Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Paleologi"

W XIII w. biskupi Dyrrachion (Dyrrachion) stanęli wobec wielu problemów politycznych i religijnych. Musieli również stawić czoło spowodowanej siłami natury katastrofy (trzęsienie ziemi i tsunami), jaka dotknęła miasto w 1271 r., potem porzucone przez biskupa Niketasa (Niketas) i zdobyte przez łacinników. Historyk Jerzy Pachymeres (Georgios Pachymeres) opisał przebieg kataklizmu i jego następstwa uwzględniając krytykę polityki kościelnej cesarza Michała VIII Paleologa (Michael VIII Paleologos). Z kolei dla św. Serapiona (Serapion) z dalekiej Rusi los mieszkańców Dyrrachion, podobnie jak pogranicznego Przemyśla był konsekwencją moralnego upadku wywołanego bliskimi kontaktami z łacinnikami. Mimo opinii o wpływie katolików w Dyrrachion poparcie cesarza z Konstantynopola zapewniało ochronę prawosławnej organizacji kościelną w tej części zachodnich Bałkanów.

If we analyse all examples where Byzantine princesses were mentioned in Serbian hagiographies, we could reach certain conclusions. The performances of the Byzantine princesses in the above mentioned lives are not uniform and the descriptions of their characters ranged from extremely positive to extremely negative. If we look closely at their mentions, it is observed that the description of each of them was intended to tell us more directly about the hero of this life: to portray him as a good diplomat, martyr, strong ruler and knight, or a weak man; then to provide appropriate moral instruction to readers; or to convey with a conveyed meaning a picture of the relationship between Byzantium and Serbia at the time it describes. Princesses who are not named or described by any epithet that would fit their personalities are thus suppressed as irrelevant. These were Eudocia the Angel in Sava's Life of Saint Simeon and Ana the Angel in Domentian's Life of Saint Sava. The portrayal of Eudokia and Anna mentioned the life writers only for the purpose of extolling the diplomatic abilities of the main heroes of the lives of Stefan Nemanja and Saint Sava, who manage to befriend the Byzantine dynasty. The Byzantine princesses who were described in a positive light were Simonida Paleologus in the lives of Queen Jelena and King Milutin and Maria Paleologina in the lives of King Stefan Decanski of Danil's Learner and Grigory Camblak. The writers of life have given these princesses the names and descriptions of their personalities with certain epithets of a pious, godly, Christ-loving and blissful woman. However, the description of Simonide in the lives of Danilo is actually a description of the ideal view of his wife in the Middle Ages, not the actual image of this Byzantine princess and Serbian Queen. The description of Simonida's character was used to portray to idealize Milutin character as the true representative of the patriarchal family. With this depiction, Simonide Danilo fulfilled the goal and complemented the image of Milutin as an "ideal" man, which was the reason for writing the piece. A positive portrayal of Maria Paleologus also served as a means of constructing the character of his life hero, Stefan Decanski, as a "ideal" ruler and knight. The idealized portrayal of these Byzantine princesses was perfectly in line with the historical context of the time of origin of life and the aesthetic tasks of their authors. The negative representations of the Byzantine princesses were followed by the omission of their personal names, the epitome of a sly, malicious, shameless woman and a comparative comparison with female biblical figures who were the embodiment of evil. In a negative light are depicted princess Anna Angel in Theodosius' Life of Saint Sava and Simonides in the Life of Stefan Decanski by Grigory Camblak. The performances of these two Byzantine princess are full of stereotypes and do not represent realistic descriptions of their personalities. The negatively described personalities of powerful women who exert influence over their husbands Anna Angel and Simonide Paleolog actually speak more about their husbands than themselves. These two Byzantine princes served as writers of life as a means of portraying Radoslav and Milutin as weak and submissive men. In doing so, the writers of life fulfilled their tasks of writing the work. By telling the story of the cunning Anna and the submissive Radoslav, Theodosius magnified the character of his hero of the life of Saint Sava and at the same time gave moral instruction to his readers. Grigory Camblak rehabilitated the hero of his life, Stefan Decani, with the story of the shameless and malicious Simonida and characteristically weak man Milutin, which was the reason for writing the work. These Byzantine princesses arrived as brides in Serbia and became members of the Serbian ruling family. For the writers of life, they were foreigners in Serbia, but no author portrays their foreign origin in a negative context. Moreover, most writers of life have a striking emphasis on the glorious imperial origins of these women in a positive light. It was their glorious imperial descent that made them the hero of life. Being married to a Byzantine princess, a member of the imperial dynasty, meant prestige to the Serbian middle-aged ruler. Even writers who negatively describe the two Byzantine princesses do not mention them as aliens. Although the Byzantines viewed Serbia as a barbaric land from a height, Byzantium was an ideal to aspire to medieval Serbia. Byzantine princesses Irina Laskaris and Teodora Paleolog in Serbian medieval life were different from those described above, because they were not brides of Serbian rulers. Although they did not give her name, Irina Laskaris was presented by Domentian and Theodosius in the Life of Saint Sava exclusively as a friendly empress. The picture of Irina Laskaris at Domentijan is at the same time the most realistic representation of a noble Byzantine woman in Serbian hagiography. It is not idealized or constructed by the author. On the other hand, the indefinite mention of Theodore Paleologus, and the simultaneous highlighting of her rival Ana Nemanjic, as part of the description of the battle of Velbuzde with Danilo's Learner, may have been tasked with secretly personifying Byzantium, which after this battle lost its prestige in the Balkans. The historical context of the time of Dusan's age in which life was created would support this hypothesis.

Alexandru Paleologu (March 14, 1919, Bucharest – September 2, 2005, Bucharest) was a very well-known Romanian public figure, especially for his work as a writer, essayist and literary critic, but also as a politician and former ambassador of Romania in Paris during the first months of 1990. His appointment as ambassador was a political one, since Alexandru Paleologu was not a career diplomat at that time. Less well known is the fact that Alexandru Paleologu was a career diplomat between August 1, 1946 and November 20, 1947.

(francuski) Lobe de cet article est de pr?senter de mani?re d?taill?e le deuxi?me rev?tement de l'icone de la Vierge Vimatarissa de Vatopedi et d'examiner l'?ventualit? qu'il s'agisse d'une donation d'un personnage c?l?br?, Stefan Du{an (Etienne Douchant).

ABSTRACT Khuff Sequence KS6 was studied in the Al Jabal al-Akhdar, Oman Mountains, in an area of 30 x 50 square kilometers by means of detailed sedimentological logging of five time-equivalent outcrop sections of the Saiq Formation. KS6 represents one transgressive-regressive, third-order sequence, and is composed of four facies associations each representing particular environments of deposition (backshoal, shoal, foreshoal and offshoal) with distinct sedimentological characteristics. Facies stack to form cycles and cycle sets that were used for correlation at a subregional scale and to reveal the KS6 stratigraphic architecture. During the initial phase of basin-fill, clastic sediments (“Basal Saiq Clastics”) were deposited in paleolows above the “Sub-Saiq Unconformity”. In contrast to younger Upper Khuff sequences KS4 to KS1, the underlying paleorelief strongly affects the thickness and facies composition of KS6. The correlation strategy to follow paleolandscape surfaces using all available sedimentological, biostratigraphic and lithostratigraphic data resulted in a stratigraphic architecture with subtle shingle geometries. Sequence KS6 shows a strong facies partitioning resulting in the necessity of two separate facies models for the transgressive (crinoidal ramp) versus regressive hemisequence (oolitic/peloidal carbonate ramp). This study revealed potential reservoir units in KS6, commonly regarded as non-reservoir in the subsurface of Oman and other parts of the Gulf region. The abundance, nature and lateral extent of reservoir facies strongly varies with stratigraphic position. In the transgressive part of KS6, crinoidal grainstones are concentrated around the margin of a gentle paleohigh. They might have the best reservoir potential, although early diagenetic cementation is common in most settings. Oolitic/peloidal grainstones in the upper regressive part have a much higher diagenetic reservoir potential and are laterally much more widespread. Thus, Khuff Sequence KS6 differs profoundly in its stratigraphic architecture from the more “layer-cake”-like KS4 to KS1 sequences. Facies and thickness patterns are controlled by a marked paleohigh to paleolow configuration, resulting from the antecedent uneven topography during the Neo-Tethyan syn-rift setting, in contrast to the post-rift setting with low tectonic activity during KS4 to KS1.

