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Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Orchardgrass"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 4 de junho de 2021

Última modificação: 1 de fevereiro de 2022

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1

Zeng, Bing, Xin-Quan Zhang, Ying Lan e Wu-Yun Yang. "Evaluation of genetic diversity and relationshipsin orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) germplasm based on SRAP markers". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 88, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2008): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps07017.

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The present study is the first report of characterizing the levels and patterns ofgenetic diversity in 60 orchardgrass accessions from four continents by sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. Twenty-one primer pairs were used to produce 480 bands, of which 405 (84.38%) were polymorphic. The genetic similarity coeffic ients (GS) varied from 0.5863 to 0.9686 among the 60 collections, with an average of 0.7891. The genetic diversity of orchardgrass from China and the United States of America were found to be higher than that found in other countries. The dendrogram and principal component analysis realized from these markers clustered the materials into four main groups. The cluster analysis showed that orchardgrass from Australia was different from other collections in genetic diversity. Accessions from the same continent were classified into the same group, indicating that the genetic diversity of orchardgrass and the entire genetic basis of cultivars used in a continent is narrow. Furthermore, cluster analyses suggested that there is correlation between karyotype and morphological characterizations according to the analysis of the five subclusters that clustered from the first group. The information given by SRAP markers was concordant with the morphological variability and karyotype. This showed SRAP marker system could be used efficiently in the study of genetic variability and the evolutionary history of orchardgrasses. Based on the analysis of genetic diversity and relationships, the appropriate strategies for collection and conservation of germplasm resources can be developed and this in turn would help breeding of orchardgrass. Key words: Genetic diversity, genetic relationship, germplasm, orchardgrass, sequence-related amplified polymorphism

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2

Christie, B. R., e S. R. Bowley. "Jay Orchardgrass". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 80, n.º 4 (1 de outubro de 2000): 839–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p99-148.

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Jay is a cultivar of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) developed by the Department of Plant Agriculture, University of Guelph. The nine parents of Jay were selected for general vigour, late maturity, plant height at heading, and aftermath vigour. It is similar in herbage yield and plant height but slightly later maturing than the cultivar Kay. Jay is suited for situations where a late-maturing orchardgrass is desired. Key words: Orchardgrass, Dactylis glomerata, cultivar description

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3

Acharya, S. N., D. R. Friebel e Y. Castonguay. "Kayak orchardgrass". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87, n.º 4 (1 de outubro de 2007): 905–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps07016.

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Kayak is a high yielding early maturing orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivar with good level of winterhardiness suited for silage and hay production in western Canada including interior British Columbia. The population was developed at the Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC) Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB. In BC and Western Forage Trials (WFTests), Kayak yielded 4% better than the check cultivar Kay under both rain fed and irrigated conditions. Kayak orchardgrass produces 10% more seed yield than Kay while its seed size is slightly smaller than Kay. Key words: Orchardgrass, Dactylis glomerata, high forage yield, winterhardy

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Bowley, S. R., D. Hancock e D. Wood. "Jay orchardgrass". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1994): 339–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-065.

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Jay is a cultivar of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) developed by the Crop Science Department, University of Guelph. It was developed by half-sib progeny testing for yield, leafiness, and late-maturity. It is similar in herbage yield and plant height but slightly later maturing than the cultivar Kay. Jay is suited for situations where a late-maturing orchardgrass is desired. Key words: Orchardgrass, Dactylis glomerata, cultivar description

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5

Spandl, Eric, James J. Kells e Oran B. Hesterman. "Weed Invasion in Established Alfalfa (Medicago sativa) Seeded with Perennial Forage Grasses". Weed Technology 11, n.º 3 (setembro de 1997): 556–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00045413.

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Component yields and forage quality were evaluated in established stands of alfalfa seeded alone and in binary mixtures with smooth bromegrass, orchardgrass, or timothy. Forage yields and quality were determined at three annual harvests in the third and fourth years after seeding. Weed yields in alfalfa seeded alone were significantly greater than those in the alfalfa–orchardgrass mixture. Average weed content was 24, 17, 2, and 15% for the alfalfa seeded alone, alfalfa–bromegrass, alfalfa–orchardgrass, and alfalfa–timothy, respectively. Seeding alfalfa with orchardgrass increased first harvest and annual forage yields while reducing alfalfa yield. Yields of orchardgrass often exceeded those of bromegrass or timothy. In the first harvest each year, crude protein was reduced and acid detergent fiber and neutral detergent fiber increased by including orchardgrass. Neutral detergent fiber was greater in alfalfa–orchardgrass than in the alfalfa seeded alone at most harvests. There were no consistent differences among the alfalfa seeded alone and the other mixtures in yield or quality.

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6

Bittman, S., S. N. Acharya e D. E. Hunt. "Haida-VR orchardgrass". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2006): 177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-087.

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Haida-VR is a latematuring orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivar with high levels of resistance to Cocksfoot Mottle Virus (CfMV) suited to silage and hay production in regions with moderate, temperate climate. The cultivar was developed at the Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre (PARC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Agassiz, British Columbia (BC) in collaboration with AAFC Research Centre, Lethbridge, Alberta. In BC trials, Haida-VR yielded 3% more than the check cultivar Potomac without inoculation with CfMV and 21% better than the check when inoculated with the virus. In a southern Alberta trial, Haida-VR survived for 3 yr and yielded 3% better than a winterhardy check cultivar, Kay. Key words: Orchardgrass, Cocksfoot Mottle Virus resistance, Dactylis glomerata

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7

Bittman, S., S. N. Acharya e D. E. Hunt. "Chilliwack-VR orchardgrass". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2006): 173–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-088.

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Chilliwack-VR is a medium-maturing orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) population with high levels of resistance to Cocksfoot Mottle Virus (CfMV) suited to silage and hay production in regions with a moderate temperate climate. The population was developed at the Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre (PARC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Agassiz, BC, in collaboration with AAFC Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB. In BC trials, Chilliwack-VR yielded 5% more than the check cultivar Potomac without inoculation with CfMV and 23% better than the check when inoculated with the virus. In a southern Alberta trial, Chilliwack-VR survived for 3 yr and yielded as much biomass as a winterhardy check cultivar, Kay. Key words: Orchardgrass, Cocksfoot Mottle Virus resistance, Dactylis glomerata

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8

Bittman, S., S. N. Acharya e D. E. Hunt. "Cheam-VR orchardgrass". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2006): 169–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-089.

