Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Orientation des fissures"

The Yuncheng Basin is part of the Fenwei Graben System, which has developed ground fissure hazards that have caused serious damage to farmland, houses, and roads and have brought about huge economic losses. Located in Wanrong County on the Emei Plateau in the northwestern part of the Yuncheng Basin in China, the Wangjiacun ground fissure is a typical and special ground fissure developed in loess areas, and its formation is closely related to tectonic joints and the collapsibility of loess. In order to reveal the formation and genesis of the Wangjiacun ground fissure, the geological background, developmental characteristics, and genesis pattern of the Wangjiacun ground fissures were studied in detail. A total of three ground fissures have developed in this area: a linear fissure (f1) is distributed in an NNE-SSW direction, with a total length of 334 m; a circular fissure (f2) is located near the pool, with a total length of 720 m; f2-1, a linear fissure near f2, has a fissure length of 110 m and an NE orientation. This study shows that tectonic joints in loess areas are the main controlling factors of the linear fissure (f1); differential subsidence in the pool caused by collapsible loess is the main source of motivation for the formation of the circular fissures (f2, f2-1), and tensile stresses produced by the edges of subsidence funnels lead to the cracking of shallow rock and soil bodies to form ground fissures (f2, f2-1). This study enriches the theory of ground fissure genesis and is of great significance for disaster prevention and the mitigation of ground fissures in loess areas.

By investigating on the joints and fissures in Shapinggou molybdenum mine based on digital borehole camera technology, the dominant orientation of joint fissure in surrounding rock and ore body were statistically analyzed. Applying the theory of metallogeny and geostatistics, the relationship between joint fissure and lode’s extension direction is explored. The results indicate that joints in the ore body of ZK61borehole have only one dominant orientation SE126°∠68°, however, the dominant orientations of joints in surrounding rock were SE118°∠73°, SW225°∠70°and SE122°∠65°, NE79°∠63°. Then a preliminary conclusion showed that the lode’s extension direction is specific and it is influenced by joints of surrounding rock. Results of other boreholes are generally agree well with the ZK61, suggesting the analysis reliably reflects the lode’s extension properties and the conclusion presents important references for deep ore prospecting.

Abstract Structure characteristics of rock and orebody in deep borehole are obtained by borehole camera technology. By investigating on the joints and fissures in Shapinggou molybdenum mine, the dominant orientation of joint fissure in surrounding rock and orebody were statistically analyzed. Applying the theory of metallogeny and geostatistics, the relationship between joint fissure and lode’s extension direction is explored. The results indicate that joints in the orebody of ZK61borehole have only one dominant orientation SE126° ∠68°, however, the dominant orientations of joints in surrounding rock were SE118° ∠73°, SW225° ∠70° and SE122° ∠65°, NE79° ∠63°. Then a preliminary conclusion showed that the lode’s extension direction is specific and it is influenced by joints of surrounding rock. Results of other boreholes are generally agree well with the ZK61, suggesting the analysis reliably reflects the lode’s extension properties and the conclusion presents important references for deep ore prospecting.

AbstractThe influence of fissures on the permeability, compressibility and consolidation rate properties of glacial till at three sites in and near Glasgow, Scotland has been studied. This included both the determination of the orientation and other characteristics of the fissures in the tills, both in-situ and in laboratory specimens, and measurement of the above properties by testing large specimens at various loading/drainage orientations.Comparatively large variations in permeability and consolidation rate and small variations in compressibility were observed for specimens of different sizes and orientations of sampling and testing. The influence of fissures was found to be most marked at the lower effective stresses.

As a typical landmark in human lungs, the detection of pulmonary fissures is of significance to computer aided diagnosis and surgery. However, the automatic detection of pulmonary fissures in CT images is a difficult task due to complex factors like their 3D membrane shape, intensity variation and adjacent interferences. Based on the observation that the fissure object often appears as thin curvilinear structures across 2D section images, we present an efficient scheme to solve this problem by merging the fissure line detection from multiple cross-sections in different directions. First, an existing oriented derivative of stick (ODoS) filter was modified for pulmonary fissure line enhancement. Then, an orientation partition scheme was applied to suppress the adhering clutters. Finally, a multiple section model was proposed for pulmonary fissure integration and segmentation. The proposed method is expected to improve fissure detection by extracting more weak objects while suppressing unrelated interferences. The performance of our scheme was validated in experiments using the publicly available open Lobe and Lung Analysis 2011 (LOLA11) dataset. Compared with manual references, the proposed scheme achieved a high segmentation accuracy, with a median F1-score of 0.8916, which was much better than conventional methods.

In this experimental study the influence of fissuring orientation and confinement pressure on the mechanical behaviour of natural clays is investigated. The tested material, the scaly clay from Santa Croce di Magliano (south of Italy), is characterised by an intense network of pre-existing fissures of single orientation. Several plane strain compression tests have been conducted, under different confinement pressures (i.e., from 50 to 600 kPa), on specimens having fissures with vertical, medium and horizontal inclination. Digital Image Correlation has been used to follow the deformation processes of the specimens throughout the tests by measuring incremental shear and volumetric strain maps. The results showed a strong coupling between the total confinement and the fissure inclination, that is controlling both the onset and the development of the patterns of the localisation processes. The new results have been compared with previous ones carried out on the same material without confinement. The comparison shed light on the role of total confinement that becomes particularly relevant from certain levels of pressures and fissuring inclination.