N. Steinhardt, the author of Jurnalul fericirii [The Diary of Happiness], was not only an exquisite intellectual colporteur, but also an erudite essayist of astonishing spontaneity, who gave his intellectual discourse a remarkable cultural breadth, which places him in the same spiritual family as Alexandru Odobescu, Paul Zarifopol, Mihail Ralea, Alexandru Paleologu or Andrei Pleșu. In spite of the diversity of the themes addressed, the essays of the later monk of Rohia preserve a basic unity, revealed in a coherent modus cogitandi and a defensive ethos, intended to protect individual freedom through recourse to modesty and to what Paleologu called common sense as paradox. Reading Steinhardt’s essays is also a powerful antidote to laziness of thought, offering the reader the chance to escape from the narrow horizon of commonplaces. Leaving aside the prison memorial and the texts on religious subjects, which are permeated by the same essayistic vein, we highlighted the fact that Steinhardt understood literary criticism as an ingenious creative activity, polemically anti-positivist, susceptible to new and surprising cultural analogies, incessantly pleading for the rehabilitation of subjectivity, emotion and feeling as essential factors in the process of knowledge, from the perspective of a fundamental humanism drawing from Montaigne’s tradition.

Το χάλκινο μετάλλιο με τον Ιωάννη Η' Παλαιολόγο, που φιλοτεχνήθηκε με την ευκαιρία της Συνόδου της Φεράρας-Φλωρεντίας (1438-1439), θεωρείται το πρώτο μετάλλιο της ιταλικής Αναγέννησης. Έργο του Pisanello, που πιθανότατα κατασκευάστηκε στη Φεράρα (1438) -τα προσχέδια σώζονται-, αποτελεί την απαρχή ενός είδους που ξεχωρίζει για την καλλιτεχνική του ποιότητα και το ιδεολογικό του περιεχόμενο. Το μετάλλιο επηρέασε σημαντικά την ιταλική τέχνη του β' μισοΰ του 15ου αιώνα, και ιδιαίτερα ζωγράφους όπως ο Piero della Francesca και γλύπτες όπως ο Filarete, καθώς και πολλούς εικονογράφους χειρογράφων. Το πορτραίτο του Βυζαντινού αυτοκράτορα, που πιθανόν αναπαράχθηκε και από έναν —χαμένο σήμερα— ζωγραφικό πίνακα, αποτέλεσε το εικονογραφικό πρότυπο για την απεικόνιση μυθικών και ιστορικών προσώπων της ελληνικής Ανατολής. Το φαινόμενο αυτό, που δείχνει τη σπουδαιότητα του μεταλλίου, προσείλκυσε επανειλημμένα την προσοχή των επιστημόνων. Δεν είναι όμως το μοναδικό ζητούμενο της εκτεταμένης πλέον σχετικής βιβλιογραφίας. Άλλα ζητήματα αφορούν τη χρονολογία και τον τόπο κατασκευής, τον παραγγελιοδότη και την ιστορική σημασία του εικονογραφικού μηνύματος του μεταλλίου. Την έρευνα δεν έχουν απασχολήσει ακόμη ζητήματα όπως η χρονολόγηση, η αλληλεπίδραση και η προέλευση καθενός από τα σωζόμενα παραδείγματα, όπως συνήθως συμβαίνει στις κριτικές εκδόσεις των γραπτών κειμένων. Για τον λόγο αυτό, παραθέτουμε έναν νέο —εμπλουτισμένο σε σύγκριση με τον ήδη υπάρχοντα στο Corpus του Hill- κατάλογο των χάλκινων και των μολύβδινων παραδειγμάτων, καθώς και κάποιων ιδιαίτερων παραλλαγών. Σημαντική βοήθεια σε αυτή την πρώτη απόπειρα ταξινόμησης μπορούν να προσφέρουν τα τέσσερα μετάλλια του Μουσείου Μπενάκη, τα πολυαριθμότερα σε σύγκριση με όσα φυλάσσονται στις άλλες αθηναϊκές συλλογές (Νομισματικό Μουσείο, Εθνικό Ιστορικό Μουσείο, Βυζαντινό και Χριστιανικό Μουσείο). Ένα από τα τέσσερα, το μολύβδινο, είναι προφανές ότι είναι μοντέρνο. Τα άλλα τρία, τα χάλκινα, είναι παλιά μετάλλια, όπως δηλώνουν η πιστότητα τους ως προς το πρωτότυπο, η ποιότητα της χύτευσης και τέλος η διάμετρος τους, η οποία αποτελεί μία σημαντική τεχνική ένδειξη για τη χρονολόγηση των διαδοχικών αντιγράφων. Η παρουσίαση των νέων, αδημοσίευτων έως σήμερα, παραδειγμάτων προσφέρει μία ακόμα ευκαιρία για επανερμηνεία της παράστασης του οπισθότυπου, η οποία γενικά περιγράφεται ως σκηνή κυνηγιού —γνωστό πάθος του αυτοκράτορα. Απεικονίζεται η στιγμή της ανάπαυσης δίπλα σε πεσσό με επίστεψη σταυρού. Οι παραστάσεις όμως του διάσημου χαράκτη μεταλλίων δεν περιορίζονται ποτέ στο εφήμερο, το γενικό ή το διηγηματικό. Έτσι, και οι αρχιτεκτονικές συνθέσεις που απεικονίζονται στον οπισθότυπο του μεταλλίου του Filippo Maria Visconti (1440) -έργο με πολλές ομοιότητες με το μετάλλιο του Παλαιολόγου, οι οποίες θεωρούνταν έως σήμερα φανταστικές- συμβολίζουν τελικά τη Βενετία και τη Φλωρεντία, δύο πόλεις ουσιαστικά εχθρικές προς την εξουσία του Visconti. Με δεδομένο το ιστορικό πλαίσιο μέσα στο οποίο δημιουργήθηκε το μετάλλιο του Παλαιολόγου και λαμβάνοντας υπόψη το αξίωμα του τιμώμενου προσώπου, θεωρείται πιθανόν ο οβελίσκος που στηρίζει τον σταυρό να συνιστά σαφή αναφορά στη Ρώμη, όπου ο οβελίσκος του Αγίου Πέτρου αποτελούσε σταθμό προσκυνήματος και σύμβολο των χριστιανών της Δύσης. Συνεπώς, η σκηνή αυτή θα εξέφραζε την επιθυμία για την ένωση των δύο Εκκλησιών. Αυτή η ένωση πρέπει να εγκωμιάστηκε σε ένα δεύτερο μετάλλιο -που αναφέρει ο Paolo Giovio- με τη γνωστή κεφαλή του αυτοκράτορα σε κατατομή στον εμπροσθότυπο και δύο ενωμένα χέρια (οι δύο Εκκλησίες) που κρατούν έναν σταυρό στον οπισθότυπο. Το μετάλλιο που δεν σώζεται, καταδικασμένο ίσως να καταστραφεί ύστερα από την αποτυχία της ένωσης των Εκκλησιών, θα συνιστούσε μία πρώτη παραλλαγή του έργου του Pisanello, που φιλοτεχνήθηκε, εν τη απουσία του, στη Φλωρεντία αμέσως μετά την ολοκλήρωση των εργασιών της Συνόδου στις 6 Ιουλίου του 1439. Η νέα παράσταση που αναφέρει ο Giovio, έγινε το επίσημο έμβλημα του Βησσαρίωνα, αξιωματούχου στην πολυπληθή ακολουθία του Βυζαντινού αυτοκράτορα και ενός από τους υποστηρικτές και πρωταγωνιστές της Συνόδου. Το έμβλημα αυτό απεικονίζεται στους κώδικες και στα πολυάριθμα έργα του, τα οποία μετέδωσαν -από τη στιγμή που ο Βησσαρίωνας έγινε καρδινάλιος της Καθολικής Εκκλησίας- την ελληνική σκέψη και τον κλασικό πολιτισμό στην ιταλική Αναγέννηση, κυρίως μέσω του πλούσιου κληροδοτήματος του στη Μαρκιανή Βιβλιοθήκη της Βενετίας. Στον οπισθότυπο του αναμνηστικού του μεταλλίου -παλαιότερα στην κατοχή του Goethe* σήμερα φυλάσσεται στη Βαϊμάρη— δεν απεικονίζονται πλέον τα δύο ενωμένα χέρια, αλλά πλούσια βλάστηση που θα μπορούσε να υπαινίσσεται έναν βιβλικό εορτασμό της Σοφίας.

