Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Outils d’aide au diagnostic"
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Trolès, Nolwenn. "Elaboration d’un outil d’aide au diagnostic de la dyslexie développementale". Rennes 2, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00795123.
Texto completo da fonteThis research aims to elaborate a tool for diagnosis of dyslexia taking into account the most representative theoretical hypotheses concerning etiology of dyslexia. Research on causes of dyslexia has led to multiple theories (Expertise INSERM, 2007) : phonological theory (Ramus et al. , 2003), visuo-attentional hypothesis (Valdois et al. , 2004), cerebellar theory (Nicolson et Fawcett, 1999), theory of auditory deficit (Tallal, 1980), theory of magnocellular deficit (Stein, 2001). This way, we have included in the same experimental protocol a set of tasks measuring various cognitive capacities (memory, attention, phonological, morphological, motor, visuo-attentional, auditory). This protocol was used with 91 typical children and 35 dyslexic children attending a specialized consultation for dyslexia. From this experimentation, we have extracted a predictive model, based on a limited number of tasks in order to discriminate in 30 minutes as well as possible between dyslexic and non-dyslexic. Moreover, we made cognitive profiles for each child, that corresponds to the performance in every task. This cognitive profile will be helpful to give indications for a deeper assessment aimed to provide an individualized and adapted remedial program and rehabilitation treatments. Following of our research, a software called Alex is actually in a validation period. It will constitute a tool for the health professionals in charge of children who experienced learning disabilities
Martinroche, Guillaume. "Quantification et caractérisation des maladies auto-immunes et allergiques à l'aide de méthodes d'apprentissage profond". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0154.
Texto completo da fonteDiagnostic tools based on artificial intelligence (AI) and capable of integrating several types of data, will be crucial in the next coming years in helping practitioners provide more personalized, precision medicine for patients. Autoimmune and allergic diseases are perfect examples of complex, multi-parametric diagnostics that could benefit from such tools. Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) on human epithelial cells (HEp-2) are important biomarkers for the screening and diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. For harmonization of biological practices and clinical management, automatic reading and classification of ANA immunofluorescence patterns for HEp-2 images according to the nomenclature recommended by the International Consensus on Antinuclear Antibody Patterns (ICAP) seems to be a growing requirement. In our study, an automatic classification system for Indirect Immunofluorescence (IIF) patterns of HEp-2 cells images was developed using a supervised learning methodology, based on a complete collection of HEp-2 cell images from Bordeaux University Hospital labelled accordingly to ICAP recommendations and local practices. The system consists of a classifier for nucleus patterns only (16 patterns and allowing recognition of up to two aspects per image) and a second classifier for cytoplasm aspects only. With this contribution to the automation of ANA in medical biology laboratories, it will enable reflex quantitative tests targeted on a few autoantibodies, ultimately facilitating efficient and accurate diagnosis of autoimmune diseases. Allergen microarrays, enable the simultaneous detection of up to 300 specific IgE antibodies and are part of a bottom-up diagnostic approach in which, on the basis of the broadest possible analysis, we then seek to determine which allergen(s) is (are) likely to explain the patient's symptoms. However, the mass of data produced by this single analysis is beyond the analytical capacity of the average user and the large number of results obtained simultaneously can mask those that are truly clinically relevant. A database of 4271 patients (Société Française d'Allergologie) was created, including allergen microarrays data and twenty-five demographic and clinical data. This database allowed the development of the first models capable of predicting patients' allergic profiles thanks to an international data challenge. The best F1-scores were around 80%. A more comprehensive tool adapted to daily practice is currently under development. Based essentially on microarrays data and a very few clinical and demographic data, it will be able to provide clinicians with a probability of molecular allergy by protein family, thus limiting diagnostic delays and the need for oral provocation tests. Diagnostic tools using so-called AI technologies are helping to improve the efficiency of current techniques, leveraging locks for repetitive, low-value-added tasks. These tools are generally poorly perceived by practitioners, who feel that they are losing their expertise, and even that they are being replaced by algorithms. This impression is particularly strong in Medical Biology, where this improvement directly affects the function of the Medical Biologist. In an attempt to better understand this, we took a closer look at the relationship of trust, if there can be one, between the practitioner and the diagnostic tool. The concepts of reliability and veracity were discussed. Thanks to a survey of medical biologists working on the analysis of aspects of HEp-2 cells, a certain reticence can be highlighted, with reasons linked to performance scores and unfamiliarity with the systems. The deployment and commitment to similar strategies in the field of biological hematology shows real interest once performance has been established. The development of two diagnostic tools for autoimmune and allergic diseases is laying the foundations for improved results and lasting integration into a more personalized, precision medicine
Dallet, Corentin. "Caractérisation locale de la propagation de l’onde d’activation cardiaque pour l’aide au diagnostic des tachycardies atriales et ventriculaires : application à l’imagerie électrocardiographique non-invasive". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0757/document.
Texto completo da fonteVentricular (VT) and atrial (AT) tachycardias are some of the most common clinical cardiac arrhythmias. For ablation of tachycardia substrates, two clinical diagnosis methods are used : electro-anatomical mapping for an accurate diagnosis using electrograms (EGMs) acquired with intracardiac catheters and localized on the three-dimensional (3-D) mesh of the studied cavities ; and non-invasive electrocardiographic imaging (ECGi) for a global view of the arrhythmia, with EGMs mathematically reconstructed from body surface electrocardiograms and the 3-D cardio-thoracic meshes obtained with CT-scan. VT and AT are diagnosed studying activation time maps ; that are 3-D representations of the transit time of the activation wavefront on the cardiac mesh. Nevertheless, slow conduction areas, a well-known pro-arrhythmic feature for tachycardias, and the tachycardias specific propagation patterns are not easily identifiable with these maps. Hence, local characterization of the activation wavefront propagation can be helpful for improving VT and AT diagnosis. The purpose of this thesis is to develop a method to locally characterize the activation wavefront propagation. For that, a conduction velocity vector field is estimated and analyzed. The method was first validated on a simulated database from computer models, then applied to 1) a clinical database obtained from ECGi to localize infarct tissues and improve AT diagnosis ; and 2) a clinical database acquired with electro-anatomical mapping systems to define pathological areas
Yengui, Firas. "Contribution aux méthodologies et outils d’aide à la conception de circuits analogiques". Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013ISAL0098/document.