Understanding the distribution and development patterns of mining-induced fissures is crucial for environmental protection and geological hazard prevention. To address labor-intensive manual inspection, an automated approach leveraging Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) and Unmanned Aerial System Photogrammetry (UASP) is proposed for fissure identification and mapping. Initially, the ResNet-50 network was employed for the binary classification of the cropped UASP orthophoto images. A comparative analysis was conducted to determine the optimal model between DeepLabv3+ and U-Net. Subsequently, the identified fissures were mosaicked and spatially projected onto the original orthophoto image, incorporating precise projection data, thereby furnishing a spatial reference for environmental governance. The results indicate a classification accuracy of 93% for the ResNet-50 model, with the U-Net model demonstrating a superior identification performance. Fissure orientation and distribution patterns are influenced by the mining direction, ground position of the mining workface, and topographic undulations. Enhancing the CNN performance can be achieved by incorporating variables such as slope indices, vegetation density, and mining workface locations. Lastly, a remote unmanned approach is proposed for the automated mapping of mining-induced fissures, integrated with UAS automated charging station technology. This study contributes to the advancement of intelligent, labor-saving, and unmanned management approaches advocated by the mining industry, with potential for broad applications in mining environmental protection efforts.

The paper contains description of systems fissures and low-amplitude faults in Upper Cretaceous rocks of Chufut-Cale “cave town” outskirts. Analysis of orientation and kinematics of breaks and fissures’ parageneses allowed to restore stress-fields of Alpine tectonic epoch and their rough order. A guess of sublatitudinal compression appearance in Mountaineous Crimea was suggested.

A 7.3 MW earthquake occurred at 11:20 am on December 14, 2021, in the Flores Sea, and the main shake was centered ±100 km north of Maumere, Indonesia, with a depth of 14.3 km, antecedent a landslide. This research consists of two stages, namely: quantitative data collection in the form of tectonic lineament density measurements using Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data which is extracted manually using GIS-based applications, and qualitative data in the form of field observations which include strike-dip measurements of rocks, lithological data, morphological conditions, ground fissures, and the distribution of damage caused after 2021 earthquake. This study focused on analyzing the value of lineament density, its correlation to the history of seismicity and surface lithological conditions, and the impact after the 2021 earthquake damage. The lineaments of the southern area are dominated by NE – SW orientation along with various lithological conditions and with lineament density values very low – very high. A crack width from 0.5 to 112 cm, and a vertical offset occurs with a depth of up to 270 cm. The western area is dominated by lineament with an orientation NE – SW with a crack width from 8 to 18 cm, and there is a vertical offset with a depth of up to 24 cm. The distribution of ground fissures in the Garaupa Raya area is categorized as low. The orientation of the northern area lineament is relatively NW – SE directional and the lineament density value is categorized as low. Horizontal displacement with an orientation of NW – SE is found at the port of Kalaotoa Island, Kawawo village with measured crack width of ±17 cm, an observable horizontal offset from 15 to 24 cm, and a vertical offset of ±12 cm with a trend of movement towards the south.

The Eyjafjallajökull volcano, one of the oldest active volcanoes in Iceland, is located in the volcanic flank zone of South Iceland, a few tens of kilometers south of the nearest branch of the mid-Atlantic plate boundary. It is an elongated, broad cone of about 1650 m height. A 100–200 m thick glacier covers the upper part of the volcano and its elliptical 2.5–km-wide summit crater or caldera. An E–W trending rift zone transects the volcano, but a few radial fissures are observed around the summit area. Eruptive fissures on the west flank are curved and tend to be aligned along the maximum gradient of the topography. The E–W orientation of the rift zone and the apparent correlation with the topography suggests strong influence of gravity. Dikes in the older parts of the volcano strike north-easterly and indicate a change in the stress orientation during the last 0.78 My. This change may be related to a southward propagation of the Eastern Volcanic Rift Zone of Iceland and the transfer of spreading from the Western to the Eastern Volcanic Rift Zone. We suggest that the anomalous orientation of the Eyjafjallajökull volcanic system is the result of preexisting topography and gravitational stresses when the volcanic edifice was built up unconformably on old oceanic crust. All known episodes of activity in Eyjafjallajökull have been accompanied by activity in the neighbouring volcano Katla. The most recent examples are the two thermal events, possibly subglacial eruptions, of 1999 and 2011 at Katla following the 1999 sill intrusion and 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull. The coupling mechanism between the volcanoes remains enigmatic. One volcano may be triggered by the other by direct dike or sill injection. Furthermore, pressure perturbation in the mantle may affect the magma sources of both volcanoes.