Questa tesi di dottorato mira a delineare il contesto storico tardo-bizantino in cui ebbe luogo una certa rinascita delle scienze e delle scienze occulte in particolare. Ciò avvenne anche grazie agli interessi nutriti da alcuni studiosi bizantini nei confronti dei progressi scientifici e culturali del mondo islamico. In particolare, si propone di ricostruire l’importanza dell'astrologia nella seconda metà del quattordicesimo secolo, e il ruolo che ricoperto dalle traduzioni greche di testi arabi di scienze e scienze occulte. Il caso di studio è la tradizione manoscritta della traduzione greca dei testi astrologici arabi di Abū Maʿšar, di Māšāʾallāh e di altri astrologi arabi minori che furono letti e copiati a Bisanzio, per esempio da Eleutherios e da Giovanni Abramios. Si vuole ricostruire la storia di tali testi, il contesto in cui sono entrati a Bisanzio e il ruolo che hanno avuto mostrando, in nuce, i legami che intercorrono tra l’impero bizantino e il mondo islamico da un punto di vista intellettuale. Si fornisce, infine, il testo greco e la traduzione italiana di alcuni testi astrologici arabo-greci.
This doctoral dissertation aims to delineate the historical context in which took place the revival of sciences and occult sciences in Late Byzantium. This happened also thanks to the interests some Byzantine scholars nourished towards the progresses from the Islamicate world. It aims to reconstruct the importance of astrology during second half of the fourteenth century, and the role Greek translations of Arabic texts of sciences and occult sciences had at the time. Case study is the manuscript tradition of the Greek translation of the Arabic astrological texts by Abū Maʿšar, Māšāʾallāh and other minor Arabic astrologers who were read and copied in Byzantium, for example by Eleutherios, an associate of John Abramios, close to Andronicus IV Palaeologus and by John Abramios himself. In the end, it aims to reconstruct the history of such texts, the context in which they entered in Byzantium and the role they played, to shed some light on the links intertwined between the Byzantine empire and the Islamicate world from an intellectual point of view. In conclusion, the Greek text and the Italian translation of such Arabo-Greek texts is provided.

O afloramento Paleolago Cemitério, localizado na mina de fosfato a céu aberto da “Ultrafértil”, município de Catalão, Estado de Goiás, possui depósitos originados pelo preenchimento de uma depressão na parte central do Complexo Carbonatítico de Catalão I, onde sedimentos lacustres compostos por diatomitos, argilitos e esponjilitos, assentam-se discordantemente sobre um domo de rochas magmáticas carbonatíticas do Cretáceo Superior. O acúmulo de frústulas de diatomáceas e espículas de esponjas formou diatomitos espessos, nos quais abundam restos fósseis, os quais caracterizam uma paleoflora local, existente durante o Pleistoceno, em uma região hoje ocupada pelo Cerrado, no Centro-oeste do Brasil. O conteúdo micropaleontológico revelou a presença de esponjas e diatomáceas dulciaquícolas, indicando ambientes lênticos. Restos de vegetais como folhas, frutos e sementes, preservados na forma de impressões, compressões e adpressões indicam associações fossilíferas compostas por dicotiledôneas, fungos, algas e pteridófitas. O presente estudo tem como objetivo a análise da paleoflora do Paleolago Cemitério, visando a reconstrução das paleocomunidades, a determinação das condições paleoambientais e paleoclimáticas vigentes na região durante o Pleistoceno e o entendimento da origem e/ou evolução do Bioma Cerrado. As análises do material ocorreram através de microscopia de fluorescência, polínica e geoquímica, identificação taxonômica e uso da metodologia de Análise de Margem Foliar (LMA) e do Método de Coexistência (CA), os quais auxiliaram na caracterização do paleoclima sob o qual a flora fóssil teria vivido. Os resultados indicaram a existência de fogo pretérito pela presença de fusenita impregnada ao material orgânico das amostras, a presença de mata de galeria no em torno do paleolago, bem como demonstraram que as temperaturas eram diferentes das que ocorrem hoje para a região. Essa flora fóssil representa uma composição vegetacional única, uma vez que não há, atualmente, total congruência na distribuição dos táxons analisados para a região, como acontecia no passado. Por fim, o fogo parece ter tido um papel importante nos ecossistemas pretéritos da região como ainda o tem hoje no “Bioma Cerrado”.
The outcrop Cemetery Paleolake is situated at the phosphate mina of Ultrafértil Mining Company, in the Catalão city, Goiás State, in the Central region of the Brazil. The deposit was arisen from a filled depression in central part of the Carbonatitic Complex of Catalão I, where lacustrine sediments are settled on carbonatitic magmatics rocks of the Late Cretaceous age. The accumulation of freshwater diatom frustules and sponges spicules generated thick diatomite, in which are founded fossil plant remains, composed of leaves mainly. This lacustrine deposit has been considered as begin during the Late Pleistocene interval in which the fossil vegetal remains caracterize a local paleoflora in a region today ocupied by Cerrado. The micropaleontological contends in the spongilit brought freswater spongs and diatomace, showed lentic enviromental. Plants remains as leaves, fruits and seeds were preserveds as impressions, compressions and adpressions in fossiliferous assemblages compunds by dicotiledoneous, fungis, algae and pteridophytes. The goal of this approach is the analyses of the Cemetery Paleolake paleoflora looking for the paleocomunities reconstruction, the paleoenviromental and the determination of paleoclimatics conditions in the Central part of Brazil, during Pleistocene, and know of the origin /evolution of the Cerrado Biome. Material analyses were made throught fluorescence microscopy, pollinic and geochmistry, taxomomic identification, Leaf Margen Analysis (LMA) and Coexistence Approach (CA), which helped to characterize the paleoclima to that time. Results indicated the existence of preterite fire, throught fusenite impregnance on the organical material in the samples, the existence of a galery forest around the paleolake, as well showed that temperatures were diferent from nowadays. This fossil flora represent an only vegetacional composition, once today is not possible found the same plants distribution in that region like use to be happen in the past. Finaly, the fire seems like had been an important factor in the preterite ecossistems on the region, as yet happen today in the Cerrado Biome.

O Afloramento Paleolago Cemitério, localizado na mina de fosfato a céu aberto da “Ultrafértil”, município de Catalão, Goiás, possui depósito lacustre de idade quaternária (Pleistoceno tardio), originado pelo preenchimento de uma depressão na parte central do Complexo Carbonatítico de Catalão I, onde sedimentos, ricos em espículas de esponjas, diatomáceas e macrorrestos vegetais, assentam discordantemente sobre um domo de rochas magmáticas carbonatíticas do Cretáceo Superior. Foram analisadas as tafofloras do paleolago Cemitério a partir de folhas fósseis de angiospermas presentes em duas Seções (1 e 2). É abordada aqui a taxonomia das folhas fósseis de angiospermas, incluindo descrições morfológicas diagnósticas, e o enquadramento fitofisionômico da paleoflora. Para esse fim, foram coletadas centenas de espécimes de folhas fossilizadas das quais foram selecionados de acordo com o grau de preservação. Os espécimes selecionados foram inicialmente agrupados de acordo com aspectos morfológicos gerais. Os critérios diagnósticos mais importantes utilizados estiveram relacionados aos padrões de nervação. Em seguida, as folhas foram descritas minuciosamente e identificadas com auxílio de especialistas. O estudo taxonômico dos macrorrestos vegetais nessas rochas confirmou a existência de 62 morfótipos identificados (46 em nível específico, 11 em nível genérico e 5 permaneceram apenas como Família) distribuídos em 23 Famílias. Em todos os níveis fossilíferos, os espécimes apresentaram correspondentes modernos. Devido ao excelente grau de preservação dos fósseis, foi possível realizar uma boa identificação taxonômica sugerindo que as folhas presentes no afloramento Paleolago Cemitério sofreram pequenos transportes e desidratação, bem como ataques por agentes biológicos, antes da deposição, tendo assim ficado pouco tempo expostas à degradação subaérea. A composição florística não acusou a presença de elementos de caatinga e sim de uma vegetação tipo formação florestal do Bioma Cerrado. O estudo permitiu também associar as tafofloras com as diferentes fitofisionomias do Cerrado, em especial às formações florestais, indicando a preservação de um mosaico vegetacional e não exclusivamente elementos que representavam apenas as Matas de Galerias. A paleoflora encontrada em Catalão apresentou alta riqueza de espécies identificadas, representando um excelente registro da flora pretérita que ocupou essa região no Pleistoceno.
The Paleolake Cemitério Outcrop, situated in the open cast mine of Ultrafertil enterprise, in municipality of Catalão, Goiás state, correspond to a lacustrine deposit of Quaternary age (late Pleistocene) originated by filling out a depression in the central part of the Carbonatitic Complex from Catalão I, where the sediments rich in sponge spicules, diatom frustules and plant macroremains, lie unconformably on the dome of carbonatitic magmatic rocks from the Upper Cretaceous. We analyzed the plant assemblages of Paleolake Cemitério from fossil angiosperm leaves present in two Sections (1 and 2). It is addressed here the taxonomy of fossil angiosperm leaves, including the diagnostic morphological descriptions and the fitophysiognomic analysis. For this purpose, we collected a hundreds of specimens of fossil leaves which have been selected to this study according to the degree of preservation. The selected specimens were initially clustered according general morphology. The most important diagnostic criteria used were related to the venation pattern. Then the leaves were described in detail and identified with the aid of experts. The taxonomic analysis of plant remains in these deposit confirmed the occurrence of 62 morphotypes identified (46 in specific level, 11 in generic level and 5 remained only as family) distributed in 23 families. At all fossiliferous levels, the specimens demonstrated modern correspondent taxa. Due to the excellent degree of preservation of plant fossils, it was possible carry out a precise taxonomic identification, suggesting that the leaves present in this outcrop suffered minor transport and low dehydration, as well as attacks by biological agents, before the deposition, what means that they did not be exposed to the subaerial degradation for a long period. The floral composition did not accuse the presence of elements of Caatinga, but of one’s typical of forest formation of the Cerrado Biome. This study allowed also the association of the plant assemblages analyzed with different fitophysiognomies of the Cerrado, especially with forest formations, indicating the preservation of a vegetation mosaic and not only elements that represented exclusively Mata de Galeria. The paleoflora of Catalão showed high species richness indentified, representing a reliable register of the ancient flora that occupied this region during the Late Pleistocene.

