Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Pacific Marine Center (U.S.)"

The United States Exploring Expedition of 1838–1842, in some ways, represents the beginning of American marine mammal biology. The expedition returned home with information on at least twelve marine mammal specimens (mostly small cetaceans or pinnipeds), seven of which were considered new species at the time. Commanded by Lieutenant Charles Wilkes, the expedition covered over 80,000 miles, surveyed new waters and lands, and brought back thousands of scientific specimens. Official publications of the expedition by Titian Peale and John Cassin cover the birds and mammals collected. The squadron’s publications, and the journals of its officers and scientists also contain a good deal of information about sightings of marine mammals. Of particular interest were whaling operations and grounds, and the expedition did much to help expand the whaling prospects of the United States around the globe, with a focus on the South Pacific islands. Though largely forgotten today, the “U. S. Ex. Ex.” played an important early role in establishing American influence in marine mammal biology and global whaling operations.

Coastal marine fish diversity from E India and Indonesia to S Japan is still insufficiently investigated. Of the 42 species of goatfishes (Mullidae) recorded from this area, 12 were described only since 2010 and ten of those belong to the genus Upeneus. During a recent review of species of Upeneus of the so-called japonicus-species group (characterized by seven dorsal-fin spines), 13 specimens that had been previously identified as U. guttatus from Indonesia and Vietnam were found to be distinct, representing possibly two undescribed species. These specimens were studied together with 20 U. itoui from S Japan, a rather similar species, and a yet unidentified congeneric from S Japan. In total 41 morphometric, 10 meristic and several colour characters were examined and detailed comparisons with a large data set from all 14 japonicus-group species conducted. Three new species, U. dimipavlov n. sp. from Nha Trang, S-central Vietnam, U. elongatus n. sp. from Tanega-shima Island, Kagoshima, S Japan and U. willwhite n. sp. from Lombok, S Indonesia are described and an updated account for U. itoui is provided. Among these four featured species, U. elongatus is the most different, having more gill rakers, the shallowest head and body and distinct colour patterns on caudal and dorsal fins. Upeneus dimipavlov differs from the remaining two species in having a more rounded and less laterally compressed body with a wider caudal peduncle and no conspicuous mid-lateral body stripe in fresh fish. Upeneus willwhite differs from U. itoui in deeper head, larger eyes, longer upper jaw and barbels and oblique bars on the lower caudal-fin lobe which do not cross the entire lobe. Additional comparisons of each of the four featured species with all other japonicus-group species and U. heterospinus were conducted providing evidence for distinction and differential diagnosis. Unvouchered in-situ photographs of four goatfish specimens from the Central Philippines that resemble U. elongatus in caudal- and dorsal-fin colour patterns are presented. The need for further sampling and associated taxonomic investigations as prerequisites for appropriate assessment of ecological and conservation parameters such as diversity, distribution and rarity is emphasized in the discussion.

Specimens of the genus Ulota kept in the bryological herbaria of MW, MHA, LE, NSK, IRK, UUH, VLA and VBGI were revisited basing on the recent taxonomical treatments of the genus in Europe, Asia and North America. Among ten species of the genus previously known from the territory of Russia, U. phyllantha was recently transferred to the new genus, Plenogemma, while Ulota crispa, which has been considered before in the broad sense, was proved to include at least three separate species, U. crispa s. str., U. intermedia and U. crispula; all three species occur in Russia. According to our results, diversity of the genus within North East Asian center (cf. Garilleti et al., 2015) was underestimated. Two new species from the of U. japonica affinity, U. orientalis sp. nov. and U. pacifica sp. nov. are described herein from north Pacific Region (Khabarovsk Territory and South Kurils correspondingly). Thus, at least thirteen taxa of the genus are presently known in Russia; distribution data were significantly corrected for some of them. Key to identification of Ulota species in Russia and adjacent areas is provided; their distribution is discussed and mapped.

ABSTRACT The Aquificales are widespread in marine and terrestrial hydrothermal environments. Here, we report the complete and draft genome sequences of six new members of the Aquificales: two marine species, Persephonella marina strain EX-H1 and Hydrogenivirga strain 128-5-R1 (from the East Pacific Rise, 9°50.3′N, 104°17.5′W, and the Eastern Lau Spreading Center, 176°11.5′W, 20°45.8′S, respectively), and four terrestrial isolates, Sulfurihydrogenibium azorense strain Az-Fu1, Sulfurihydrogenibium yellowstonense strain SS-5, and Sulfurihydrogenibium strain Y03AOP1 (from Furnas, Azores, Portugal, and Calcite Springs and Obsidian Pool in Yellowstone National Park, United States, respectively), and the only thermoacidophilic isolate, Hydrogenobaculum strain Y04AAS1 (from a stream adjacent to Obsidian Pool). Significant differences among the different species exist that include nitrogen metabolism, hydrogen utilization, chemotaxis, and signal transduction, providing insights into their ecological niche adaptations.

Abstract. Marine organic aerosol emissions have been implemented and evaluated within the National Center of Atmospheric Research (NCAR)'s Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5) with the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory's 7-mode Modal Aerosol Module (MAM-7). Emissions of marine primary organic aerosols (POA), phytoplankton-produced isoprene- and monoterpenes-derived secondary organic aerosols (SOA) and methane sulfonate (MS−) are shown to affect surface concentrations of organic aerosols in remote marine regions. Global emissions of submicron marine POA is estimated to be 7.9 and 9.4 Tg yr−1, for the Gantt et al. (2011) and Vignati et al. (2010) emission parameterizations, respectively. Marine sources of SOA and particulate MS− (containing both sulfur and carbon atoms) contribute an additional 0.2 and 5.1 Tg yr−1, respectively. Widespread areas over productive waters of the Northern Atlantic, Northern Pacific, and the Southern Ocean show marine-source submicron organic aerosol surface concentrations of 100 ng m−3, with values up to 400 ng m−3 over biologically productive areas. Comparison of long-term surface observations of water insoluble organic matter (WIOM) with POA concentrations from the two emission parameterizations shows that both Gantt et al. (2011) and Vignati et al. (2010) formulations are able to capture the magnitude of marine organic aerosol concentrations, with the Gantt et al. (2011) parameterization attaining better seasonality. Model simulations show that the mixing state of the marine POA can impact the surface number concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The largest increases (up to 20 %) in CCN (at a supersaturation (S) of 0.2 %) number concentration are obtained over biologically productive ocean waters when marine organic aerosol is assumed to be externally mixed with sea-salt. Assuming marine organics are internally-mixed with sea-salt provides diverse results with increase and decrease in the concentration of CCN over different parts of the ocean. The sign of the CCN change due to the addition of marine organics to sea-salt aerosol is determined by the relative significance of the increase in mean modal diameter due to addition of mass, and the decrease in particle hygroscopicity due to compositional changes in marine aerosol. Based on emerging evidence for increased CCN concentration over biologically active surface ocean areas/periods, our study suggests that treatment of sea spray in global climate models (GCMs) as an internal mixture of marine organic aerosols and sea-salt will likely lead to an underestimation in CCN number concentration.

Every few decades, the world order changes due to various geopolitical, economic and other circumstances. For example, as a result of globalization, the world order has undergone significant changes in the last forty years. Globalization has led to the destruction of the postwar world order, as well as to world leadership by the United States and the West. However, in recent decades, as a result of globalization, the U.S. and the West began to cede their leadership to developing countries, so there is now a change in the economic structure of relations in the world system. Today the center of economic growth is in the East, namely in Asia. There are no new superpowers in the world at the moment, but the unipolar world will cease to exist due to the weakening of the U. S. leadership, which will lead to a change in the world order. A new leader, which may replace the U. S., will not have as wide range of advantages as the USA has. Most likely, the essence of the new order will be to unite the largest countries and alliances into blocks, for example, the USA together with the Trans-Pacific Partnership, the EU, etc. The article outlines forecasts of GDP growth rates as well as the global energy outlook; analyzes the LNG market as well as the impact of the pandemic on the global oil and gas market; and lists the characteristics of U. S. geopolitics.

Abstract. Marine organic aerosol emissions have been implemented and evaluated within the National Center of Atmospheric Research (NCAR)'s Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5) with the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory's 7-mode Modal Aerosol Module (MAM-7). Emissions of marine primary organic aerosols (POA), phytoplankton-produced isoprene- and monoterpenes-derived secondary organic aerosols (SOA) and methane sulfonate (MS−) are shown to affect surface concentrations of organic aerosols in remote marine regions. Global emissions of submicron marine POA is estimated to be 7.9 and 9.4 Tg yr−1, for the Gantt et al. (2011) and Vignati et al. (2010) emission parameterizations, respectively. Marine sources of SOA and particulate MS− (containing both sulfur and carbon atoms) contribute an additional 0.2 and 5.1 Tg yr−1, respectively. Widespread areas over productive waters of the Northern Atlantic, Northern Pacific, and the Southern Ocean show marine-source submicron organic aerosol surface concentrations of 100 ng m−3, with values up to 400 ng m−3 over biologically productive areas. Comparison of long-term surface observations of water insoluble organic matter (WIOM) with POA concentrations from the two emission parameterizations shows that despite revealed discrepancies (often more than a factor of 2), both Gantt et al. (2011) and Vignati et al. (2010) formulations are able to capture the magnitude of marine organic aerosol concentrations, with the Gantt et al. (2011) parameterization attaining better seasonality. Model simulations show that the mixing state of the marine POA can impact the surface number concentration of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). The largest increases (up to 20%) in CCN (at a supersaturation (S) of 0.2%) number concentration are obtained over biologically productive ocean waters when marine organic aerosol is assumed to be externally mixed with sea-salt. Assuming marine organics are internally-mixed with sea-salt provides diverse results with increases and decreases in the concentration of CCN over different parts of the ocean. The sign of the CCN change due to the addition of marine organics to sea-salt aerosol is determined by the relative significance of the increase in mean modal diameter due to addition of mass, and the decrease in particle hygroscopicity due to compositional changes in marine aerosol. Based on emerging evidence for increased CCN concentration over biologically active surface ocean areas/periods, our study suggests that treatment of sea spray in global climate models (GCMs) as an internal mixture of marine organic aerosols and sea-salt will likely lead to an underestimation in CCN number concentration.

Ocean temperatures increased during the 20th century and are predicted to continue to rise during the 21st century. Simultaneously, the extreme phenomena of shorter time ocean warming, known as Marine Heatwaves (MHWs), are also taking place. The present study used the Daily Optimum Interpolation Sea Surface Temperature (DOISST) v2.1 with a spatial resolution of 0.25˚. The time period of the DOISST data used in this study was from January 1, 1982 to December 31, 2020, and the region was 90° E–150° E and 16° S–16° N, which is divided into 11 Fishing Management Areas (FMAs). MHWs have a set of metrics derived from the SST data to describe the statistical characteristics of each event. To examine and quantify the influence of the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean, we used the Niño 3.4 SST index and the Dipole Mode Index (DMI), respectively. Based on the data analysis, there has been an increase in the duration and frequency of the occurrence of MHWs in the study area, with the highest increase occurring in FMA 573, FMA 716, and FMA 711. Based on the severity, MHWs in Indonesia are dominated by category I, which is dominantly located in FMA 716, category II in FMA 573, category III with the center of events in FMA 771, and category IV with irregular spatial patterns.

Abstract Strong southerly, terrain parallel winds often occur along the coast of north-central Chile (25°–35°S) embedded in the marine atmospheric boundary layer and the lower part of the capping temperature inversion. Their offshore structure and variability have received considerable attention because of the effect on open-ocean processes and connection with the southeast Pacific cloud layer. Mesoscale low-level circulations linked to the coastal topography (e.g., coastal jets and sea breeze) are less studied in Chile, but are particularly relevant as they alter the upper-ocean circulation and the cloud pattern in the nearshore strip. Surface, radiosonde, and airborne meteorological observations near point Lengua de Vaca (LdV)–Tongoy Bay (TB) at 30°S are used alongside numerical modeling to understand the local circulation near a prominent upwelling center. Most observations were gathered during the Variability of the American Monsoon Systems (VAMOS) Ocean–Cloud–Atmosphere–Land Study Chilean Upwelling Experiment (VOCALS-CUpEx) during two weeks in late spring 2009. The regional topography resembles other major capes, but south of TB and east of LdV there is a low (100–300 m), dry marine terrace bounded by high elevation at the coast (~600 m) and farther inland. Coastal soundings 25 km upstream of LdV revealed a southerly wind maximum near the surface and another at 900 m separated by a destabilized layer, deviating from the two-layer model often applied to coastal flow. In the morning a shallow sea breeze penetrates from TB to the marine terrace, but is overridden by southerly flow in the afternoon. Furthermore, between 400 and 900 m, warm continental air is advected from over the marine terrace creating a residual boundary layer over TB. Concurrent with slower changes offshore, the low-level warming over TB leads to a marked cross-shore pressure gradient enhancing the coastal jet just north of LdV.

Based on the data of daily maximum temperature in 26 meteorological stations in the North Center Region, Vietnam over the period of 1980 to 2013, the authors conducted the research on the spatial distribution of the number of hot days. The initial result shows that in general, in the north of the study area, the large number of hot days occurred in the plain, and tended to decrease westward and eastward. In the south, this number tends to increase from the west to the east. Especially, the largest number occurred in two areas: The Ma and Ca River's valleys (Thanh Hoa and Nghe An provinces) and the coastal areas (Thua Thien Hue province), creating two heat centers in Tuong Duong district, Nghe An province and Nam Dong district, Thua Thien Hue province.ReferencesAdina-Eliza Croitoru, Adrian Piticar, Antoniu-Flavius Ciupertea, Cristina FlorinaRosca, 2016 Changes in heat wave indices in Romania over the period 1961-2015. Global and Plantary Change 146. Journal homepage: www. 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Quantifying the impact of climate change on extreme heat in Australia. Published by the Climate Council of Australia Limited. ISBN: 978-0-9942453-1-1 (print) 978-0-9942453-0-4 (web).

Abstract Cloud simulations and cloud–climate feedbacks in the tropical and subtropical eastern Pacific region in 16 state-of-the-art coupled global climate models (GCMs) and in the International Pacific Research Center (IPRC) Regional Atmospheric Model (iRAM) are examined. The authors find that the simulation of the present-day mean cloud climatology for this region in the GCMs is very poor and that the cloud–climate feedbacks vary widely among the GCMs. By contrast, iRAM simulates mean clouds and interannual cloud variations that are quite similar to those observed in this region. The model also simulates well the observed relationship between lower-tropospheric stability (LTS) and low-level cloud amount. To investigate cloud–climate feedbacks in iRAM, several global warming scenarios were run with boundary conditions appropriate for late twenty-first-century conditions. All the global warming cases simulated with iRAM show a distinct reduction in low-level cloud amount, particularly in the stratocumulus regime, resulting in positive local feedback parameters in these regions in the range of 4–7 W m−2 K−1. Domain-averaged (30°S–30°N, 150°–60°W) feedback parameters from iRAM range between +1.8 and +1.9 W m−2 K−1. At most locations both the LTS and cloud amount are altered in the global warming cases, but the changes in these variables do not follow the empirical relationship found in the present-day experiments. The cloud–climate feedback averaged over the same east Pacific region was also calculated from the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) A1B simulations for each of the 16 GCMs with results that varied from −1.0 to +1.3 W m−2 K−1, all less than the values obtained in the comparable iRAM simulations. The iRAM results by themselves cannot be connected definitively to global climate feedbacks; however, among the global GCMs the cloud feedback in the full tropical–subtropical zone is correlated strongly with the east Pacific cloud feedback, and the cloud feedback largely determines the global climate sensitivity. The present iRAM results for cloud feedbacks in the east Pacific provide some support for the high end of current estimates of global climate sensitivity.

The choice of spatial and temporal scales affects the performance of fisheries models and is particularly important in exploring the relationship between resource abundance and the marine environment. Traditional fishery models are constructed at a particular scale, and the results of the study hold only at that scale. Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis is one of the main target species of large-scale light falling-net fishing in the Nansha Islands in the South China Sea. We used the S. oualaniensis fishery in the Nansha Islands as an example to compare the performance of fisheries models for 12 spatial and temporal settings and to explore the relationship between the abundance of S. oualaniensis and the marine environment in the Nansha Islands under the optimal spatial and temporal settings. The results show that the spatial and temporal scale chosen in the construction of the fishery model is not as fine as possible in generalized additive models (GAMs) for abundance index-catch per unit effort (AI-CPUE)-based scenarios, and 0.5° with the season was the best spatial and temporal setting; meanwhile, in GAMs for AI-effort-based scenarios, 0.1° with the month was the best spatial and temporal setting. The distribution of S. oualaniensis resources in the Nansha Islands was characterized by significant seasonal variation, and the monthly center of gravity had a significant negative correlation with the Niño 3.4 index and the PDO index, with correlation coefficients of 100 and 1000, respectively. It is hypothesized that Pacific Decadal Oscillation and ENSO events affect the marine environment in the South China Sea by influencing the strength of the Kuroshio force and the degree of Kuroshio curvature, which in turn affects the distribution of S. oualaniensis in the Nansha Islands. The results help us to understand the influence of spatial and temporal scales on fisheries models and the environmental factors affecting the distribution of S. oualaniensis resources in the Nansha Islands. Thus, they provide a scientific basis for the sustainable development of S. oualaniensis fisheries in this region.