Pour faire face aux problèmes émergents de pollution et de dégradation de la qualité des eaux, il est nécessaire de maîtriser le fonctionnement hydrogéologique des roches réceptrices de polluants. Cela implique de définir la vulnérabilité des aquifères et d'optimiser la modélisation des phénomènes de rétention et des mécanismes de transport des particules dans les roches. Dans les aquifères karstiques, les fractures servent de voies préférentielles pour les particules, permettant ainsi leur transport rapide. Le transport des particules et de la matière dissoute dans les fractures est régi par l'advection et la dispersion qui sont influencées par plusieurs facteurs. L'objectif de cette étude est de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes de transport des particules solides et des matières dissoutes dans les fractures et des différents facteurs qui influencent ces mécanismes. A cette fin, un programme expérimental a été développé pour comprendre l'influence de la vitesse d'écoulement, de l'ouverture de la fracture, de l'orientation de la fracture et de la force ionique sur le transport des particules de kaolinite et du traceur dissous (fluorescéine) dans des échantillons de craie fracturée. Un modèle numérique a été développé sur la base de l'équation d'advection-dispersion, afin de déterminer les paramètres de transport et de comprendre en profondeur les interactions entre les particules et la surface de la fracture dans différentes conditions.Les résultats de cette étude ont révélé que l'effet hydrodynamique est significatif quelle que soit l'orientation de la fracture, la récupération des particules augmentant avec la vitesse d'écoulement. Les particules de kaolinite sont transportées plus rapidement que la fluorescéine en raison de l'effet d'exclusion de taille et du coefficient de dispersion plus élevé de la fluorescéine. Le coefficient d’attachement augmente avec la vitesse d'écoulement pour toutes les orientations de fracture et est indépendant de l'ouverture de la fracture. Inversement, le coefficient de détachement, qui est négligeable pour les petites vitesses d'écoulement, est plus important dans les petites ouvertures en raison d'une contrainte de cisaillement plus élevée. Les résultats ont montré, aussi, que l'orientation des fractures affecte de manière significative le transport des particules de kaolinite mais a un impact négligeable sur la fluorescéine. L'augmentation de l'orientation verticale des fractures améliore la récupération et la dispersion des particules, tandis que le coefficient d'attachement diminue. Enfin, les résultats de l'effet de la force ionique indiquent qu'une force ionique plus élevée augmente la rétention des particules et diminue le taux de récupération. Le coefficient d'attachement présente une augmentation linéaire et le coefficient de détachement suit une évolution exponentielle avec l'augmentation de la force ionique.Les résultats de l'étude soulignent l'importance de prendre en compte des vitesses d'écoulement élevées dans l'étude des effets hydrodynamiques, de l'ouverture de la fracture et de l'effet de la force ionique pour comprendre les mécanismes de transport des particules de taille micrométrique dans les fractures de la craie. Elle contribue également à faire progresser la compréhension de l'effet de l'orientation des fractures sur le transport des particules. Cette compréhension est essentielle pour évaluer les risques pour les ressources en eaux souterraines et pour faire progresser les mesures de protection de l'environnement
In order to face the emerging problems of pollution and deterioration in water quality, it is necessary to master the hydrogeological functioning of pollutant-receiving rocks. This involves, defining the vulnerability of aquifers and optimising the modelling of the retention phenomena and transport mechanism of particles in rocks. In karstic aquifers, fractures serve as preferential pathways for particles, thus allowing their rapid transport. The transport of particles and dissolved matter in fractures is governed by advection and dispersion which are influenced by several factors. The objective of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of the mechanisms of transport of solid particles and dissolved matter in fractures and the different factors influencing these mechanisms. For this purpose, an experimental program was developed to understand the influence of flow velocity, fracture aperture, fracture orientation and ionic strength on the transport of kaolinite particles and fluorescein dissolved tracer in fractured chalk samples. In addition, a numerical model was developed based on the Advection-Dispersion equation, to determine the transport parameters and deeply understand the particle-fracture surface interactions under different conditions. The results of this study revealed that the hydrodynamic effect is significant regardless of fracture orientation, with particle recovery increasing as flow velocity increases. Kaolinite particles travel faster than fluorescein due to the size exclusion effect and the higher dispersion coefficient of fluorescein. The attachment coefficient increases with flow velocity for all fracture orientations and is independent of fracture aperture. Conversely, the detachment coefficient, which is negligible for small flow velocities, is greater in smaller apertures due to higher shear stress. The findings showed that fracture orientation significantly affects the transport of kaolinite particles but has a negligible impact on fluorescein as a dissolved tracer. Increasing the fracture orientation vertically enhances particle recovery and dispersion, while the attachment coefficient decreases. The effect of ionic strength indicate that higher ionic strength increases particle retention and decreases the recovery rate. With the attachment coefficient exhibiting a linear increase and the detachment coefficient follows an exponential trend with increasing ionic strength.The study findings highlight the importance of considering high flow velocities in studying the hydrodynamic effect, fracture aperture, and IS effect in understanding micron-sized particle transport mechanisms in chalk fractures. It also contributes to the advancement of understanding the effect of fracture orientation on the transport of particles by using experimental methods. These understandings are essential for assessing risks to groundwater resources and advancing environmental protection measures