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Cheam-VR is an early-maturing orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivar with high levels of resistance to Cocksfoot Mottle Virus (CfMV) suited to silage and hay production in regions with moderate temperate climate. The population was developed at the Pacific Agri-Food Research Centre (PARC), Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC), Agassiz, BC, in collaboration with AAFC Research Centre, Lethbridge, AB. In BC trials, Cheam-VR yielded 6% better than the check cultivar Potomac without inoculation with CfMV and 15% more than the check when inoculated with the virus. In a southern Alberta trial, Cheam-VR survived for 3 yr and yielded 6% more than a winterhardy check cultivar, Kay. Key words: Orchardgrass, Cocksfoot Mottle Virus resistance, Dactylis glomerata

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9

Bowley, S. R., e D. Hancock. "DIVIDEND VL orchardgrass". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 91, n.º 4 (julho de 2011): 793–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps10166.

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Bowley, S. R. and Hancock, D. 2011. DIVIDEND VL orchardgrass. Can. J. Plant Sci. 91: 793–795. DIVIDEND VL is a late-maturing orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivar for silage and hay production in mixtures with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) in eastern Canada. The population was developed at the University of Guelph, Guelph, ON. DIVIDEND VL matured at a slower rate when grown in pure stand and in binary mixtures with alfalfa compared with the cultivars OKAY and Rapido. When harvested at the same date, DIVIDEND VL averaged 7% lower in biomass yield compared with OKAY, but the herbage was less advanced in its maturity.

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10

Linscott, Dean L., e Richard H. Vaughan. "Fenoxaprop for Annual Foxtail (Setariasp.) Control in Seedling Perennial Forages". Weed Technology 4, n.º 3 (setembro de 1990): 560–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00025975.

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Seedling timothy tolerated fenoxaprop at 0.09 kg ai ha-1whereas seedling orchardgrass tolerated applications as high as 0.13 kg ai ha-1. Several fenoxaprop treatments increased perennial grass yields the year following establishment. Fenoxaprop appears to solve annual foxtail problems in new plantings of orchardgrass or timothy seeded alone. Over a 2-yr period, alfalfa yields in on alfalfa-grass mixture were maintained or increased from fenoxaprop applied the seedling year. In the mixtures, timothy yield declined in relation to fenoxaprop applied, but orchardgrass did not. Use of fenoxaprop on seedling alfalfa-timothy or alfalfa-orchardgrass mixtures is questionable.

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11

Thompson, Donald. "Yield and nutritive value of irrigated tall fescue compared with orchardgrass: In monocultures or mixed with alfalfa". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 93, n.º 5 (setembro de 2013): 799–807. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2012-283.

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Thompson, D. J. 2013. Yield and nutritive value of irrigated tall fescue compared with orchardgrass: in monocultures or mixed with alfalfa. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 799–807. Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) is commonly grown for irrigated forage production in interior British Columbia. Tall fescue [Schedonorus phoenix (Schop.) Holub.] is also adapted to the area but no comparative trials have been reported. Three varieties of each grass species were grown in monocultures or in mixtures with alfalfa at three irrigated sites throughout southern interior British Columbia. Study objectives included comparing the forage yield and nutritive value of the following groups: (1) tall fescue and orchardgrass monocultures, (2) tall fescue and orchardgrass mixtures with alfalfa and (3) grass-alfalfa mixtures with monocultures. In monoculture, tall fescue yield was 9% greater than orchardgrass (significantly greater yield at 3 of 6 site-years), though forage nutritive values were similar. Mixtures of the two grasses with alfalfa had similar yields, but those containing tall fescue had superior nutritive value. Alfalfa contributed a greater percentage to total yield and had higher survival when mixed with tall fescue. Tall fescue is a viable alternative to orchardgrass for irrigated forage production in monoculture and may be more suitable for mixtures with alfalfa. Our findings demonstrate a functional diversity effect; grass-alfalfa mixtures over-yielded the mean of the alfalfa, orchardgrass, and tall fescue monocultures by 12%.

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12

Chung, Kuang-Ren, Walter Hollin, Malcolm R. Siegel e Christopher L. Schardl. "Genetics of Host Specificity in Epichloë typhina". Phytopathology® 87, n.º 6 (junho de 1997): 599–605. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1997.87.6.599.

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Epichloë typhina perennially and systemically infects grass plants, causing choke disease in which maturation of host inflorescences is suppressed. In seedling-inoculation tests, isolate E8 from perennial ryegrass established and maintained infection in this host but not in orchardgrass. In contrast, isolates E469, E2466, and E2467 from orchardgrass varied in infection frequency and stability in orchardgrass, but all were unable to establish stable infections in perennial ryegrass. To investigate the genetics of host specificity, isolate E8 was crossed with each of the isolates from orchardgrass. Seedlings of parental host species were inoculated with F1 progeny, and the frequencies of seedling infection and stability in adult plants were assessed. In the E8 × E2466 cross, the F1 progeny exhibited a wide range of infection frequency and stability in each parental host. In crosses E8 × E469 and E8 × E2467, where the orchardgrass-derived parents infected 5 to 13% of inoculated perennial ryegrass seedlings, the distributions of infection frequencies for the F1 progeny wereskewed toward levels comparable to that of the parent from perennial ryegrass. In all crosses, most progeny had low frequencies of infection in orchardgrass. However, transgression was evident in a cross of E8 with E469, an isolate that infected orchardgrass seedlings at a low frequency (2 to 3%). The E8 × E469 cross had a few F1 progeny that infected orchardgrass at high efficiency (up to 81%). A Spearman rank correlation applied to the E8 × E2466 progeny indicated a significant negative correlation between infection frequencies in perennial ryegrass and orchardgrass. Also, there was a significant correlation of infection frequency and stability in perennial ryegrass but not in orchardgrass. To test whether only a few genes governed infection frequency in perennial ryegrass, an E8 × E2466 F1 progeny (designated E386.04), which had intermediate compatibility with this host, was backcrossed to E8. The progeny of this backcross exhibited a distribution of infection frequencies in perennial ryegrass between that of E386.04 and the backcross parent, suggesting that multiple genes may determine compatibility at the seedling infection stage. The results of these experiments indicated multiple genetic determinants of compatibility or incompatibility with each host, with intermediate or high heritability.