Abstract This study examines the contribution of tropical sea surface temperature (SST) forcing to the 1976/77 climate transition of the winter atmospheric circulation over the North Pacific using a combined observational and modeling approach. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Atmospheric Model version 3 (CAM3) simulates approximately 75% of the observed 4-hPa deepening of the wintertime Aleutian low from 1950–76 to 1977–2000 when forced with the observed evolution of tropical SSTs in a 10-member ensemble average. This response is driven by precipitation increases over the western half of the equatorial Pacific Ocean. In contrast, the NCAR Community Climate Model version 3 (CCM3), the predecessor to CAM3, simulates no significant change in the strength of the Aleutian low when forced with the same tropical SSTs in a 12-member ensemble average. The lack of response in CCM3 is traced to an erroneously large precipitation increase over the tropical Indian Ocean whose dynamical impact is to weaken the Aleutian low; this, when combined with the response to rainfall increases over the western and central equatorial Pacific, results in near-zero net change in the strength of the Aleutian low. The observed distribution of tropical precipitation anomalies associated with the 1976/77 transition, estimated from a combination of direct measurements at land stations and indirect information from surface marine cloudiness and wind divergence fields, supports the models’ simulated rainfall increases over the western half of the Pacific but not the magnitude of CCM3’s rainfall increase over the Indian Ocean.

Abstract. Extreme events can severely impact marine organisms and ecosystems. Of particular concern are multivariate compound events, namely when conditions are simultaneously extreme for multiple ocean ecosystem stressors. In 2013–2015 for example, an extensive marine heatwave (MHW), known as the Blob, co-occurred locally with extremely low net primary productivity (NPPX) and negatively impacted marine life in the northeast Pacific. Yet, little is known about the characteristics and drivers of such multivariate compound MHW–NPPX events. Using five different satellite-derived net primary productivity (NPP) estimates and large-ensemble-simulation output of two widely used and comprehensive Earth system models, the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory (GFDL) ESM2M-LE and Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2-LE), we assess the present-day distribution of compound MHW–NPPX events and investigate their potential drivers on the global scale. The satellite-based estimates and both models reveal hotspots of frequent compound events in the center of the equatorial Pacific and in the subtropical Indian Ocean, where their occurrence is at least 3 times higher (more than 10 d yr−1) than if MHWs (temperature above the seasonally varying 90th-percentile threshold) and NPPX events (NPP below the seasonally varying 10th-percentile threshold) were to occur independently. However, the models show disparities in the northern high latitudes, where compound events are rare in the satellite-based estimates and GFDL ESM2M-LE (less than 3 d yr−1) but relatively frequent in CESM2-LE. In the Southern Ocean south of 60∘ S, low agreement between the observation-based estimates makes it difficult to determine which of the two models better simulates MHW–NPPX events. The frequency patterns can be explained by the drivers of compound events, which vary among the two models and phytoplankton types. In the low latitudes, MHWs are associated with enhanced nutrient limitation on phytoplankton growth, which results in frequent compound MHW–NPPX events in both models. In the high latitudes, NPPX events in GFDL ESM2M-LE are driven by enhanced light limitation, which rarely co-occurs with MHWs, resulting in rare compound events. In contrast, in CESM2-LE, NPPX events in the high latitudes are driven by reduced nutrient supply that often co-occurs with MHWs, moderates phytoplankton growth, and causes biomass to decrease. Compound MHW–NPPX events are associated with a relative shift towards larger phytoplankton in most regions, except in the eastern equatorial Pacific in both models, as well as in the northern high latitudes and between 35 and 50∘ S in CESM2-LE, where the models suggest a shift towards smaller phytoplankton, with potential repercussions on marine ecosystems. Overall, our analysis reveals that the likelihood of compound MHW–NPPX events is contingent on model representation of the factors limiting phytoplankton production. This identifies an important need for improved process understanding in Earth system models used for predicting and projecting compound MHW–NPPX events and their impacts.

Abstract Makassar Strait conveys the main Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) pathway, as part of the global thermohaline circulation transferring heat and freshwater fluxes from the Pacific Ocean to the Indian Ocean. Dynamics and variability of the ITF and the monsoon winds system influence significantly marine ecosystem in the Indonesian Seas. The study aims to analyze sea surface circulation patterns and particle trajectories in the Makassar Strait by developing a simulation of the CROCO’s 1/36º regional general circulation model between 2017-2018. The results revealed the dynamics of near-surface layer (0 – 50 m depth) varied seasonally. The magnitude of surface current was about 0.6 m/s during the peak of northwest monsoon (NWM) flowing northward and reverse southward during the peak of southeast monsoon (SEM). The magnitude of the current intensified up to 1 m/s in the subsurface at Labani Channel and persistent flows to the southward. The thermocline transport volume was maximum during SEM with average transport about -11.00 (±1.54) Sv. The analysis shows that the particles near Balikpapan coast spreaded slowly to the north, then rotating at the center of the strait and spreaded according to the NWM and SEM.

The Covid-19 pandemic had a dangerous impact on early-childhood education, lost learning in almost all aspects of child development. The house-to-house learning, with the name Moving Home Learning Program (MHLP), is an attractive offer as an emergency remote teaching solution. This study aims to describe the application of MHLP designed by early-childhood education institutions during the learning process at home. This study used a qualitative approach with data collection using interviews, observation, and documentation. The respondents involved in the interview were a kindergarten principal and four teachers. The research data were analyzed using the data content analysis. The Findings show that the MHLP has proven to be sufficiently in line with the learning needs of early childhood during the Covid-19 pandemic. Although, the application of the MHLP learning model has limitations such as the distance from the house that is far away, the number of meetings that are only once a week, the number of food and toy sellers passing by, disturbing children's concentration, and the risk of damage to goods at home. The implication of this research can be the basis for evaluating MHLP as an adaptive strategy that requires the attention of related parties, including policy makers, school principals, and teachers for the development of new, more effective online learning models. Keywords: Moving Home Learning Program (MHLP), Children Remote Teaching References:Abdollahi, E., Haworth-Brockman, M., Keynan, Y., Langley, M. J., & Oghadas, S. M. (2020). Simulating the effect of school closure during COVID-19 outbreaks in Ontario , Canada. BMC Medicine, 1–8. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-020-01705-8 Arends, R. I., & Kilcher, A. (2010). 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Abstract The NASA Quick Scatterometer (QuikSCAT) has revolutionized the analysis and short-term forecasting of winds over the oceans at the NOAA Ocean Prediction Center (OPC). The success of QuikSCAT in OPC operations is due to the wide 1800-km swath width, large retrievable wind speed range (0 to in excess of 30 m s−1), ability to view QuikSCAT winds in a comprehensive form in operational workstations, and reliable near-real-time delivery of data. Prior to QuikSCAT, marine forecasters at the OPC made warning and forecast decisions over vast ocean areas based on a limited number of conventional observations or on the satellite presentation of a storm system. Today, QuikSCAT winds are a heavily used tool by OPC forecasters. Approximately 10% of all short-term wind warning decisions by the OPC are based on QuikSCAT winds. When QuikSCAT is available, 50%–68% of all weather features on OPC surface analyses are placed using QuikSCAT. QuikSCAT is the first remote sensing instrument that can consistently distinguish extreme hurricane force conditions from less dangerous storm force conditions in extratropical cyclones. During each winter season (October–April) from 2001 to 2004, 15–23 extratropical cyclones reached hurricane force intensity over both the North Atlantic and North Pacific Oceans. Due to QuikSCAT, OPC forecasters are now more likely to anticipate the onset of hurricane force conditions. QuikSCAT has also revealed significant wind speed gradients in the vicinity of strong sea surface temperature (SST) differences near the Gulf Stream and shelfbreak front of the western North Atlantic. These wind speed gradients are most likely due to changes in low-level stability of the boundary layer across the SST gradients. OPC forecasters now use a variety of numerical guidance based tools to help predict boundary layer stability and the resultant near-surface winds.

A broad-scale comparative phylogeographic and phylogenetic study of pennah croakers, mainly Pennahia anea, P. macrocephalus, and P. ovata was conducted to elucidate the mechanisms that may have driven the diversification of marine organisms in Southeast Asian waters. A total of 316 individuals from the three species, and an additional eight and six individuals of P. argentata and P. pawak were employed in this study. Two genetically divergent lineages each of P. argentata and P. anea (lineages L1 and L2) were respectively detected from the analyses based on mitochondrial cytochrome b gene data. Historical biogeography analysis with a multi-gene dataset revealed that Pennahia species most likely originated in the South China Sea and expanded into the eastern Indian Ocean, East China Sea, and northwestern Pacific Ocean through three separate range expansions. The main diversifications of Pennahia species occurred during Miocene and Pliocene periods, and the occurrences of lineage divergences within P. anea and P. argentata were during the Pleistocene, likely as a consequence of cyclical glaciations. The population expansions that occurred after the sea level rise might be the reason for the population homogeneity observed in P. macrocephalus and most P. anea L2 South China Sea populations. The structure observed between the two populations of P. ovata, and the restricted distributions of P. anea lineage L1 and P. ovata in the eastern Indian Ocean, might have been hampered by the northward flowing ocean current at the Malacca Strait and by the distribution of coral reefs or rocky bottoms. While our results support S. Ekman’s center-of-origin hypothesis taking place in the South China Sea, the Malacca Strait serving as the center of overlap is a supplementary postulation for explaining the present-day high diversity of pennah croakers centered in these waters.

Despite nearly 12 million Asian Americans living in the United States and continued immigration, this increasingly substantial subpopulation has consistently been left out of national obesity studies. When included in national studies, Chinese-American children have been grouped together with other Asian Americans, Pacific Islanders or simply as “other,” yielding significantly lower rates of overweight and obesity compared to non-Asians. There is a failure to recognize the ethnic diversity of Asian Americans as well as the effect of acculturation. Results from smaller studies of Chinese American youth suggest that they are adopting lifestyles less Chinese and more Americans and that their share of disease burden is growing. We screened 142 children from the waiting room of a community health center that serves primarily recent Chinese immigrants for height, weight and demographic profile. Body Mass Index was calculated and evaluated using CDC growth charts. Overall, 30.1 percent of children were above the 85th we found being male and being born in the U .S. to be statistically significant for BMI > 85th percentile (p=0.039, p=0.001, respectively). Our results suggest that being overweight in this Chinese American immigrant population is associated with being born in the U.S. A change in public policy and framework for research are required to accurately assess the extent of overweight and obesity in Chinese American children. In particular, large scale data should be stratified by age, sex, birthplace and measure of acculturation to identify those at risk and construct tailored interventions.

AbstractOver 100 whole-rock amino acid racemization (AAR) ratios from outcrops around Rottnest Island (32.0° S Latitude near Perth) indicate distinct pulses of eolian deposition during the late Quaternary. Whole-rock d-alloisoleucine/l-isoleucine (A/I) ratios from bioclastic carbonate deposits fall into three distinct modal classes or “aminozones.” The oldest, Aminozone E, averages 0.33 ± 0.04 (n = 21). Red palaeosol and thick calcrete generally cap the Aminozone E deposits. A younger Aminozone C averages 0.22 ± 0.03 (n = 63); comprising two submodes at 0.26 ± 0.01 (n = 14) and 0.21 ± 0.02 (n = 49). Multiple dune sets of this interval are interrupted by relatively weak, brown to tan “protosols.” A dense, dark brown rendzina palaeosol caps the Aminozone C succession. Ratios from Holocene dune and marine deposits (“Aminozone A”) center on 0.11 ± 0.02 (n = 15), comprising submodes of 0.13 ± 0.01 (9) and 0.09 ± 0.01 (6). Calibration of A/I averages from Aminozones E and A are provided by U/Th and 14C radiometric ages of 125,000 yr (marine oxygen isotope stage (MIS) 5e and 2000–6000 14C yr B.P. (MIS 1), respectively. The whole-rock A/I results support periodic deposition initiated during MIS 5e, continuing through MIS 5c, and then peaking at the end of MIS 5a, about 70,000–80,000 yr ago. Oceanographic evidence indicates the area was subjected to much colder conditions during MIS 2–4 (10,000 to 70,000 yr ago), greatly slowing the epimerization rate. Eolianite deposition resumed in the mid Holocene (∼6000 yr ago) up to the present. The A/I epimerization pathway constructed from Rottnest Island shows remarkable similarity to that of Bermuda in the North Atlantic (32° N Latitude). These findings suggest that, like Bermuda, the eolian activity on Rottnest occurred primarily during or shortly after interglacial highstands when the shoreline was near the present datum, rather than during glacial lowstands when the coastline was positioned 10–20 km to the west.

Abstract. Aircraft measurements are presented from the 27/28 October 2008 case study of the VOCALS Regional Experiment (REx) over the remote subtropical southeast Pacific (18° S, 80° W). Data from two aircraft that took measurements approximately twelve hours apart but in the same advected airmass are used to document a remarkably sharp spatial transition in marine boundary layer (MBL), cloud, and aerosol structure across the boundary between a well-mixed MBL containing overcast closed mesoscale cellular stratocumulus, and a pocket of open cells (POC) with significantly lower cloud cover. Long (~190–250 km) straight and level flight legs at three levels in the marine boundary layer and one level in the lower free troposphere permit sampling of the closed cells, the POC, and a 20–30 km wide transition zone with distinctly different structure from the two airmasses on either side. The POC region consists of intermittent active and strongly precipitating cumulus clouds rising and detraining into patches of drizzling but quiescent stratiform cloud which is optically thin especially toward its edges. Mean cloud-base precipitation rates inside the POC are several mm d−1, but rates in the closed cell region are not greatly lower than this. This latter finding suggests that precipitation is not a sufficient condition for POC formation from overcast stratocumulus. Despite similar cloud-base precipitation rates in the POC and overcast region, much of the precipitation (>90%) evaporates below cloud in the overcast region, while there is significant surface precipitation inside the POC. In the POC and transition region, although the majority of the condensate is in the form of drizzle, the integrated liquid water path is remarkably close to that expected for a moist adiabatic parcel rising from cloud base to top. The transition zone between the POC and the closed cells often consists of thick "boundary cell" clouds producing mean surface precipitation rates of 10–20 mm d−1, a divergent quasi-permanent cold/moist pool below cloud, a convergent inflow region at mid-levels in the MBL, and a divergent outflow near the top of the MBL. The stratiform clouds in the POC exist within an ultra-clean layer that is some 200–300 m thick. Aerosol concentrations (Na) measured by a PCASP in the diameter range 0.12–3.12 μm in the center of the ultra-clean layer are as low as 0.1–1 cm−3. This suggests that coalescence scavenging and sedimentation is extremely efficient, since Na in the subcloud layer, and droplet concentration Nd in the active cumuli are typically 20–60 cm−3. The droplet concentrations in the quiescent stratiform clouds are extremely low (typically 1–10 cm−3), and most of their liquid water is in the form of drizzle, which mainly evaporates before reaching the surface. The cloud droplet concentration in the overcast region decreases strongly as the transition region is approached, as do subcloud accumulation mode aerosol concentrations, suggesting that coalescence scavenging is impacting regions in the overcast region as well as inside the POC. Both flights show lower accumulation mode aerosol concentration in the subcloud layer of the POC (Na ∼ 30 cm−3) compared with the overcast region (Na ∼ 100 cm−3), but elevated (and mostly volatile) total aerosol concentrations are observed in the POC at all levels around 20–50 km from the transition zone, perhaps associated with some prior nucleation event. Despite the large differences in cloud and MBL structure across the POC-overcast boundary, the MBL depth is almost the same in the two regions, and increases in concert over the 12 h period between the flights.

Abstract. Aircraft measurements are presented from 27 to 28 October 2008 case study of the VOCALS Regional Experiment (REx) over the remote subtropical southeast Pacific (18° S, 80° W). Data from two aircraft that took measurements approximately twelve hours apart but in the same advected airmass are used to document a remarkably sharp spatial transition in marine boundary layer (MBL), cloud, and aerosol structure across the boundary between a well-mixed MBL containing overcast closed mesoscale cellular stratocumulus, and a pocket of open cells (POC) with significantly lower cloud cover. Long (~190–250 km) straight and level flight legs at three levels in the marine boundary layer and one level in the lower free troposphere permit sampling of the closed cells, the POC, and a 20–30 km wide transition zone with distinctly different structure from the two airmasses on either side. The POC region consists of intermittent active and strongly precipitating cumulus clouds rising and detraining into patches of drizzling but quiescent stratiform cloud which is optically thin especially toward its edges. Mean cloud-base precipitation rates inside the POC are several mm d−1, but rates in the closed cell region are not greatly lower than this, which suggests that precipitation is not a sufficient condition for POC formation from overcast stratocumulus. Despite similar cloud-base precipitation rates in the POC and overcast region, much of the precipitation (>90%) evaporates below cloud in the overcast region, while there is significant surface precipitation inside the POC. In the POC and transition region, although the majority of the condensate is in the form of drizzle, the integrated liquid water path is remarkably close to that expected for a moist adiabatic parcel rising from cloud base to top. The transition zone between the POC and the closed cells often consists of thick "boundary cell" clouds producing mean surface precipitation rates of 10–20 mm d−1, a divergent quasi-permanent cold/moist pool below cloud, a convergent inflow region at mid-levels in the MBL, and a divergent outflow near the top of the MBL. The stratiform clouds in the POC exist within an ultra-clean layer that is some 200–300 m thick. Aerosol concentrations (Na) measured by a PCASP in the diameter range 0.12–3.12 μm in the center of the ultra-clean layer are as low as 0.1–1 cm−3. This suggests that coalescence scavenging and sedimentation is extremely efficient, since Na in the subcloud layer, and droplet concentration Nd in the active cumuli are typically 20–60 cm−3. The droplet concentrations in the quiescent stratiform clouds are extremely low (typically 1–10 cm−3), and most of their liquid water is in the form of drizzle, which mainly evaporates before reaching the surface. The cloud droplet concentration in the overcast region decreases strongly as the transition region is approached, as do subcloud accumulation mode aerosol concentrations, suggesting that coalescence scavenging is impacting regions in the overcast region as well as inside the POC. Both flights show lower accumulation mode aerosol concentration in the subcloud layer of the POC (Na~30 cm−3) compared with the overcast region (Na~100 cm−3), but elevated (and mostly non-refractory) total aerosol concentrations are observed in the POC at all levels around 20–50 km from the transition zone, perhaps associated with some prior nucleation event. Despite the large differences in cloud and MBL structure across the POC-overcast boundary, the MBL depth is almost the same in the two regions, and increases in concert over the 12 h period between the flights. Since turbulent intensity, and presumably entrainment rate, in the overcast cloud layer is much stronger than in the POC, this implies differences in subsidence rate at the top of the MBL that are likely caused by compensating circulation above the top of the MBL.