Cette thèse s’inscrit dans le contexte d’une optimisation industrielle et économique des éléments de structure en BFUP permettant d’en garantir la ductilité au niveau structural, tout en ajustant la quantité de fibres et en optimisant le mode de fabrication. Le modèle développé décrit explicitement la participation du renfort fibré en traction au niveau local, en enchaînant une phase de comportement écrouissante suivie d'une phase adoucissante. La loi de comportement est fonction de la densité, de l'orientation des fibres vis-à-vis des directions principales de traction, de leur élancement et d'autres paramètres matériaux usuels liés aux fibres, à la matrice cimentaire et à leur interaction. L'orientation des fibres est prise en compte à partir d'une loi de probabilité normale à une ou deux variables permettant de reproduire n'importe quelle orientation obtenue à partir d’un calcul représentatif de la mise en œuvre du BFUP frais ou renseignée par analyse expérimentale sur prototype. Enfin, le modèle reproduit la fissuration des BFUP sur le principe des modèles de fissures diffuses et tournantes. La loi de comportement est intégrée au sein d'un logiciel de calcul de structure par éléments finis, permettant de l'utiliser comme un outil prédictif de la fiabilité et de la ductilité globale d’éléments en BFUP. Deux campagnes expérimentales ont été effectuées, une à l'Université Laval de Québec et l'autre à l'Ifsttar, Marne-la-Vallée. La première permet de valider la capacité du modèle à reproduire le comportement global sous des sollicitations typiques de traction et de flexion dans des éléments structurels simples pour lesquels l’orientation préférentielle des fibres a été renseignée par tomographie. La seconde campagne expérimentale démontre les capacités du modèle dans une démarche d’optimisation, pour la fabrication de plaques nervurées relativement complexes et présentant un intérêt industriel potentiel pour lesquels différentes modalités de fabrication et des BFUP plus ou moins fibrés ont été envisagés. Le contrôle de la répartition et de l’orientation des fibres a été réalisé à partir d'essais mécaniques sur prélèvements. Les prévisions du modèle ont été confrontées au comportement structurel global et à la ductilité mis en évidence expérimentalement. Le modèle a ainsi pu être qualifié vis-à-vis des méthodes analytiques usuelles de l'ingénierie, en prenant en compte la variabilité statistique. Des pistes d'amélioration et de complément de développement ont été identifiées
This Ph.D. project has been prepared within the context of an industrial and economic optimisation of UHPFRC structural elements to ensure ductility at the structural level, while adjusting the amount of fibre and optimising the manufacturing process. The model developed explicitly describes the participation of local fibre reinforcement in tension, thanks to a hardening behaviour followed by a softening one. The constitutive law is a function of the local fibre content, of the fibre orientation with respect to tensile principal directions, of the fibre slenderness and other usual material parameters related to the fibres, the cementitious matrix and their interaction. The fibre orientation is taken into account using a normal probability distribution with one or two variables to reproduce any orientation either obtained from a representative simulation of casting fresh UHPFRC or informed by experimental analysis on prototypes. Lastly, the model reproduces the cracking of UHPFRC based on the principle of smeared rotating crack models. The constitutive law is implemented in a structural finite element software as a predictive tool of reliability and overall ductility of UHPFRC elements. Two experimental campaigns were carried out, one at Laval University in Quebec and one at Ifsttar, Marne-la-Vallée. The first one is used to confirm the model ability to reproduce the overall behaviour under typical tensile and bending loads in simple structural elements for which the preferential fibre orientation was measured by microtomography. The second experimental campaign demonstrates the capabilities of the model, in an optimisation process, to help manufacture relatively complex ribbed triangular plates of industrial interest in which different manufacturing process and fibre volume have been considered. The identification of fibre distribution and orientation has been performed using mechanical tests on sawn samples. The model predictions have been compared to the global structural behaviour, and to the ductility demonstrated experimentally. The model could be qualified through comparison with conventional analytical engineering methods, taking into account the statistical variability. Improvement and additional developments have been identified

De nos jours, les matériaux composites sont très largement utilisés dans l’industrie aéronautique et aérospatiale car ils ont de très bonnes tenues mécaniques, mais ces matériaux comportent de fortes hétérogénéités dues aux fibres et aux liants qui les constituent. Ainsi, depuis de nombreuses années, l’équipe TIFC «Thermal Imaging Fields and Characterization » du département TREFLE de l’institut I2M développe des méthodes de mesure des propriétés thermophysiques de matériaux hétérogènes dans le plan ou dans l’épaisseur. Ces méthodes sont très variées du point de vue des méthodes inverses (transformée intégrale, double décomposition en valeurs singulières, …) ou expérimentale (Flash, diode laser, …). Le faible coût des diodes lasers et des systèmes de déplacement de miroirs galvanométriques ont permis de développer un système complet de scanner optique laser, monté sur un banc de mesure. Il permet de revisiter les différents types de sollicitations thermiques et de réaliser une infinité de combinaisons spatiotemporelles d’excitations thermiques par méthode laser. Ceci est une des principales originalités de ce travail. De nouvelles méthodes inverses basées sur la réponse thermique au point source impulsionnel et sur la séparabilité des champs de température ont été proposées. Ces méthodes ont permis d’estimer le tenseur de diffusivité thermique selon les axes principaux d’anisotropie, mais aussi hors des axes du repère de l’image, où il est possible de déterminer l’orientation des axes d’anisotropie, lorsque le transfert de chaleur s’effectue hors des axes du repère de l’image. Ces méthodes ont permis d’obtenir des résultats intéressants comptetenu de leur simplicité. De plus, elles ont permis d’obtenir des cartographies de diffusivités thermiques dans le plan car, comparées aux autres méthodes, elles permettent d’obtenir des estimations du tenseur de diffusivité thermique localement grâce à l’obtention d’une cartographie de flux thermique surfacique via le scanner optique laser
Nowadays, composite materials are widely used in the aeronautic and aerospace industries because of their high mechanical resistance. However, they have a large heterogeneity due to the fiber and matrix they are made of. In this way, for many years, the TIC team «Thermal Imaging Fields and Characterization » from TREFLE department of I2M laboratory develops methods to measure thermal in-plane properties of heterogeneous materials such as inverses (integral transforms, double singular value decomposition…) or experimental (Flash, laser diode…) methods. The recent progress made in optical control, lasers and infrared (IR) cameras enables the development of a new scanning system (based on galvanometer-mirror) which allows the easy control of a laser hot spot spatial and temporal displacements over a plane surface. The low cost of laser diodes and optical control (galvanometric mirror) systems allows to develop a laser scanning system fixed on a test bench. We can revisit the different types of thermal excitation and realize infinite spatio-temporal combinations of thermal excitations by laser method. This is one of this thesis aims. New inverse methods based on the thermal response to an instantaneous point source heating, and temperature fields separability, have been proposed. These methods allow to estimate the thermal diffusivity tensor along the main axes of anisotropy, but also out of those axes, where it is possible to estimate the anisotropy axes orientation when the heat transfer takes place out of the image axes. These methods have produced interesting results in view of their simplicity. Moreover, they made it possible to obtain in-plane thermal diffusivities maps because, compared to the other methods, they allow to obtain, locally, thermal diffusivity tensor estimations by getting a surface heat flux map using the laser optical scanner