Texto completo da fonteContrary to digital design, analog design suffers from a real delay in the software solution that enables fast and reliable design. In this PhD, three approaches are proposed. The first is the methodological approach. At this level we recommend a "top-down" hierarchical approach. It consists of partitioning the system to size into sub-blocks of elementary functions whose specifications are directly inherited from the system level specification. Next, we aimed to reduce design time through the exploration of optimal solutions using hybrid algorithms. We attempted to take advantage of the rapid global search and local search accuracy. The interest of hybrid search algorithms is that they allow to conduct effective exploration of the design space of the circuit without the need for prior knowledge of an initial design. This can be very useful for a beginner designer. Finally, we worked on the acceleration of time simulations proposing the use of meta-models which present a more reduced time than electrical simulation models. Meta-models are obtained automatically from extracting results of electrical simulations
Moretti, Basiliu. "Modélisation du comportement des feux de forêt pour des outils d’aide à la décision". Thesis, Corte, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015CORT0007/document.
Texto completo da fonteModeling the spread of forest fires is a complex affair which can be examined in different ways (physical, semi-physical, empirical). Numerous simulators exist, each one bearing its own particularities, benefits and weak points. The work which has led to the writing of this thesis aims at improving the simplified physical model of fire propagation (Balbi et al, 2007), as well as at laying down the first foundation stones of what will favor an evolution towards a fire behavioral pattern. This study is based upon three main themes :• Modeling the spread of a surface fire with the main engine the radiative heat transfer. This modeling leads to achieve improvements in the formulation of its speed on flat ground, without wind. It finally led to the characterization of two criteria of extinction with characterization of critical values of two parameters (leaf area index and the water content of the fuel).• Quantification of the energy radiating from the flame front. This quantification was performed assuming the solid flame model. This approach has led to obtaining an analytical relationship for the evaluation of Admissible Safety Distance (ASD) in a very short time. • Sensitivity analysis of the different results attained in order to confirm them as a whole and identify the relative influence of various parameters
Noël, Guilhem. "Tension dans les services d’urgences : quantification, impact et outils d’aide à la gestion de l’aval des SU". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0686.
Texto completo da fonteCrowding in ED is a public health challenge associated with a deterioration in the quality of care. Obj. 1: Identification (Delphi) of 15 consensual crowding indicators. 2 Prospective studies validating crowding scores (SOTU) in pediatric and adult EDs. A method was proposed to select the hours during which the level of crowding assessed by caregivers was consensual. The AUC of SOTU was 0.833 [0.814-0.851]. SOTU was associated with an alteration in the quality of care. Obj 2: Predict hospitalizations and need for inpatient beds. In 1 prospective multicentre study we developed an automated model (MA) predictive of the hospitalization of a patient using variables available from triage. Developed and validated for 1 month (11,653 patients) the AUC of the MA was 0,815 [0,805-0,826]. Development of a tool for estimating the daily minimum bed requirement (BJML) based on the RPU history. Applied at 15 SU for the year N + 1, the error was 18%. Obj. 3: impact of tension on the quality of care. In winter pediatric epidemics, the quality of care was degraded with a 50% increase in patients LWBS. Using the SU occupancy rate, in a 2-year pediatric study, tension was associated with decreased adherence to anaphylaxis recommendations; OR = 5.88 [1.88-18.0] and less parental understanding of instructions; OR = 3.972 [1.252-12.603]
Thuillet, Céline. "Implantations cryptographiques sécurisées et outils d’aide à la validation des contremesures contre les attaques par canaux cachés". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14508/document.
Texto completo da fonteFor several years, the security components such as smart cards are subject to side channel attacks. These attacks allow to exhibit secrets by analyzing the physical characteristics such as power consumption or execution time. As part of this thesis, two countermeasures were carried out and applied to the AES (symmetric cipher). In addition, to help future development of countermeasures and their validation, a simulator was developed. It realizes attacks using a power consumption model defined in the early phases of development. Finally, I participated in working groups that have proposed Shabal to SHA-3 competition, which aims to define a new standard for hash functions. Hardware implementations have been made thereafter
Tiffou, Benoît. "Etude des outils informatiques d'aide au diagnostic d'appareils électriques". Thesis, McGill University, 1989. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59235.
Texto completo da fonteThe interest in expert systems is directed towards those based on deep knowledge, meaning the structural and functional description of devices. A well-known approach for reasoning on complex structural knowledge consists of using qualitative models. The thesis explores the principal works in this domain and applies them to the diagnosis of electrical equipment in order to evaluate their limitations. Another approach is also considered, based on causal networks, which exploits an important element of diagnosis and complements qualitative models: causality. Finally, a global diagnostic methodology is presented for each approach.
Ziade, Haissam. "Methodes et outils pour le diagnostic fonctionnel de microprocesseurs". Toulouse, INSA, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986ISAT0006.
Texto completo da fonteZiade, Haissam. "Méthodes et outils pour le diagnostic fonctionnel de microprocesseurs". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb376019483.
Texto completo da fonteHebrard, Maxime. "Conception et développement d’un système d’aide au diagnostic clinique et génétique des rétinopathies pigmentaires". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON13519/document.
Texto completo da fonteDiagnosis of retinitis pigmentosa could be difficult regarding both to clinics or molecular issues. Firstly, there are rare diseases, so the prevalence of each pathology in the world population is very low. Secondly, the symptoms of diseases are very similar, so their phenotypic characterization is hard. Moreover, the eye and the visual process are complex and numerous genes' products are implicated. Although retinopathies are mainly monogenic and mendelian inherited diseases, the polymorphisms involved in these diseases are very diverse.These both observations lead us to develop two complementary methodological approaches in a view to better understand the retinopathies.The first approach aims to identify all the genes involved in the diseases using genotyping chips. For this purpose, we studied genetic linkage between single nucleotide variations and pathologies. The second approach leads to the representation of clinical knowledge. An ontological compound was built to make explicit the knowledge involved in the process of diagnosis. The data previously collected by experts were labeled by terms that were organized in a specific thesaurus. The clinic profiles of the patients and diseases were handled as features collections and were compared by similarity calculations. The goal of this work is to build a knowledge-based system for diagnosis
Khalil, Toni. "Processus d’évaluation de la qualité de l’imagerie médicale et outils d’aide à la décision basée sur la connaissance". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022LORR0351.