AbstractIt is now well accepted that to better understand the coupling between the atmosphere and the ocean, and improve coupled ocean–atmosphere models, surface wave processes need to be taken into account. Here, properties of the directional distributions of the surface wave field across the equilibrium and saturation ranges are investigated from airborne lidar data collected during the ONR Southern California 2013 (SoCal2013) experiment, conducted off the coast of Southern California in November 2013. During the field effort, detailed characterization of the marine atmospheric boundary layer was performed from Research Platform (R/P) Floating Instrument Platform (FLIP), moored at the center of the aircraft operational domain. The wind speed ranged from approximately 1–2 to up to 11 m s−1, while the significant wave height varied from 0.8 to 2.5 m during the 10 days of data collection considered in the analysis. The directional wavenumber spectrum exhibits a clear, bimodal distribution that extends well beyond what was reported in previous studies, with the azimuthal separation between the lobes reaching ≈π for the highest wavenumbers that could be resolved: approximately 10–12 rad m−1. The results demonstrate that opposing wave components can be found in one storm system rather than requiring waves from opposing storms, with implications for ocean acoustics. With the broad wavenumber range of the directional spectra obtained from the lidar, the transition from the equilibrium to saturation ranges over a range of wind forcing conditions is found to occur for ≈ 1–2 × 10−3, where kn is the wavenumber at the upper limit of the equilibrium range, u* the friction velocity, and g the gravitational acceleration. The results are discussed in the context of Phillips’ model of the equilibrium range of wind-generated gravity waves.

Climate change induced sea-level rise (SLR) is on its increase globally. Regionally the lowlands of China, Vietnam, Bangladesh, and islands of the Malaysian, Indonesian and Philippine archipelagos are among the world’s most threatened regions. Sea-level rise has major impacts on the ecosystems and society. It threatens coastal populations, economic activities, and fragile ecosystems as mangroves, coastal salt-marches and wetlands. This paper provides a summary of the current state of knowledge of sea level-rise and its effects on both human and natural ecosystems. The focus is on coastal urban areas and low lying deltas in South-East Asia and Vietnam, as one of the most threatened areas in the world. About 3 mm per year reflects the growing consensus on the average SLR worldwide. The trend speeds up during recent decades. The figures are subject to local, temporal and methodological variation. In Vietnam the average values of 3.3 mm per year during the 1993-2014 period are above the worldwide average. Although a basic conceptual understanding exists that the increasing global frequency of the strongest tropical cyclones is related with the increasing temperature and SLR, this relationship is insufficiently understood. Moreover the precise, complex environmental, economic, social, and health impacts are currently unclear. SLR, storms and changing precipitation patterns increase flood risks, in particular in urban areas. Part of the current scientific debate is on how urban agglomeration can be made more resilient to flood risks. Where originally mainly technical interventions dominated this discussion, it becomes increasingly clear that proactive special planning, flood defense, flood risk mitigation, flood preparation, and flood recovery are important, but costly instruments. Next to the main focus on SLR and its effects on resilience, the paper reviews main SLR associated impacts: Floods and inundation, salinization, shoreline change, and effects on mangroves and wetlands. The hazards of SLR related floods increase fastest in urban areas. This is related with both the increasing surface major cities are expected to occupy during the decades to come and the increasing coastal population. In particular Asia and its megacities in the southern part of the continent are increasingly at risk. The discussion points to complexity, inter-disciplinarity, and the related uncertainty, as core characteristics. An integrated combination of mitigation, adaptation and resilience measures is currently considered as the most indicated way to resist SLR today and in the near future.References Aerts J.C.J.H., Hassan A., Savenije H.H.G., Khan M.F., 2000. Using GIS tools and rapid assessment techniques for determining salt intrusion: Stream a river basin management instrument. 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Modeling uncertainties in the input parameters of computer simulations is an established way to account for inevitably limited knowledge. To overcome long run-times and high demand for computational resources, a surrogate model can replace the original simulation. We use spatially adaptive sparse grids for the creation of this surrogate model. Sparse grids are a discretization scheme designed to mitigate the curse of dimensionality, and spatial adaptivity further decreases the necessary number of expensive simulations. We combine this with B-spline basis functions which provide gradients and are exactly integrable. We demonstrate the capability of this uncertainty quantification approach for a simulation of the Hokkaido Nansei–Oki Tsunami with anuga. We develop a better understanding of the tsunami behavior by calculating key quantities such as mean, percentiles and maximum run-up. We compare our approach to the popular Dakota toolbox and reach slightly better results for all quantities of interest. References B. M. Adams, M. S. Ebeida, et al. Dakota. Sandia Technical Report, SAND2014-4633, Version 6.11 User’s Manual, July 2014. 2019. https://dakota.sandia.gov/content/manuals. J. H. S. de Baar and S. G. Roberts. Multifidelity sparse-grid-based uncertainty quantification for the Hokkaido Nansei–Oki tsunami. Pure Appl. Geophys. 174 (2017), pp. 3107–3121. doi: 10.1007/s00024-017-1606-y. H.-J. Bungartz and M. Griebel. Sparse grids. Acta Numer. 13 (2004), pp. 147–269. doi: 10.1017/S0962492904000182. M. Eldred and J. Burkardt. Comparison of non-intrusive polynomial chaos and stochastic collocation methods for uncertainty quantification. 47th AIAA. 2009. doi: 10.2514/6.2009-976. K. Höllig and J. Hörner. Approximation and modeling with B-splines. Philadelphia: SIAM, 2013. doi: 10.1137/1.9781611972955. M. Matsuyama and H. Tanaka. An experimental study of the highest run-up height in the 1993 Hokkaido Nansei–Oki earthquake tsunami. National Tsunami Hazard Mitigation Program Review and International Tsunami Symposium (ITS). 2001. O. Nielsen, S. Roberts, D. Gray, A. McPherson, and A. Hitchman. Hydrodymamic modelling of coastal inundation. MODSIM 2005. 2005, pp. 518–523. https://www.mssanz.org.au/modsim05/papers/nielsen.pdf. J. Nocedal and S. J. Wright. Numerical optimization. Springer, 2006. doi: 10.1007/978-0-387-40065-5. D. Pflüger. Spatially Adaptive Sparse Grids for High-Dimensional Problems. Dr. rer. nat., Technische Universität München, Aug. 2010. https://www5.in.tum.de/pub/pflueger10spatially.pdf. M. F. Rehme, F. Franzelin, and D. Pflüger. B-splines on sparse grids for surrogates in uncertainty quantification. Reliab. Eng. Sys. Saf. 209 (2021), p. 107430. doi: 10.1016/j.ress.2021.107430. M. F. Rehme and D. Pflüger. Stochastic collocation with hierarchical extended B-splines on Sparse Grids. Approximation Theory XVI, AT 2019. Springer Proc. Math. Stats. Vol. 336. Springer, 2020. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-57464-2_12. S Roberts, O. Nielsen, D. Gray, J. Sexton, and G. Davies. ANUGA. Geoscience Australia. 2015. doi: 10.13140/RG.2.2.12401.99686. I. J. Schoenberg and A. Whitney. On Pólya frequence functions. III. The positivity of translation determinants with an application to the interpolation problem by spline curves. Trans. Am. Math. Soc. 74.2 (1953), pp. 246–259. doi: 10.2307/1990881. W. Sickel and T. Ullrich. Spline interpolation on sparse grids. Appl. Anal. 90.3–4 (2011), pp. 337–383. doi: 10.1080/00036811.2010.495336. C. E. Synolakis, E. N. Bernard, V. V. Titov, U. Kânoğlu, and F. I. González. Standards, criteria, and procedures for NOAA evaluation of tsunami numerical models. NOAA/Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory. 2007. https://nctr.pmel.noaa.gov/benchmark/. J. Valentin and D. Pflüger. Hierarchical gradient-based optimization with B-splines on sparse grids. Sparse Grids and Applications—Stuttgart 2014. Lecture Notes in Computational Science and Engineering. Vol. 109. Springer, 2016, pp. 315–336. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-28262-6_13. D. Xiu and G. E. Karniadakis. The Wiener–Askey polynomial chaos for stochastic differential equations. SIAM J. Sci. Comput. 24.2 (2002), pp. 619–644. doi: 10.1137/S1064827501387826.

The critical roles of the Higher Education Institutions (HEI) towards the achievement of sustainable development signifies the need to implement Education for Sustainable Development (ESD). Opportunities in applying ESD can be accomplished in different dimensions of the school to pursue the worldwide acceptance of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). This formed a question for San Beda University (SBU) to describe its practices and programs towards the achievement of ESD. In this study, the community extension and citizenship education of San Beda University were specifically examined in its Community Engagement Center (CEC) and National Service Training Program (NSTP). The study employed a framework on the Priority Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) of SBU and selected key features and strategies of ESD. After a critical assessment of the procedures, teaching methods, documents, and interviews, the results of the study identified the practices and programs including specific teaching activities. The results illustrate the level by which SBU utilizes SDGs towards sustainability. The conclusion provided recommendations to encourage increasing the commitment of SBU in integrating SDGs in instruction, research, and extension. The study is significant in providing a preliminary assessment of the level of SBU engagement towards SDGs. It demonstrated the actions of how a university implements sustainable development. The study intends to contribute to the continuous implementation of ESD and improve the SDG performance of SBU as institutional change agent.ReferencesAlbareda-Tiana, S., Vidal-Raméntol, S., and Fernández-Morilla, M. (2018). Implementing the sustainable development goals at university level. International Journal of Sustainability in Higher Education. 19(3), 473-497. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJSHE-05-2017-0069Balanay, R.M. & Halog, A. (2016). Teaching education for sustainable development at university level: A case study from the Philippines. Teaching Education for Sustainable Development at University Level. World Sustainability Series. 1, 163-174, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-32928-4_11Community Engagement Center (CEC) – SBU. (2016). Institute of Community Involvement Center Manual of Operations. Unpublished manuscript. San Beda University, Manila.Dela Serna, A. (2018). Teaching sustainable development in the Philippines: Looking through the lens of education for sustainable development (esd). ASEAN Conference on Education. p. 841 – 851. http://www.pbic.tu.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/2018-Aceproceedings.pdfKates, R., Parris, T., and Leiserowitz, A. (2005). What Is Sustainable Development? Goals, Indicators, Values, and Practice. http://www.heldref.org/env.phpKopnina, H. (2017). Teaching sustainable development goals in The Netherlands: A critical approach. Environmental Education Research. 24(9), 1268–1283. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13504622.2017.1303819?needAccess=trueLabuguen, F., Ramos, A., Placer, R., Vidal CJ., Moralde, R.P., & Rendorio, E. (2012). Understanding the national service training program: A modular worktext for nstp1. Mutya Publishing House, Inc.Labuguen, F., Ramos, A., Placer, R., Vidal CJ., Moralde, R.P., & Rendorio, E. (2019). NSTP2: Understanding the national service training program. Mutya Publishing House, Inc.Leal Filho, W., Shiel, C., Paço A., Mifsud, M., Veiga Ávila, L., Londero Brandli L., Molthan-Hill, P., Pace, P., Azeiteiro, U., Ruiz Vargas, V., & Caeiro, S. (2019). Sustainable development goals and sustainability teaching at universities: Falling behind or getting ahead of the pack? Journal of Cleaner Production. 232, 285-294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.309.National Economic and Development Authority. (2019). The 2019 voluntary national review of the Philippines. https://sustainabledevelopment.un.org/content/documents/23366Voluntary_National_Review_2019_Philippines.pdfSan Beda University. (2014). College of Arts and Sciences Course catalogue 2014 – 2015. Unpublished manuscript.San Beda University. (2019). College of Arts and Science Course syllabus 2019 – 2020: National service training program-civic welfare training services I. Unpublished manuscript.Sustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN). (2015). Indicators and a monitoring framework for the sustainable development goals. Launching a data revolution. https://irp-cdn.multiscreensite.com/be6d1d56/files/uploaded/150612-FINAL-SDSN-Indicator-Report-Executive-Summary.pdfSustainable Development Solutions Network (SDSN). (2017). Getting started with SDGs in universities: A guide for universities, higher education institutions, and the Academic Sector. (Australia, New Zealand and Pacific Edition). Sustainable Development Solutions Network, http://ap-unsdsn.org/wp-content/uploads/University-SDG-Guide_web.pdf.United Nations (UN). (2015). Transforming our world: the 2030 agenda for sustainable development. https://www.un.org/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/70/1&Lang=EUnited Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2005). United nations decade of education for sustainable development (2005-2014): International implementation scheme DRAFT. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000139023 United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO). (2017). Education for sustainable development goals: Learning objectives. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000247444.locale=en

Hkkjr esa xzh"edkyhu ekulwu ds nkSjku flukWfIVd vkSj mi&ekSleh mrkj p<+koksa dks le>us ds fy, o"kZ 2011 esa egk}hih; m".kdfVca/kh; vfHklj.k {ks= ¼lh-Vh-lh-tsM-½ ds uke ls Hkkjrh; ok;qeaMyh;&leqnzh foKku leqnk; us ,d QhYM dk;Zdze vk;ksftr fd;kA bl dk;Zdze dk ,d mís'; ekulwu ds flukWfIVd vkSj varjk&ekSleh mrkj&p<+koksa ls lacaf/kr c`greku ifjlapj.k ds dzfed fodkl ds ckjs esa tkudkjh izkIr djuk Hkh jgk gSA bl 'kks/k i= esa ekulwu 2011 ds le; cM+s iSekus ij gq, mrkj&Pk<+koksa ds ckjs esa Hkh crk;k x;k gSA o"kZ 2011 esa ekuwlu esa ekSle dh yxHkx lkekU; o"kkZ gqbZ rFkkfi mi&ekSleh eku ij twu ekg esa vPNh o"kkZ gqbZ] rRi'pkr tqykbZ ekg esa de o"kkZ gqbZ vksj fQj vxLr ekg ds vkjaHk ls ysdj flracj ekg ds var rd fQj ls vPNh o"kkZ gqbZA ekSle ds iwokZ)Z esa djhc&djhc U;wVªy yk&fuuk fLFkfr;k¡ cuhA rFkkfi vxLr ekg ls ysdj flracj ekg ds var rd Hkwe/;js[kh; iwohZ iz'kkar egklkxj esa leqnz lrg rkieku ¼,l-,l-Vh-½ lkekU; ls de ¼yk&fuuk fLFkfr;k¡½ esa ifjofrZr gks x,A gkykafd xaxk ds eSnkuh Hkkxksa esa fuEu {kksHkeaMy ij leqnz dh rjQ ls vkus okyh ok;q dk izokg cuk] ij iwjh _rq esa ok;q foy; yksM lkekU; ls cgqr de cus jgsA bl 'kks/k i= esa flukWfIVd ds fofHkUu igyq] iz'kkar egklkxj esa ,l-,l-Vh ds lqnwj izHkko ls lacaf/kr ekulwu ds miekSleh mrkj&p<+koksa rFkk Hkkjrh; leqnzh f}/zkqo ¼vkbZ-vks-Mh-½ ds LFkkuh; izHkko ij fopkj&foe'kZ fd;k x;kA blds lkFk&lkFk izpkyukRed lkaf[;dh; ekSle izkxqfDr ¼,u-MCY;w-ih-½ fun'kksZa] ;wjksih; e/; vof/k ekSle iwokZuqeku dsUnz ¼bZ-lh-,e-MCY;w-,Q-½] HkweaMyh; iwokZuqeku iz.kkyh ¼th-,Q-,l-½ vkSj ekSle vuqla/kku vkSj iwokZuqeku ¼MCY;w-vkj-,Q-½ ds fu"iknu ij Hkh fopkj&foe'kZ fd;k x;kA lh-Vh-lh-tsM- vkadM+ksa dk mi;ksx djrs gq, ekulwu 2011 ds fu"iknu ds vk/kj ij vkxs fd, tkus okys vuqla/kku ds dbZ {ks=ksa ds fo"k; esa Hkh lq>ko j[ks x,A Indian atmosphere-ocean science community organised a field programme known as Continental Tropical Convergence Zone (CTCZ) during 2011 to understand the synoptic and sub-seasonal fluctuations of summer monsoon over India. One of the objectives of the programme was to understand the evolution of the large scale circulation in relation to synoptic & intra-seasonal fluctuations of the monsoon. The paper addresses the large scale fluctuations of Monsoon-2011. The Monsoon-2011 performed very close to the normal rainfall of the season. However, on the sub-seasonal scale its performance was good during June, became deficient during July and it recovered from the beginning of August to the end of September. The early part of the season was accompanied by near neutral La-Nina conditions. However, sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the Equatorial Eastern Pacific Ocean shifted to below normal (La-Nina conditions) from August to the end of September. As the Gangetic Plain was swept by marine origin air stream in the lower troposphere, the aerosol load remained much below the normal during the entire season. The paper discusses different aspect of synoptic, sub-seasonal fluctuations of monsoon in relation to remote forcing of the SSTs in the Pacific and the local forcing of the Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD). Also the performance of the operational numerical weather prediction (NWP) models: European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF), Global Forecast System (GFS) and Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) is discussed. Several areas of further research using CTCZ data are also suggested based on the performance of the Monsoon-2011.