Objetivo: elaborar e avaliar um website com material informativo sobre fissura labiopalatina para pais de crianças de um mês a dez anos de idade. Participantes: 100 pais ou acompanhantes de pacientes com fissura labiopalatina em tratamento no HRAC-USP. Metodologia: o projeto foi realizado em duas etapas: elaboração do website abordando 11 temas, de forma clara e com vocabulário acessível, e avaliação do mesmo pelos participantes. Resultados: A maioria dos participantes encontrava-se na faixa etária dos 20 aos 59 anos de idade (98%), eram mães (75%), haviam completado o ensino médio (61%), residiam na região sudeste do Brasil (70%) e tinham acesso a internet 88%. A maior parte dos pais (44%) navegou por até 10 minutos antes de avaliar o website. As respostas dos pais na avaliação quanto à apresentação do website foram excelente e muito bom para: navegação (87%), conforto na busca de informações (85%), auxílio das imagens (79%), cores utilizadas (69%) e avaliação geral (87%). Quanto ao conteúdo, as respostas foram excelente e muito bom para: suficiência das informações (67%), clareza e compreensão (82%), explicativas e informativas (77%) e objetividade (76%). Os temas que mais chamaram a atenção foram conceitos, tipos e causas das fissuras labiopalatinas (52%), seguido de escola (12%) e reabilitação e cuidados (11%). A maioria das sugestões obtidas relacionaram-se a apresentação (51,5%) e todos os sujeitos voltariam a acessar o website. Conclusões: O website elaborado com informações sobre a fissura labiopalatina foi apresentado e avaliado satisfatoriamente pelos pais. É um recurso de informação que pode contribuir para a divulgação dos aspectos estéticos, funcionais e psicossociais da malformação, favorecendo pacientes, familiares e profissionais.
Purpose: Formulate and evaluate a website with informative material about cleft lip and palate for parents of children aging from one month to ten years old. Participants: 100 parents or companions of cleft lip and palate patients in current treatment at HRAC-USP. Methodology: The project was realized in two stages: formulating the website approaching 11 topics, in a clear manner and with an accessible vocabulary, and the evaluation of it by the participants. Results: Participants profiles: aging from 20 to 59 years old (98%), mothers (75%), completed secondary school (61%), from the Southeast region (70%). Who have already had access the internet 88%. Most part of the parents surfed for up to 10 minutes. On the evaluation of the website presentation, the answers of the parents were excellent and very good for: surfing (87%), convenience on the search for information (85%), images help (79%), colors used (69%) and general evaluation (87%). About the content, the answers were excellent and very good for: information sufficiency (67%), clarity and comprehension (82%), explanatory and informative (77%) and objectivity (76%). The topics that most attract the attention were concepts, kinds and causes of cleft lip and palate (52%), followed by school (12%) and rehabilitation and care (11%). Most part of the suggestions obtained were regarding the presentation (51,5%) and all the subjects informed they would access the website again. Conclusions: The website formulated with information about cleft lip and palate was present and well evaluated by the parents. It is a resource of information that can contribute for the propagation of the aesthetic, functional and psychosocial aspects of the malformation, benefiting the patients, relatives and professionals.

Water ingress into rock tunnels is a problematic phenomenon – especially in urban areas – as a lowered groundwater table may cause harmful settlements. Furthermore, too much ingress can be an incentive for the environmental court to halt the tunnel process, in order to protect the nature as part of a national interest.Water ingress is normally lowered by injecting a water and cement mixture into boreholes in the rock mass – a process called rock grouting – thus sealing the rock fractures. Very little information and research has been on the subject of how the rock fracture orientation interact with the orientation and geometry of the grouting holes. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate whether or not it is possible and feasible to select a grout fan geometry that will have the most intersections with the rock fractures, based on fracture information gained in an early pre-investigation stage. The suitability of different grout fan geometries will be determined by analyzing the amount of fracture intersections that each geometry has in a discrete fracture network, generated based on data obtained from rock cores in the Stockholm Bypass project. The assumption is that more fracture intersections means a higher chance of sealing the rock mass. The results show that there is no clear difference in number of intersections between the analyzed grout fan geometries, indicating that focus should not be on analyzing the grout fans as whole units, but rather on the scale of individual grouting holes and fractures. This thesis also highlights the importance of monitoring according to the observational method.
Vatteninläckage i bergtunnlar är ett problem, speciellt inom tätbebyggda områden, eftersom en sänkt grundvattennivå kan orsaka sättningar i jordlagren och följaktligen skada infrastruktur. Dessutom kan ett för högt vatteninläckage vara ett incitament för miljödomstolen att stoppa tunneldrivningen i ett försök att skydda den allmänna miljön i dennas roll som ett nationalintresse.Vatteninträngning i tunnlar minskas normalt genom att injicera en blandning av vatten och mikrocement i borrhål lokaliserade i bergmassan – en process som kallas för sprickinjektering – och genom detta täta bergmassan. Idag finns mycket lite information tillgänglig om hur sprickors och injekteringshålens orienteringar interagerar med varandra.Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka huruvida det är genomförbart att i ett tidigt förundersökningsskede bestämma en skärmgeometri som kommer ha så många sprickskärningar som möjligt. Olika skärmgeometriers lämplighet bedömdes genom att analysera mängden sprickskärningar som varje geometri hade i ett diskret spricknätverk, baserat på indata från utvalda kärnborrningar från Förbifart Stockholm. Analysen utfördes under antagandet att fler sprickskärningar ger en större chans att täta berget.Resultaten visar att det inte finns en klar skillnad i antalen skärningar olika skärmgeometrier emellan, vilket indikerar att framtida fokus inte bör läggas på att analysera skärmgeometrier som enheter, utan snarare att analysen bör utföras på individuella injekteringshål och sprickor. Denna uppsats markerar också vikten av observationer under utförandet av berguttag och sprickinjektering i enlighet med observationsmetoden.