Cette thèse doctorale est le fruit de trois années de recherche, accomplie notamment à Paris et à Rome. Elle porte sur un commentaire au traité Sur les songes de Synésios de Cyrène, dont elle contient la première édition critique. Notre travail de recherche a nous permis d’établir que ce commentaire remonte, à peu près, aux années vingt du XIVe siècle, à savoir à la même période à laquelle Nicéphore Grégoras rédigeait son propre commentaire au même traité de Synésios. Cette coïncidence temporelle nous a amenés à nous poser la question du rapport entre les deux œuvres exégétiques : à laquel, par exemple, il faut attribuer la précédence chronologique ? Qui était l’auteur anonyme du commentaire inédit et quel rapport avait-il avec Grégoras ? L’effort de répondre à ces questions nous a amenés, enfin, à considérer les raisons d’intérêt que les Byzantins de l’époque pouvaient avoir à l’égard du traité de Synésios, étant donné qu’il est le seul, à l’exception de l’épistolaire, qui a été commenté par des savants à Byzance. La dernière partie de la thèse, donc, est dédiée à l’analyse de la première époque des Paléologues (de la fin du XIIIe au début du XIVe siècle). Notre conclusion est que, pendant une période de crise identitaire, les Byzantins pouvaient retrouver dans ce genre d’ouvrages remontant à l’Antiquité leurs propres racines culturelles
This PhD dissertation deals with a commentary on Synesius of Cyrene’s On Dreams, of which it includes the first critical edition. It is the result of a three-years research: I spent most of this time in Paris and Rome.The research allowed me to establish that the commentary approximately dates back to 1320s, that is, to the same period in which Nicephorus Gregoras wrote his commentary on the same Synesius’ treaty. This chronological coincidence led me to investigate the relationship between these two different exegetical works. I could not avoid wondering, for instance, “Which commentary has the chronological priority?”, “Who is the anonymous author of the inedited scholia and which is his relationship with Gregoras?”. The effort to answer to these questions finally led me to consider the real reasons for interest in the treaty On Dreams in that period, since it is the only Synesius’ work – apart from his epistolary – which has been commented by Byzantine scholars. Thus, the last part of the dissertation is dedicated to the historical analysis of the first Palaiologan period (late 13th – early 14th century). My conclusion is that – during a period of identity crisis – Byzantine scholars might find in this kind of works (dating back to Antiquity) their own cultural roots

In questo lavoro di tesi si è proceduto ad analizzare i depositi piroclastici delle Epoche Eruttive 5a e 5b relative all’attività del Monte Sant'Angelo nell’intervallo temporale tra <114 e 104 ka. Sono state analizzate in dettaglio le sequenze di depositi delle formazioni Timpone Pataso e Serra Pirrera e la loro origine è stata ricondotta a pyroclastic density current (PDC), a variabile concentrazione e contenuto d'acqua (wet), come testimoniato anche dalla presenza di strutture da slumping, di frane sin deposizionali e della presenza di resti vegetali (Chamaerops humilis, Laurus, Pinus, Quercus ilex, cytisus aeolicus, ecc..). Sono stati studiati in dettaglio i depositi del membro tpa della formazione Timpone Pataso, riconducibili ad una successione di riempimento di un paleolago di origine tettonica durante un periodo intereruttivo di quiescenza. Sono state quindi distinte tre sequenze deposizionali (Tipo A, B, C) caratterizzate da un’associazione complessa tra depositi vulcanoclastici e strati di selce. Esse sono state messe in relazione a flussi iperpicnali (Tipo A e B) ed ipopicnali (Tipo C), generati durante piogge intense, che venivano drenati all’interno di un paleolago alcalino (pH>9) con conseguente deposizione di materiale vulcanoclastico e diluizione delle sue acque. Quest’ultimo processo, associato ad un diminuizione del pH a valori minori di 8, è ritenuto responsabile della deposizione delle lamine di selce da acque sovrassature in silice. Le indagini svolte ed i risultati ottenuti sono stati elaborati in collaborazione con il professor Giorgio Gasparotto (Università di Bologna); mentre per i dati paleoambientali ci si è avvalsi della consulenza del Dott. Pietro Lo Cascio, illustre studioso dei paleoambienti eoliani.

O Paleolago Cemitério, formado sobre um domo magmático carbonatítico do Cretáceo Superior, em Catalão, GO, compreende um depósito lacustre espesso, datado entre 51.780 ± 400 14C anos AP e 27.500 ± 4.000 anos AP, e rico em fósseis, particularmente de esponjas de água doce. A presença inédita de camadas de espongilitos e diatomitos no mesmo depósito, bem como de estruturas inteiramente preservadas, gêmulas e porções do esqueleto das esponjas, permitiu a proposição da presente tese, que teve como objetivo identificar as condições ambientais que poderiam ter favorecido essa singular produção e preservação de esponjas. Por conseguinte, investigou-se também a atual Lagoa Serra Negra, em Patrocínio, MG, formada sobre um domo carbonatítico similar àquele do paleolago e sujeita ao regime climático do Bioma Cerrado. As gêmulas e fibras do retículo esqueletal das esponjas integralmente preservadas nos sedimentos do Paleolago Cemitério, bem como fragmentos de espongilito e diatomito, foram fixadas em suportes e analisadas ao MEV. A análise taxonômica das espículas nos sedimentos amostrados em todas as fácies do paleolago, bem como nas 10 amostras de sedimentos da Lagoa Serra Negra, foi feita sobre lâminas permanentes obtidas após preparações laboratoriais destinadas à avaliação ao microscópio óptico. Análises sedimentológicas (granulometria e matéria orgânica) também foram realizadas em amostras de todos os sedimentos recuperados do paleolago e em duas amostras de sedimentos da Lagoa Serra Negra. A água da lagoa foi analisada para as principais características físicas e químicas. A análise taxonômica das espículas nos sedimentos da Lagoa Serra Negra indicou a contribuição das mesmas cinco espécies de esponjas que formaram largos depósitos em áreas vizinhas incluindo os do Paleolago Cemitério, Dosilia pydanieli Volkmer-Ribeiro (1992), Metania spinata (Carter, 1881), Trochospongilla variabilis Bonetto & Ezcurra de Drago (1973), Radiospongilla amazonensis Volkmer-Ribeiro & Maciel (1983) e Heterorotula fistula Volkmer-Ribeiro & Motta (1995). As análises dos sedimentos da lagoa também revelaram um depósito biosilicoso conspícuo, com destaque para as espículas de esponjas, o que permitiu uma comparação com o depósito do Paleolago Cemitério. A integração de todos os resultados permitiu propor uma interpretação para a evolução do Paleolago Cemitério. Assim, cinco fases de mudanças ambientais foram identificadas no depósito do paleolago, que correspondem à instalação (fase lótica e erosiva), ao estabelecimento e desenvolvimento do lago, e à colmatação do lago, essa última correlacionada ao Último Máximo Glacial (UMG). Com base nos requisitos ecológicos das espécies de esponjas identificadas no depósito foi, além disso, possível inferir os padrões climáticos relacionados com as respectivas fases do paleolago. A presença inédita da espécie de esponjas Corvoheteromeyenia australis no Paleolago Cemitério, atualmente registrada apenas no sul da América do Sul, indicou que incursões polares originárias da Antártida foram frequentes durante o último período glacial, e podem ter desempenhado um papel notável no Brasil central. No entanto, por um curto período de tempo, condições climáticas mais secas e quentes podem ter predominado, como sugerido pela presença de Corvomeyenia thumi. Não resta dúvida que o paleoclima favoreceu o processo cárstico no domo de Catalão I que levou à formação da bacia do paleolago, onde as condições ambientais favoreceram à existência de uma particular comunidade de esponjas, hoje típicas de lagoas do Bioma Cerrado. Profundidade, fluxo e residência de água na bacia, bem como disponibilidade de substrato e concentração de sílica, essa última favorecida pelas rochas-fonte circundantes, foram condições ambientais chave para a formação dos depósitos biosilicosos no Paleolago Cemitério.
The Cemitério Palaeolake, formed in a Late Cretaceous magmatic carbonatitic dome in Catalão, GO, comprises a thick lacustrine deposit, dated between 51,780 ± 400 14C years BP and 27,500 ± 4,000 years BP, and rich in fossils, particulary freshwater sponges. The unprecedented presence of spongillite and diatomite layers in the same deposit, as well as the entire structures of gemmules and skeleton strutures of the sponges, allowed the proposition of the present thesis, which aimed to identify the environmental conditions that could have favored this singular production and preservation of sponges. Accordingly, the actual Serra Negra Lake, in Patrocínio, MG, was also investigated once it was formed on a carbonatite dome, similar and close to that of the Paleolake and subjected to the climate regime of the Cerrado biome. The fully preserved gemmules and fibres of the skeletal reticulum of sponges from the Cemitério Paleolake sediments, as well as the fragments of its spongillites and diatomites, were fixed on stubbs and analysed using SEM. The taxonomic analysis of spicules in the sediments sampled from all the facies of the paleolake as well as in 10 sediment samples from the Serra Negra Lake was conducted on permanent slides obtained after laboratorial preparations designed for evaluation under optical microscope. Sedimentological analyses (granulometry and organic matter) were also performed using all the sediment samples recovered from the paleolake and two sediment samples obtained from the Serra Negra Lake. The lake water was analysed for the main physical and chemical characteristics. The taxonomic analysis of spicules in the sediments of the Serra Negra Lake indicated the contribution of the same five sponge species, which formed large deposits in the neighbouring areas including those of the Cemitério Paleolake, Dosilia pydanieli Volkmer-Ribeiro (1992), Metania spinata (Carter, 1881), Trochospongilla variabilis Bonetto & Ezcurra de Drago (1973), Radiospongilla amazonensis Volkmer-Ribeiro & Maciel (1983) and Heterorotula fistula Volkmer-Ribeiro & Motta (1995). The analyses of current sediments of the lake also revealed a conspicuous biosilicious deposit, highlighting the sponge spicules, which allowed a comparison with the Cemitério Paleolake deposit. All these results led us to propose an interpretation of the evolution of the Cemitério Paleolake. Therefore, five phases of environmental changes were identified in the paleolake deposit, corresponding to the installation (lotic and erosion phase), establishment and development of the lake, and colmatation of the lake, with the latter correlating to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). Moreover, on the basis of the ecological requirements of the sponge species identified in the deposit, it was possible to infer the probable weather patterns related to the respective phases of the lake. The unprecedented presence of the sponge species Corvoheteromeyenia australis in the Cemitério Paleolake, which is presently recorded only in southern South America, indicated that polar incursions originating from the Antarctic were frequent during the last glacial period and may have played a notable role in what is now the central Brazil. However, for a short time, drier and hotter weather conditions may have predominated, as suggested by the presence of Corvomeyenia thumi. There is no doubt that the paleoclim favored the karstic process in the dome of Catalão I, which led to the formation of the paleolake basin, where environmental condictions favored the existence of a particular sponges community, currently typical of the lakes of the Cerrado Biome. Depth, flow and water residence in the basin as well as the availability of substrate and silica concentrations, with the latter favored by the surrounding source rocks, were the key environmental conditions for the formation of biosiliceous deposit in the Cemitério Paleolake.

