se identifican y analizan las ideas y teorías, planes y proyectos, intervenciones y normativas que intentan dar respuesta a ¿Cómo se relacionan estos dos tipos de ciudad? Asimismo, se realiza una revisión hemerográfica y de archivo, del análisis del discurso de arquitectos de la época en testimonios orales y escritos, así como de agentes de las ciencias sociales y de la población que llevó a cabo sus propios procesos de urbanización popular. El principal objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la tensión que existió durante entre 1952 y 1976 entre dos formas de pensar la ciudad en México por sus actores y la materialización de distintos proyectos, en este periodo en donde se transita de la idea de la ciudad moderna y sus procesos de renovación hacia una metrópolis de masas. Palabras clave: México, racionalismo, urbanismo popular, Ciudad de México.

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