Дисертація присвячена вивченню характеру розподілу тектонічної тріщинуватості крейдово-палеогенових відкладів у Внутрішній зоні Передкарпатського прогину. У дисертації вдосконалено існуючу класифікацію тектонічних тріщин. Вперше в роботі встановлено характер розподілу густоти тріщинуватості гірських порід в межах окремих структур і в цілому для Внутрішньої зони. У дисертації показано на картосхемах і картах зв’язок між ділянками підвищеної густоти тріщинуватості в приповерхневих структурах та густотою тектонічних порушень на глибині з ділянками відкритих покладів нафти і газу, а також з перспективними зонами за даними газогеохімічних досліджень. Зроблено висновок про перспективи нафтогазоносності за даними про тріщинуватість гірських порід.
Диссертация посвящена изучению характера распределения тектонической трещиноватости мел-палеогеновых и неогеновых отложений во Внутренней зоне Предкарпатского прогиба. Фактическим материалом исследований послужили результаты собственных полевых исследований трещиноватости в обнажениях вдоль долин речек и их притоков на территории Внутренней зоны Предкарпатского прогиба, а также литературные и фондовые данные по геологии трех нефтегазоносных районов Внутренней зоны Предкарпатского прогиба (Бориславского, Долинского и Надворнянского). В диссертации усовершенствована существующая классификация тектонических трещин. Впервые в работе представлен характер распределения густоты трещиноватости горных пород в границах отдельных структур и в целом по территории Внутренней зоны Предкарпатского прогиба. В результате изучения характера изменения коэффициентов густоты трещин горных пород в приповерхностных складках в Внутренней зоны Предкарпатского прогиба получены данные, которые указывают на распределение трещин тектонического происхождения в границах ло различным значением коэффициента интенсивности. Дано научное объяснение механизма шести типов трещин в регионе исследований, которое позволило обосновать основные положения механизма формирования трещин в процессе складкообразования, и разделено автором на три этапа. Первый этап охватывает время, когда пласты горных пород были еще в относительно простых геологических условиях. На этом этапе в результате действия тектонических сил сформировались две системы трещин: первичные трещины скалывания, ориентированные под углом по отношению к оси сжатия С. и первичные трещины отрыва, плоскости которых вертикальны и параллельны по отношению к направлению действия сжимаемых сил. Второй этап трещинообразования характеризуется тем, что в процессе складкообразования сформировались еще три системы трещин, а именно, вторичные трещины скалывания и вторичные трещины отрыва. На этом этапе положения осей А, В и С в пространстве остаются без изменений. На третьем этапе трещинообразования по мере интенсивного действия тектонических сил положение в пространстве по оси С остается неизменным. Положение осей В и А изменяется в пространстве. Вращение эллипсоида деформации вокруг оси С имело место на 90°. Ось В заняла горизонтальное положение, а ось А заняла вертикальное положение. В период этого этапа формируются трещины скалывания шестой системы в результате действия тектонических усилий вдоль большой оси складок, о чем свидетельствует также формирование ундуляции осей этих складок. За приведенными данными во Внутренней зоне Предкарпатского прогиба постоянным и доминирующим направлением действия тектонических сил происходили по оси С. Что ж касается осей А и В, то они меняли свое положение в пространстве в процессе складкообразования. Определена преобладающая ориентация трещин в пространстве, которая свидетельствует, что в регионе в основном действовали тангенциально - направленные тектонические силы в направлении из юго-запада на северо-восток. В работе разработана методика обработки данных полевых наблюдений трещиноватости с использованием компьютерных программ, с помощью которых повышается оперативность, а также возможность пространственного моделирования трещин. Установленны зависимости коэффициента густоты трещин от интенсивности структур и места их положения на структуре. В диссертации показана на карто-схемах и картах связь между участками повышенной густоты трещиноватости в приповерхностных структурах, густотой тектонических нарушений на глубине с участками открытых залежей нефти и газа, а также с перспективными зонами за данными газогеохимических исследований. Совмещение карто-схем с зонами повышенных значений коэффициентов густоты тектонических трещин в горных породах с карто-схемами размещения зон повышенных значений данные позволяют считать выделение повышенной трещиноватости горных пород как дополнительного критерия оценки перспектив нефтегазоносности. Непосредственно во Внутренней зоне Предкарпатского прогиба участки повышенной трещиноватости горных пород, где еще не установлена промышленная нефтегазоносность, по результатам исследований тектонической трещиноватости горных пород, следует считать перспективными.
The thesis is devoted to the studying of the tectonic jointing spreading character in Cretaceous-Paleogenic and Neogenic deposits of the Internal Zone. In the thesis the existing classification of tectonic fissures is improved. For the first time the rock's jointing density spreading character in borders of local structures and Internal Zone of Precarpathian Foredeep is represented. The connection between the areas of high jointing density in surface structures, the tectonic deformations density in depth with areas of explored petroleum deposits and also with perspective zones by gasogeochemical researches data is shown on schemes and maps. The conclusion about perspectives of petroleum bearing based on rock's jointing data has been made.