Texto completo da fonteThe great progress that medical imaging has offered in the medical sector on the diagnostic level (Conventional Radiology, Computed Tomography, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Interventional Radiology) has pushed medicine to go through this area as the first choice. With an ever-increasing number of diagnostic images produced each year, as well as the recommendations of international organizations requiring low-dose irradiation resulting in enormous noise that can distort the diagnosis, Artificial Intelligence (AI) de-noising methods offer an opportunity to meet growing demand. In this thesis, we quantify the effect of AI-based de-noising on X-ray textural parameters with respect to a convolutional neural network.The study was based on the principle of characterizing the radiographic noise resulting from an X-ray of a water phantom and, generating this noise in a standard dose radiography aimed at producing artificially noisy images, and this in order to be able to feed a neural network by thousands of images to ensure its learning phase. After the learning phase, the testing phase and the inference, human chest X-rays were extracted from the archive to validate the de-noising on human X-rays in RGB and in “greyscale”. The study was done through a water phantom for ethical reasons in order to avoid irradiating people, avoiding voluntary and involuntary patient movements, and ensuring a study based on a homogeneous material (water) which constitutes the majority of the human body. This study is carried out on the one hand on 17 X-rays of a water phantom with different exposure doses to study the noise distribution on different gray scale values and, on the other hand on 25 X-rays divided into 5 groups of 5 images each taken with the same exposure dose without and with adjacent obstacles to study the gain effect of the flat panel detector chosen as the pre-processing means. The noise distribution was detected on two gray levels, i.e. 160 and 180 respectively, and showed a higher level of noise on the 160 level where the absorption of the X-ray beam is greater and, consequently, the quantum effect is most important. Noise scatter diagrams on these two levels have been shown. On the other hand, the presence of obstacles in the same image showed an absorption directly proportional to the number of obstacles next to the water phantom, which triggered a gain factor of the detector which, in its role produces nonlinear trace noise. Texture characteristics of AI-de-noised images compared to artificially noisy radiographs were compared with a peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) coefficient. Features with increased PSNR values on RGB images and on greyscale images were considered to be consistent. A test to compare absolute values between AI-de-noised and artificially noisy images was performed. The results of the concordant features report were (38.05/30.06) -100 (26.58%) improvement in RGB versus (35.93/22.21) - 100 (61.77%) improvement in ‘greyscale'. In conclusion, applying AI-based de-noising on X-ray images retains most of the texture information of the image. AI-based de-noising in low-dose radiography is a very promising approach because it adapts de-noising, preserving information where it should
Moustoifa, El-Farouck. "Nouveaux outils moléculaires de diagnostic des étapes invasives des cancers". Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14055/document.
Texto completo da fonteAbstract
Poggi, Bastien. "Développement de concepts et outils d’aide à la décision pour l’optimisation via simulation : intégration des métaheuristiques au formalisme DEVS". Thesis, Corte, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CORT0012.
Texto completo da fonteIn the world in witch we live the efficient needs are increasing in various fields like industry medecine and environnemtale monitoring. To meet this needs, many optimization methods nammed « metaheuristics » have been created over the last forty years. They are based on probabilistic and random reasoning and allow user to solve problems for witch conventional methods can not be used in acceptable computing times. Victim of their methods succes, the developers of the methods have to answer to several questions : « How can the fitness of solutions be assessed ? », « How to use the same method for several projects without change the code? », « What method will we choose for a specific problem ? », « How to parametrize algorithms ? ». To deal with this problem, we have developed a set of concepts and tools. They have been developed in the context of modeling and simulation of discrete event systems with DEVS formalism. The aims pursued are : allow temporized and spacialized optimization of existing DEVS models, improve the optimization process efficiency (quality of solutions, computing time). Modeling and simulation are used to propose parameters toward the input of problem to optimize. This one generate results used to improve the next proposed solutions. In order to combine optimization and simulation, we propose to represent the optimization method as models which can be easily interconnected and simulated. We focus on consistency of exchanges between optimization models and problem models. Our approach allows early stopping of useless simulations and reduce the computing time as a result. Modeling optimization methods in DEVS formalism also allows to autimatically choose the optimization algorithm and its parameters. Various algorithms and parameters can be used for the same problem during optimization process at different steps. This changes are influenced by collected results of problem simulation. They lead on a self adaptation to the visible or/and hidden features of the studied problem. Our models architecture has been tested on three different problems : parametric optimization of mathematical functions, spacialized optimization of a sensor network deployment, temporized optimization of a medical treatment. Genericity of our concepts and scalability of our models underline the usabily of proposed tool. Concerning performance, simulation breaks and dynamic optimization have obtained higher quality solutions in a short time
Nguyen, Hoang Van. "Estimation d'attitude et diagnostic d'une centrale d'attitude par des outils ensemblistes". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00585525.
Texto completo da fonteBenabid, Yacine. "Contribution à l’amélioration du processus de conception des produits innovants : Développement d’outils d’aide au choix des processus". Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENAM0003/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe optimization of the design process is a research evolving highlighted in numerous references and business practices with the aim improving and developing new products. Our approach is a continuation of those activities that takes as its starting point the diversity of existing design processes and the difficulty of achieving a selection where adaptation. Hence our problem is summarized around a central question which we formulate as follows: how to optimize the choice of the design process subject to a constrained environment? The answer to this question is through the proposition of a tool Help in choosing which converges to the installation of a design process. This tool is three-dimensional, where the first dimension relates to the preparation of the upstream design phase, the second dimension selects a design process on a map classification and the objective of the third dimension is the identification of trades tools and methods for product development. The experimental part of our work has led us to validate the developed tool and propose how to use by designers. Optimization is achieved in our work by the proposal of a three-dimensional tool side and the other by the use of optimization algorithms for modeling tool. New avenues of research for improvement are identified and proposed for future work
Mounanga, Christian-Nazaire. "Outils biocliniques d'évaluation et de contrôle dans les programmes internationaux de lutte contre les filarioses humaines". Tours, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOUR4050.
Texto completo da fonteFilariasis affects more 600 million people in the world and their consequences drove the World Health Organization (WHO) to launch the campaign against filariasis. We studied tools for evaluation and control of these programmes. We measured parasitological indice by thick, thin blood films, skin snips, leucoconcentration and serological indice by ELISA, western blotting, electrosyneresis, immunoelectrophoresis bidimensional, immunochromatographic Test ICT. Antigens fractions of Ascaris lumbricoides (FSom, FLpc, FOg) have been tested. Serums have been gotten to Gabon, to the Comores and Yemen. We showed in assessment, the clinic diagnosis, the leucoconcentration and the skin snip are reference tools. In control, the ICT for detection of circulating antigens of Wuchereria bancrofti and the ELISA are absolutely necessary. The other tools remain difficult to use in mass campaign against filariasis. Ascaris antigen was revealed of a sufficient value for the diagnosis
Ouinekh, Fatima. "Evaluation des outils de diagnostic et d'impact des céphalées idiopathiques : intérêt dans le suivi prospectif de leur histoire naturelle". Bordeaux 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BOR21201.