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13

KNOWLES, R. P., e L. G. SONMOR. "GRASSES FOR IRRIGATED PASTURE IN CENTRAL SASKATCHEWAN". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1985): 455–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-065.

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A comparison of grasses clipped four times per season showed highest yields for meadow bromegrass and orchardgrass, followed in order by timothy, smooth bromegrass, and six strains of Kentucky bluegrass. Orchardgrass, meadow bromegrass, and Kentucky bluegrass gave most uniform production from spring to fall. Smooth bromegrass and some Kentucky bluegrass strains showed serious deterioration of stands after 6 yr.Key words: Smooth bromegrass, meadow bromegrass, orchardgrass, timothy, Kentucky bluegrass, yield

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14

Kondo, Tsuneo, Tomoko Ohshita e Tadashi Kyuma. "Ester- and ether-linked phenolic acids in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and their digestion from cell walls when fed to sheep". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 71, n.º 4 (1 de outubro de 1991): 1179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps91-165.

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Ester- and ether-linked p-coumaric (PCA) and ferulic acids (FA) in cell wall materials from orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), hays harvested at the heading stage and feces samples from sheep fed the orchardgrass hays were analyzed. Results showed that ether-linked PCA and FA were more resistant to ruminant digestion and enzymatic degradation than ester-linked PCA and FA. Key words: p-coumaric acid, esters, ethers, ferulic acid, orchardgrass, sheep digestion

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15

COULMAN, B. E. "YIELD AND COMPOSITION OF MONOCULTURES AND MIXTURES OF BROMEGRASS, ORCHARDGRASS AND TIMOTHY". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 67, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 1987): 203–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps87-024.

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The objectives of this study were (a) to determine the relative yielding ability of binary and ternary mixtures of bromegrass (Brotnus inermis Leyss.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), and timothy (Phleum pratense L.); and (b) determine the relative competitiveness of the three species in mixtures. Two experiments were established in 1981 and 1982 and each evaluated for three consecutive production years. Bromegrass was the highest yielding monoculture in both experiments, followed by timothy, with orchardgrass being the lowest. Among mixtures, bromegrass-timothy was the highest yielding and orchardgrass-timothy the lowest. Yields of mixtures generally fell between the yields of the monocultures of the component species. There were, however, two examples of mixtures significantly (P = 0.05) outyielding their highest yielding component monoculture. For the bromegrass-timothy mixture there was a trend towards higher yields than the bromegrass monoculture in the second and third years. Mixtures were generally more competitive against weed invasion than were monocultures. In mixtures, orchardgrass was usually the most competitive of the three species, with its percent composition increasing substantially by the end of the third production year. Bromegrass was intermediate in competitiveness, increasing in percent composition in mixtures with timothy, but decreasing in mixtures with orchardgrass. Timothy was the least competitive, decreasing markedly in all mixtures, particularly those which included orchardgrass.Key words: Orchardgrass, bromegrass, timothy, forage grass mixtures, interspecific competition

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16

Papadopoulos, Y. A., R. C. Martin, A. H. Fredeen, K. B. McRae e M. A. Price. "Grazing and the addition of white clover improves the nutritional quality of orchardgrass cultivars". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 81, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 2001): 597–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a97-060.

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Two experiments were conducted to determine the nutritional quality of orchardgrass (OG) cultivars under hay and rotational grazing systems during the first 2 production years. Crude protein content was higher and fibre content lower in OG managed as rotationally grazed pasture compared with that harvested as hay. The K:Ca + Mg ratio was reduced and Cu deficiency was ameliorated when OG swards contained white clover. Orchardgrass genotypic × sward management effects were also observed. Key words: Orchardgrass, management, potassium, genotypes, quality, pasture, hay

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17

Alderman, Steve C., Cynthia M. Ocamb e Mark E. Mellbye. "Quantitative Assessment of Anguina sp. and Rathayibacter rathayi in Dactylis glomerata Seed Production Fields in Oregon and Estimates of Yield Loss". Plant Disease 89, n.º 12 (dezembro de 2005): 1313–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-89-1313.

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Anguina sp. is a nematode that infests the inflorescence of orchardgrass and forms galls that replace the seed. Anguina sp. is also a vector of the bacterial pathogen Rathayibacter rathayi, which causes galls or gummosis in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) panicles. The percentage of orchardgrass panicles infected or percentage of seed loss from Anguina sp. or R. rathayi in five commercial orchardgrass seed-production fields in Oregon during 2003 and 2004 was determined. The percentage of panicles with Anguina sp. ranged from 9 to 24%, although the percentage of seed replaced by Anguina sp. was less than 0.2%. The number of galls per panicle ranged from 1 to 29. However, more than 50% of Anguina-infested panicles contained only a single Anguina gall and few panicles had eight or more galls. The percentage of panicles with R. rathayi ranged from 3 to 27%. Percentage of seed loss from R. rathayi ranged from 0.1 to 7.3%. Seed loss in orchardgrass seed-production fields assessed for both Anguina sp. and R. rathayi was found to be as great as 8%. The number of Anguinagalls remaining in fields following harvest ranged from 0 to 40 per square meter

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18

Majak, W., G. J. Garland e T. J. Lysyk. "The effect of herbage mixtures of alfalfa and orchardgrass on the incidence of bloat in cattle". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 83, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 2003): 827–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a03-078.