The investigation of surficial aqueous processes and water bodies on early Mars is a major focus of Mars studies, because environmental conditions suitable for liquid water may have supported life or prebiotic chemistry on Mars (Ori et al., 2000). Much of the geologic record from the first billion years of Earth's history has been lost to erosion, metamorphism and subduction, while on Mars the ancient terrains recording the first billion years of history are found on the southern highland plateau (Milton, 1973; Schultz et al., 1973; Pieri, 1976, 1980; Carr et al., 1981), whereas the northern lowland plains and western equatorial Tharsis volcanic province have been resurfaced since the time widespread valley development ceased (Parker et al., 1993). Valley networks and paleolakes primarily occupy the most heavily cratered regions belonging to the southern hemisphere on Mars but they are not restricted to these areas even if they are much more uncommon on younger northern surfaces (Pieri, 1980; Parker et al., 1993; Carr, 1995). The most contentious issue regarding valley networks is their water source. The first papers on Martian fluvial landforms compared the common theatre headed valley networks to box canyons with headwall springs in the southwestern United States and Hawaii. The most striking morphological characteristic of the valleys analyzed in Pieri (1980), and in Pieri (1981), was the presence of steep-walled, cuspate terminations at the heads of the smallest tributary valleys. The existence of these terminations suggested head-ward extension sapping by basal undermining and wall collapse (Pieri, 1980, 1981, 1983). In these works no compelling evidence for rainfall erosion in net- work morphology and topology was observed, while sapping processes and subsurface seepage were considered consistent with observed morphologies, network topology and the location of probable fluid sources. It was derived that dendritic patterns, prevalent on Earth, were absent on Mars, but they were not a priori excluded, due to the fact that the resolution of Mariner 9 and Viking images was lower than 100-200 m and such small features could not been resolved. Groundwater sapping depends on spring discharge, which weathers the aquifer material, undermines the surface and extends a valley head-ward. The hypothesis that groundwater alone carved the valley networks gained wide acceptance during and after the Viking missions (Carr, 1995). To carve valleys by overland flow, Mars would require a thicker, warmer atmosphere capable of supporting more intense rainfall or snowmelt and long-distance flow without freezing (Hynek et al., 2003; Masson et al., 2004). With the analysis of new and high resolution THEMIS and HRSC data, Masson et al. (2004) demonstrated the presence of densely branched and buried valleys in the west Echus plateau. A higher ramification with valleys heads at all elevations were proofs that dendritic valleys similar to Terrestrial features of surface runoff due to atmospheric precipitation exist on Mars. THEMIS and HRSC datasets allowed the identification of new valley networks that are strongly dendritic and dismantled the usual considerations that Martian valleys were poorly dendritic valleys by comparison to Terrestrial river systems. The high fluvial degree of branching favors formation by atmospheric precipitation (Mangold et al., 2004), while the presence of inner channels and the maturity of the branched networks were indicating sustained fluid flows over geologically long periods of time, suggesting a relative warm climate with liquid water stable at the surface. Using both MOLA and HRSC DEM’s, Ansan et al. (2008) proposed different processes for the formation of the valley networks recognized in the heavily cratered terrain located in the Southern hemisphere of Mars and affirmed that a combination of both runoff and groundwater sapping could be the origin of these dendritic networks. This issue has not yet been resolved, but a combination of the above factors (Ansan et al., 2008) may have contributed to a long-lived or episodic water cycle on early Mars. In order to shed light on the identification of water supplies responsible for the carving of valley networks, comparisons between Earth and Mars valleys are required (Mangold et al., 2004; Ansan et al., 2008; Som et al., 2009; Penido et al., 2013). The use of the drainage density parameter, derivable from the ratio of the total length of a valley network to the drainage basin area taken into consideration, as well as the Strahler order and Shreve magnitude (Horton, 1945; Strahler, 1952; Schumm, 1956; Shreve, 1966) of the network allow to investigate fluvial processes by making correla- tions with the physical origin of the system. The quality of the results depends strongly on the resolution of the available data sets and on the availability of stereo pairs (Ansan et al., 2008; Hoke et al., 2009; Tanaka et al., 2009). These data allowed us to derive Digital Elevation Model of the observed area. The resolution of the images and of the derived DEM affects both the possibility to discern small dendritic valleys, which are pivotal in the computation of the Strahler and Shreve order of the valley network, and the correct computation of the 3D length of the valley network, which has a strong impact on the computation of the drainage density parameter. This is the reason why DEM’s are essential to the understanding of dendritic systems. Today MOLA DEM’s cover large areas of Mars at a moderate resolution of 460 m (Zuber et al., 1992; Luo et al., 2009). This resolution is hardly sufficient to study the dendritic behavior of the smaller scale Martian valleys; some HRSC higher-resolution DEM’s are present but they only cover a small percentage of the area we are considering in this work. Nevertheless it is worth noting that the MOLA DEM is still the best global digital elevation model of Mars to date, and it can be effectively used to perform regional hydrological studies, as our work will show, of the Mars drainage networks. The main goal of this PhD Thesis is to create a detailed database consisting of several hundreds riverbeds, identified in the Martian dichotomy region. Many important hydrological parameter were derived such as the riverbed 3D length, the drainage 3D area, the drainage density of the riverbed network, the Strahler order for each drainage network and its frequency, deriving the bifurcation ratio RB through Horton (1945) law of stream numbers. We then measured the mean length for each Strahler order deriving the stream length ratio RL through Horton (1945) law of stream lengths and the Shreve magnitude. We also measured the minimum and maximum elevation value for each drainage area and riverbed. The main value we focused on is the measurement of the slope distribution for each single drainage area and riverbed network. These give us the opportunity to make drainage area-slope, length- slope, drainage density-slope, Strahler order-slope and Shreve magnitude-slope plots. These plots have permitted us to infer considerations on the past Mars climatic conditions, at least at the time when those riverbed networks incised the surface. The analysis of our riverbeds database has also provided new hints: on the surface runoff; on the past precipitation that was carving the Martian crust; on the deltaic elevation distribution showing the possible presence of an ancient ocean coastline in front of the escarpment that separates the southern heavily cratered the rugged highlands to the northern smooth plains of Mars. We then focused on the identification of open paleolakes on the surface, their possible relation with a regional hydrological system (Mangold et al., 2006; Schon et al., 2012) and the determination of their lacustrine parameters. This is another important issue of Mars paleohydrology and the presence of multiple paleolakes on the surface of Mars has shown that large bodies of water on the surface were once stable (Matsubara et al., 2011). Hydrological systems capable of sustaining the filling of the lakes, put in the wider paleohydrology frame, unequivocally result in the identification of an early stage of the Martian evolutive history characterized by the presence of liquid water on the surface. We have carried out comparisons between our paleolakes and the Terrestrial ones presenting a new approach on the sediment thickness range layered on their ancient floors, estimating the relative degree of sediment filling maturity. The final section of this work focuses on the mineralogical analysis and the interpretation of surface features carried out using the CRISM hyper spectral data. We have detected several mineralogical components, within the near-UV, the Visible and the IR wavelength range, on several locations as riverbeds floors, paleolake floors and their tributaries and outlets.
Uno dei principali campi di ricerca riguardanti Marte è lo studio degli antichi processi idrologici avvenuti sulla sua superficie: se in passato vi sono state condizioni atmosferiche che hanno permesso all'acqua di essere allo stato liquido sulla superficie, si ritiene che queste possano aver favorito una chimica prebiotica Marziana, se non addirittura aver permesso la vita stessa (Ori et al., 2000). Oggigiorno, a seguito di fenomeni di metamorfismo, subduzione, vulcanismo ed erosione, la maggior parte dei fenomeni geologici avvenuti sulla crosta Terrestre nei primi miliardi di anni dalla formazione del pianeta risultano per lo più nascosti o cancellati. Nell'emisfero meridionale Marziano, al contrario, si sono preservate prove evidenti dei processi geologici attivi nel primo miliardo di anni (Milton, 1973; Schultz et al., 1973; Pieri, 1976, 1980; Carr et al., 1981). In queste zone è infatti possibile identificare antiche tracce di laghi, alvei fluviali, ed estuari. L'aspetto più controverso che riguarda gli antichi alvei fluviali Marziani è l'origine dell'acqua che li alimentava. Nelle prime pubblicazioni scientifiche a riguardo, le frequenti morfologie a teatro dalle quali questi corsi d’acqua sembrano originarsi vengono comparate ai fenomeni erosivi simili formatisi a seguito di risorgive nel sud-ovest degli Stati Uniti e nelle Hawaii. Nei lavori di Pieri (1980) e di Pieri (1981), la caratteristica morfologica più evidente delle valli è la presenza di pareti ripide e scoscese situate alle sorgenti dei più piccoli alvei fluviali. In questi primi lavori, non fu osservata alcuna evidenza morfologica che suggerisse un'origine pluviale per queste antiche reti fluviali. Le caratteristiche topologiche di queste reti di drenaggio indicavano raffioramenti superficiali d'acqua infiltrata nel sottosuolo e la successiva formazione di un corso d'acqua. Sulla base di questi primi studi, risultò che le reti dendritiche di origine pluviale, prevalenti sulla Terra, fossero del tutto assenti su Marte. Sebbene tale conclusione rimanesse comunque incerta a causa della scarsa risoluzione delle immagini ottenute dalle sonde spaziali Mariner 9 e Viking (pari a 100-200 m), l'ipotesi che le acquee sotterranee potessero essere la causa della formazione del reticolo fluviale su Marte ottenne ampio consenso da parte della comunità scientifica internazionale (Carr, 1995). D’altro canto, per poter incidere un alveo fluviale tramite deflusso superficiale di origine pluviale, Marte avrebbe dovuto avere una spessa e calda atmosfera in grado di supportare intense precipitazioni (Hynek et al., 2003; Masson et al., 2004). Tramite l’analisi di nuove immagini ad alta risoluzione, THEMIS e HRSC, Masson et al. (2004) riuscì a dimostrare la presenza di valli densamente ramificate e parzialmente sepolte nella regione occidentale di Echus plateau. L'identificazione di una tale ramificazione dendritica, simile a quella Terrestre, con principi di canalizzazione localizzati a differenti quote, fu una nuove prova che Marte, in passato, potesse essere stato caratterizzato da precipitazioni intense. Successivamente, grazie all'analisi dei dati THEMIS ed HRSC, è stata possibile l'individuazione di nuove reti idrologiche fortemente dendritiche, confutando la consolidata ipotesi secondo la quale le antiche reti fluviali Marziane fossero poco dendritiche rispetto a quelle Terrestri. Secondo Mangold et al. (2004), un alto grado di ramificazione identificato nelle valli Marziane suggerisce un'origine di tipo pluviale. Inoltre, la presenza di alvei interni e la maturità di queste reti ramificate potrebbe indicare che, sulla superficie del pianeta, in passato, vi potesse essere un clima relativamente caldo con acqua liquida che scorreva superficialmente per periodi geologicamente lunghi. In seguito ai precedenti lavori, Ansan et al. (2008), grazie all'utilizzo dei modelli digitali del terreno MOLA e HRSC, la cui risoluzione va dai 460 m fino alla decina di metri, formularono diversi ipotesi per la formazione delle valli identificate nelle regioni fortemente craterizzate situate nell'emisfero meridionale di Marte. Secondo questi studi, una combinazione di deflusso superficiale ed affioramento di acque sotterranee può essere stata l'origine della formazione di queste reti dendritiche. Come si può evincere da questo breve excursus scientifico, il controverso aspetto riguardante la fonte d’acqua delle reti fluviali Marziane non è ancora stato univocamente identificato. Un modo per poter indagare i processi responsabili dell'incisione delle reti fluviali Marziane, può essere eseguito attraverso molteplici confronti tra gli alvei fluviali Terrestri e Marziani (Mangold et al., 2004; Ansan et al., 2008; Som et al., 2009; Penido et al., 2013). Vi sono diversi parametri geomorfologici che permettono lo studio di una rete idrografica: uno di questi è la densità di drenaggio (definita come il rapporto tra la lunghezza totale delle aste fluviali caratterizzanti un reticolo idrografico e l'area totale del bacino di drenaggio in esame); oppure l'ordine di Strahler o di Shreve della rete idrografica (Horton, 1945; Strahler, 1952; Schumm, 1956; Shreve, 1966). Il calcolo di tutti i parametri geomorfologici dipende fortemente dalla risoluzione dei dati disponibili e dalla disponibilità di coppie stereo (Ansan et al., 2008; Hoke et al., 2009; Tanaka et al., 2009), infatti la risoluzione delle immagini e del modello 3D del terreno che se ne deriva, può sfavorire sia la possibilità di riconoscere piccole valli dendritiche, indispensabili per il calcolo dell'ordine di Strahler e Shreve, che il calcolo corretto della lunghezza 3D della rete di alvei fluviali, la quale ha un forte impatto sul calcolo del parametro di densità di drenaggio. Risulta pertanto evidente come l’utilizzo di modelli digitali del terreno ad alta risoluzione sia di fondamentale importanza per la comprensione dei sistemi fluviali Marziani. Attualmente, il DEM MOLA copre larghe porzioni della superficie di Marte ad una risoluzione di 460 m (Zuber et al., 1992; Luo et al., 2009). Tale DEM può essere efficacemente utilizzato per eseguire studi idrologici su ampia scala. Infatti, seppur esistono DEM con risoluzione più spinta (ad esempio il DEM HRCS ha una risoluzione superiore al centinaio di metri), tuttavia questi coprono solamente una piccola percentuale della superficie del pianeta. L’obiettivo del presente lavoro di tesi è stato quello di creare un database dettagliato composto da diverse centinaia di alvei fluviali, individuati nella regione equatoriale della dicotomia Marziana. Nel lavoro vengono ricavati molteplici parametri idrologici come la lunghezza 3D, l'area di drenaggio 3D, la densità di drenaggio, l'ordine di Strahler ed il rapporto di biforcazione RB secondo la legge di Horton 1945. Per ogni ordine di Strahler è stata calcolata la lunghezza media del ramo fluviale e, tramite la legge di Horton, il rapporto delle lunghezze RL. Viene inoltre calcolato l’ordine di Shreve. Per ciascuna rete fluviale vengono forniti i valori della quota minima, massima e di pendenza. Particolare attenzione viene rivolta al calcolo della pendenza di ogni singola area di drenaggio. Sulle base di queste quantità, sono stati quindi eseguiti confronti tra l'area di drenaggio e la pendenza del terreno, la lunghezza globale del reticolo fluviale e la pendenza del letto del fiume, la densità di drenaggio e la pendenza del terreno, gli ordini di Strahler e Shreve con le pendenze del terreno. Successivamente sono state compiute attente valutazioni sulle passate condizioni climatiche di Marte, al momento in cui tali reti di alvei fluviali incidevano la superficie. Queste analisi hanno permesso di fornire originali indicazioni riguardo al deflusso superficiale fluviale, alla possibile precipitazione che interessava il pianeta e alla distribuzione dell'altitudine dei delta fluviali. Vengono inoltre presentate considerazioni su una possibile antica linea di costa oceanica in corrispondenza della scarpata che separa la regione meridionale Marziana e le pianure settentrionali. In seguito alle sopracitate analisi, il lavoro si è concentrato sull'individuazione di antichi laghi sulla superficie del pianeta, la loro possibile relazione con un sistema idrologico regionale (Mangold et al., 2006; Schon et al., 2012) e la determinazione dei parametri lacustri che li caratterizzano. Quello dei laghi primitivi è un altro importante tema riguardante la paleoidrologia Marziana. Infatti, la loro presenza è un ulteriore indicazione della presenza stabile di antiche elevate masse d'acqua sulla superficie del pianeta (Matsubara et al., 2011). Sistemi idrologici in grado di sostenere il riempimento dei laghi, introdotti nel contesto più ampio della paleoidrologia Marziana, indicano inequivocabilmente che la fase iniziale della storia evolutiva del pianeta fosse caratterizzata dalla presenza di acqua liquida superficiale. Nel presente lavoro di tesi viene presentato un confronto tra molteplici paleolaghi Marziani e Terrestri, presentando un nuovo approccio riguardante lo spessore di sedimenti stratificati sugli antichi fondali e stimando il grado di maturità relativo di questi sedimenti. Conclude la tesi un'analisi ed un interpretazione mineralogica della superficie Marziana effettuata attraverso dati spettrali CRISM. In particolare, tramite l’informazione multispettrale da 0.35 a 4 micron, sono state identificate diverse componenti mineralogiche presenti nei letti degli antichi fiumi, nei fondali dei laghi ed i loro affluenti ed emissari.