Texto completo da fonteBACKGROUND : The diagnosis of idiopathic headaches is based on a precise symptom description (IHS criteria). The impact of headaches on quality of life is very important. OBJECTIVES : 1) To study the stability of the IHS criteria in 1 year 2) To study the evolution of the IHS diagnosis in ten years 3) To study the correlation between different disability scales METHODS : Two samples were studied to answer to the objectives : Hemicrania cohort (outcome from the Gazel cohort (EDF-GDF) and a sample from a cross-sectionnal study in general practice. RESULTS : The IHS criteria stability is moderate, varies between symptoms and leads to an instability of the diagnosis at 12 months. The study over a ten year-period shows a facourable evolution of headaches. This finding is compatible with the continuum model of headache. The HIT-6 scale with its different correlation with the other impact scales seems to be well-adapted to assess the impact of headaches
Kouadio, Sekedoua Jules Athanase. "Les technologies smartphone comme outils d’aide à l’alerte face aux crues rapides en France : Expérimentations dans le Vaucluse et le Var". Thesis, Avignon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AVIG1163/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe information given on flash floods in real time should undoubtedly answers to the citizens needs aswell as to the politic and the safety services. Face to such objective, Smartphone could positivelycomplete the official institutional systems, especially thanks to the dynamic and nature of postedmessages, and to the social interactions they support. This study questions the opportunity ofdeveloping a proactive and innovative alert system using the Smartphone technologies to face therisks due to flash flood hazards. A first study focuses on several alert systems existing actually inFrance but we quickly aim at identifying limits (legal rules, technologies and scientific problems) andchallenges usefulness and opportunities in the numeric sphere) of our objective in general manner.Finally, a local study in Var and Vaucluse permits us to see if population and local stakeholdersshould be interested (or not) by a smartphone application. The proposed solution tries to achieve amajor challenge: reducing the gap between a state approach (top-down), which positions and imposedthe state as the main official alert source, and the citizen action (bottom-up) which establishes theindividual as “Citizen sensor” (both in go up or disseminate information) through the use of issmartphone. Meeting this challenge is indispensable if we hope effectively minimizing material andhuman damages especially when high temporal acuity phenomena such as flash floods happen
Hoarau, Christelle. "Contribution à l’analyse de la qualité environnementale d’un projet d’aménagement périurbain/rural en milieu tropical : méthodes et outils d’aide à la décision". Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0042/document.
Texto completo da fonteSignificant industrial development, strong population growth, intensive urbanization,expansion of road, air and sea transports are all factors that contribute to the exhaustion of natural resources, land and climate change. The combination of the 3 strategic pillars of sustainable development : environment, economy and social, in the deployment of complementary policies contributes to the reduction of greenhouse gases emissions and environmental impacts.The standardization of the sustainable development principles is difficult to implement. It depends on the context of a the studied country or territory. The ecological and energy transition requires a eco-mangement frame of reference adapted to the specificities and stakes of the concerned territories. This work contributes to the development of a surburban site in a tropical islandenvironment, around activities in the primary, secondary, and tertiary sectors. In this context, several analysis tools have been developed to meet the requirements of an eco-management scheme, including technical and environmental analyzes and the overall evaluation of an eco-management scheme. These tools provide local and regional actors to analyze the environmental impacts of a project and to evaluate different development alternatives. In addition to the decision-supporttools, a methodological approach is proposed in this thesis, based on the systemic and typological approaches and the ISO 14044 normative framework relating to Life Cycle Assessment
El, Ayeb Béchir. "Méthodes, langages et outils de spécification et de construction des systèmes de diagnostic". Nancy 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989NAN10054.
Texto completo da fonteMathieu, Sophie. "Ingénierie de lectines d'invertébrés par le développement de nouveaux outils de diagnostic en cancérologie". Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00568846.
Texto completo da fontePhlippoteau, Vincent. "Outils et Méthodes pour le diagnostic d’un état de santé d’une pile à combustible". Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPT013H/document.
Texto completo da fonteA fuel cell system transforms the fuel energy into electricity and heat with electrochemical reaction. There are many kinds of fuel cells and we study here the Proton Exchange Fuelcell (PEMFC), which operates between 50°C and 100°C. At the moment, main issues are fuel cells’ life time and its management. Multiple problems can occur such as drying or flooding due to water management, poisoning with impurities in gas, internal deterioration, etc. The objective of this thesis is to define and carry out experimental and analysing methods to characterize these problems. These experimental methods use electrical perturbation and measurements of their effects. Impedance Spectroscopy is part of these methods, but is greatly improved for instable system (patent). We used two types of tests: low amplitude signal, which can be performed during normal operation of the fuel cell, and large amplitude signal which have a strong impact on the fuel cell response. These tests are complementary and are able to evaluate the state of health of the fuel cell. The analysing process of these measurements is ameliorated, in order to improve the uniqueness of the results. At the end, some problems are generated (drying, flooding, etc) and these methods are performed to follow the variation of performance and determine which parameter is involved with the deterioration
Ait, Sghir Khalid. "Contribution de la cyclostationnarité et de l'identification aveugle au diagnostic des outils de coupe". Thesis, Saint-Etienne, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010STET4012.
Texto completo da fonteThe identification of the state of a cutting tool is important in any metal cutting process. An additional cost - in terms of scrapped components, machine tool breakage and unscheduled downtime - occurs as a result of tool defects. The thesis objective is the cutting tool vibration analysis of a milling operation for the diagnosis of their state of degradation. In the first part, the possibilities offered by the synchronous statistics, applied to vibration signal captured from a milling process, are studied to examine the cutting tool condition. The processed vibration signals are cyclostationary, i.e their statistical properties are periodic. Taking into account this property, the use of descriptors able to characterize the process, in conjunction with the kinematics of the mechanical machining operation. Furthermore, when combined with the angular sampling, the cyclostationarity led to the proposed synchronous statistical estimators convenient to implement. First order and second order synchronous statistics, the spectral correlation and the cyclic bispectrum are defined with their interpretations and estimators. A model of milling vibration signal is given. This model aims to demonstrate the cyclostationarity of the signals. The use of these indicators is illustrated on real signals and compared with conventional indicators for diagnosing degradation of cutting tools.In the second part, the blind deconvolution of the impulse response of a cyclostationary process is
Dubos, François. "Outils prédictifs pour la distinction précoce des méningites bactériennes et virales de l'enfant". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066165.