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Alfalfa herbage at the vegetative to early-bud stage of growth was simultaneously fed to cattle with alfalfa- grass mixtures containing 25, 40 or 50% orchardgrass. At all three levels of orchardgrass, there was either complete prevention of bloat or it was substantially reduced. Alfalfa alone yielded 334 cases of bloat as compared to 25 for the mixtures. During the warmest and driest intervals, bloat was reduced only by one-third when the feed alfalfa contained 25% orchardgrass. Key words: Steers, frothy bloat, Medicago sativa L., Dactylis glomerata L., mixed pastures

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Stratton, S. D., C. W. Edminster e R. R. Ronnenkamp. "Registration of ‘Rancho’ Orchardgrass". Crop Science 25, n.º 2 (1985): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1985.0011183x002500020047x.

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McClain, Eugene F. "Registration of ‘Piedmont’ Orchardgrass". Crop Science 26, n.º 4 (julho de 1986): 835–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1986.0011183x002600040047x.

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Winsett, B. L., S. D. Stratton e S. J. Baluch. "Registration of ‘Benchmark’ Orchardgrass". Crop Science 31, n.º 2 (março de 1991): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1991.0011183x003100020077x.

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Conger, B. V. "Registration of ‘Persist’ Orchardgrass". Crop Science 43, n.º 1 (2003): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2003.0436.

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Conger, B. V. "Registration of ‘Persist’ Orchardgrass". Crop Science 43, n.º 1 (2003): 436. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2003.4360.

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Casler, M. D., R. E. Barker, J. H. Cherney e Y. A. Papadopolous. "Stability of Nonflowering Orchardgrass". Crop Science 44, n.º 5 (setembro de 2004): 1601–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2004.1601.

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25

Kalton, R. R., e P. Richardson. "Registration of ‘Dawn’ Orchardgrass". Crop Science 34, n.º 3 (maio de 1994): 819. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1994.0011183x003400030041x.

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Kalton, R. R., e P. Richardson. "Registration of ‘Duke’ Orchardgrass". Crop Science 37, n.º 3 (maio de 1997): 1021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1997.0011183x003700030080x.

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27

Casler, Micheal D., David A. Sleper, Irving T. Carlson, Clyde C. Berg e Reed E. Barker. "Registration of ‘Albert’ Orchardgrass". Crop Science 38, n.º 5 (setembro de 1998): 1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1998.0011183x003800050053x.

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Buhler, Douglas D., e Richard T. Proost. "Sequential Herbicide Treatments for Corn (Zea mays) Planted into Mixed-Species Perennial Sod". Weed Technology 4, n.º 4 (dezembro de 1990): 781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00026397.

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Field research from 1986 to 1988 evaluated control of alfalfa, dandelion, orchardgrass, and annual weeds in corn with sequential herbicide treatments. Glyphosate applied the previous fall controlled 95% or more of the dandelion and orchardgrass before postemergence treatments. Atrazine applied early preplant or with paraquat the day before planting only partially controlled the perennial species. Atrazine applied postemergence usually controlled vegetation escaping initial treatment except orchardgrass following the atrazine treatments. Adding tridiphane increased weed control with atrazine or cyanazine applied postemergence only when fall panicum was present. Herbicides applied postemergence increased corn yield compared to the initial treatments alone, and few differences among postemergence treatments were observed. Sequential treatments which included glyphosate applied in the fall controlled 82% or more of each perennial species before the next growing season. Orchardgrass control was 81% or less the following spring when the initial treatment was atrazine or atrazine plus paraquat.

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Casler, M. D., S. L. Fales, D. J. Undersander e A. R. McElroy. "Genetic progress from 40 years of orchardgrass breeding in North America measured under management-intensive rotational grazing". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 81, n.º 4 (1 de outubro de 2001): 713–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-032.

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There has been considerable activity in breeding orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivars in North America during the latter half of the 20th century. The objective of this study was to determine if genetic improvements in the North American orchardgrass germplasm pool have been realized or can be detected under management intensive grazing. Forty-three orchardgrass cultivars, in three maturity groups, representing adapted North American germplasm and potentially unadapted European germplasm, were evaluated under management-intensive rotational grazing at two locations in the northern USA. Cultivar means varied for apparent preference and this variation was largely due to herbage availability at State College, PA, where grazing pressure was relatively high, but to other factors at Arlington, WI, where grazing pressure was relatively low. North American cultivars tended to have higher net herbage accumulation than European cultivars, corresponding well to differences in forage yield of hay plots. Orchardgrass cultivars that were significantly higher in hay yield than their predecessors showed mixed results with respect to net herbage accumulation under grazing: some increases, some decreases, and some with no change. These results indicate that an individual orchardgrass cultivar can be well adapted to both management systems, only one of the two systems, or neither system. Genetic increases in net herbage accumulation may occur serendipitously, but directed selection for specific traits that confer productivity under grazing, or net herbage accumulation per se, will probably ensure a higher probability of success for an orchardgrass breeding program directed to pastures. Key words: Dactylis glomerata, cultivar evaluation, breeding, selection, grazing

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30

Majak, W., G. J. Garland e T. J. Lysyk. "The effect of feeding hay before fresh alfalfa on the occurrence of frothy bloat in cattle". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 88, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2008): 29–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas07073.

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Alfalfa or orchardgrass hay was fed to cattle before feeding fresh alfalfa herbage at the vegetative to early bud stage of growth to observe the subsequent impact on bloat. Alfalfa hay supplements reduced the incidence of bloat by a third in one trial, but no effect was seen in a second trial. In contrast, supplements of orchardgrass hay reduced the occurrence of bloat by > 90% in 2 yr of trials. Supplemental orchardgrass hay can be effective in the control of pasture bloat. Key words: Steers, frothy bloat, Medicago sativa L., Dactylis glomerata L., hay supplements

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Fisher, L. J., S. Bittman, D. E. Hunt, J. A. Shelford e B. D. Mason. "A comparison of tall fescue and orchardgrass silages for lactating cows". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 73, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 1993): 907–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas93-092.