Une introduction commence par developper le lien entre l'ideologie et l'astronomie, depuis ptolemee, jusqu'au xive siecle a byzance. On voit se dessiner un ptolemee byzantin, un ptolemee de l'islam. Il apparait que le courant mystique venu tant du neoplatonisme que du christianisme, ont bloque l'elan scientifique. Il fallut un long reveil de la raison, qui devait parvenir a une autonomie et se manifester enfin par un platonisme culturel. C'est ce platonisme qui se montrera porteur d'une astronomie calculatoire et mathematique. La methode de travail basee essentiellement sur la comparaison d'un reel astronomique "reconstitue" et de tables utilisees a l'epoque etudiee, permit de mettre en evidence une authentique creation astronomique dans le domaine du pur calcul, avec cependant une tentative de retour au reel et a l'observation. Retour au reel qui illustre singulierement a nos yeux les mecanismes de renaissance scientifique de l'occident
In the introduction, the link between ideology and astronomy, from ptolemy to the xiv th century in byzance, appears and grows stronger. A byzantine and islamic ptolemy stand out. . . It is clear that the mystical stream, born from neoplatonism and christianism had stopped the scientific impulse. Hence stood that long awakening of reason, which finally reached its autonomy and revealed itself under the shape of a culturel platonism. That platonism will give birth to a calculatory and mathematical astronomy our way of working, essentially based on a comparaison between a factual astronomy reconstitued by computer, and some tables astronomical creation in the spere of a pure computation, yet following an attempt to a reversion to reality and observation. That reversion peculiary, to our mind, the mechanism of the western scientific revival