Abstract A study of seafloor and island stations shows that for the frequency band 0.1 to 10 Hz the seismic noise levels on islands are comparable to the levels on the seafloor. The microseism peak at the seafloor appears to be comparable to the highest levels observed on small islands. For this band, seafloor stations are realistic alternatives when island sites are not available. Seven year averages of the ambient noise levels recorded by Seismic Research Observatory (SRO) stations on three islands (Guam [GUMO], Taiwan [TATO], and New Zealand's north island [SNZO]) are compared with those recorded by the International Deployment of Accelerometers (IDA) station on Easter Island and on and beneath the ocean floor by Ocean Bottom Seismometers (OBSs) and the Marine Seismic System (MSS) deployed in a south Pacific DSDP drill hole at 23.8°S., 165.5°W (Adair et al., 1986). From 0.3 to 2 Hz the SRO displacement power levels fall in the range historically observed by the Scripps' OBSs (decreasing at 70 dB/decade from 1 by 106 nm2/Hz at 0.3 Hz to 1 nm2/Hz at 2 Hz) and are 10 to 15 dB above MSS levels. Above 2 Hz it appears that the same ratios hold (the SRO power levels decrease at 70 dB/decade to 1 by 10−3 nm2/Hz at a frequency of 10 Hz), although this correlation is based on very limited, high gain, short-period data. At frequencies below 0.3 Hz the SRO noise levels peak and decrease to approximately 2 by 103 nm2/Hz at 40 mHz. The noise levels recorded at Easter Island are somewhat higher (decreasing at 70 dB/decade from 1 by 107 nm2/Hz at 0.2 Hz to 1 nm2/Hz at 10 Hz and to 1 by 105 nm2/Hz at 50 mHz). At the microseism peak near 0.2 Hz the MSS levels are from 15 to 20 dB higher than observed by the SRO stations and equivalent to those recorded at Easter Island. There appears to be little dependence of the variance in noise level estimates on frequency. The upper 95 per cent confidence limit generally lies 10 dB above the average noise levels for all island stations. All island noise level curves are dominated by the broad double-frequency microseism peak centered between 0.15 to 0.2 Hz. The single-frequency peak ranges from absent (Easter Island) to discernable (Guam and New Zealand) to obvious (at Taiwan). The center frequency of this peak ranges from 0.07 Hz at Guam and New Zealand to 0.1 Hz at Taiwan. We speculate that the increased amplitude and frequency of the single-frequency microseism peak is due to the interaction between the shallow continental shelf and surface gravity waves and/or the presence of Taiwan in a region of limited fetch.

ABSTRACT The stability of Islamic finance has made many researchers interested in discussing Islamic finance. Sukuk is included in one of the widely published areas of Islamic finance, making it a topic of discussion in several scholarly forums. This study used the Scopus database, where there were 2,128 articles related to sukuk in the Scopus web in 2011-2021, but only 108 articles were included in the criteria and used as a research sample using bibliometric methods and SLR to obtain results related to publication activities, popular topics, research trends, and recommendations for research directions related to sukuk. In the bibliometric analysis method with the help of biblioshiny applications and SLR analysis by reviewing each article and grouping research topics. The results showed that sukuk related publication articles were spread in several countries that were not restricted. Malaysia is the country with the most publications related to sukuk, and most often conducts research collaborations in both Multiple Country Collaboration (MPC) and Single Country Collaboration (SCP). The results of SLR analysis have four themes that are most discussed in research related to sukuk, so researchers provide recommendations for further research directions that can be used by researchers in the future, such as adding research using qualitative methods or discussing the impact of sukuk performance in real terms not only from secondary data. Keywords: Bibliometric, Islamic Bond, Sukuk, Systematic Literature Review (SLR). ABSTRAK Stabilnya Keuangan Islami menjadikan banyak peneliti yang tertarik membahas Keuangan Islami. Sukuk termasuk dalam salah satu sektor Keuangan Islami yang banyak diterbitkan sehingga menjadikan sukuk sebagai topik bahasan diskusi dalam beberapa forum ilmiah. Penelitian ini menggunakan database scopus dimana terdapat 2.128 artikel terkait sukuk pada tahun 2011-2021 dalam web scopus, akan tetapi hanya 108 artikel yang masuk dalam kriteria dan dijadikan sampel penelitian dengan menggunakan metode bibliometrik dan SLR untuk mendapatkan hasil terkait aktivitas publikasi, tema popular, tren penelitian dan rekomendasi arah penelitian terkait sukuk. Pada metode bibliometrik analisis menggunakan bantuan aplikasi biblioshiny dan analisis SLR dengan melakukan review setiap artikel dan mengelompokkan tema penelitian. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan artikel publikasi terkait sukuk tersebar di beberapa negara yang tidak dibatasi. Malaysia merupakan negara dengan publikasi terbanyak terkait sukuk dan paling sering melakukan kolaborasi penelitian baik secara Multiple Country Collaboration (MPC) dan Single Country Collaboration (SCP). Hasil analisis SLR terdapat empat tema yang paling banyak dibahas dalam penelitian terkait sukuk, sehingga peneliti memberikan rekomendasi arah penelitian selanjutnya yang dapat digunakan oleh peneliti selanjutnya dengan menambah penelitian menggunakan metode kualitatif atau membahas dampak kinerja sukuk secara real bukan hanya dari data sekunder. Kata Kunci: Bibliometric, Islamic Bond, Sukuk, Systematic Literature Review (SLR). REFFERENCES Ahmad, A. U. F., Muneeza, A., Farooq, M. O., & Hasan, R. (2018). Post-default sukuk restructuring: an appraisal of shari’ah issues. In Hassan, M.K. and Rashid, M. (Ed.) Management of Islamic Finance: Principle, Practice, and Performance (pp. 113–128). Bingley: Emerald Publishing Limited Al Fathan, R., & Arundina, T. (2019). Finance-growth nexus: Islamic finance development in Indonesia. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 12(5), 698–711. doi:10.1108/IMEFM-09-2018-0285 Al Madani, H., Alotaibi, K. O., & Alhammadi, S. (2020). The role of Sukuk in achieving sustainable development: Evidence from the Islamic Development Bank. Banks and Bank Systems, 15(4), 36–48. doi:10.21511/bbs.15(4).2020.04 Ashraf, D., Rizwan, M. S., & Azmat, S. (2020). Not one but three decisions in sukuk issuance: Understanding the role of ownership and governance. Pacific Basin Finance Journal, 69. doi:10.1016/j.pacfin.2020.101423 Aziz, S., Ashraf, D., & El-Khatib, R. (2021). Societal trust and Sukuk activity. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 74. doi:10.1016/j.intfin.2021.101384 Bahoo, S. (2020). Corruption in banks: A bibliometric review and agenda. Finance Research Letters, 35. doi:10.1016/j.frl.2020.101499 Baker, H. K., Kumar, S., & Pandey, N. (2019). Thirty years of the Global Finance Journal: A bibliometric analysis. Global Finance Journal, 47. doi:10.1016/j.gfj.2019.100492 Baker, H. K., Kumar, S., & Pattnaik, D. (2020). 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Comic media is one of the learning media that can contain messages and information about various knowledge, experiences, and events in a complete, interesting, and meaningful way. The contents of these stories can also accommodate a variety of learning content such as science, technology, engineering, art, and mathematics known as STEAM content (Science, Technology, Engineering, Art, and Math). This study aims to obtain information on teachers' understanding of the project learning model and STEAM content used in ECE units. Based on survey research and case studies, this research involved 34 ECE teacher participants representing teachers in the Seribu Islands district, DKI Jakarta. Data collection was carried out using a Google form questionnaire, participatory observation, focused discussions, and document analysis. The research produced several findings, first, comic media is very effective and interesting to provide an overview of STEAM project activities and content for ECE units. Second, learning projects containing STEAM content can be designed through learning tools and teaching modules based on maritime themes. Third, project learning with STEAM content can be one of the characteristics of the implementation of the independent curriculum in ECE units. Finally, the use of comic media in project learning with STEAM content can increase early childhood maritime cultural literacy. It is hoped that the use of comic media will help ECE educators in the Seribu Islands Regency improve their understanding of maritime cultural literacy in early childhood. Keywords: teacher's understanding, ECE steam content, children's comics References: Almulla, M. A. (2020). The Effectiveness of the Project-Based Learning (PBL) Approach as a Way to Engage Students in Learning. SAGE Open, 10(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020938702 Asghar, A., Ellington, R., Rice, E., Johnson, F., & Prime, G. M. (2012). Supporting STEM Education in Secondary Science Contexts. Interdisciplinary Journal of Problem-Based Learning, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.7771/1541-5015.1349 Bagiati, A., & Evangelou, D. (2015). Engineering curriculum in the preschool classroom: The teacher’s experience. European Early Childhood Education Research Journal, 23(1), 112–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/1350293X.2014.991099 Brown, R., Brown, J., Reardon, K., & Merrill, C. (2011). Understanding STEM: Current Perceptions. Technology and Engineering Teacher. Chen, Y.-L., Huang, L.-F., & Wu, P.-C. (2021). Preservice Preschool Teachers’ Self-efficacy in and Need for STEM Education Professional Development: STEM Pedagogical Belief as a Mediator. Early Childhood Education Journal, 49(2), 137–147. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-020-01055-3 Connor, A. M., Karmokar, S., & Whittington, C. (2015). From STEM to STEAM: Strategies for Enhancing Engineering & Technology Education. International Journal of Engineering Pedagogy (IJEP), 5(2), 37. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijep.v5i2.4458 DeJarnette, N. K. (2018). Implementing STEAM in the Early Childhood Classroom. European Journal of STEM Education, 3(3), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.20897/ejsteme/3878 EL-Deghaidy, H., Mansour, N., Alzaghibi, M., & Alhammad, K. (2017). Context of STEM Integration in Schools: Views from In-service Science Teachers. EURASIA Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(6). https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2017.01235a Farida, N., & Rasyid, H. (2019). The Effectiveness of Project-based Learning Approach to Social Development of Early Childhood. 296(Icsie 2018), 369–372. https://doi.org/10.2991/icsie-18.2019.67 Garba, S. A., Byabazaire, Y., & Busthami, A. H. (2015). Toward the use of 21stcentury teaching-learning approaches: The trend of development in Malaysian schools within the context of Asia Pacific. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 10(4), 72–79. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v10i4.4717 Gartrell, D. (2016). Developmentally Appropriate STEM: It’s STREAM! www.ChildCareExchange.com Gebbie, D. H., Ceglowski, D., Taylor, L. K., & Miels, J. (2012). The Role of Teacher Efficacy in Strengthening Classroom Support for Preschool Children with Disabilities Who Exhibit Challenging Behaviors. Early Childhood Education Journal, 40(1), 35–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-011-0486-5 Hapidin, ., Dhieni, N., & Pujianti, Y. (2020). Transformative Education Perspective: The Maritime Cultural Literacy of the Society Kepulauan Seribu, Dki Jakarta, Indonesia. 168–174. https://doi.org/10.5220/0008996001680174 Hapidin, Nurjannah, & Hartati, S. (2018). Pengembangan Model Pembelajaran Tematik Integratif berbasis proyek dalam menerapkan pendidikan kelautan pada anak di Kepulauan Seribu. Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini, 12(1), 51–65. https://doi.org/10.21009/JPUD.121 Hapidin, Nurjannah, S. H. (Universitas N. J. (2018). PENGEMBANGAN MODEL PEMBELAJARAN TEMATIK SERIBU. Pendidikan Usia Dini, 12(Marine Education), 51–65. https://doi.org/10.21009/JPUD.121 Herro, D., & Quigley, C. (2017). Exploring teachers’ perceptions of STEAM teaching through professional development: Implications for teacher educators. Professional Development in Education, 43(3), 416–438. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2016.1205507 Horrace, R. (2021). STREAM into Online Play Groups How Children Adapt to Play in a Rapidly Digitized World. International Journal of the Whole Child, 6(1). https://libjournals.mtsu.edu/index.php/ijwc/article/view/2048 Ismuwardani, Z., Nuryatin, A., & Doyin, M. (2018). Implementation of Project Based Learning Model to Increased Creativity and Self-Reliance of Students on Poetry Writing Skills. Journal of Primary Education, 8(1), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpe.v8i1.25229 Jamil, F. M., Linder, S. M., & Stegelin, D. A. (2018). Early Childhood Teacher Beliefs About STEAM Education After a Professional Development Conference. Early Childhood Education Journal, 46(4), 409–417. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10643-017-0875-5 Kim, H., Sefcik, J. S., & Bradway, C. (2017). Characteristics of Qualitative Descriptive Studies: A Systematic Review. Research in Nursing & Health, 40(1), 23–42. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.21768 Lampe, M. (2012). Bugis–Makassar seamanship and reproduction of maritime cultural values in Indonesia. Jurnal Humaniora, 24(2), 121–132. Maiorca, C., Roberts, T., Jackson, C., Bush, S., Delaney, A., Mohr-Schroeder, M. J., & Soledad, S. Y. (2021). Informal Learning Environments and Impact on Interest in STEM Careers. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 19(1), 45–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-019-10038-9 Margot, K. C., & Kettler, T. (2019). Teachers’ perception of STEM integration and education: A systematic literature review. International Journal of STEM Education, 6(1), 2. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-018-0151-2 Mengmeng, Z., Xiantong, Y., & Xinghua, W. (2019). Construction of STEAM Curriculum Model and Case Design in Kindergarten. American Journal of Educational Research, 7(7), 485–490. https://doi.org/10.12691/education-7-7-8 Prameswari, T., & Anik Lestariningrum. (2020). Strategi Pembelajaran Berbasis STEAM Dengan Bermain Loose Parts Untuk Pencapaian Keterampilan 4c Pada Anak Usia 4-5 Tahun. Efektor, 7(1), 24–34. https://doi.org/10.29407/e.v7i2.14387 Quigley, C. F., Herro, D., & Jamil, F. M. (2017). Developing a Conceptual Model of STEAM Teaching Practices. School Science and Mathematics, 117(1–2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1111/ssm.12201 Relevansi, U. D. A. N., & Ahmad, T. A. (2017). Urgensi Dan Relevansi Pembelajaran Sejarah Maritim Untuk Wilayah Pedalaman. Paramita: Historical Studies Journal, 27(1), 113–126. https://doi.org/10.15294/paramita.v27i1.9190 Sharapan, H. B. (2012). From STEM to STEAM: How Early Childhood Educators Can Apply Fred Rogers’ Approach. Young Children, 67, 36–40. Shernoff, D. J., Sinha, S., Bressler, D. M., & Ginsburg, L. (2017). Assessing teacher education and professional development needs for the implementation of integrated approaches to STEM education. International Journal of STEM Education, 4(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40594-017-0068-1 Simoncini, K., & Lasen, M. (2018). Ideas About STEM Among Australian Early Childhood Professionals: How Important is STEM in Early Childhood Education? International Journal of Early Childhood, 50(3), 353–369. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-018-0229-5 Smith, K. L., Rayfield, J., & McKim, B. R. (2015). Effective Practices in STEM Integration: Describing Teacher Perceptions and Instructional Method Use. Journal of Agricultural Education, 56(4), 182–201. https://doi.org/10.5032/jae.2015.04183 Srikoom, W., Hanuscin, D. L., & Faikhamta, C. (2017). Perceptions of in-service teachers toward teaching STEM in Thailand. Asia-Pacific Forum on Science Learning and Teaching, 18(2). Wahyuningsih, S., Nurjanah, N. E., Rasmani, U. E. E., Hafidah, R., Pudyaningtyas, A. R., & Syamsuddin, M. M. (2020). STEAM Learning in Early Childhood Education: A Literature Review. International Journal of Pedagogy and Teacher Education, 4(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.20961/ijpte.v4i1.39855

