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Thompson, Scott A., e Rajiv K. Sinha. "Brand Communities and New Product Adoption: The Influence and Limits of Oppositional Loyalty". Journal of Marketing 72, n.º 6 (novembro de 2008): 65–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1509/jmkg.72.6.065.
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Brand communities have been cited for their potential not only to enhance the loyalty of members but also to engender a sense of oppositional loyalty toward competing brands. However, the impact of brand community membership on actual new product adoption behavior has yet to be explored. This study examines the effects of brand community participation and membership duration on the adoption of new products from opposing brands as well as from the preferred brand. Longitudinal data were collected on the participation behavior, membership duration, and adoption behavior of 7506 members spanning four brand communities and two product categories. Using a hazard modeling approach, the authors find that higher levels of participation and longer-term membership in a brand community not only increase the likelihood of adopting a new product from the preferred brand but also decrease the likelihood of adopting new products from opposing brands. However, such oppositional loyalty is contingent on whether a competitor's new product is the first to market. Furthermore, in the case of overlapping memberships, higher levels of participation in a brand community may actually increase the likelihood of adopting products from rival brands. This finding is both surprising and disconcerting because marketing managers usually do not know which other memberships their brand community members possess. The authors discuss how managers can enhance the impact of their brand community on the adoption of the company's new products while limiting the impact of opposing brand communities.
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Boone, Christophe, e Serden Özcan. "Oppositional Logics and the Antecedents of Hybridization: A Country-Level Study of the Diffusion of Islamic Banking Windows, 1975–2017". Organization Science 31, n.º 4 (julho de 2020): 990–1011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2019.1338.
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Little is known about when and where hybrid organizations diffuse. We argue that neo-institutional perspectives, which stress the constraining role of market categories and institutional logics, have to be complemented with demand-side perspectives that stress the enabling force of economic incentives to explain the origins of hybrids. We develop theory to predict the country-level diffusion of hybrid forms in Islamic banking in the 1975–2017 period, during which many conventional banks invaded the domain of Islamic banking by starting to sell Islamic banking services, or so-called “Islamic windows.” Our findings underscore the relevance of simultaneously studying the impact of constraining and enabling forces. Consistent with neo-institutional theory, we find strong evidence that a lack of constitutive legitimacy of the window form—only in countries where Muslims make up a large share of the population—and the ideological polarization of local audiences reify the ideological boundaries between the oppositional banking logics, which in turn hampers the diffusion of windows in the focal country. At the same time, however, it appears that the failure of local credit markets and country-level economic globalization, the latter even more in countries with a Muslim majority, provide potent economic incentives for the diffusion of windows. By stressing the role of utilitarian incentives and material exchange as drivers of hybridization, we bridge the gap between neo-institutional and more rationalist approaches of institutional change.
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Chatterji, Aaron K., Jiao Luo e Robert C. Seamans. "Categorical Competition in the Wake of Crisis: Banks vs. Credit Unions". Organization Science 32, n.º 3 (maio de 2021): 568–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/orsc.2020.1403.
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We connect two distinct streams of research on categories to study the role of within-category typicality in the context of legitimacy shocks. We argue that, following a legitimacy shock, member organizations of the tainted, focal category suffer equally, irrespective of their typicality. However, only the typical members of the newly favored, oppositional category benefit. Therefore, the effects of legitimacy shocks are asymmetrically influenced by typicality. We argue this pattern is the result of a two-stage process of categorization by audiences, whereby audiences prioritize distinctions between organizations in a newly favored category and spend limited efforts considering distinctions in the tainted, focal category. We examine our theory in the context of the U.S. financial services industry, where four different kinds of organizations engage in competition: traditional commercial banks, community banks, single-bond credit unions, and multibond credit unions. Consistent with our theory, we show that both traditional commercial banks and community banks suffer in terms of deposit market share following the legitimacy shock of the 2007 financial crisis, but the relative gains to credit unions are strongest for single-bond credit unions.