February 2022 saw the start of the first conservative restoration work on the walls of the eastern curtain wall and bastions of the Paleologi castle in Casale Monferrato (AL), which was completed in April 2023. During the fourteen months of activity, skilled hands were engaged in the removal of infesting vegetation, in the structural consolidation of the external wall lining with connections and dry-stitching and scuci-cuci (patching) operations, in the renovation and conservative restoration of the face in brick and stone elements, in the renewal of the battlements and in the recovery of the ground spaces of the terraces with excavation under archaeological supervision, in the setup of the floor levels of the embrasures, in the treatment of the surfaces with consolidation and punctual reintegration of the lime joints and degraded bricks with cocciopesto mixture, in the installation of fall-prevention devices for future maintenance operations of the ridges and turf. Through the diagnostic investigations carried out on the mortars (mineralogical-petrographic and physical-instrumental studies) and on the bricks (thermo luminescence) together with the archaeological investigations carried out on the pre-existing constructions found during the removal of the vegetal soil of the north-eastern bastion, it was possible to validate the chronological data collected during the design phase through the morphological-stratigraphic study of these fortified structures; the results deduced from all the information obtained, before and during the building site works, have proved the effectiveness of the combined use of indirect and direct sources to learn about the construction history of a multi-layered building. Here again, it can be confirmed that it is precisely at the time of the building site works, where theory is expressed in practice, that the interoperability between the various professional and scientific figures has found its raison d'être by profitably intermingling subjects, disciplines and experiences.

This study is dedicated to researching the significance of the Epitaphios of King Milutin as a kind of cultural and historical heritage, whose stylistic and artistic value places this artifact among the representatives of the main development of Serbian art in the 14th century. The Epitaphios of King Milutin, as a museum derivative of Serbian medieval applied art, symbolizes the canvas with which Joseph of Arimathea embalmed the body of the Savior during the funeral of Jesus Christ. The purpose of the Epitaphios is to point to the very beginning of the Christian religion, centered on the concept of Resurrection. Therefore, the empty Epitaphios in the New Testament is not only the absence of the body but also a hint of new life, implying corporality in a new and unrepeatable anthropological framework. With a specific way of making and stylistic composition, this object of sacral origin represents the embodiment of the cultural and artistic climate of the Palaeologan dynasty. One of the basic methods applied in this paper is a comparative analysis of the motifs of the Resurrection embodied in the stylistic and artistic production of Epitaphios in Serbian medieval art, as well as a review of the significance and origin of this subject. Therefore, it is provided insight into the dual development path of the Epitaphios - on the one hand, its spiritual significance with its allegorical knowledge, and on the other hand, as a material artifact of cultural-artistic and historical value.

The design of the iconographic program was not a typically repeated process for the decoration of a church, but it was a challenge for Byzantine painters, mason masters, and donors. Although the thematic content of the basic cycles was predetermined, alternative arrangements in the architectural space attempted to highlight specific theological con- cepts. Thus, the pictorial narrative, without losing its historical character, acquired an additional doctrinal dimension. In this article we select examples of original solutions in frescoed churches of the 14th century that reflect the spiritual environment and theological concerns of the late Byzantine era.

Having in mind the central question of the unity of the Church, as a basis for a meta-historical eschatological being, but also the historical harmony of the spiritual, cultural and social existence of individuals and people, this paper discusses the theological context of the attempt to unite Eastern and Western Christianity at the Council of Lyon in 1272-1274 in the time of Emperor Michael VIII Palaeologos. In addition to the political factors in accepting the proposal of the Lyon Union, the deeper, and more predominant, reasons for the negative reception of this council by the Orthodox Byzantium will be mentioned and analyzed here. In that context, attention will be paid to the theological notion of tradition, as well as to the preservation of basic patristic notions and ideas in the historical environment of late Byzantium.

The paper aims to explore and present lives and relationship between Serbian King Stephen Uroš II Milutin and his wife Hungarian princess Elizabeth Árpád as the link between the East and West during the important reign of Paleologos dynasty in Byzantium. This will be done by looking at marital policies of Hungary, Serbia and Byzantium, the rela- tionship between Milutin and Elizabeth in the context of their respective previous ones, their later life and sainthood. The new possibility regarding the meaning of their daughter’s name was offered and new conclusion con- cerning Elizabeth’s place of burial is reached.

Theodore Metochites (Θεόδωρος Μετοχίτης; 1270–1332), a Byzantine Greek statesman and polymath, and his student, the greatest Byzantine astronomer Nicephoros Gregoras (1295-1360) were in several diplomatic missions on the courts of King Milutin and his son, King Stefan Dečanski. Both gave significant contributions in astronomy. Metochites, considered as the one of the greatest forerunners of the Renaissance in the Greek world, was a Platonist philosopher, astronomer and patron of the arts. From 1305 to 1328 he held the position of personal adviser (mesazon) to emperor Andronikos II Palaiologos. During his long political career he was also Great Logothetes (a kind of Prime Minister) of the Byzantine Empire. His teacher in astronomy was Manuel Bryennius. His known astronomical writting is an introduction to the study of Ptolemaic astronomy (Στοιχείωσις επί τη αστρονομική επιστήμη). Related to astronomy is also his paraphrases of Aristotle's works on natural philosophy and Σημειώσεις γνωμικαί (Annotations), where he provided an important critique of Aristotle. Metochites was five times on the court of King Milutin as the envoy of Andronikos II to make the peace with Serbia and to arrange the mariage of King Milutin with Simonida, grand daughter of the Byzantine emperor. He wrote a writting about his travels to Serbia (Пρεσβευτικός) which is translated to Serbian.