Abstract The Lone Tree deposit is located in the northern Battle Mountain mining district, Nevada. Prior to mine closure in 2006, Santa Fe Pacific Gold and Newmont produced 4.2 Moz of gold at an average grade of 2.06 g/t at Lone Tree, primarily from the N-S– to NNW-SSE–striking Wayne zone. The ore is located between the Roberts Mountain and Golconda thrusts in siliciclastic rocks of the Ordovician Valmy Formation and in the Pennsylvanian-Permian Battle Mountain and Edna Mountain Formations, and above the Golconda thrust in siliciclastic and carbonate rocks of the Mississippian to Permian Havallah sequence. Ore is also hosted by rhyolitic dikes that were emplaced at 40.95 ± 0.06 Ma based on zircon U-Pb chemical abrasion-thermal ionization mass spectrometry. The gold is associated with sericitic and argillic alteration of the siliciclastic rocks and dikes and with decarbonatization and Fe carbonate alteration of the carbonate-bearing units, as well as in Fe-As sulfide and finegrained quartz alteration of all rock types. Oxidation affects 30 to 45% of the deposit, penetrating into the stratigraphy along numerous steeply dipping north-south, east-west, and north-northeast–south-southwest structures. Gold is positively correlated with Ag, As, Hg, and Sb. The highest Au grades occur in quartz-sulfide ore hosted in siliciclastic and carbonate sedimentary rocks and rhyolitic intrusions. In this ore style, fine-grained quartz and sericite are intergrown with disseminated sulfide minerals (quartz-sericite-pyrite alteration), constituting cores of weakly mineralized pyrite or marcasite, which are surrounded by fuzzy arsenopyrite rims that contain up to ~2,000 ppm Au. Low gold grades occur in late-stage banded pyrite breccias consisting of a finely zoned Au-poor pyrite matrix surrounding jigsaw-fit clasts of quartz-, illite-, barite-, and adularia-altered siliciclastic rock. The timing of main-stage mineralization is bracketed between the emplacement of the dikes and an adularia 40Ar/39Ar age of 40.14 ± 0.74 Ma. Sericite intergrown with arsenopyrite-rimmed pyrite in phenocrysts of the rhyolite dikes gave δ18O values of 1.6 to 9.5‰ and δD values of –105 to –145‰. For temperatures of 300 ± 100°C, the calculated fluid isotopic compositions are consistent with felsic magmatic water and minor modifications by mixing with meteoric water and exchange with wall rocks. In the silica-sulfide ore, in situ isotopic laser ablation-multicollector-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-MC-ICP-MS) analyses of pyrite cores yielded δ34S values ranging from 3.4 to 7.7‰, with average values of 5.6‰ in the felsic dikes, 4.5‰ in the siliciclastic rocks, and 5.3‰ in the carbonate rocks. These values match conventional pyrite δ34S data reported for Eocene porphyry systems elsewhere in the district. Nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry analyses show that gold and associated trace elements occur in submicron-scale zones within arsenopyrite rims on pyrite. The average δ34S values of the arsenopyrite rims are 5.3 to 6.5‰ heavier than the pyrite cores, indicating cooling and an increasing H2S/SO2 ratio. The highest grades resulted from episodic pulses of a gold-rich fluid that was partly derived from, or exchanged with, the sedimentary host rocks. In situ LA-MC-ICP-MS δ34S values for the late-stage banded pyrite breccia become progressively lighter from veinlet margin to center, reaching a low of –32‰. These veinlets indicate a shift from main-stage quartz-sericite-pyrite and intermediate argillic alteration to more neutral pH and oxidizing conditions during late-stage mineralization, indicating either increasing interaction between the fluid and sedimentary sulfur sources in the host-rock package or bacterial sulfate reduction and supergene sulfide precipitation.

One of the most important areas of mathematics education that must be developed from a young age is geometry. Various studies state that arithmetic, geometry, and measurement are three mathematical disciplines that must be prioritized in early childhood education. This research aims to determine the effect of the Somatic, Auditory, Visual, and Intellectual (SAVI) learning model on the geometric abilities of children aged 5-6 years. This research uses a pre-experimental experimental method with a one-group pretest-posttest design. The sample in this study was 18 children aged 5-6 years old Harapan Bunda Kindergarten Pancung Sol Pesisir Selatan. Data collection was obtained from observation and documentation, then the data was analyzed using paired sample tests. The results obtained in this research are that the SAVI model can improve the geometric abilities of children aged 5-6 years. This is known from the results of the paired sample t-test, which obtained a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05, which means Ho is rejected and Ha is accepted so that children's initial mathematical abilities, geometry, increase through the SAVI learning model. Children may become actively involved in their education with the help of the SAVI learning model, particularly when it comes to teaching them geometric forms. Because the teacher may utilize real items to aid in learning, children can recognize and retain the geometric forms around them as they grow older. Keywords: SAVI learning model, geometry ability, early childhood References: Alfiani, D. A. (2016). Penerapan Model Pembelajaran SAVI (Somatis, Auditori, Visual, Intelektual) Terhadap Hasil Belajar Aanak Usia Dini. Jurnal Pendidikan Anak, 2(1), 1-15. https://www.syekhnurjati.ac.id/jurnal/index.php/awlady/article/view/763 Amineh, R. J., & Asl, H. D. (2015). Review Of Constructivism And Social Constructivism. 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Study of petrological and geochemical characteristics of mantle peridotite xenoliths in Pliocene alkaline basalt in Nghia Dan (West Nghe An) was carried out. Rock-forming clinopyroxenes, the major trace element containers, were separated from the xenoliths to analyze for major, trace element and Sr-Nd isotopic compositions. The data were interpreted for source geochemical characteristics and geodynamic processes of the lithospheric mantle beneath the region. The peridotite xenoliths being mostly spinel-lherzolites in composition, are residual entities having been produced following partial melting events of ultramafic rocks in the asthenosphere. They are depleted in trace element abundance and Sr-Nd isotopic composition. Some are even more depleted as compared to mid-ocean ridge mantle xenoliths. Modelled calculation based on trace element abundances and their corresponding solid/liquid distribution coefficients showed that the Nghia Dan mantle xenoliths may be produced of melting degrees from 8 to 12%. Applying various methods for two-pyroxene temperature- pressure estimates, the Nghia Dan mantle xenoliths show ranges of crystallization temperature and pressure, respectively, of 1010-1044°C and 13-14.2 kbar, roughly about 43km. A geotherm constructed for the mantle xenoliths showed a higher geothermal gradient as compared to that of in the western Highlands (Vietnam) and a conductive model, implying a thermal perturbation under the region. The calculated Sm-Nd model ages for the clinopyroxenes yielded 127 and 122 Ma. 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Teachers have an important and primary role in the education system. The achievement of the teacher's role in education will have an impact on job satisfaction. This study aims to analyze the job satisfaction of Early Childhood Education teachers in terms of variables of technostress and work-family conflicts among teachers who are married. This study was designed with a correlational quantitative design. Data collection is done online with the assistance of Google forms-distributed throughout Indonesia. One hundred and fifty-seven teacher respondents who fit the criteria became the research sample. The data analysis technique uses hierarchical regression. The results of the analysis stated that there was a relationship between technostress and job satisfaction. The findings show that two of the five aspects of technostress that techno-overload and techno-insecurity have a negative correlation with job satisfaction, while techno-uncertainty has a positive correlation. In addition, two aspects of technostress namely techno-invasion and techno-complexity do not correlate with job satisfaction. next to the relationship between work-family conflict with job satisfaction. The findings show that one of the two aspects of work-family conflict is strain negatively correlated with job satisfaction while time and behavior do not correlate with job satisfaction. Based on the results of this study it can be concluded that early childhood teachers are more affected by their job satisfaction technostress/techno-overload compared to work-family conflict. Keywords: early childhood teacher, job satisfaction, technostress, work-family conflict References: A Suh, JL (2017). Understanding teleworkers' technostress and its influence on job satisfaction. Internet Research, 27(1), 140–159. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-06-2015-0181 1. Dwi Putranti, A., & Achmad Kurniady, D. (2013). 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Constant demand for new naval and commercial vessels has created special conditions for the Government-owned Soviet shipbuilding industry, which practically has not been affected by the world shipbuilding crisis. On the other hand, such chronic diseases of the centralized economy as lack of incentive, material shortage and poor workmanship cause specific problems for ship construction. Being technically and financially unable to rapidly improve the overall technology level and performance of the entire industry, the Soviets concentrate their efforts on certain important areas and have achieved significant results, especially in welding and cutting titanium and aluminum alloys, modular production methods, standardization, etc. All productivity improvement efforts are supported by an army of highly educated engineers and scientists at shipyards, in multiple scientific, research and design institutions. Discussion Edwin J. Petersen, Todd Pacific Shipyards Three years ago I addressed the Ship Production Symposium as chairman of the Ship Production Committee and outlined some major factors which had contributed to the U.S. shipbuilding industry's remarkable achievements in building and maintaining the world's largest naval and merchant fleets during the five-year period starting just before World War II. The factors were as follows:There was a national commitment to get the job done. The shipbuilding industry was recognized as a needed national resource. There was a dependable workload. Standardization was extensively and effectively utilized. Shipbuilding work was effectively organized. Although these lessons appear to have been lost by our Government since World War II, the paper indicates that the Soviet Union has picked up these principles and has applied them very well to its current shipbuilding program. The paper also gives testimony to the observation that the Soviet Government recognizes the strategic and economic importance of a strong merchant fleet as well as a powerful naval fleet. In reviewing the paper, I found great similarity between the Soviet shipbuilding productivity improvement efforts and our own efforts or goals under the National Shipbuilding Research Program in the following areas:welding technology, flexible automation (robotics), application of group technology, standardization, facilities development, and education and training. In some areas, the Soviet Union appears to be well ahead of the United States in improving the shipbuilding process. Most noteworthy among these is the stable long-and medium-range planning that is possible by virtue of the use and adherence to the "Table of Vessel Classes." It will be obvious to most who hear and read these comments what a vast and significant improvement in shipbuilding costs and schedules could be achieved with a relatively dependable 15year master ship procurement plan for the U.S. naval and merchant fleets. Another area where the Soviet Union appears to lead the United States is in the integration of ship component suppliers into the shipbuilding process. This has been recognized as a vital step by the National Shipbuilding Research Program, but so far we have not made significant progress. A necessary prerequisite for this "supplier integration" is extensive standardization of ship components, yet another area in which the Soviets have achieved significantly greater progress than we have. Additional areas of Soviet advantage are the presence of a multilevel research and development infrastructure well supported by highly educated scientists, engineering and technical personnel; and better integration of formally educated engineering and technical personnel into the ship production process. In his conclusion, the author lists a number of problems facing the Soviet economy that adversely affect shipbuilding productivity. Perhaps behind this listing we can delve out some potential U.S. shipbuilding advantages. First, production systems in U.S. shipyards (with the possible exception of naval shipyards) are probably more flexible and adjustable to meet new circumstances as a consequence of not being constrained by a burdensome centralized bureaucracy, as is the case with Soviet shipyards. Next, such initiatives as the Ship Production Committee's "Human Resources Innovation" projects stand a better chance of achieving product-oriented "production team" relationship among labor, management, and technical personnel than the more rigid Soviet system, especially in view of the ability of U.S. shipyard management to offer meaningful financial incentives without the kind of bureaucratic constraints imposed in the Soviet system. Finally, the current U.S. Navy/shipbuilding industry cooperative effort to develop a common engineering database should lead to a highly integrated and disciplined ship design, construction, operation, and maintenance system for naval ships (and subsequently for commercial ships) that will ultimately restore the U.S. shipbuilding process to a leadership position in the world marketplace (additional references [16] and [17]).On that tentatively positive note, it seems fitting to close this discussion with a question: Is the author aware of any similar Soviet effort to develop an integrated computer-aided design, production and logistics support system? The author is to be congratulated on an excellent, comprehensive insight into the Soviet shipbuilding process and productivity improvement efforts that should give us all adequate cause not to be complacent in our own efforts. Peter M. Palermo, Naval Sea Systems Command The author presents an interesting paper that unfortunately leaves this reader with a number of unanswered questions. The paper is a paradox. It depicts a system consisting of a highly educated work force, advanced fabrication processes including the use of standardized hull modules, sophisticated materials and welding processes, and yet in the author's words they suffer from "low productivity, poor product quality, . . . and the rigid production systems which resists the introduction of new ideas." Is it possible that incentive, motivation, and morale play an equally significant role in achieving quality and producibility advances? Can the author discuss underlying reasons for quality problems in particular—or can we assume that the learning curves of Figs. 5 and Fig. 6 are representative of quality improvement curves? It has been my general impression that quality will improve with application of high-tech fabrication procedures, enclosed fabrication ways, availability of highly educated welding engineers on the building ways, and that productivity would improve with the implementation of modular or zone outfitting techniques coupled with the quality improvements. Can the author give his impressions of the impact of these innovations in the U.S. shipbuilding industry vis-a-vis the Soviet industry? Many of the welding processes cited in the paper are also familiar to the free world, with certain notable exceptions concerning application in Navy shipbuilding. For example, (1) electroslag welding is generally confined to single-pass welding of heavy plates; application to thinner plates—l1/4 in. and less when certified—would permit its use in more applications than heretofore. (2) Electron beam welding is generally restricted to high-technology machinery parts; vacuum chamber size restricts its use for larger components (thus it must be assumed that the Soviets have solved the vacuum chamber problem or have much larger chambers). (3) Likewise, laser welding has had limited use in U.S. shipbuilding. An interesting theme that runs throughout the paper, but is not explicitly addressed, is the quality of Soviet ship fitting. The use of high-tech welding processes and the mention of "remote controlled tooling for welding and X-ray testing the butt, and for following painting" imply significant ship fitting capabilities for fitting and positioning. This is particularly true if modules are built in one facility, outfitted and assembled elsewhere depending on the type of ship required. Any comments concerning Soviet ship fitting capabilities would be appreciated. The discussion on modular construction seems to indicate that the Soviets have a "standard hull module" that is used for different types of vessels, and if the use of these hull modules permit increasing hull length without changes to the fore and aft ends, it can be assumed that they are based on a standard structural design. That being the case, the midship structure will be overdesigned for many applications and optimally designed for very few. Recognizing that the initial additional cost for such a piece of hull structure is relatively minimal, it cannot be forgotten that the lifecycle costs for transporting unnecessary hull weight around can have significant fuel cost impacts. If I perceived the modular construction approach correctly, then I am truly intrigued concerning the methods for handling the distributive systems. In particular, during conversion when the ship is lengthened, how are the electrical, fluid, communications, and other distributive systems broken down, reassembled and tested? "Quick connect couplings" for these type systems at the module breaks is one particular area where economies can be achieved when zone construction methods become the order of the day in U.S. Navy ships. The author's comments in this regard would be most welcome. The design process as presented is somewhat different than U.S. Navy practice. In U.S. practice, Preliminary and Contract design are developed by the Navy. Detail design, the development of the working drawings, is conducted by the lead shipbuilder. While the detail design drawings can be used by follow shipbuilders, flexibility is permitted to facilitate unique shipbuilding or outfitting procedures. Even the contract drawings supplied by the Navy can be modified— upon Navy approval—to permit application of unique shipbuilder capabilities. The large number of college-trained personnel entering the Soviet shipbuilding and allied fields annually is mind-boggling. According to the author's estimation, a minimum of about 6500 college graduates—5000 of which have M.S. degrees—enter these fields each year. It would be most interesting to see a breakdown of these figures—in particular, how many naval architects and welding engineers are included in these figures? These are disciplines with relatively few personnel entering the Navy design and shipbuilding field today. For example, in 1985 in all U.S. colleges and universities, there were only 928 graduates (B.S., M.S. and Ph.D.) in marine, naval architecture and ocean engineering and only 1872 graduates in materials and metallurgy. The number of these graduates that entered the U.S. shipbuilding field is unknown. Again, the author is to be congratulated for providing a very thought-provoking paper. Frank J. Long, Win/Win Strategies This paper serves not only as a chronicle of some of the productivity improvement efforts in Soviet shipbuilding but also as an important reminder of the fruits of those efforts. While most Americans have an appreciation of the strengths of the Russian Navy, this paper serves to bring into clearer focus the Russians' entire maritime might in its naval, commercial, and fishing fleets. Indeed, no other nation on earth has a greater maritime capability. It is generally acknowledged that the Soviet Navy is the largest in the world. When considering the fact that the commercial and fishing fleets are, in many military respects, arms of the naval fleet, we can more fully appreciate how awesome Soviet maritime power truly is. The expansion of its maritime capabilities is simply another but highly significant aspect of Soviet worldwide ambitions. The development and updating of "Setka Typov Su dov" (Table of Vessel Classes), which the author describes is a classic example of the Soviet planning process. As the author states, "A mighty fishing and commercial fleet was built in accordance with a 'Setka' which was originally developed in the 1960's. And an even more impressive example is the rapid expansion of the Soviet Navy." In my opinion it is not mere coincidence that the Russians embarked on this course in the 1960's. That was the beginning of the coldest of cold war periods—Francis Gary Power's U-2 plane was downed by the Russians on May 1, 1960; the mid-May 1960 Four Power Geneva Summit was a bust; the Berlin Wall was erected in 1961 and, in 1962, we had the Cuban Missile Crisis. The United States maritime embargo capability in that crisis undoubtedly influenced the Soviet's planning process. It is a natural and normal function of a state-controlled economy with its state-controlled industries to act to bring about the controlled productivity improvement developments in exactly the key areas discussed in the author's paper. As the author states, "All innovations at Soviet shipyards have originated at two main sources:domestic development andadaptation of new ideas introduced by leading foreign yards, or most likely a combination of both. Soviet shipbuilders are very fast learners; moreover, their own experience is quite substantial." The Ship Production Committee of SNAME has organized its panels to conduct research in many of these same areas for productivity improvement purposes. For example, addressing the areas of technology and equipment are Panels SP-1 and 3, Shipbuilding Facilities and Environmental Effects, and Panel SP-7, Shipbuilding Welding. Shipbuilding methods are the province of SP-2; outfitting and production aids and engineering and scientific support are the province of SP-4, Design Production Integration. As I read through the descriptions of the processes that led to the productivity improvements, I was hoping to learn more about the organizational structure of Soviet shipyards, the managerial hierarchy and how work is organized by function or by craft in the shipyard. (I would assume that for all intents and purposes, all Russian yards are organized in the same way.) American shipyard management is wedded to the notion that American shipbuilding suffers immeasurably from a productivity standpoint because of limitations on management's ability to assign workers across craft lines. It is unlikely that this limitation exists in Soviet shipyards. If it does not, how is the unfettered right of assignment optimized? What are the tangible, measurable results? I believe it would have been helpful, also, for the author to have dedicated some of the paper to one of the most important factors in improvement in the labor-intensive shipbuilding industry—the shipyard worker. There are several references to worker problems—absenteeism, labor shortage, poor workmanship, and labor discipline. The reader is left with the impression that the Russians believe that either those are unsolvable problems or have a priority ranking significantly inferior to the organizational, technical, and design efforts discussed. As a case in point, the author devotes a complete section to engineering education and professional training but makes no mention of education or training programs for blue-collar workers. It would seem that a paper on productivity improvement efforts in Soviet shipbuilding would address this most important element. My guess is that the Russians have considerable such efforts underway and it would be beneficial for us to learn of them.