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The feeding value of tall fescue silage (Festuca arundinacea schreb.) harvested at the boot stage of maturity with a crude protein (CP) content of 15.4% was compared to that of orchardgrass silage (Dactylis glomerata) harvested at the same stage of maturity with a CP content of 12.5%. Two feeding trials with lactating cows were used in this comparison. The first trial employed 10 cows in a 2 × 2 Latin- square, with treatment period 35 d in length. In the second experiment five cows were used in a preference trial where individual feed intakes, duration of feeding, and rate of forage consumption were monitored electronically for a period of 9 d.In the first trial, the cows consumed more tall fescue than orchardgrass silage (P < 0.05) (14.08 vs. 12.90 kg d−1 dry matter (DM)) but there were no differences between cows fed the two silages in milk yield (30.4 vs. 29.8 kg d−1) or milk compositon. Source of silage did not influence rumen fluid pH, molar percent of volatile fatty acids or plasma glucose; however, plasma urea-N levels were significantly higher (P < 0.05) (17.00 vs. 15.14 mg dL−1) when cows were fed tall fescue silage compared with when they were fed orchardgrass silage. In the preference trial employing electronically monitored forage feeding gates, all five cows demonstrated a preference for the tall fescue silage consuming a daily average of 9.83 kg DM for tall fescue compared with 3.73 kg for orchardgrass silage. Cows spent more time (P < 0.05) (68.3 vs. 14.1 min−1) and ate faster (69.6 vs. 54.0 g DM min−1) from the gates offering tall fescue silage compared with the gates offering orchardgrass silage. From the results of these two trials it was concluded that tall fescue silage was comparable to orchardgrass in supporting milk production and superior to orchardgrass in terms of palatability. Key words: Tall fescue, silage preference, lactating cows

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Drapeau, R. "Une régie de trois coupes chez le dactyle (Dactylis glomerata L.) en régions agricoles du Moyen-Nord de l'Est du Canada". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 79, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 1999): 231–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p98-057.

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Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) has good winter survival in the mid-north agricultural areas of eastern Canada. There is no information on the cutting management to use after the first harvest of orchardgrass under these climatic conditions. The objective of this study was to determine the required interval between harvests following a first harvest at heading stage to optimise the productivity and maintain the persistence of orchardgrass. An interval of 35 d between harvests was sufficient to obtain annual yields of 4 to 6 tonnes of dry matter per hectare. An interval of 28 d between harvests had no negative effects on orchardgrass persistence under our climatic conditions. A second harvest taken 42 d after the first one often had a negative effect on the dry matter yield of the third harvest. Each time this occurred, we observed that the second harvest had been taken after 20 July. Heading dates varied among years. In addition to the growth stage at the first harvest, the date of occurrence of the heading stage should be considered so that the second harvest will be taken before 20 July. Consequently, if heading is delayed in spring, the interval between the first and second harvest must be reduced to take the second harvest before 20 July. Delaying the third harvest had a negative effect on the dry matter yield of the first harvest of the following production year. These results indicate that it is possible to take three harvests before September under the climatic conditions of the mid-north of eastern Canada without affecting the persistence of orchardgrass. Key words: Dactylis glomerata L., orchardgrass, cutting stage, cutting intervals, cutting management, yield

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Xie, Wengang, Joseph G. Robins e B. Shaun Bushman. "A genetic linkage map of tetraploid orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) and quantitative trait loci for heading date". Genome 55, n.º 5 (maio de 2012): 360–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g2012-026.

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Orchardgrass ( Dactylis glomerata L.), or cocksfoot, is indigenous to Eurasia and northern Africa, but has been naturalized on nearly every continent and is one of the top perennial forage grasses grown worldwide. To improve the understanding of genetic architecture of orchardgrass and provide a template for heading date candidate gene search in this species, the goals of the present study were to construct a tetraploid orchardgrass genetic linkage map and identify quantitative trait loci associated with heading date. A combination of SSR markers derived from an orchardgrass EST library and AFLP markers were used to genotype an F1 population of 284 individuals derived from a very late heading Dactylis glomerata subsp. himalayensis parent and an early to mid-heading Dactylis glomerata subsp. aschersoniana parent. Two parental maps were constructed with 28 cosegregation groups and seven consensus linkage groups each, and homologous linkage groups were tied together by 38 bridging markers. Linkage group lengths varied from 98 to 187 cM, with an average distance between markers of 5.5 cM. All but two mapped SSR markers had homologies to physically mapped rice (Oryza sativa L.) genes, and six of the seven orchardgrass linkage groups were assigned based on this putative synteny with rice. Quantitative trait loci were detected for heading date on linkage groups 2, 5, and 6 in both parental maps, explaining between 12% and 24% of the variation.

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Cömertpay, Gonul, e Hüseyin Özpınar. "Elit Domuz Ayrığı (Dactylis glomerata L.) Genotiplerinde Genetik Çeşitliliğin SSR Markörleri ile Belirlenmesi". Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 7, n.º 1 (15 de janeiro de 2019): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v7i1.127-133.2313.

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Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) is an economically important, and widely cultivated perennial forage grass. The aim of this study was to determine the genetic diversity and genetic relationship among the orchardgrass breeding lines developed in Aegean Agricultural Research Institute, using simple sequence repeat (SSR, microsatellite) molecular markers. The genetic diversity of 32 orchardgrass was assessed using a set of 24 SSR markers. SSR primer pair combinations yielded 126 alleles for all genotypes. The number of alleles per locus ranged from three to seven with an average of 5.25 alleles across 24 loci. The alleles size ranged from 101 to 354 and the polymorphism rate was 100%. Jaccard genetic distance coefficient varied from 0.21 to 0.84 among genotypes. The degree of genetic diversity among the genotypes was high. Total number of rare alleles was 28 alleles across 126 loci. Dendrogram constructed using neighbor-joining analysis based on Jaccard genetic distance matrix were clustered into three main groups A, B and C. Group A was the largest group contained 15 genotypes, while B had 13 genotypes originated mainly from same region. The group C was the smallest group contained genotypes originated from northern part of Turkey. The molecular analysis revealed that a significant genetic variation existed in this orhardgrass collection, and the genotypes studied have potential for ensure rich genetic resources in orchardgrass breeding program. In addition to this, it was concluded that SSR markers are suitable markers for the molecular identification of different orchardgrass genotypes.