Texto completo da fonteRolland, Laurence. "Analyses comparatives de systèmes d'infiltration-percolation : colmatage et outils de diagnostics". Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20132.
Texto completo da fonteSeepage beds are widely used for on-site and small communities wastewater treatment. These extensive systems present the advantages of both an easy management and good treatment performances. However, they are sensitive to the physical and biological clogging. Clogging alter the treatment performances but also reduce the service life. The role of materials and conception of filters on the control of the permeability of the filtering bed and regulation of the biomass accumulated remain badly understood. In addition, there is a lack of non-destructive tools in order to perform diagnosis on operating systems. The aim of this thesis is to analyse (at various scales and with different tools, especially non-destructive) the answer of infiltration systems to varying operating conditions that are, namely: (i) the composition of the influent, the seepage bed design (type of sand and its implementation, the presence of a geogrid at the bottom), but also (ii) of the operating parameters (hydraulic load, organic load, and mode of feeding). Results highlight the determining roles (i) of the grain size distribution on hydraulic behaviour and the retention of suspended solids, (ii) and of the feeding mode and organic loads. We estimate the operating state of the systems at different time. We distinguish several non-destructive tools fitted for the diagnosis: the measurement of the gaseous oxygen within soil porosity, the measurement of electrical resistivity. In addition, we determine threshold values that allow to differentiate the different state of the system operation
Nze, Ossima Arnaud Davin. "Evaluation statistique des outils diagnostiques et pronostiques à l'aide des surfaces ROC". Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON1T005/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn diagnostic medical, the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) surface is the statistical tool used to assess the accuracy of a diagnostic test in discriminating three disease states, and the volume under the ROC surface is the used index for the quantification of the performance of the test. In some situations, various factors can affect the test results and subsequently the accuracy measures. In the case of longitudinal studies, the patient's status may change over time. In this manuscript, we developed statistical methods to assess the discriminatory capabilities of diagnostic and pronostic tools. We first proposed a semiparametric method for estimating ROC surface under density ratio models. The construction of the proposed method is based on the adjacent-category logit model and the empirical likelihood approach. We described the bootstrap method for inference of the obtained estimators. Next, we presented a method for estimating ROC surfaces called Lehmann family ROC surfaces. This method is based on the family of Lehmann alternatives or proportional hazards model. It has the advantage of taking into account covariates that may affect the accuracy of a diagnostic test. Moreover, we have developed a covariate-specific ROC surface based on the Bayes rule. For that, we proposed semiparametric estimator for covariate-specific ROC surfaces via polytomous logistic regression procedures and a semiparametric location model. Finally, in the case where patient's status may evolve through different stages of disease a method of time-dependent ROC surfaces was developed. The proposed estimator uses the "Inverse Probability of Censoring Weighting" (IPCW) approach. Simulations and examples are provided to illustrate the performance of the proposed estimators
Bentoumi, Mohamed. "Outils pour la détection et la classificationApplication au diagnostic de défauts de surface de rail". Phd thesis, Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00122046.
Texto completo da fonteLa seconde approche est l'approche de détection et classification successives. Elle consiste à traiter tout
d'abord les signaux issus du capteur de manière simple pour la délivrance d'un signal d'alarme indiquant la
présence possible d'un défaut. Dans ce cas, et dans ce cas seulement, des traitements haut niveau sont mis en
oeuvre dans le but d'analyser plus finement les signatures de ces défauts. Les outils pour la classification - les différents classifieurs linéaires, les classifieurs neuronaux et les machines à vecteurs de support - sont détaillés. L'accent est mis sur le réglage des marges des classifieurs linéaires, sur leurs capacités de généralisation et sur les estimateurs de cette capacité de généralisation.
L'ensemble de ces méthodes a été validé sur une application concernant la détection de défauts de surface de rail dans un contexte métro. Un démonstrateur temps réel et opérant en condition d'exploitation a permis de tester les solutions de l'approche détection et classification simultanées, en considérant les taux de bonne détection et de
fausse alarme sur 4 classes de défauts de rail. La transformée en ondelettes, le filtrage inverse et la séparation de sources par analyse en composantes indépendantes sont les outils de prétraitement qui ont été particulièrement détaillés dans ce contexte applicatif.
Une base de données, constituée à partir de mesures sur site labellisées, a permis de qualifier statistiquement les solutions de l'approche détection et classification successives. Une hiérarchisation des méthodes est proposée en fonction de leur capacité de généralisation, mais aussi de leur complexité et de leur aptitude à traiter le problème avec ou sans optimisation des espaces de représentation.
Boucherle, Tom. "Développement de nouveaux outils de diagnostic de terrain pour une application au dosage de l'arsenic". Thesis, Limoges, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIMO0070.
Texto completo da fonteIn 1998, the World Health Organization (WHO) set the maximum concentration of arsenic in drinking water at 10 ppb (μg/L). In the world, more than 100 million people are exposed to concentrations upper than 50 ppb. The toxicity, ubiquity and mobility of arsenic imply the need to be able to dose it immediately on the field. There are currently two commercially available field dosing methods. The first, expensive, is based on voltammetry (> €7000). The second at about €2/analysis is available in the strip format. It allows the measurement of arsenic concentrations close to 10 ppb but requires the generation of arsine (the most toxic form of arsenic), the use of mercury bromide and gives up to 33% false positives. Novassay wants to develop a new simple, fast and efficient arsenic method that can be used directly in the field. Firstly, this work shows a new protocol resulting from an optimization of the molybdenum blue method and the use of a filtering membrane allowing a colorimetric reading on a solid support. In the second part of this work, the results obtained on the development of a novel method of dosing arsenic by the utilisation of gold nanoparticles will be presented. In this part, an imagined molecule from the structure of a natural complexant of arsenic will be synthesized. The arsenic assay with this molecule will be performed on two types of gold nanoparticles, the first stabilized with citrate, the second stabilized with xylan
Lopes, Renaud. "Analyses fractale et multifractale en imagerie médicale : outils, validations et applications". Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL10100/document.