The cult of the Serbian Holy king Stephan Milutin existed in the Russian Orthodox Church from the second half of 16th to the beginning of the 19th century. This is evidenced by 12 liturgical manuscripts (Festal Menaions and various types of Sticherarions) from the most significant Russian monasteries – The Holy Trinity St. Sergius Monastery, Kirillo-Beloyersky Monastery and Moscow, in which the Holy king is mentioned under the date of October the 30th. Nine of the manuscripts (two menaions and seven sticherarions with Russian neumatic notation) preserved the Service to the Holy king Milutin by Danilo Bansky or its parts (usually sticheras prosomoions). The analysis of the texts showed that the hymongraphic composition and textual content in the Russian manuscripts did not change significantly in comparing to the Serbian transcripts. The Serbian transcript of the Service to the Holy king reached the Moscow Metropolitanate in 1550 and became a protograph from which the Russian transcripts were made. However, the spread of the cult of the Holy King Milutin and the multiplication of the transcripts of Service in his honor in Russia was stopped by the reform of Patriarch Nikon in the middle of the 17th century when, due to revision of the calendar and reduction of holidays, many books were destroyed and cults were abolished. For that reason, the Service to the Holy king Milutin did not enter the Russian written and old printed Menaions for October, just as the mention of the Holy king did not find a place in the calendar of the printed editions of the Jerusalem Typikon. In post-Nikon epoch, the cult of the Holy king Milutin continued to live in the old believer’s communities, where the hymnography in his honor was preserved in musical manuscripts until the beginning of the 19th century. The entire historical development of the cult of the Serbian Holy king Stephan Milutin in Russian Church shows how important topic he was not only in Russian liturgical literature, but also in church-singing art.

In this paper, through a multidisciplinary approach and analysis of available written material and material remains, we tried to shed light on the period of King Milutin's rule in the Kruševac area, laying the foundations for some future comprehensive research. According to the Žitije kralja Milutina (1324) by Archbishop Danilo II, this Serbian ruler stayed in the Kruševac area during a meeting with his brother King Dragutin in Mačkovac in the župa of Rasina, before the decisive attack on the state of Drman and Kudelin, most likely in the first half of 1292. Mačkovac can be reliably identified with today's village of the same name, about 8 km west of Kruševac. Based on the favorable geographical position not far from the crossroads of important medieval roads, it can be assumed that this settlement, before the rise of Kruševac in the second half of the 14th century, most likely enjoyed the status of a trg (mercatum, marketplace). At this time, the župa of Rasina was organized as a separate država (lord state) within Milutin's kingdom. Archaeological finds from the last decades of the 13th and the first decades of the 14th century are scarce, and we could talk only about two specimens of silver coins of King Milutin, accidentally found in the area of the villages of Laćisled and Mačkovac. The specimen from Laćisled, which was in secondary use as part of the jewelry, belongs to type 3.1, i.e. the dinar with the flag - de bandera, minted in Brskovo between 1282 and around 1310. The most significant written testimonies from the period of King Milutin's reign are two tombstone inscriptions. The first was carved on a massive river pebble, which today lies on the property of the Gajić family in the village of Zdravinje near Kruševac. It was performed in the Cyrillic alphabet in the Old Serbian language. He testified about the death of Marija Bogoslava (Bogoslav's wife), who died on June 8, 1292. In addition to Marija, the inscription also mentions her three sons, Radoslav, Radič and Vladel (Vladelj). This aristocratic family bore the family name or surname Poljak, from which the toponym Poljaci was derived, i.e. the name of their ancestral village in the neighborhood of Zdravinje. The second tombstone, discovered in 1967, was installed as an spolia in the bell tower of the church of St. Stephen in Kruševac (1377–1378). An inscription engraved on it speaks of the death of Vlkota, Medoš's son, who died between September 1, 1300 and August 31, 1301. It is characterized by East Slavic linguistic features, a consistent distinction between soft and hard semivowel (rabþ, vþ, sŠÿ1nþ, Vlýkota), as well as the use of the form oumér{iŠhþ1, in which é is used as a substitute for soft semivowel ý, which is attested in the tombstone inscription of the noblewoman Stanislava from the village of Gradec near Vidin (14th century), as well as in the fresco inscription between the figures of two deceased lords on the southern part of the western wall of the nave in the church of St. Nicholas in Staničenje near Pirot (1331–1332). Folk tradition links King Milutin to the origin of the toponym Milutovac near Trstenik, which is derived from the anthroponym Milutin, most probably according to the name of the lord or nobleman who owned this village during the late Middle Ages. According to local legend, King Milutin, as the greatest endower of Nemanjić family, was also the founder of the church of St. John the Baptist in Orašje near Varvarin. The original appearance and oldest past of this church, due to the absence of archaeological research and conservation research, as well as the lack of written sources, are not known to us. The existence of a medieval necropolis around its walls, dated on the basis of the appearance of tombstones in 14th and 15th century, and the mention of the priest Jovan in the Ottoman defter from 1476 indirectly indicate that this modest single-nave sacral building could have been erected as an endowment of some local lord during the period of Serbian independence before 1459, and could not be directly related to King Milutin. We hope that this article will draw the attention of the scientific public to the necessity of further multidisciplinary research of the medieval past of the Kruševac region, including the reign of King Stefan Uroš II Milutin, as one of the most famous Serbian medieval rulers.

Taking into account the fact that the acolouthy of the Footwashing on Maundy Thursday had been formed in Jerusalem, probably during 5th Century, the existence of this rite in Typicon of Nicodemus, Archbishop of Serbia (1316- 1324), is an inspiring subject for liturgiological research. Although this acolouthy is well-known in Greek as Ὁ νιπτὴρ or τὸ νίμμα, we have approached to this topic by theological and teleturgical studying of its origin. The roots of this rite lie in the early centuries of Christianity, with various additions, deletions and variations of the specific acolouthy in use even nowadays in some of the centers of the Eastern Orthodox Church. The acolouthy of the Footwashing on Maundy Thursday has been shaped in 10th Century in two different modalities, one for the urban churches, and another one for the monastic churches at the Orthodox East. The rite from Typicon of Nicodemus (1319) belongs to the group of monastic acolouthies with direct impact of liturgical praxis of the Holy City of Jerusalem and Constantinopolitan monasteries. It implies that should be performed immediately after the Ambo prayer on Maundy Thursday’s Holy Liturgy in the pronaos of the monastic church. Such an acolouthy had retained some aspects of the earlier prayer for the sanctification of the water for the footwashing and also rubric for the anointing of all assembled in the church. The acolouthy of the Footwashing on Maundy Thursday in Typicon of Nicodemus is very important testimony about vivid and strong liturgical life of the Eastern Orthodox Serbs and Archbishopric of the Serbian and Maritime Lands in the 14th Century.

The shortest titulature would consist of the ruler's name and title. Broader ones contained territorial indicators – namely lands ruled by the ruler, the ruler's byname and formulaic phrase of devotion to God (the Dei gratia phrase) usually in the form of by the grace of God, which emphasizes the source, i.e. the origin of the ruler's sovereignty in the country, which is in compliance with the understandings of those times. Titulatures are to be found in written documents (charters and letters) issued in the ruler's chancellery, within the intitulations at the beginning, and in the signature at the end of the document. In written documents, of various origins, which attest the relations between the ruler and the external factors, titulatures are to be found either within the inscription (address) of the documents sent or in documents in which the ruler represents a political factor. Other than that, titulatures are to be found on seals, coins, founder's inscriptions, inscriptions next to portraits/frescoes resembling the rulers, on objects-gifts to churches or monasteries, on manuscripts, and just as importantly, in narrative sources (domestic and foreign), contemporary or somewhat younger. Through all the listed examples above, we are able examine the titulature of King Milutin. Firstly, attention is focused on the ruler's name, as an essential part of the titulature. The subject of study is the king's baptismal name Milutin, rarely present in official use, the ruling name Stefan and the name Uroš, which was carried by the king's father and to which we will pay special attention to. The constant highlighting of the fact that Milutin is the direct descendant of previous kings, throw genealogical elements found in a number of more extensive titulatures, had a special political-practical and ideological significance for King Milutin, with which he sought to legitimize his rule, since he had taken the throne from his older brother in extraordinary circumstances. In this work, we shall try to classify the titulatures of King Milutin by their types, sources in which they appear, according to content, constituent elements, extent, etc. Special attention will also be paid to the innovations of the content, that is, the changes in the titulature that came as a consequence of political events.