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35

Alber, N. B., G. E. Brink e R. D. Jackson. "Temperate grass response to extent and timing of grazing". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 94, n.º 5 (julho de 2014): 827–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2013-404.

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Alber, N. B., Brink, G. E. and Jackson, R. D. 2014. Temperate grass response to extent and timing of grazing. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 827–833. Considerable differences exist among cool-season grass species in their production potential and response to management variables. We examined the effects of grazing management on forage and root production of two temperate perennial grasses, meadow fescue [Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv.] and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). Grazing factors studied were extent of defoliation (50 or 100% biomass removal) and stage of maturity (vegetative or mature) at grazing. In 2009 and 2010, orchardgrass produced more above-ground biomass than meadow fescue despite yearly precipitation differences. In the drier year (2009), both grasses produced greater above-ground biomass under 100% extent of defoliation at either maturity stage. In 2010, orchardgrass produced greater above-ground biomass when grazed at a mature stage for either extent of defoliation, while few differences existed among grazing treatments imposed on meadow fescue. Grazing treatments had no effect on below-ground growth of orchardgrass either year. Meadow fescue root production was effected in 2010 only; grazing at a mature stage increased below-ground growth for either extent of defoliation. Results suggest that grazing at maturity to remove 100% of biomass maximizes above-ground production of both meadow fescue and orchardgrass, but lengthens the grazing interval and may have a deleterious effect on grass persistence and nutritive value.

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Magee, K. J., M. H. Poore, J. C. Burns e G. B. Huntington. "Nitrogen metabolism in beef steers fed gamagrass or orchardgrass hay with or without a supplement". Canadian Journal of Animal Science 85, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2005): 107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a04-045.

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A 50:50 soybean hull:corn grain supplement fed at 0.75% of body weight (BW) decreased ad libitum gamagrass or orchardgrass hay intake by steers, but increased total dry matter (DM) intake, DM digestibility, N intake, and N retained. Supplementation had a greater effect on N metabolism in steers fed orchardgrass than steers fed gamagrass. Key words: Steers, beef, hulls, soybean, metabolism, nitrogen

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Shateryan, D., B. E. Coulman e D. E. Mather. "Recurrent restricted phenotypic selection for forage yield in timothy and orchardgrass". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 75, n.º 4 (1 de outubro de 1995): 871–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps95-144.

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Three cycles of recurrent restricted phenotypic selection for forage yield were carried out in orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L. 'Avon' and 'Pennlate') and timothy (Phleum pratense L. 'Salvo' and 'Drummond'). The objectives of this study were to measure the effectiveness of this selection and to assess whether the selection produced any correlated responses on other characters. The three selected cycles and the original populations (cycle 0) were evaluated in both sward and space-planted experiments over a period of 4 yr. For the majority of the years of evaluation, there were no significant (P < 0.05) differences in forage yield among the different selection cycles. Under space-planted evaluation, cycle 3 of Drummond timothy was lower in both forage and seed yield than the other populations. In general, there was a trend to taller plants with greater circumferences in orchardgrass, and shorter, smaller plants in timothy over selection cycles. Selection had little effect on plant persistence and maturity. In conclusion, three cycles of recurrent restricted phenotypic selection were not effective in improving the forage yield of timothy or orchardgrass. Key words: Timothy, Phleum pratense, orchardgrass, Dactylis glomerata, recurrent selection

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Bushman, B. Shaun, Devesh Singh, Robin Lamp, Carolyn A. Young, Nikki D. Charlton, Joseph G. Robins e Nicole Anderson. "Variation Among Orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata) Germplasm for Choke Prevalence Caused by Epichloë typhina". Plant Disease 103, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2019): 324–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-05-18-0867-re.

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Orchardgrass, or cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.), is a cool-season forage grass susceptible to the choke disease caused by Epichloë typhina. Choke has been reported in orchardgrass seed production fields across the temperate regions of the world, but fungicides have not been efficacious in reducing choke incidence or prevalence. To assess the potential for genetic resistance or tolerance of orchardgrass to choke, we evaluated the variation in orchardgrass cultivars and accessions for choke prevalence and characterized infected plants for endophyte secondary metabolite and mating type gene presence. Significant variation was detected across years and locations. Choke prevalence did not always increase with the age of the stand, nor did choke prevalence correlate with flowering time or swathing time of the entries. Both mating types of E. typhina were detected in approximately equal proportions, and no evidence for loline, ergot alkaloid, or indole-diterpene biosynthesis was found. Plants with multiple infected tillers often showed more than one mating type present in the plant, indicating multiple infection events rather than a single infection event that spread to multiple tillers. Both accessions and cultivars with significant choke, and no choke, were detected, which constitute sources of germplasm for further testing and breeding.

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McKenzie, D. B., Y. A. Papadopoulos, K. B. McRae e E. Butt. "Compositional changes over four years for binary mixtures of grass species grown with white clover". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 85, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2005): 351–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p03-065.

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Kentucky bluegrass, meadow fescue, orchardgrass, tall fescue, timothy, and reed canarygrass were seeded in all possible two-grass combinations with white clover in conventional and underseeded barley treatments using a split-plot design at the Western Agriculture Centre near Pynn’s Brook, NL. The objectives were: (1) to assess dry matter yield (DMY) of two binary grass species when sown with white clover in mixtures under a system with cuttings at similar crop growth stages as rotational grazing and to assess the effect of underseeding to barley on this system; (2) to identify mixtures that enhance herbage distribution throughout the grazing season; and (3) to assess the sward dynamics over successive cropping seasons. The composition of the binary grass mixtures with white clover affected seasonal DMY, seasonal herbage distribution, and sward dynamics over the production years. Orchardgrass in mixtures decreased DMY, shifted the herbage distribution toward early season, and competed with other species. Timothy composition of the stand showed the largest decline over the 3 production years, whereas white clover declined in mixtures with bluegrass, orchardgrass, or tall fescue. Meadow fescue and reed canarygrass with white clover was the most productive mixture with excellent persistence and good yield distribution over the growing season. Orchardgrass was the least compatible species in the mixtures; it dominated first growth and contributed the least to biomass production in later years. Both bluegrass and reed canarygrass performed well in mixtures over the 3 production years; bluegrass appeared to enhance the performance of the other species during summer regrowth whereas reed canarygrass was superior in the later part of the growing season. Underseeding with barley did not affect white clover yield in any production year but detrimentally affected the yield of orchardgrass and meadow fescue in mixtures, and their seasonal distribution. Key words: Bluegrass, orchardgrass, meadow fescue, tall fescue, timothy, reed canarygrass, repeated measurements, principal component analysis, herbage DM distribution, species competition