As a bio]diversity hotspot, the East Indies (Coral) Triangle possesses the highest biodiversity on the earth. However, evolutionary hypotheses around this area remain controversial; e.g., center of origin, center of accumulation, and center of overlap have been supported by different species. This study aims to answer the evolutionary influence of the Indonesian Seaway on the biodiversity of the Coral Triangle by recovering the evolutionary origins of a wide-ranging ommastrephid squid (Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis) based on integrated molecular and oceanographic clues from the Indo-Pacific. Three new clades were revealed; viz., clade I from the South China Sea, clade II from the northern East Indian Ocean, and clade III from the southern East Indian Ocean. These two Indian Ocean clades formed a monophyly closely related to clade IV from the Central-Southeast Pacific. Clade VI from the central Equatorial Pacific and clade V from the northern Eastern Pacific sit in basal positions of phylogenetic trees. Ancestral Sthenoteuthis was inferred to have originated from the Atlantic Ocean and sequentially dispersed to the northern East Pacific, central Equatorial Pacific, and West Pacific through the open Panama Seaway and being transported by westward North Equatorial Current. The East Indian Ocean was likely colonized by an ancestral population of clade IV from the Southeast Pacific. Westward South Equatorial Circulation could have promoted transoceanic migration of S. oualaniensis through the wide paleo-Indonesian Seaway. Sea level regression since the Miocene and the closure of the Indonesian Seaway at 4–3 Ma were responsible for the population genetic differentiation of S. oualaniensis in the Indo-Pacific. Therefore, the Indonesian Gateway played an important role in influencing marine organisms’ migration and population differentiation through controlling and reorganizing circulations in the Indo-Pacific.

AbstractThis paper surveys the literature on the value of current and potentially improved hurricane forecasts from the National Hurricane Center. Research on the societal impacts of hurricanes demonstrates that forecasts are likely generating substantial benefits to society in a variety of uses, including saving lives in the U. S. and across the Carribean and Eastern Pacific, reducing the cost of evacuations, improving supply chain management, and in the transportation and energy production and distribution sectors. The existing literature, however, fails generally to quantify the benefits with rigor sufficient for an academic quality benefit-cost analysis of hurricane forecasts. The paper offers several suggestions for future research to more precisely estimate the benefits attributable to current or improved forecasts.

Abstract This work investigates the impact of tropical sea surface temperature (SST) biases on the subseasonal to seasonal (S2S) precipitation forecast skill over the Contiguous United States (CONUS) in the Unified Forecast System (UFS) coupled model Prototype 6. Boreal summer (June - September) and winter (December - March) for 2011-2018 were analyzed. The impact of tropical West Pacific (WP) and tropical North Atlantic (TNA) warm SST biases is evaluated using multivariate linear regression analysis. A warm SST bias over the WP influences the CONUS precipitation remotely through a Rossby wave-train in both seasons. During boreal winter, a warm SST bias over the TNA partly affects the magnitude of the North Atlantic Subtropical High (NASH)’s center, which in the reforecasts is weaker than in reanalysis. The weaker NASH favors an enhanced moisture transport from the Gulf of Mexico, leading to increased precipitation over the southeast U. S. Compared to reanalysis, during boreal summer, the NASH’s center is also weaker and in addition, its position is displaced to the northeast. The displacement further affects the CONUS summer precipitation. The SST biases over the two tropical regions and their impact become stronger as the forecast lead increases from week 1 to 4. These tropical biases explain up to 10% of the CONUS precipitation biases on the S2S time scale.

The distribution characteristics and formation of marine anoxic conditions through the Late Ordovician–Early Silurian (O–S) remain poorly resolved despite their importance in the preservation of sedimentary organic matter and the formation of black shale. In this study, the major, trace, and pyrite δ34S (δ34Spy) contents of 36 shale samples at the edge of the southwest depocenter of the Upper Yangtze Basin (Tianlin and Changhebian sections) were analyzed to understand the redox conditions, terrigenous clastic inputs, and primary productivity changes. The iron speciation and enrichment factor of U and Mo show that the range of anoxic conditions gradually expanded from the sedimentation center to the edge during the late Katian stage, peaked in the early Hirnantian stage followed by a rapid decrease, and expanded again during the early Rhuddanian stage. Comprehensive index analysis showed that the increase of terrigenous clastic input and the relative decrease of primary productivity due to tectonism and sea level change controlled the transformation of the water column from anoxic, especially euxinic, to suboxic-oxic conditions. This is reflected in the correlation between paleo-salinity, δ34Spy, chemical index of alteration, and the organic carbon accumulation rate. This work emphasizes the control of terrigenous clastic input and sulfate availability on the transformation of marine redox conditions during the O-S period in semi-restricted basins.

In recent years, the periodic outbreak of green tides in the coastal areas of China, caused by the combined effects of environmental changes and human activities, has been attracting extensive attention due to the serious negative impacts on the coastal marine ecosystem. In the study, the samples of Ulva linza, a green tide species, were cultivated under two light intensities (LL: 80 μmol photons m-2 s-1; HL: 300 μmol photons m-2 s-1) and three stocking densities (LD: 0.2 g L-1; MD:1 g L-1; HD:2 g L-1) to explore the photosynthetic physiological responses and nutrients absorption capacity. The results showed that high light and low density significantly increased the growth rate of U. linza. Under the HLLD, the maximum growth rate of U. linza was 43.13% day-1 and the energy captured per unit reaction center for electron transfer (ET0/RC) was the highest. The higher density significantly decreased the maximum relative electron transfer rate (rETRmax) of U. linza, especially among groups subjected to high-light condition. Under HL condition, HD also significantly decreased light utilization efficiency (α) in U. linza. The contents of chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids of U. linza were significantly lower in HLLD group compared to other treatment groups. The P uptake of U. linza was prominently inhibited by higher density, and the maximum P uptake and minimum P uptake was 17.94 μM g-1 FW day-1 in LLLD group and 2.74 μM g-1 FW day-1 in LLHD group, respectively. Lower density improved N uptake of U. linza, but high light had no effect on it. These results suggest that high light and lower density synergistically promote the growth of U. linza, which is likely due to enhanced photosynthetic efficiency and nutrient uptake. And the inhibitory effects of higher densities on growth, particularly under high-light conditions, may be due to increased competition for light and nutrients. In the late stage of the green tides outbreak, an increase in accumulation density could help to suppress the sustained outbreak of the green tides, particularly in high-light condition.

The VIVACE converter was introduced at OMAE2006 as a single, smooth, circular-cylinder module. The hydrodynamics of VIVACE is being improved continuously to achieve higher density in harnessed hydrokinetic power. Intercylinder spacing and passive turbulence control (PTC) through selectively located roughness are effective tools in enhancement of flow induced motions (FIMs) under high damping for power harnessing. Single cylinders harness energy at high density even in 1 knot currents. For downstream cylinders, questions were raised on energy availability and sustainability of high-amplitude FIM. Through PTC and intercylinder spacing, strongly synergetic FIMs of 2/3/4 cylinders are achieved. Two-cylinder smooth/PTC, and three/four-cylinder PTC systems are tested experimentally. Using the “PTC-to-FIM” map developed in previous work at the Marine Renewable Energy Laboratory (MRELab), PTC is applied and cylinder response is measured for inflow center-to-center distance 2D-5D (D = diameter), transverse center-to-center distance 0.5–1.5 D, Re ε [28,000–120,000], m* ε [1.677–1.690], U ε [0.36–1.45 m/s], aspect ratio l/D = 10.29, and m*ζ ε [0.0283–0.0346]. All experiments are conducted in the low turbulence free surface water (LTFSW) channel of MRELab. Amplitude spectra and broad field-of-view (FOV) visualization help reveal complex flow structures and cylinder interference undergoing VIV, interference/ proximity/wake/soft/hard galloping. FIM amplitudes of 2.2–2.8D are achieved for all cylinders in steady flow for all parameter ranges tested.