Texto completo da fonteFractal geometry is an emerging concept used in medical image analysis. The aim of this geometry is to measure global and local heterogeneities (1D, 2D or 3D). In medical imaging, it is often used to characterize 1D and 2D signals and restricted to discriminate between 2 states (healthy/pathological) by a global analysis of a signal. This thesis aims at providing 3D fractal geometry based tools for the measures of global (volume) and local (voxel) heterogeneities. Two indices are used: fractal dimension and multifractal spectrum (Hölder exponents). Since these algorithms estimate the theoretical value, fractal and multifractal synthetic volumes were used for the validation. This work also proposes texture segmentation tools. Two applications were studied; characterization of epileptic foci on single photon emission computed tomography images and the detection of prostatic tumors on T2-weighted MR images. The effectiveness of fractal and multifractal features are studied through a framework of supervised classification. The results for both applications demonstrate the usefulness of this geometry and its adaptability to several applications in medical imaging
Pham, Thai Binh. "Apports de nouveaux indicateurs cliniques et biologiques pour le diagnostic et le suivi de la dengue". Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066293.
Texto completo da fonteMakni, Nasr. "Méthodes d’identification, d’aide au diagnostic et de planification utilisant de l’imagerie multi-modalité pour les thérapies focales du cancer de la prostate". Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10117/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn the last decade, new diagnosis procedures and treatment options have been developed and made possible thanks to the recent progress in prostate imaging modalities. The newest challenges in this field are to detect the smallest tumours and to treat locally to minimise the treatment morbidity. In this thesis, we introduce image processing methods for the guidance and assistance of diagnosis and treatment, in laser-based prostate cancer focal therapies. First, we propose novel approaches for extracting three dimensional outlines of the gland, and segmenting its zones (peripheral and central) from Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) data. Computer-aided detection of prostate’s peripheral zone tumours is then investigated by experimenting novel texture features based on fractal geometry, using both supervised and unsupervised classification methods. The results of these different approaches were studied and compared.The second part of this work addresses the guidance of laser-based focal ablation of prostate tumours. A novel non rigid registration method is introduced for fusion of pre-operative MRI and planning data, and per-operative ultrasound imaging. We evaluate our algorithms using simulated data and physical phantoms, which enable comparison to ground truth. Patients’ data, combined to expert interpretation, are also used while taking into account the inter-observer variability.The results we obtained show that the methods we developed are satisfyingly accurate, fast and robust. Multi-centric validation and transfer to the industrial world would bring the contributions of this work to clinical routine, and help improving diagnosis and therapy of prostate cancer
MATHIS, GAEL. "Outils de détection de rupture et de diagnostic : application à la surveillance de turbines à gaz". Rennes 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994REN10121.
Texto completo da fonteBentoumi, Mohamed. "Outils pour la détection et la classification : Application au diagnostic de défauts de surface de rail". Nancy 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NAN10159.
Texto completo da fonteThe works concern with detection and classification problems for fault diagnosis. Two approaches are treated. The first one, where the K-classes global problem is splitted into sub problems, is called simultaneous detection and classification. Each sub problem is solved by a block that links together pre-processing phase, choice of the representation space, detection then decision. The resolution of the global problem is carried out by a sequential arrangement of the blocks or a parallel decision scheme. The second approach is the successive detection and classification approach. It consits of a first basic signal processing for alarm generation that indicates the possible existence of default. Then, high-level processings are activated in order to precisely analyze the default signature. Classification tools - linear classifiers, neural classifiers, SVM - are used. All these methods have been validated on a rail surface defect detection application in subway context
Ahizi, Dorcas. "Évaluation de la performance de projets d’aide internationale au développement : exemple de trois projets exécutés en Côte d’Ivoire". Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019CNAM1226/document.
Texto completo da fonteInternational development assistance projects are extremely various. They have multiple objectives, take various forms and take place in contrasted contexts. This diversity causes a normative methodological discourse. Indeed, concerning the project’s performance evaluation, a single and unchangeable management tools is designed from the start to the end of project.This management tools is supposed to collect and process a large number of indicators also designed at the beginning, according to the project « logical framework ». Tools conceives far away from the project and accountable to the donors. In reality, it can be seen that even projects with substantial resources struggle to master the process of evaluating performance. Few practitioners are successful in leading an evaluation of performance. Even few are the projects whose committee leaders use, for making decision, data from such evaluation. However, performance evaluation are systematically carried out within each international development aid project. This research proposes to explain the reasons of such paradox
Mochel, Fanny. "Déficit énergétique dans la maladie de Huntington : outils diagnostiques et approches thérapeutiques". Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066311.
Texto completo da fonteCorne, Aurélie. "Performance et destination : outils d'aide à la décision pour les acteurs du secteur touristique : Le cas de la France". Thesis, Perpignan, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PERP0038.
Texto completo da fonteWe postulate that tourism destination, which is the research subject of this study, is a complex system of interacting elements. Tourism Destination has to be marketed and managed. Thus, to maintain its position and attractiveness in a highly competitive environment, the Destination Management Organization (DMO) and professionals have to adopt operational strategies and tools for decision-making. The purpose of this thesis is to analyse the performance, mainly through efficiency, of the tourism destination in order to identify the best practices (benchmarks) and provide managerial recommendations to decision makers. Through various actors and different scales of the French territory, we intend to raise several issues related to performance optimization, a core research problem in management. The main purposes of this thesis lie in the use of decision-making with quantitative methods for tourism management
Liu, Weiping. "Contribution au diagnostic de l'isolation statorique des machines électriques par modélisation et identification paramétrique dans le domaine haute-fréquence". Nantes, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008NANT2074.
Texto completo da fonteThe stator winding insulation faults are one of the major failure sources in electrical machines. However, the current methods of diagnosis all are based on two phenomena: either the insulating material polarization, whose dynamics is very slow, or the partial discharges, which have a spectral signature in very high frequency. In fact, there exists a frequency domain not yet exploited for the diagnosis: it corresponds to the propagation of the voltage wave in the insulating system, which can be considered as a multiconductor transmission line. It is the underlying idea of our work. We first review the constitution of winding insulation system. Then, we present an experimental test bench developed to study its step response: a high voltage pulse generator with very fast commutations allows to excite the system with a sufficiently rich spectrum for its identification. In parallel, a simulation model of the insulating system is developed in the Matlab/Simulink environment. It allows to study the diffusion phenomena of the voltage wave and to qualitatively simulate the influence of the end-windings contamination and the ageing of the insulating material. Experimental and simulation signals are exploited to study the potentialities of two structures of diagnosis model. This exploratory work shows the possibility to discriminate the evolution of the inner capacitance of the windings, which is mainly dependent of the dielectric ageing, and the capacitance between the windings and the magnetic circuit, which is also affected by the pollution of the end-windings. So, these primary results valid the proposed approach
Homssi, Louay. "Outils de modélisation, identification et traitement du signal pour le diagnostic des défauts dans les systèmes continus". Toulouse, INSA, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ISAT0017.