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BURITY, H. A., B. E. COULMAN e M. A. FARIS. "NITROGENASE ACTIVITY OF ALFALFA GROWN ALONE AND IN MIXTURE WITH GRASS UNDER GREENHOUSE CONDITIONS". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 65, n.º 3 (1 de julho de 1985): 787–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps85-102.

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A greenhouse experiment has shown that total nitrogenase activity of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) is not significantly affected when grown in association with timothy (Phleum pratense L.), smooth bromegrass (Bromus inermis Leyss) or orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) except after initial harvest when decreased alfalfa activity was associated with smooth bromegrass or orchardgrass. It was concluded that mixed cultures of alfalfa with timothy, smooth bromegrass or orchardgrass have no effect on alfalfa N2 fixation. The results also suggest the occurrence of N transference from alfalfa to associated grasses. It is speculated that this transfer is not primarily due to the death of roots and nodule tissue (after harvest), but involves some degree of N excretion during the period before initial harvest.Key words: Alfalfa-grass mixtures, N2-fixation, nodule activity, N-transference

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Jones, G. B., e B. F. Tracy. "Persistence and productivity of orchardgrass and orchardgrass/alfalfa mixtures as affected by cutting height". Grass and Forage Science 73, n.º 2 (7 de setembro de 2017): 544–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/gfs.12309.

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McElroy, A. R. "AC Nordic orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.)". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, n.º 3 (1 de julho de 1993): 845–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-110.

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AC Nordic is a late-maturing orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivar. It was developed by mass selection for yield, persistence and resistance to stem rust (Puccinia graminis) at the Plant Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, Ottawa. Its yield was similar to that of cv. Sumas in a total of 33 station years in Quebec. Yield in second and subsequent production years was 101.6% of cv. Sumas over 19 station years. Key words: Dactylis glomerata L., orchardgrass

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McElroy, A. R. "AC Splendor orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L)". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 74, n.º 3 (1 de julho de 1994): 553. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps94-100.

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AC Splendor is a late-maturing orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) cultivar. It was developed by phenotypic selection within cv. Rideau for winter hardiness, yield, persistence and absence of stem rust (Puccinia graminis) at the Plant Research Centre. Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa. Its forage yield was 103.2% of cv. Kay over 15 station years in Ontario. Yield in second and subsequent production years was 101.7% of cv. Kay over 8 station years. Key words:Dactylis glomerata L., orchardgrass

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44

N'Dayegamiye, Adrien, Raynald Royer e Pierre Audesse. "Nitrogen mineralization and availability in manure composts from Québec biological farms". Canadian Journal of Soil Science 77, n.º 3 (1 de agosto de 1997): 345–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/s96-004.

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The real contribution of composts to N availability depends on their characteristics and maturity. A laboratory incubation experiment (140 d) was conducted parallel to a greenhouse study (330 d) in a split-split-plot design, with, respectively, two peat rates (0, 20 gkg−1 soil), five manure composts and four compost rates (0, 250, 500 and 750 gkg−1 soil). Compost N mineralization, orchardgrass (Dactylis Glomerata L.) yield and N uptake were measured. Total amount of mineralized N and yields and N uptake for six cuts of orchardgrass varied significantly with the type of composts and rate. Peat addition temporarily decreased compost N mineralization rate but significantly increased orchardgrass yields and N uptake as compared to peatless treatments. Mineralized N represented <3% of total N, whereas N uptake by orchardgrass represented 13–40% of total N among composts. This low mineralized N value compared to total N and total N uptake was due to a high maturity of the composts studied. This was shown by high humic acid: fulvic acid fraction ratios (3.1 to 4.8) and low nonhumic fraction:humic acid+fulvic acid ratios (0.10 to 0.12), as well as low C/N ratios, high bulk density, high ash content, pH, NO3-N and CEC values. Even if peat addition decreased mineralized N basically due to temporary N immobilization, its application significantly increased yields and N uptake probably by improving physical conditions in soil-manure compost mixtures. Peat addition to mature manure composts should be considered as an interesting alternative for horticultural plants sensitive to high NO3-N content from mature composts. Key word: Manure composts, peat, N mineralization, N availability, humification ratios or indexes, yields, orchardgrass

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45

Farnham, D. E., e J. R. George. "Dinitrogen fixation and nitrogen transfer among red clover cultivars". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 73, n.º 4 (1 de outubro de 1993): 1047–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps93-136.

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Red clover (Trifolium pratense L.) is an important perennial forage legume used for hay or as pasture in crop rotations. Despite its traditional usage as a source of nitrogen (N) for cropping systems, little information is available on the amounts of atmospheric dinitrogen (N2) that red clover fixes or transfers to an associated grass during long-term stands. Field research was undertaken in 1989 and 1990 to compare N2 fixation and N transfer potentials of one experimental and three common red clover cultivars seeded in binary mixtures with orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.). Dinitrogen fixation and N transfer were estimated by 15N isotope dilution using orchardgrass pure stands as a reference. Over the 2-yr study, percentage legume N derived from N2 fixation ranged from 96.4 to 96.7% among the red clover cultivars. Total-season fixed-N yields in red clover herbage ranged from 72.6 to 159.2 kg ha−1. Dinitrogen fixation and fixed-N yields usually did not differ among red clover cultivars in either year. Percentage N in orchardgrass herbage derived from N2 fixation by red clover ranged from 43.7 to 70.5%. Total-season transferred-N yields in orchardgrass herbage was 16.9 kg ha−1 in 1989 and 57.8 kg ha−1 in 1990. Neither N-transfer nor transferred-N yield differed among cultivars in either year. It is concluded that, under the conditions of this study, the red clover cultivars tested generally did not differ in their abilities to fix atmospheric N2 or to transfer fixed-N to associated orchardgrass. Key words: Red clover, Trifolium pratense L., dinitrogen fixation, nitrogen transfer, isotope dilution

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46

Pfender, W. F., e S. C. Alderman. "Geographical Distribution and Incidence of Orchardgrass Choke, Caused by Epichloë typhina, in Oregon". Plant Disease 83, n.º 8 (agosto de 1999): 754–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1999.83.8.754.