Etude experimentale sur le superalliage soumis a une charge cyclique uniaxiale suivant la direction de croissance 001 et les orientations 111, 011 et 123 a 650 c et 900c. Analyse des courbes d'ecrouissage cyclique. Caracterisation des systemes de glisement associes aux grandes deformations plastiques. Description par un modele de l'influence quantitative de l'orientation sur les courbes, d'ecrouissage cyclique. Mise en evidence du role preponderant de la periode de propagation des fissures sur l'endommagement. Prevision theorique de la duree de vie en fatigue en utilisant des donnees de fissuration etablies pour une orientation donnee

Abstract I conclude by illustrating what it would entail for us to, in Žižek’s words, “traverse the fantasy” of postracial and postfeminist culture to bring about a productive reckoning with the horrors, fissures, and failures of the Symbolic—to cease attributing the Other with the possession of the lost object and to transform white masculinity’s relationship to the death drive. In this Epilogue, I consider the implications of calling back the law of the paternal signifier in relation to the Other’s enjoyment. Part of the problem with prescribing political alternatives is that prohibition is the ultimate source of enjoyment for the transgressor. I suggest that one healthy route is to create space for indifference to the Other’s enjoyment—not so much a matter of ignoring the law as much as it is a refusal to look, so as to change our psychical orientation toward the death drive.

Abstract An increasing body of literature suggests that tree-cavity roosting bats are selective in their use of roosts. By comparing aspects of roosting ecology for which there is a high level of specificity with those where roost use appears more flexible, we may gain a better understanding of the key influences on roost selection. Here we review eight studies on the roosting ecology of the lesser long-eared bat, Nyctophilus geoffroyi, a common and widespread vespertilionid in Australia. Nyctophilus geoffroyi is flexible in the distribution of roost sites, with roosts occurring in urban, rural, and a wide range of natural environments. While predominantly roosting in tree cavities, individuals (especially males) also use other natural and artificial roost sites. Tree roosts include a range of forms and orientations, but roosts located under bark and in fissures are common, frequently with a northerly orientation. A strong preference is shown by both sexes for roosts in dead trees, and entrance dimensions of roosts are consistently narrow (2.5–2.8 cm). Males predominantly roost solitarily, while females form larger colonies, especially while breeding. In some studies, females displayed a significant preference for roosts in larger trees, especially for maternity roosts, but this pattern was not consistent in all areas. In all studies, individuals shifted roosts frequently (every 1–2 days), and these roosts occurred within restricted areas. We suggest that key influences on roosting ecology for this species are the thermal requirements of roosts, the risk of predation, social organization within populations, and the pattern of roost availability in the landscape.

Abstract How do Arab immigrants fit in Brazil as a society built on racial and cultural mixture? Under the influence of European racial theory, mixture was seen in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries as an impediment to national progress. However, in the 1920s Modernists like Oswald de Andrade described it as an enriching kind of cultural anthropophagy, and in the early 1930s sociologist Gilberto Freyre turned nineteenth-century racial theory on its head by arguing that the special richness and unique character of Brazil was the result of the racial and cultural mixture of Native Brazilian, Portuguese, and African elements—the Portuguese one being itself hybridized through the Arab-Moorish presence in medieval Iberia. Yet the discrimination and stereotyping faced by Arab immigrants in Brazil point to fissures within this notion of mistura that Brazilian Orientalism explains: faced with immigrants who did not fit easily within one of the three recognizable racial groups (Amerindians, Europeans, Africans), Brazilian intellectuals appropriated Euro-American Orientalism to make sense of the Arab presence in Brazil and to define the country’s place in the world. In so doing, they revealed both their overwhelmingly European orientation and their anxiety about the kind of mixing that was being celebrated as Brazil’s defining feature.

The discontinuous nature of brittle behavior contrasts with the apparent continuous nature of ductile deformation. Continuity is obviously scale dependent. Faults and fractures are common features of discontinuous deformation. They are particularly abundant in near-surface geological formations, that is, settings at low confining pressures. If ductile behaviour happens to be present in the upper crust, for example in clay and gypsum formations, brittle behaviour is not lacking in the deep crust. This is illustrated by dyke emplacement, feldspar crystals affected by fractures in granite magmas, and brittle behaviour of the mantle at Moho level. Discontinuous structures implying no or limited displacement – namely joints, fissures and tensile cracks – are briefly considered first, and faults, on which large displacements may take place are examined in detail. Faults, ductile faults and shear zones are representative strain localization structures. In this chapter, the relationships between brittle structures and the state of stress responsible for their orientation and evolution are discussed. According to its viscosity (‘viscosity’ is often preferred over ‘competence’), the behaviour of a rock is purely brittle, brittle–ductile or purely ductile. These two latter behaviours will be examined in the following chapter. Fractures are preferred fluid-collection sites, hence potential location for mineralization and formation of ore-veins. They are critically important during the formation stage of plutons and volcanos (see Chapter 7) due to silicate melt circulation into fractures.