Texto completo da fonteEven, Klervi. "Développement d' outils innovants pour le diagnostic et la découverte de cibles dans le cancer du sein". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4019/document.
Texto completo da fonteIn a lifetime, 1 in 9 women will develop breast cancer, 1 of 27 will be swept away by the disease and from 10 to 15% of patients will develop metastases within three years of diagnosis. Accurate and personalized diagnosis of breast cancer and the detection of its metastatic potential is a major challenge. It is essential to develop new analytical methods allowing an effective monitoring of breast cancer. A closer analysis of the molecular characteristics of a primary tumor should lead to more effective personalized medicine, treatment and monitoring. The efficient detection of serum biomarkers would be a way to diagnose metastatic cancer and to modify treatment based on these results. Toward this goal, the proteomic analysis of patient samples has great potential but suffers from technical limitations, including the lack of a wide variety of antibodies and tumor marker. By the use of innovative antibody fragments with remarkable properties named single domain antibody (sdAb), and through the development of a new innovative strategy of phage display, this work provides important answers in terms of availability of antibody, specific proteomic analysis of sample and new target discovery. We have developed a strategy allowing the simultaneous discovery of new biomarkers and the isolation of corresponding antibodies. After the construction of sdAb libraries from llamas immunized with biopsies, and using a new in vitro selection strategy by phage display named masked selection, we have isolated breast cancer-specific antibodies
Reichert, Sandra. "Nouveaux outils de communication pour le diagnostic partagé et la surveillance du patient - application au domaine de l'auscultation". Phd thesis, Université de Technologie de Belfort-Montbeliard, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00608454.
Texto completo da fonteReverte, Maëva. "Etude de la biocompatibilité d acides nucléiques modifiés par des acides boroniques : développement de nouveaux outils de diagnostic". Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT236.
Texto completo da fonteThe modification of oligonucleotides is an attractive field of organic chemistry. Many studies have focused on the generation of artificial internucleoside linkages for therapeutic, diagnostic or for applications in prebiotic chemistry. This thesis manuscript reports the synthesis and study of nucleic acids biocompatibility modified at their 5 'ends by a boronic acid function. The behavior of boronic oligomers was assessed in the presence of different classes of enzymes, such as ligases, polymerases or phosphodiesterases. The biocompatibility results obtained in the presence of these enzymes allowed us to use these modified nucleic acids as real diagnostic tools to achieve mutation point detection or detection of peroxynitrite in-cellulo
Schaeffer, Emmanuel. "Diagnostic des machines asynchrones : modeles et outils parametriques dedies a la simulation et a la detection de defauts". Nantes, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NANT2113.
Texto completo da fonteWackenaer-Descleves, Estelle. "Les β-lactamases chromosomiques des Raoultella spp : support pour la résistance aux antibiotiques et outils de diagnostic étiologique". Paris 5, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA05T037.
Texto completo da fonteThe three species of Raouliellu (formerly Klebsiella). R. Planticola (Rp), R. Ornithinolytica (Ro) and R. Terrigena (Rt) cannot be distinguished from the species of Klebsiella spp. By the tests used in the routine by microbiological laboratories. After having (i) cloned the p-lactamases of the 3 Raoultella species (PLA, ORN and TER), (ii) evaluated the percentage of identity between each other (94% between PLA and ORN, and 78% with TER) and with other class A P-lactamases (70% with TEM-1, 68% with SHV-1 and 38% with KOXY), and (iii) studied the p-lactamase activity of PLA and TER, the reliability of the bla gene for Rp and Ro identification was determined in comparison with that of the 16S rDNA and rpoB genes in 35 Raoultella spp. Isolates. This study allowed us to discover that 70% of the isolates identified as Ro were negative for the ornithine decarboxylase test, meaning negative for the biochemical character on which Ro definition was based, and to develop a new test, bla RFLP. To unambiguously identify Ro and Rp
Ghiss, Moncef. "Dégénérescence discale et outils de diagnostics : couplage d'un modèle osmotico-mécanique et d'imagerie de résonance magnétique nucléaire". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM4334.
Texto completo da fonteDisc diseases are major public health problem in industrialized countries where they affect a large proportion of the population. Disc degeneration (DD) is considered to be one of the leading causes of pain consultation and sick leave in France. This study is an attempt to diagnose DD and more generally an assessment of the functionality and viability of the InterVertebral Disc (IVD). The IVD is an heterogeneous cartilage, that ensures rachis mobility and optimal stress redistribution between vertebrae. These two main properties are linked to the hydric content and the presence of proteoglycans (PG) which decline in a natural process throughout life. This degenerative process is in some case accelerated, leading to the Degenerative Disc Diseases (DDD) or troubles. Several studies have shown the importance of the water content of the disc on its biomechanical behavior. The aims of our study are:1. to follow with Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), the variation in morphology and hydration under mechanical stress,2. to follow with a numerical model, the changes in mechanical parameters such as stiffness, Poisson's ratio and the intrinsic permeability of the IVD.The post-processing on Magnetic Resonance (MR) data allowed reconstructing the 3D deformation under a known mechanical load and deducing the porosity of the disc. The results obtained are conform with the literature and the adopted behavior adheres perfectly with the experimental data. This study demonstrates also, the ability to calculate the mechanical parameters of an IVD, providing precious information to understand the mechanical behaviour and hence judge the viability of the IVD
Boutelier, Cécile. "Décider la programmation des espaces sportifs : la question des outils d’aide à la décision : entre logiques d’acteurs, demandes sociales et obsolescence du patrimoine : l’exemple de la Ville de Rennes". Thesis, Rennes 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013REN20045/document.
Texto completo da fonteManagement of sports facilities is one of the pillars of sports policy developed by elected officials, whatever the town. Planning, implementing and maintaining sports facilities allow a Sports Departments to carry out various tasks in the field of education, sports activities and supporting associations in the organization of sport events. However these public initiatives are facing a complex triptych: the obsolescence of sporting equipment, identifying the social demand and the individual and collective strategies of the players in the sports world. This study raises several questions: How to design the right offer of sport facilities for a city like Rennes? What should be the logic behind picking location of sport equipment? What indicators are inherent to sports that sports department of a local authority must track to develop a policy for utilization, construction and renovation of sports facilities? The sociohistorical approach allows understanding the relationship between local and national context and the logic of the networks of decision making for equipment planning. It is based on a study of the construction of sports facilities in Rennes from the late 18th century to today. In addition a survey of sport stakeholders and practitioners in Rennes, and a comparative study of programming methodologies facilities in nine cities of France, provide some answers to improve decision making in regards to planning sport facilities
Sellami, Takwa. "Contribution à l’usage de l’analyse vibratoire comme outils de monitoring et de diagnostic d’avaries pour les machines électriques tournantes". Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CERG0915.