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A 1998 survey was conducted in the Willamette Valley of Oregon, the major U.S. production area for orchardgrass seed, to determine the extent and severity of choke disease in Dactylis glomerata. This disease is a severe constraint to orchardgrass seed production in other parts of the world, but was unknown in Oregon prior to 1997. Thirty-seven fields, representing 27 cultivars and the geographical extent of production in the Willamette Valley, were selected from a list of fields registered for certification. Choke was found in 26 (70%) of the fields, and disease incidence ranged from <0.05 to 28% tillers affected. Five of the 37 fields had only trace levels of the disease, but four of the fields, representing three counties, had incidences >10%. In a survey of 16 fields located within 3.5 km of the 1997 discovery, choke was found in 14 fields, of which three had incidences >20%. Increase in disease incidence between 1997 and 1998 ranged from 2.1- to 3.3-fold in the three fields where disease increase was measured. One year after its presence was confirmed in Oregon, choke disease of orchardgrass is well-established throughout the orchardgrass seed producing region at damaging levels and is apparently able to increase and spread under the prevailing climatic and cultural conditions.

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47

Alderman, S. C., W. F. Pfender, R. E. Welty, M. E. Mellbye, R. L. Cook, J. W. Spatafora e M. Putnam. "First Report of Choke, Caused by Epichloe typhina, on Orchardgrass in Oregon". Plant Disease 81, n.º 11 (novembro de 1997): 1335. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis.1997.81.11.1335a.

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During July 1997, Epichloe typhina (Pers.:Fr.) Tul. in Tul. & C. Tul., the cause of choke disease, was found in four fields of an unnamed, experimental cultivar of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) grown for seed near Halsey, OR. Disease occurrence in each of three fields was estimated by counting choked tillers in about 50 quadrats, 1 × 0.3 m, taken at 30-m intervals along three or four diagonal transects. In two fields, the disease was present in most quadrats (3% tillers infected). In the third field, choke was clustered in two areas, each with 1 to 8% infected tillers. A collection of E. typhina was deposited at the Oregon State University Mycological Herbarium (accession number 56,395). The disease had not been previously observed in commercial cultivars grown for seed in Oregon, with the exception of an infected tiller collected from an orchard-grass seed field during 1996. This is the first report of choke in Oregon on orchardgrass. Choke is an important disease in France, where it reduces seed yields of orchardgrass. Ten Oregon cultivars of orchardgrass were evaluated under field conditions in France in 1993 and 1994 for susceptibility to E. typhina. All cultivars were found susceptible to the disease; incidence of infected tillers ranged from 4 to 11%, with a mean of 7% (G. Sicard and R. E. Welty, unpublished). During 1996, several fragments of stroma of E. typhina were found among seed from a seed lot submitted to the Oregon State University Seed Lab for purity testing. This indicates that stroma may occur as a contaminant with seed, although it is not known if E. typhina would survive with the seed. E. typhina has not been reported to be seed-borne in orchardgrass.

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Hwang, S. F., D. A. Gaudet, G. D. Turnbull, K. F. Chang, R. J. Howard e H. Najda. "Effect of plant age and cottony snow mold on winter survival of forage grasses". Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, n.º 4 (1 de outubro de 2002): 701–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-061.

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The low temperature basidiomycete (LTB, syn. Copribus psychromorbidus Traquair), the causal agent of cottony snow mold, is a major constraint to forage grass survival and productivity in the parkland region of the Canadian prairies under prolonged snow cover (e.g., 160 d). Studies were conducted to establish the level of the snow mold resistance in seven grass species commonly grown in western Canada and to identify the seeding dates that permit grass plants to develop maximum levels of resistance to snow mold. Following attack by the LTB fungus, considerable variation in winter survival and forage yield was observed among the grass species. Smooth brome and meadow brome were most resistant, followed by timothy and creeping red fescue. Tall fescue and orchardgrass were the most susceptible. Controlled-environment and field studies demonstrated that orchardgrass seeded in late spring resulted in greater winter survival and dry matter yield than when seeded in July or August, both in snow mold inoculated and noninoculated treatments. Additional mortality and dry matter yield loss were linked to snow mold injury. These results demonstrated that snow mold injury could reduce winter survival and yield in first-year forage grasses, especially in orchardgrass, and early seeding could reduce the impact of winter stresses. Key words: Grass, orchardgrass, timothy, smooth bromegrass, meadow bromegrass, creeping red fescue

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Alderman, S. C., e S. Rao. "Ascosporic Fertilization of Epichloë typhina in Dactylis glomerata Seed Production Fields in Oregon and Implications for Choke Management". Plant Health Progress 9, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2008): 47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2008-0421-01-br.

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Epichloë typhina, causal agent of choke, is a fungus that systemically infects the crown and foliage of Dactylis glomerata(orchardgrass). The process of infection of orchardgrass by E. typhina has not been fully established, but ascospores are believed to be responsible for new plant infections. The objective of this study was to determine if ascospores could serve as spermatia and fertilize stromata of E. typhina. To our knowledge, this is the first report of ascosporic fertilization in the genus Epichloë. Accepted for publication 28 January 2008. Published 21 April 2008.

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Berg, C. C., R. T. Sherwood e K. E. Zeiders. "Registration of PL-OGDR1 Orchardgrass Germplasm". Crop Science 30, n.º 5 (1990): 1164. http://dx.doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1990.0011183x003000050059x.

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