Abstract The Round Mountain low-sulfidation epithermal Au deposit occurs within the rhyolitic tuff of Round Mountain (26.86 Ma) on the northeast side of an elliptical volcanic center that has morphology and volcanic facies suggesting it originated as a caldera. The hosting tuff comprises three pyroclastic flow and fall deposits (units T1 to T3). These are overlain successively by lacustrine sediments and volcaniclastic rocks. which may contain paleowater table levels formed at the time of ore formation and a 26.4 Ma postmineralization tuff unit. A linear vertical drop in the basement contact coincides with thick tuff fill and megabreccia, which is interpreted to follow the position of a WNW-trending ring fissure or vent wall that may have focused the locations of subsequent hydrothermal upflow zones. Orebodies are developed in strata-bound zones that are most extensive in poorly welded tuff, focused below overlying impermeable welded tuff in a WNW-trending, gently NW-plunging corridor above and mantling the SW-dipping paleoslope of basement rocks. Ore comprises disseminated pervasive adularia-quartz-pyrite ± illite alteration with electrum. The disseminated mineralization surrounds, and is most intensely developed in association with, a low-displacement extensional fault-vein network composed of conjugate NE- and SW-dipping faults and steeply dipping extensional veins. Vein orientations and kinematic indicators suggest ore formation occurred during localized NE-SW-directed extension that may have been related to late stages of volcanic subsidence, potentially in association with deep resurgent magmatism into ring fissures approximately 0.5 m.y. after deposition of the host tuff sequence.

In their groundbreaking Hegemony and socialist strategy (1985), Ernesto Laclau and Chantal Mouffe develop a new account of radical politics in which the subjective construction of hegemony establishes political conditions, not the objective historical stages and class contexts of traditional Hegelian Marxism. On this basis, they forcefully justify the ‘identity politics’ of contemporary women’s, African-American, gay, and working class groups and organisations and oppose both the hegemony of the new right and the ‘classism’ and revolutionary orientation of the radical left. In their later work, they elaborate their accounts of hegemony and move in new directions. In On populist reason (2005) and The rhetorical foundations of society (2014), Laclau draws on poststructuralist discourse or rhetoric as well as notions of populism or the masses to show that hegemony involves what he terms antagonism, frontiers or we/they oppositions, equivalential logics, and other elements. By contrast, in On the political (2005) and Agonistics: thinking the world politically (with Wagner, 2013), Mouffe elaborates the notion of the fissured subject which, as she and Laclau argued in Hegemony, was constituted by the antagonisms of diverse social movements or the dislocation of social structures; however, her new accounts of the antagonisms or, as she says, ‘agonisms’ dividing the political field forcefully oppose universal norms of rationality or democracy in order to establish a genuine pluralism on a national and a global scale.

This scanning electron micrograph shows a cross section of a cleaved silicon-on-insulator (SOI) wafter. The wafer cleave passed through a partially released device that included the array of etch release holes visible in this image. The patterned monocrystalline silicon layer had a different crystalline orientation than the much thicker monocrystalline silicon substrate. When the wafer was cleaved, substrate silicon fractured along a single crystalline plane, leaving a flat, smooth surface. The patterned layer did not share this crystalline plane, and fractured in many directions resulting in an irregular, multi-faceted surface.

Abstract Naturally fractured reservoirs are holding most of the hydrocarbon proven reserves worldwide. Field development planning and optimization of fractured reservoirs face significant challenges due to fracture system complexity, high reservoir heterogeneity and multiple recovery mechanisms. Fractured systems generally have multiple sets of fractures in different orientations, multiple apertures ranging from tiny fissures to large fracture conduits resulting in complicated fluid flow. Reservoir modeling plays a key role in field optimization by examining reservoir recovery under various scenarios. Traditionally, modeling fractured reservoirs is a deterministic process using a single or few reservoirs model (high, mid, and low cases) without proper integration of seismic-to-simulation reservoir model uncertainties. The full span of possible reservoir models and prediction uncertainty isn't captured nor propagated to economics. This paper presents an integrated forward modeling workflow using a Synthetic 3D model data mimicking a real North Sea field, where static and dynamic models are tightly connected to integrate the impact of uncertainties at different modeling stages (horizon uncertainties, fault uncertainties, petrophysical uncertainties, discrete fracture network (DFN) uncertainties to dynamic simulation).

ABSTRACT: Rocks exhibit anisotropy in various properties, including ultrasonic waves and diametrical deformation in the radial direction. While previous studies have attempted to analyze rock failure and anisotropy using several cores, the aim of this research is to evaluate the properties and anisotropic characteristics of rock materials through non-destructive experimental analysis of a single core. This analysis focuses on three physical properties: diametrical change, P-wave velocity, and compressive elastic modulus. The specimens were shaped into disks, with a diameter of 50 mm and thickness ranging from 26 to 29 mm. They were subjected to mechanical loading, ultrasonic waves, and diameter measurements in rotating radial directions to quantify anisotropic traits. These experiments revealed significant variations in diameter change, elastic modulus, and P-wave velocity across different orientations, indicating a substantial degree of anisotropy in the rock specimens. Consequently, this research performed non-destructive analysis of rock cores, characterizing physical properties, and analyzing anisotropy, confirming that the diameter and P-wave velocity maintain nearly perpendicular angles. Additionally, X-ray CT analysis has shown that rocks with lower homogeneity exhibit more pronounced anisotropy. 1. INTRODUCTION Rock anisotropy is primarily influenced by structural features such as cleavage, foliation, bedding planes, schistosity, along with various joints and fissures ranging from micro to macro in size, and is also determined by two main mechanisms when subjected to structural loads: the alignment of minerals and particles, and the arrangement of pores and microcracks, which vary based on the rock's composition (Phillips and Phillips, 1980). Rocks possess hydraulic, mechanical, thermal, dynamic, and physical properties, and these anisotropy of structural properties causes these characteristics to vary depending on the direction (Johnston and Christensen, 1995; Amadei, 1996). Understanding the importance of rock anisotropy is essential, as it directly influences different applications such as seismic wave propagation in oil and gas exploration, fault stress distribution, which is critical to earthquake preparedness, impacts the structural integrity of dams, dictates the containment of radioactive materials, affects heat extraction rates in geothermal operations, and guides excavation strategies in tunnel construction.