Dissolved oxygen (DO), total biomass and oxygen demand of nematode communities in the organic shrimp farms located in Tam Giang commune, Nam Can District, Ca Mau province were investigated in three seasons (March-dry, July-transfer and November-wet season) of 2015. The results showed that most of DO values were within permissible limits. However, the frequency distributions of DO values are very compressed at the lower limit of their scale. Total dry biomass varied from 24.77 to 937.04 µgC/10cm2 while oxygen demand ranged from 3467.39 to 64288.50 nlO2/day/10cm2. These values were slightly high when compared to other studies in the world. The following results recorded that the negatively correlation between DO and oxygen demand of nematode communities in the organic shrimp farms. This may well suggest that respiration and metabolic of nematode communities was high and their impact on oxygen dissolved in surface water. 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Abstract: In this study, the equations for estimating the number of tropical cyclones (TCs) at a 6-month lead-time in the Vietnam East Sea (VES) have been developed and tested. Three multivariate linear regression models in which regression coefficients were determined by different methods, including 1) method of least squares (MLR), 2) minimum absolute deviation method (LAD), 3) minimax method (LMV). The artificial neural network model (ANN) and some combinations of the above regression models were also used. The VES was divided into the northern region above 15ºN (VES_N15) and the southern one below that latitude (VES_S15). The number of TCs was calculated from the data of the Japan Regional Specialized Meteorological Center (RMSC) for the period 1981-2017. Principal components of the 14 climate indicators were selected as predictors. Results for the training period showed that the ANN model performed best in all 12 times of forecasts, following by the ANN-MLR combination. The poorest result was obtained with the LMV model. Results for the independent dataset showed that the number of adequate forecasts based on the MSSS scores decreased sharply compared to the training period and the models generated generally similar errors. The MLR model tended to give out the best results. Better-forecast results were obtained in the VES_N15 region followed by the VES and then the VES_S15 regions. Keywords: Tropical cyclone, Seasonal prediction, Vietnam East Sea (VES). References: [1] W. Landsea Christopher, Gerald D. Bell, William M. Gray, Stanley B. Goldenberg, The extremely active 1995 Atlantic hurricane season: Environmental conditions and verification of seasonal forecasts, Mon. Wea. Rev. 126 (1998) 1174-1193[2] W. Landsea Christopher, William M. Gray, Paul W. Mielke, Jr, Kenneth J. Berry, Seasonal Forecasting of Atlantic hurricane activity, Weather. 49 (1994) 273-284.[3] M. Gray William, Christopher W. Landsea, Paul W. Mielke, Predicting Atlantic basin seasonal tropical cyclone activity by 1 June, Weather and Forecasting. 9 (1994) 103-115.[4] Neville Nicholls, Chris Landsea, Jon Gill, Recent trends in Australian region tropical cyclone activity, Meteorol. Atmos. Phys. 65 (1998) 197-205.[5] Elsner, James B., Kam-biu Liu, Bethany Kocher, Spatial Variations in Major U.S., Hurricane Activity: Statistics and a Physical Mechanism, J. Climate. 13 (2000) 2293–2305.[6] J. C. L. Chan, Jiuen Shi, Cheukman Lam, Seasonal Forecasting of Tropical Cyclone Activity over the Western North Pacific and the South China Sea. Departmentof Physics and Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China, (1998).[7] J. C. L. Chan, J. E. Shi and C. M. Lam, Seasonal forecasting of tropical cyclone activity over the Western North Pacific and the South China Sea, Wea. Forecasting. 13 (1998) 997-1004.[8] J. C. L. Chan, Tropical cyclone activity over the Western North Pacific associated with El Niño and La Niña events, J. Climate. 13 (2000) 2960-2972.[9] Pao-Shin Chu, Xin Zhao, Chang-Hoi Ho, Hyeong-Seog Kim, Mong-Ming Lu, Joo-Hong Kim, Bayesian forecasting of seasonal typhoon activity: A track-pattern oriented categorization approach, J.Climate. 23 (2010) 6654-6668[10] M. Lu, P.-S. Chu, and Y.-C. Lin, Seasonal prediction of tropical cyclone activity near Taiwan using the Bayesian multivariate regression method, Wea. Forecasting. 25 (2010) 1780–1795.[11] H. J Kwon, W.-J. Lee, S.-H.Won, and E.-J. Cha, Statistical ensemble prediction of the tropical cyclone activity over the Western North Pacific.Geophys. Res. Lett. 34 (2007) L24805. doi:10.1029/2007GL032308[12] J. C. L. Chan, Tropical cyclone activity in the Western North Pacific in relation to the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation, Mon. Wea. Rev. 123 (1995) 2567-2571.[13] J. C. L. Chan, Prediction of annual tropical cyclone activity over the Western North Pacific and the South China Sea, Int’l J. Climatol. 15 (1995) 1011-1019.[14] J. C. L. Chan, J. E. Shi and C. M. Lam, Seasonal forecasting of tropical cyclone activity over the Western North Pacific and the South China Sea, Wea.Forecasting. 13 (1998) 997-1004.[15] J.C.L. Chan, J.E. Shi, K.S. Liu, 2001: Improvements in the seasonal forecasting of tropical cyclone activity over the Western North Pacific. Wea. Forecasting, 16, 491-498.[16] J. Klotzbach Philip, Recent developments in statistical prediction of seasonal Atlantic basin tropical cyclone activity, Journal compilation C (2007) Blackwell Munksgaard. DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0870.2007.00239.x[17] W. Zhang, Y. Zhang, D. Zheng, F. Wang, and L. Xu, Relationship between lightning activity and tropical cyclone intensity over the northwest Pacific, J. Geophys. Res. Atmos. 120 (2015). doi:10.1002/2014JD022334.[18] Phan Van Tan, On the tropical cyclone activity in the Northwest Pacific basin and South China sea in relationship with ENSO, Journal of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, t.XVIII, No1, (2002) 51-58. (In English)[19] Nguyễn Văn Tuyên, Xu hướng hoạt động của xoáy thuận nhiệt đới trên Tây Bắc Thái Bình Dương và biển Đông theo các cách phân loại khác nhau, Tạp chí KTTV. số 559 (2007) tr.4-10.[20] Đinh Bá Duy, Ngô Đức Thành; Phan Văn Tân, 2016, Mối quan hệ giữa ENSO và số lượng, cấp độ Xoáy thuận Nhiệt đới trên khu vực Tây Bắc - Thái Bình Dương, Biển Đông giai đoạn 1951-2015, VNU Journal of Science: Earth and Environmental Sciences, [S.l.], v. 32, n. 3S, sep. (2016) ISSN 2588-1094.[21] Đinh Bá Duy, Ngô Đức Thành, Nguyễn Thị Tuyết, Phạm Thanh Hà, Phan Văn Tân, Đặc điểm hoạt động của Xoáy thuận Nhiệt đới trên khu vực Tây Bắc Thái Bình Dương, Biển Đông và vùng trực tiếp chịu ảnh hưởng trên lãnh thổ Việt Nam giai đoạn 1978-2015, VNU Journal of Science: Earth and Environmental Sciences, [S.l.], v. 32, n. 2, (2016) ISSN 2588-1094.[22] Đinh Văn Ưu, Đánh giá quy luật biến động dài hạn và xu thế biến đổi số lượng bão và áp thấp nhiệt đới trên khu vực Tây Thái Bình Dương, Biển Đông và ven biển Việt Nam, Tạp chí Khoa học ĐHQGHN, Khoa học Tự nhiên và Công nghệ. 25 3S, (2009) 542-550.[23] Nguyễn Văn Hiệp và nnk, Đặc điểm hoạt động của bão ở Tây Bắc Thái Bình Dương và Biển Đông qua số liệu Ibtracs, Tuyển tập báo cáo tại Hội thảo khoa học năm 2016 của Viện Khoa học KTTV & BĐKH, (2006) tr. 9-14.[24] Vũ Thanh Hằng, Ngô Thị Thanh Hương,, Phan Văn Tân, Đặc điểm hoạt động của bão ở vùng biển gần bờ Việt Nam giai đoạn 1945-2007, Tạp chí Khoa học ĐHQGHN, Khoa học Tự nhiên và Công nghệ 26, Số 3S, pp 344‐353, 2010[25] Nguyễn Văn Tuyên, Khả năng dự báo hoạt động mùa bão biển Đông Việt Nam: Phân tích các yếu tố dự báo và nhân tố dự báo có thể (Phần I), Tạp chí KTTV, (số 568) tháng 4 năm 2008, tr.1-8.[26] Nguyễn Văn Tuyên, 2008: Khả năng dự báo hoạt động mùa bão biển Đông Việt Nam: Phân tích các yếu tố dự báo và nhân tố dự báo có thể (Phần II). Tạp chí KTTV, số 571, tháng 7 năm 2008, tr.1-11.[27] Phan Văn Tân, 2009-2010, Nghiên cứu tác động của biến đổi khí hậu toàn cầu đến các yếu tố và hiện tượng khí hậu cực đoan ở Việt Nam, khả năng dự báo và giải pháp chiến lược ứng phó. Đề tài cấp Nhà nước, mã số KC08.29/06-10.[28] https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/ rsmc-hp-pub-eg/besttrack.html. [29] https://www.esrl.noaa.gov/ psd/data/climateindices/ list/[30] T. Ngo-Duc, J. Matsumoto, H. Kamimera, and H.H. Bui, Monthly adjustment of Global Satellite Mapping of Precipitation (GSMaP) data over the VuGia–ThuBon River Basin in Central Vietnam using an artificial neural network. Hydrological Research Letters. 7(4), (2013) 85-90. doi:10.3178/hrl.7.85.[31] J. C. L. Chan, J. E. Shi and C. M. Lam, Seasonal forecasting of tropical cyclone activity over the Western North Pacific and the South China Sea, Wea. Forecasting. 13 (1998) 997-1004.[32] E. S. Blake, W. M. Gray, Prediction of August Atlantic Basin Hurricane Activity. Wea. 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The results of the analysis of geospatial and geological-geomorphological information on the shores of the contact zones of the North Pacific are presented. An analysis of the maps of the morphogenetic types of coasts of the North Pacific revealed the specifics of the coastal morpholithogenesis of the seas of subarctic and moderate zones. It has been established that for the seas of the North Pacific, a two-modal distribution of the length of coasts of various types is characteristic. The first maximum relates to abrasion-denudation rocky shores, with a significant contribution to the destruction of physical weathering. The second peak is formed by abrasive-accumulative shores. A similar distribution of coast types along with structural and geological features of the coastal structure is probably associated with various stages of coastal maturity under conditions of intense denudation destruction of the coasts of the seas, characterized by a prolonged “open sea” period at negative air temperatures. The morphoclimatic position (geospatial parameters and the related differences in morpholithodynamic parameters) of Sakhalin Island and the island arc systems of the North Pacific allowed us to consider them as contact zones of different types of seas, as well as seas and oceans. The morpholithodynamic characteristics of the shores of contact zones along with the features of hydrodynamics and the thermal regime of the shared water areas also determine the morphoclimatic parameters of the contact zone itself. The Sakhalin shores of the moderately cold northern part of the Sea of Japan and the Subarctic Sea of Okhotsk are 30-140 km apart, while the oceanic and marine shores of large islands in island-arc systems separate the first kilometers. Thus, the windwave fields and their interaction with swell waves in the contact zones are very complex. The temperature regime of the coasts also largely depends on the geospatial parameters of the contact zones. Based on the map of morphogenetic types of coasts, the distribution features of coastal types from the sea and ocean side of island-arc systems are digitized and considered. Cartometric and morphometric studies in conjunction with the data of geological and geomorphological analysis revealed the peculiarities of development and modern dynamics of the sea and ocean coasts of island-arc systems. It is assumed that the longitudinal asymmetry of the low isthmus between the ocean and sea shores is due to tsunamigenic processes. 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Установлено, что для морей Северной Пацифики характерно двухмодальное распределение протяженности берегов различного типа. Первый максимум относится к абразионно-денудационным скалистым берегам, со значительным вкладом в процессы разрушения физического выветривания. Второй пик формируют абразионно-аккумулятивные берега. Подобное распределение типов берегов наряду со структурно-геологическими особенностями строения побережий вероятно связано с различными стадиями зрелости берегов в условиях интенсивного денудационного разрушения берегов морей, характеризующихся продолжительным периодом «открытого моря» при отрицательных температурах воздуха. Морфоклиматическая позиция (геопространственные параметры и связанные с ними различия морфолитодинамических показателей) острова Сахалин и островодужных систем Северной Пацифики позволили нам рассматривать их как контактные зоны морей разного типа, а также морей и океанов. Морфолитодинамические характеристики берегов контактных зон наряду с особенностями гидродинамики и термического режима разделяемых акваторий определяют также и морфоклиматические параметры собственно контактной зоны. Сахалинские берега умеренно холодной северной части Японского моря и субарктического Охотского моря расположены друг от друга в 30-140 км, в то время как океанские и морские берега крупных островов в островодужных системах разделяют всего несколько километров. Таким образом, ветроволновые поля и их взаимодействие с волнами зыби в контактных зонах имеют весьма сложный характер. Температурный режим побережий также в значительной степени зависит от геопространственных параметров контактных зон. На основе карты морфогенетических типов берегов оцифрованы и рассмотрены особенности распределения типов берегов с морской и океанской стороны островодужных систем. 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IntroductionThe debate about the responsibility of museums to respect Indigenous peoples’ rights (Kelly and Gordon; Butts) has caught our attention on the basis of our previous research experience with regard to the protection of the tangible and intangible heritage of the San (former hunter gatherers) in Southern Africa (Martin and Vermeylen; Vermeylen, Contextualising; Vermeylen, Life Force; Vermeylen et al.; Vermeylen, Land Rights). This paper contributes to the critical debate about curatorial practices and the recovery of Indigenous peoples’ cultural practices and explores how museums can be transformed into cultural centres that “decolonise” their objects while simultaneously providing social agency to marginalised groups such as the San. Indigenous MuseumTraditional methods of displaying Indigenous heritage are now regarded with deep suspicion and resentment by Indigenous peoples (Simpson). A number of related issues such as the appropriation, ownership and repatriation of culture together with the treatment of sensitive and sacred materials and the stereotyping of Indigenous peoples’ identity (Carter; Simpson) have been identified as the main problems in the debate about museum curatorship and Indigenous heritage. The poignant question remains whether the concept of a classical museum—in the sense of how it continues to classify, value and display non-Western artworks—will ever be able to provide agency to Indigenous peoples as long as “their lives are reduced to an abstract set of largely arbitrary material items displayed without much sense of meaning” (Stanley 3). Indeed, as Salvador has argued, no matter how much Indigenous peoples have been involved in the planning and implementation of an exhibition, some issues remain problematic. First, there is the problem of representation: who speaks for the group; who should make decisions and under what circumstances; when is it acceptable for “outsiders” to be involved? Furthermore, Salvador raises another area of contestation and that is the issue of intention. As we agree with Salvador, no matter how good the intention to include Indigenous peoples in the curatorial practices, the fact that Indigenous peoples may have a (political) perspective about the exhibition that differs from the ideological foundation of the museum enterprise, is, indeed, a challenge that must not be overlooked in the discussion of the inclusive museum. This relates to, arguably, one of the most important challenges in respect to the concept of an Indigenous museum: how to present the past and present without creating an essentialising “Other”? As Stanley summarises, the modernising agenda of the museum, including those museums that claim to be Indigenous museums, continues to be heavily embedded in the belief that traditional cultural beliefs, practices and material manifestations must be saved. In other words, exhibitions focusing on Indigenous peoples fail to show them as dynamic, living cultures (Simpson). This raises the issue that museums recreate the past (Sepúlveda dos Santos) while Indigenous peoples’ interests can be best described “in terms of contemporaneity” (Bolton qtd. in Stanley 7). According to Bolton, Indigenous peoples’ interest in museums can be best understood in terms of using these (historical) collections and institutions to address contemporary issues. Or, as Sepúlveda dos Santos argues, in order for museums to be a true place of memory—or indeed a true place of recovery—it is important that the museum makes the link between the past and contemporary issues or to use its objects in such a way that these objects emphasize “the persistence of lived experiences transmitted through generations” (29). Under pressure from Indigenous rights movements, the major aim of some museums is now reconciliation with Indigenous peoples which, ultimately, should result in the return of the cultural objects to the originators of these objects (Kelly and Gordon). Using the Native American Graves Protection and Repatriation Act of 1990 (NAGPRA) as an illustration, we argue that the whole debate of returning or recovering Indigenous peoples’ cultural objects to the original source is still embedded in a discourse that emphasises the mummified aspect of these materials. As Harding argues, NAGPRA is provoking an image of “native Americans as mere passive recipients of their cultural identity, beholden to their ancestors and the museum community for the re-creation of their cultures” (137) when it defines cultural patrimony as objects having ongoing historical, traditional or cultural importance, central to the Native American group or culture itself. According to Harding (2005) NAGPRA’s dominating narrative focuses on the loss, alienation and cultural genocide of the objects as long as these are not returned to their originators. The recovery or the return of the objects to their “original” culture has been applauded as one of the most liberating and emancipatory events in recent years for Indigenous peoples. However, as we have argued elsewhere, the process of recovery needs to do more than just smother the object in its past; recovery can only happen when heritage or tradition is connected to the experience of everyday life. One way of achieving this is to move away from the objectification of Indigenous peoples’ cultures. ObjectificationIn our exploratory enquiry about new museum practices our attention was drawn to a recent debate about ownership and personhood within the context of museology (Busse; Baker; Herle; Bell; Geismar). Busse, in particular, makes the point that in order to reformulate curatorial practices it is important to redefine the concept and meaning of objects. While the above authors do not question the importance of the objects, they all argue that the real importance does not lie in the objects themselves but in the way these objects embody the physical manifestation of social relations. The whole idea that objects matter because they have agency and efficacy, and as such become a kind of person, draws upon recent anthropological theorising by Gell and Strathern. Furthermore, we have not only been inspired by Gell’s and Strathern’s approaches that suggests that objects are social persons, we have also been influenced by Appadurai’s and Kopytoff’s defining of objects as biographical agents and therefore valued because of the associations they have acquired throughout time. We argue that by framing objects in a social network throughout its lifecycle we can avoid the recurrent pitfalls of essentialising objects in terms of their “primitive” or “traditional” (aesthetic) qualities and mystifying the identity of Indigenous peoples as “noble savages.” Focusing more on the social network that surrounds a particular object opens up new avenues of enquiry as to how, and to what extent, museums can become more inclusive vis-à-vis Indigenous peoples. It allows moving beyond the current discourse that approaches the history of the (ethnographic) museum from only one dominant perspective. By tracing an artwork throughout its lifecycle a new metaphor can be discovered; one that shows that Indigenous peoples have not always been victims, but maybe more importantly it allows us to show a more complex narrative of the object itself. It gives us the space to counterweight some of the discourses that have steeped Indigenous artworks in a “postcolonial” framework of sacredness and mythical meaning. This is not to argue that it is not important to be reminded of the dangers of appropriating other cultures’ heritage, but we would argue that it is equally important to show that approaching a story from a one-sided perspective will create a dualism (Bush) and reducing the differences between different cultures to a dualistic opposition fails to recognise the fundamental areas of agency (Morphy). In order for museums to enliven and engage with objects, they must become institutions that emphasise a relational approach towards displaying and curating objects. In the next part of this paper we will explore to what extent an online museum could progressively facilitate the process of providing agency to the social relations that link objects, persons, environments and memories. As Solanilla argues, what has been described as cybermuseology may further transform the museum landscape and provide an opportunity to challenge some of the problems identified above (e.g. essentialising practices). Or to quote the museologist Langlais: “The communication and interaction possibilities offered by the Web to layer information and to allow exploration of multiple meanings are only starting to be exploited. In this context, cybermuseology is known as a practice that is knowledge-driven rather than object-driven, and its main goal is to disseminate knowledge using the interaction possibilities of Information Communication Technologies” (Langlais qtd. in Solanilla 108). One thing which shows promise and merits further exploration is the idea of transforming the act of exhibiting ethnographic objects accompanied by texts and graphics into an act of cyber discourse that allows Indigenous peoples through their own voices and gestures to involve us in their own history. This is particularly the case since Indigenous peoples are using technologies, such as the Internet, as a new medium through which they can recuperate their histories, land rights, knowledge and cultural heritage (Zimmerman et al.). As such, new technology has played a significant role in the contestation and formation of Indigenous peoples’ current identity by creating new social and political spaces through visual and narrative cultural praxis (Ginsburg).Online MuseumsIt has been acknowledged for some time that a presence on the Web might mitigate the effects of what has been described as the “unassailable voice” in the recovery process undertaken by museums (Walsh 77). However, a museum’s online engagement with an Indigenous culture may have significance beyond undercutting the univocal authority of a museum. In the case of the South African National Gallery it was charged with challenging the extent to which it represents entrenched but unacceptable political ideologies. Online museums may provide opportunities in the conservation and dissemination of “life stories” that give an account of an Indigenous culture as it is experienced (Solanilla 105). We argue that in engaging with Indigenous cultural heritage a distinction needs to be drawn between data and the cognitive capacity to learn, “which enables us to extrapolate and learn new knowledge” (Langlois 74). The problem is that access to data about an Indigenous culture does not necessarily lead to an understanding of its knowledge. It has been argued that cybermuseology loses the essential interpersonal element that needs to be present if intangible heritage is understood as “the process of making sense that is generally transmitted orally and through face-to-face experience” (Langlois 78). We agree that the online museum does not enable a reality to be reproduced (Langlois 78).This does not mean that cybermuseology should be dismissed. Instead it provides the opportunity to construct a valuable, but completely new, experience of cultural knowledge (Langlois 78). The technology employed in cybermuseology provides the means by which control over meaning may, at least to some extent, be dispersed (Langlois 78). In this way online museums provide the opportunity for Indigenous peoples to challenge being subjected to manipulation by one authoritative museological voice. One of the ways this may be achieved is through interactivity by enabling the use of social tagging and folksonomy (Solanilla 110; Trant 2). In these processes keywords (tags) are supplied and shared by visitors as a means of accessing museum content. These tags in turn give rise to a classification system (folksonomy). In the context of an online museum engaging with an Indigenous culture we have reservations about the undifferentiated interactivity on the part of all visitors. This issue may be investigated further by examining how interactivity relates to communication. Arguably, an online museum is engaged in communicating Indigenous cultural heritage because it helps to keep it alive and pass it on to