Texto completo da fonteThe wind energy capacity carries on growing quickly and taking an increasingly significant place in the world. Progressively, research studies dealing with designing and supervising wind turbines have become more important. Two areas of research were developed in this thesis. The first one concerns the continuity of service of a wind turbine connected to the grid while an inter-turn short-circuit fault is present in the stator phase of the induction squirrel cage generator. The analysis of the fault as well as its impact on the wind turbine system and mainly on the quality of the produced power highlights the interest of development of a fast detection and isolation algorithm, dedicated to the reconfiguration of the control law. Hence, a fault tolerant control scheme has been established in order to avoid stopping production, compensate the fault impact and maintain acceptable performances of the quality of the produced energy. The carried out work was based on sliding mode observers, commonly known as robust tools for monitoring and controlling at the same time. The second axis concerns the structural modeling and stability checking of the wind system under vibratory stresses. The work is divided into two complementary parts: The establishment of a three-dimensional (3-D) numerical model using a finite element analysis software (ANSYS) and the realization of vibratory tests under different excitations within the platform (TREVISE). In this framework, a numerical (3-D) model of a horizontal axis wind turbine coupled to a suitable tower and foundation was developed basing on the finite volume method (FVM) in order to analyze its vibratory behavior. The experimental vibratory tests validate the numerical model and allow the identification of the dynamic response of the structure in a precise way. In addition, we have developed an experimental model of the behavior of the wind turbine under vibratory stresses of random, sinusoidal and impulse shapes
Hamaz, Tahar. "Outils de caractérisation et de diagnostic d'une pile à combustible de type PEM par mesure du champ électromagnétique externe". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GRENT074/document.
Texto completo da fonteProton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is a potential alternative energy conversion device for stationary and automotive applications. Wide commercialization of PEMFC depends on progress that can be achieved to enhance its reliability and durability. The PEM fuel cell is subject to several types of complex and not fully mastered degradations which vary with operating conditions. It is desirable to operate the PEMFC at uniform current distribution because non uniform current distribution over the MEA could result in poor reactant and catalyst utilization, overall cell performance degradation as well as corrosion processes inside the PEM fuel cell. Therefore, new diagnostic strategies must be proposed, including choice of information gathered on the system and the fuel cell operation representation. My research is to develop a new diagnostic tool based on a measure of the external electromagnetic field (non-invasive) radiated by the fuel cell. The magnetic field has the advantage of being correlated to the local distribution of the current flowing inside the fuel cell (a physical indicator to obtain information on local performance of a fuel cell); it is linked to the local operating conditions: relative humidity level, temperature etc. It is then possible, from a magnetic signature to trace local information. Baselines (vectors) which contain the magnetic fields data generated by specific current distribution are built to characterize the magnetic field generated by the undesirable operation of the fuel cell. Baselines constitute a representation space of abnormal system behavior. Two methods have been developed to enable: (i) to extract the relevant parameters on the distribution of the current density resulting from PEM fuel cell stack local performance, (ii) to classify different types of undesirables operations. The first method is to generate vector residuals by comparing the actual behavior of the system (characterized by a measurement vector) with the baselines generated. Qualitative variables were created to classify the undesirable modes of PEM fuel cell stack operation. The second method is to extract parameters from the projection of the vector in the direction of measurement baselines. The classification is performed in 2D space. Validation from experimental measurements of the two proposed methods has been carried out on a commercial scale PEMFC (GENEPAC stack of 40 cells built by the CEA and PSA). The relevance of the extracted parameters was verified based on current density distributions measured directly. The undesirable predefined operating modes were used to locate the operating conditions parameters that led to the evolution of the current density distribution. The tools are made easily transferable to other PEMFC stack
Chevalier, Arnaud. "Développement de nouveaux outils chimiques pour la synthèse de sondes optiques fluorogéniques pour la détection d'activités enzymatiques en milieu biologique". Rouen, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ROUES050.
Texto completo da fonteOptical imaging is a continuously developing field of bio-organic chemistry over the past decades. The understanding of the physical phenomena and of the structure/photophysical properties relationship has resulted in the establishment of new strategies for the fluorogenic detection of (bio)analytes in vivo. Many tools have been developed leading to both sensitive and inexpensive diagnosis systems aiming at increasing their performances. My Ph. D. Thesis has been focused on the synthesis of new chemical tools (both quenchers and fluorescent organic dyes) for the development of new fluorogenic probes (based on FRET and/or pro-fluorescence concept) for the detection of enzymes in biological media. We proceeded to the synthesis of unsymmetrical sulforhodamines leading to novel fluorescent organic dyes whose the usefulness has been proved through the preparation of a wide range of new activatable "smart" optical bioprobes. In addition, a panel of various bioconjugatable quenchers (including water-soluble analogues) has been synthesized. Several synthetic routes have been developed for the rapid and effective access to new protease-sensitive "activatable" FRET-based probes. Some of them have been successfully applied to cellular molecular imaging assays. The major result of these works is probably the developement of two synthetic strategies to access to original heterotrifunctional molecular platforms for the simultaneous detection of two distinct protease activities. We expect that these tools could be highly useful for the early detection of some diseases as prostate cancer for which actual diagnosis technics based on detection/quantification of a single biomarker often lead to many false positive results
Colina, Zulimar. "DIAALE : Conception, implémentation et évaluation d’un dispositif en ligne d’aide à l’apprentissage de la lecture scientifique en anglais langue étrangère". Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAL021/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis proposes to document the fields of the development of the writing comprehension in L2 among non-specialist publics and the integration of the information and communication technologies for the teaching in Venezuelan context. In order to do this, this research is based on the design, implementation and analysis of two devices of learning English as a foreign language, distant, integrating collaborative tools in the context of the faculty of engineering of the University of Carabobo in Venezuela. These two devices allow the collection of researching data and ecological data, which are structured in corpus and then processed. From these heterogeneous data, the collaborative processes between student-engineers in L2 reading tasks, the development of written comprehension skills and the use of mobile electronic devices during these collaborative tasks