others (Langlois 77). However, enabling all visitors to structure online access to that culture may be detrimental to the communication of knowledge that might otherwise occur. The narratives by which Indigenous cultures, rather than visitors, order access to information about their cultures may lead to the communication of important knowledge. An illustration of the potential of this approach is the work Sharon Daniel has been involved with, which enables communities to “produce knowledge and interpret their own experience using media and information technologies” (Daniel, Palabras) partly by means of generating folksonomies. One way in which such issues may be engaged with in the context of online museums is through the argument that database and narrative in such new media objects are opposed to each other (Manovich, New Media 225). A new media work such as an online museum may be understood to be comprised of a database and an interface to that database. A visitor to an online museum may only move through the content of the database by following those paths that have been enabled by those who created the museum (Manovich, New Media 227). In short it is by means of the interface provided to the viewer that the content of the database is structured into a narrative (Manovich, New Media: 226). It is possible to understand online museums as constructions in which narrative and database aspects are emphasized to varying degrees for users. There are a variety of museum projects in which the importance of the interface in creating a narrative interface has been acknowledged. Goldblum et al. describe three examples of websites in which interfaces may be understood as, and explicitly designed for, carrying meaning as well as enabling interactivity: Life after the Holocaust; Ripples of Genocide; and Yearbook 2006.As with these examples, we suggest that it is important there be an explicit engagement with the significance of interface(s) for online museums about Indigenous peoples. The means by which visitors access content is important not only for the way in which visitors interact with material, but also as to what is communicated about, culture. It has been suggested that the curator’s role should be moved away from expertly representing knowledge toward that of assisting people outside the museum to make “authored statements” within it (Bennett 11). In this regard it seems to us that involvement of Indigenous peoples with the construction of the interface(s) to online museums is of considerable significance. Pieterse suggests that ethnographic museums should be guided by a process of self-representation by the “others” portrayed (Pieterse 133). Moreover it should not be forgotten that, because of the separation of content and interface, it is possible to have access to a database of material through more than one interface (Manovich, New Media 226-7). Online museums provide a means by which the artificial homogenization of Indigenous peoples may be challenged.We regard an important potential benefit of an online museum as the replacement of accessing material through the “unassailable voice” with the multiplicity of Indigenous voices. A number of ways to do this are suggested by a variety of new media artworks, including those that employ a database to rearrange information to reveal underlying cultural positions (Paul 100). Paul discusses the work of, amongst others, George Legrady. She describes how it engages with the archive and database as sites that record culture (104-6). Paul specifically discusses Legrady’s work Slippery Traces. This involved viewers navigating through more than 240 postcards. Viewers of work were invited to “first chose one of three quotes appearing on the screen, each of which embodies a different perspective—anthropological, colonialist, or media theory—and thus provides an interpretive angle for the experience of the projects” (104-5). In the same way visitors to an online museum could be provided with a choice of possible Indigenous voices by which its collection might be experienced. We are specifically interested in the implications that such approaches have for the way in which online museums could engage with film. Inspired by Basu’s work on reframing ethnographic film, we see the online museum as providing the possibility of a platform to experiment with new media art in order to expose the meta-narrative(s) about the politics of film making. As Basu argues, in order to provoke a feeling of involvement with the viewer, it is important that the viewer becomes aware “of the plurality of alternative readings/navigations that they might have made” (105). As Weinbren has observed, where a fixed narrative pathway has been constructed by a film, digital technology provides a particularly effective means to challenge it. It would be possible to reveal the way in which dominant political interests regarding Indigenous cultures have been asserted, such as for example in the popular film The Gods Must Be Crazy. New media art once again provides some interesting examples of the way ideology, that might otherwise remain unclear, may be exposed. Paul describes the example of Jennifer and Kevin McCoy’s project How I learned. The work restructures a television series Kung Fu by employing “categories such as ‘how I learned about blocking punches,’ ‘how I learned about exploiting workers,’ or ‘how I learned to love the land’” (Paul 103) to reveal in greater clarity, than otherwise might be possible, the cultural stereotypes used in the visual narratives of the program (Paul 102-4). We suggest that such examples suggest the ways in which online museums could work to reveal and explore the existence not only of meta-narratives expressed by museums as a whole, but also the means by which they are realised within existing items held in museum collections.ConclusionWe argue that the agency for such reflective moments between the San, who have been repeatedly misrepresented or underrepresented in exhibitions and films, and multiple audiences, may be enabled through the generation of multiple narratives within online museums. 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IntroductionFestivals, according to Chris Gibson and John Connell, are like “glue”, temporarily sticking together various stakeholders, economic transactions, and networks (9). Australia’s First Nations peoples see festivals as an opportunity to display cultural vitality (Henry 586), and to challenge a history which has rendered them absent (587). The 2017 Australia Council for the Arts Showcasing Creativity report indicates that performing arts by First Nations peoples are under-represented in Australia’s mainstream venues and festivals (1). Large Aboriginal cultural festivals have long thrived in Australia’s northern half, but have been under-developed in the south. Each regional happening develops a cultural landscape connected to a long and intimate relationship with the natural environment.The Far South East coast and mountainous hinterland of New South Wales is rich in pristine landscapes that ground the Yuin and Monaro Nations to Country as the Monaroo Bobberrer Gadu (Peoples of the Mountains and the Sea). This article highlights cross-sector interaction between Koori and mainstream organisations in producing the Giiyong (Guy-Yoong/Welcoming) Festival. This, the first large festival to be held within the Yuin Nation, took place on Aboriginal-owned land at Jigamy, via Eden, on 22 September 2018. Emerging regional artists joined national headline acts, most notably No Fixed Address (one of the earliest Aboriginal bands to break into the Australian mainstream music industry), and hip-hop artist Baker Boy (Danzal Baker, Young Australian of the Year 2019). The festival followed five years of sustained community preparation by South East Arts in association with Grow the Music, Twofold Aboriginal Corporation, the Eden Local Aboriginal Land Council, and its Elders. We offer dual understandings of the Giiyong Festival: the viewpoints of a male Yuin Elder wedded to an Australian woman of European descent. We acknowledge, and rely upon, key information, statistics, and photographs provided by the staff of South East Arts including Andrew Gray (General Manager), Jasmin Williams (Aboriginal Creative and Cultural Engagement Officer and Giiyong Festival Project Manager), and Kate Howarth (Screen Industry Development Officer). We are also grateful to Wiradjuri woman Alison Simpson (Program Manager at Twofold Aboriginal Corporation) for valuable feedback. As community leaders from First Nations and non-First Nations backgrounds, Simpson and Williams complement each other’s talents for empowering Indigenous communities. They plan a 2020 follow-up event on the basis of the huge success of the 2018 festival.The case study is informed by our personal involvement with community. Since the general population barely comprehends the number and diversity of Australia’s Indigenous ‘nations’, the burgeoning Indigenous festival movement encourages First Nations and non-First Nations peoples alike to openly and confidently refer to the places they live in according to Indigenous names, practices, histories, and knowledge. Consequently, in the mental image of a map of the island-continent, the straight lines and names of state borders fade as the colours of the Indigenous ‘Countries’ (represented by David Horton’s wall map of 1996) come to the foreground. We reason that, in terms of ‘regionality,’ the festival’s expressions of “the agency of country” (Slater 141) differ vastly from the centre-periphery structure and logic of the Australian colony. There is no fixed centre to the mutual exchange of knowledge, culture, and experience in Aboriginal Australia. The broader implication of this article is that Indigenous cultural festivals allow First Nations peoples cultures—in moments of time—to assume precedence, that is to ‘stitch’ back together the notion of a continent made up of hundreds of countries, as against the exploitative structure of ‘hub and region’ colonial Australia.Festival Concepts and ContextsHoward Becker observed that cultural production results from an interplay between the person of the artist and a multitude of support personnel whose work is not frequently studied: “It is through this network of cooperation that the art work we eventually see or hear comes to be and continues to be” (1). In assisting arts and culture throughout the Bega Valley, Eurobodalla, and Snowy Monaro, South East Arts delivers positive achievements in the Aboriginal arts and cultural sector. Their outcomes are significant in the light of the dispossession, segregation, and discrimination experienced by Aboriginal Australians. Michael Young, assisted by Indigenous authors Ellen Mundy and Debbie Mundy, recorded how Delegate Reserve residents relocating to the coast were faced with having their lives controlled by a Wallaga Lake Reserve manager or with life on the fringes of the towns in shacks (2–3). But as discovered in the records, “their retention of traditional beliefs, values and customs, reveal that the accommodation they were forced to make with the Europeans did not mean they had surrendered. The proof of this is the persistence of their belief in the value of their culture” (3–4). The goal of the Twofold Aboriginal Corporation is to create an inclusive place where Aboriginal people of the Twofold Bay Region can be proud of their heritage, connect with the local economy, and create a real future for their children. When Simpson told Williams of the Twofold Aboriginal Corporation’s and Eden Local Aboriginal Land Council’s dream of housing a large cultural festival at Jigamy, Williams rigorously consulted local Indigenous organisations to build a shared sense of community ownership of the event. She promoted the festival as “a rare opportunity in our region to learn about Aboriginal culture and have access to a huge program of Aboriginal musicians, dancers, visual artists, authors, academics, storytellers, cooks, poets, creative producers, and films” (McKnight).‘Uncle Ossie’ Cruse of Eden envisaged that the welcoming event would enliven the longstanding caring and sharing ethos of the Yuin-Monaro people. Uncle Ossie was instrumental in establishing Jigamy’s majestic Monaroo Bobberrer Gudu Keeping Place with the Eden Local Aboriginal Land Council in 1994. Built brick by brick by Indigenous workers, it is a centre for the teaching and celebration of Aboriginal culture, and for the preservation of artefacts. It represents the local community's determination to find their own solutions for “bridging the gap” by creating education and employment opportunities. The centre is also the gateway to the Bundian Way, the first Aboriginal pathway to be listed on the NSW State Heritage Register. Festival Lead-Up EventsEden’s Indigenous students learn a revived South Coast language at Primary and Secondary School. In 2015, Uncle Ossie vitally informed their input into The Black Ducks, a hip-hop song filmed in Eden by Desert Pea Media. A notable event boosting Koori musical socialisation was a Giiyong Grow the Music spectacle performed at Jigamy on 28 October 2017. Grow the Music—co-founded by Lizzy Rutten and Emily White—specialises in mentoring Indigenous artists in remote areas using digital recording equipment. Eden Marine High School students co-directed the film Scars as part of a programme of events with South East Arts and the Giiyong Festival 2018. The Eden Place Project and Campbell Page also create links between in- and out-of-school activities. Eden’s Indigenous students thus perform confidently at NAIDOC Week celebrations and at various festivals. Preparation and PersonnelAn early decision was made to allow free entry to the Giiyong Festival in order to attract a maximum number of Indigenous families. The prospect necessitated in-kind support from Twofold Aboriginal Corporation staff. They galvanised over 100 volunteers to enhance the unique features of Jigamy, while Uncle Ossie slashed fields of bushes to prepare copious parking space. The festival site was spatially focused around two large stages dedicated to the memory of two strong supporters of cultural creativity: Aunty Doris Kirby, and Aunty Liddy Stewart (Image 1). Image 1: Uncle Ossie Cruse Welcomes Festival-Goers to Country on the Aunty Liddy Stewart Stage. Image Credit: David Rogers for South East Arts, Reproduction Courtesy of South East Arts.Cultural festivals are peaceful weapons in a continuing ontological political contest (Slater 144). In a panel discussion, Uncle Ossie explained and defended the Makarrata: the call for a First Nations Voice to be enshrined in the Constitution.Williams also contracted artists with a view to capturing the past and present achievements of Aboriginal music. Apart from her brilliant centrepiece acts No Fixed Address and Baker Boy, she attracted Pitjantjatjara singer Frank Yamma (Image 2), Yorta Yorta singer/songwriter Benny Walker, the Central Desert Docker River Band, and Jessie Lloyd’s nostalgic Mission Songs Project. These stellar acts were joined by Wallaga Lake performers Robbie Bundle, Warren Foster, and Alison Walker as well as Nathan Lygon (Eden), Chelsy Atkins (Pambula), Gabadoo (Bermagui), and Drifting Doolgahls (Nowra). Stage presentations were technologically transformed by the live broadcast of acts on large screens surrounding the platforms. Image 2: Singer-Songwriter Frank Yamma Performs at Giiyong Festival 2018. Image Credit: David Rogers for South East Arts, Reproduction Courtesy of South East Arts.Giiyong Music and Dance Music and dance form the staple components of Indigenous festivals: a reflection on the cultural strength of ancient ceremony. Hundreds of Yuin-Monaro people once attended great corroborees on Mumbulla Mountain (Horton 1235), and oral history recorded by Janet Mathews evidences ceremonies at Fishy Flats, Eden, in the 1850s. Today’s highly regarded community musicians and dancers perform the social arrangements of direct communication, sometimes including their children on stage as apprentices. But artists are still negotiating the power structures through which they experience belonging and detachment in the representation of their musical identity.Youth gain positive identities from participating alongside national headline acts—a form of learning that propels talented individuals into performing careers. The One Mob Dreaming Choir of Koori students from three local schools were a popular feature (Image 3), as were Eden Marine student soloists Nikai Stewart, and Nikea Brooks. Grow the Music in particular has enabled these youngsters to exhibit the roots of their culture in a deep and touching way that contributes to their life-long learning and development. Image 3: The One Mob Dreaming Choir, Directed by Corinne Gibbons (L) and Chelsy Atkins (R). Image Credit: David Rogers for South East Arts, Reproduction Courtesy of South East Arts. Brydie-Leigh Bartleet describes how discourses of pride emerge when Indigenous Australian youth participate in hip-hop. At the Giiyong Festival the relationship between musical expression, cultural representation, and political positioning shone through the songs of Baker Boy and Gabadoo (Image 4). Channelling emotions into song, they led young audiences to engage with contemporary themes of Indigeneity. The drones launched above the carpark established a numerical figure close on 6,000 attendees, a third of whom were Indigenous. Extra teenagers arrived in time for Baker Boy’s evening performance (Williams), revealing the typical youthful audience composition associated with the hip-hop craze (Image 5).Image 4: Bermagui Resident Gabadoo Performs Hip-Hop at the Giiyong Festival. Image Credit: David Rogers for South East Arts, Reproduced Courtesy South East Arts.Image 5: A Youthful Audience Enjoys Baker Boy’s Giiyong Festival Performance. Image Credit: David Rogers for South East Arts, Reproduced Courtesy South East Arts.Wallaga Lake’s traditional Gulaga Dancers were joined by Bermagui’s Gadhu Dancers, Eden’s Duurunu Miru Dancers, and Narooma’s Djaadjawan Dancers. Sharon Mason founded Djaadjawan Dancers in 2015. Their cultural practice connects to the environment and Mingagia (Mother Earth). At their festival tent, dancers explained how they gather natural resources from Walbanja Country to hand-make traditional dance outfits, accessories, and craft. They collect nuts, seeds, and bark from the bush, body paint from ancient ochre pits, shells from beaches, and bird feathers from fresh roadkill. Duurunu Miru dancer/didjeriduist Nathan Lygon elaborates on the functions of the Far South East Coast dance performance tradition:Dance provides us with a platform, an opportunity to share our stories, our culture, and our way of being. It demonstrates a beautiful positivity—a feeling of connection, celebration, and inclusion. The community needs it. And our young people need a ‘space’ in which they can grow into the knowledge and practices of their culture. The festival also helped the wider community to learn more about these dimensions. (n.p.)While music and dance were at the heart of the festival, other traditional skills were included, for example the exhibitions mounted inside the Keeping Place featured a large number of visual artists. Traditional bush cooking took place near Lake Pambula, and yarn-ups, poetry, and readings were featured throughout the day. Cultural demonstrations in the Bunaan Ring (the Yuin name for a corroboree circle) included ‘Gum Leaf Playing.’ Robin Ryan explained how the Yuin’s use of cultural elements to entertain settlers (Cameron 79) led to the formation of the Wallaga Lake Gum Leaf Band. As the local custodian of this unique musical practice, Uncle Ossie performed items and conducted a workshop for numerous adults and children. Festival Feedback and Future PlanningThe Giiyong Festival gained huge Indigenous cultural capital. Feedback gleaned from artists, sponsors, supporters, volunteers, and audiences reflected on how—from the moment the day began—the spirit of so many performers and consumers gathered in one place took over. The festival’s success depended on its reception, for as Myers suggests: “It is the audience who create the response to performance and if the right chemistry is achieved the performers react and excel in their presentation” (59). The Bega District News, of 24 September 2018, described the “incredibly beautiful event” (n.p.), while Simpson enthused to the authors:I believe that the amount of people who came through the gates to attend the Giiyong Festival was a testament to the wider need and want for Aboriginal culture. Having almost double the population of Eden attend also highlights that this event was long overdue. (n.p.)Williams reported that the whole festival was “a giant exercise in the breaking down of walls. Some signed contracts for the first time, and all met their contracts professionally. National artists Baker Boy and No Fixed Address now keep in touch with us regularly” (Williams). Williams also expressed her delight that local artists are performing further afield this year, and that an awareness, recognition, and economic impact has been created for Jigamy, the Giiyong Festival, and Eden respectively:We believe that not only celebrating, but elevating these artists and Aboriginal culture, is one of the most important things South East Arts can do for the overall arts sector in the region. This work benefits artists, the economy and cultural tourism of the region. Most importantly it feeds our collective spirit, educates us, and creates a much richer place to live. (Giiyong Festival Report 1)Howarth received 150 responses to her post-event survey. All respondents felt welcome, included, and willing to attend another festival. One commented, “not even one piece of rubbish on the ground.” Vanessa Milton, ABC Open Producer for South East NSW, wrote: “Down to the tiniest detail it was so obvious that you understood the community, the audience, the performers and how to bring everyone together. What a coup to pull off this event, and what a gift to our region” (Giiyong Festival Report 4).The total running cost for the event was $257,533, including $209,606 in government grants from local, state, and federal agencies. Major donor Create NSW Regional Partnerships funded over $100,000, and State Aboriginal Affairs gave $6,000. Key corporate sponsors included Bendigo Bank, Snowy Hydro and Waterway Constructions, Local Land Services Bega, and the Eden Fisherman’s Club. Funding covered artists’ fees, staging, the hiring of toilets, and multiple generators, including delivery costs. South East Arts were satisfied with the funding amount: each time a new donation arrived they were able to invite more performers (Giiyong Festival Report 2; Gray; Williams). South East Arts now need to prove they have the leadership capacity, financial self-sufficiency, and material resources to produce another festival. They are planning 2020 will be similar to 2018, provided Twofold Aboriginal Corporation can provide extra support. Since South East Arts exists to service a wider area of NSW, they envisage that by 2024, they would hand over the festival to Twofold Aboriginal Corporation (Gray; Williams). Forthcoming festivals will not rotate around other venues because the Giiyong concept was developed Indigenously at Jigamy, and “Jigamy has the vibe” (Williams). Uncle Ossie insists that the Yuin-Monaro feel comfortable being connected to Country that once had a traditional campsite on the east side. Evaluation and ConclusionAlthough ostensibly intended for entertainment, large Aboriginal festivals significantly benefit the educational, political, and socio-economic landscape of contemporary Indigenous life. The cultural outpourings and dissemination of knowledges at the 2018 Giiyong Festival testified to the resilience of the Yuin-Monaro people. In contributing to the processes of Reconciliation and Recognition, the event privileged the performing arts as a peaceful—yet powerful truth-telling means—for dealing with the state. Performers representing the cultures of far-flung ancestral lands contributed to the reimagining of a First Nations people’s map representing hundreds of 'Countries.’It would be beneficial for the Far South East region to perpetuate the Giiyong Festival. It energised all those involved. But it took years of preparation and a vast network of cooperating people to create the feeling which made the 2018 festival unique. Uncle Ossie now sees aspects of the old sharing culture of his people springing back to life to mould the quality of life for families. Furthermore, the popular arts cultures are enhancing the quality of life for Eden youth. As the cross-sector efforts of stakeholders and volunteers so amply proved, a family-friendly, drug and alcohol-free event of the magnitude of the Giiyong Festival injects new growth into an Aboriginal arts industry designed for the future creative landscape of the whole South East region. AcknowledgementsMany thanks to Andrew Gray and Jasmin Williams for supplying a copy of the 2018 Giiyong Festival Report. We appreciated prompt responses to queries from Jasmin Williams, and from our editor Rachel Franks. We are humbly indebted to our two reviewers for their expert direction.ReferencesAustralian Government. Showcasing Creativity: Programming and Presenting First Nations Performing Arts. 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