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Thompson, Scott A., Andrew M. Kaikati e James M. Loveland. "Do brand communities benefit objectively under-performing products?" Journal of Business & Industrial Marketing 33, n.º 4 (8 de maio de 2018): 457–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jbim-02-2017-0051.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of brand community participation on new product adoption when the new product is the one which clearly under-performed compared to industry standards. Design/methodology/approach The data on participation behavior, membership duration and adoption behavior of 5,893 members of three different online communities (two brand forums, one general product forum) were gathered and assessed using a Cox PH model. Findings Results show that higher participation in a brand community leads to a greater likelihood of adopting objectively under-performing products, while also reducing the likelihood of purchasing rivals’ products. This occurs despite the higher levels of product knowledge possessed by these consumers. The findings also identify a key limiting condition for oppositional loyalty, that it is driven by membership duration, rather than by active participation in the brand community. Originality/value Prior research on the impact of brand community participation on product adoption has tended to focus on the adoption of products that are objectively superior to competing products. Unfortunately, only one product can be the performance leader in a given market at any time. Thus, managers do not know if brand communities are powerful enough to enhance the likelihood of adopting objectively under-performing products. This manuscript thus provides important insights for managers wishing to launch new products in categories where there are active brand communities.
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Hankins, Laurel V. "The Art of Retreat". Nineteenth-Century Literature 71, n.º 4 (1 de março de 2017): 431–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ncl.2017.71.4.431.
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Laurel V. Hankins, “The Art of Retreat: Salmagundi’s Elbow-Chair Domesticity” (pp. 431–456) James Kirke Paulding and William and Washington Irving’s literary periodical Salmagundi; or, the Whim-Whams and Opinions of Launcelot Langstaff, Esq. and Others (1807) has been incorporated into accounts of Washington Irving’s protoromanticism that define American romanticism through an oppositional relationship between the aesthetic retreat of the artist and the consensus-driven consumerism of a feminized reading public. This essay argues that through the self-conscious assumption of bachelor pseudonyms, the Salmagundi editors’ aggressively masculine domestic retreat can be read as a reaction to the insufficiently reductive categories of a literary culture increasingly organized by gender difference. Even as the Salmagundi bachelor-editors mock the performative virtue of feminine domesticity, their own humorous social critique works to reestablish the possibility of making reform feel in tune with natural impulses. The bachelors locate the source of their imaginative whimsy within the domestic sphere’s supposed transcendence of social artifice and market pressures, but they also claim authorship by distinguishing their imaginative output from the termagant’s domestic labor. Because the editors’ reformative project depends on readers recognizing the alienated bachelor as a humorous literary type, the hostile relationship to its readers that has earned Salmagundi a place in narratives of Irving’s protoromanticism actually signals a collaborative relationship with readers who are repeatedly forced to acknowledge the editors’ authorial design.
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Schiff, Claire, e Michèle Debrenne. "Same Origins, Different Destinies: New Migrants vs Descendants of Migrants". Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, n.º 462 (2021): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/462/13.
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The article sheds light on certain peculiarities of immigration to France, which has become a multicultural country. The authors explain how the destinies of two categories of “immigrant” youth differ. The first are the “beurs”, children and grandchildren of migrants who arrived in France during the 1960s and 1970s, generally from the Maghreb. The second are the “blédards”, who migrated themselves from these countries during adolescence with their parents or in the framework of family reunification. After a short description of the successive waves of migration which have regularly reached France and a terminological clarification on the meaning of the words “foreigner” and “migrant”, the authors show how the trajectories of those who are French citizens, know the language and have attended the school system from the start differ from those of newcomers, although the two groups are often confused. The article presents analysis from the theoretical works devoted to the study of different waves of migration, in the USA and in other countries, then focuses on a presentation of the educational trajectories of the new arrivals and those of the descendants of migrants. Particular attention is paid to migrants’ adaptation to the labor market. Newcomers have less difficulty finding an internship than their classmates born in France. They are also more easily exploited, because they compensate their poor French language adopting a deferential attitude towards employers. When unemployed, they often find a job more easily than the descendants of migrants by relying on ethnic niches and networks of fellow citizens. The article underlines the role of the social environment in determining adaptation paths which can lead to acculturation and social mobility, to assimilation within a marginalized urban environment, or to economic integration into ethnic niches. The more hostile the environment and the less the migrants are adapted to the country’s economic and cultural codes, the more the ethnic community tends to rely on itself in order to protect its children from a form of assimilation seen as harmful. Finally, the authors present the different attitudes of young people from the two groups towards the host society. For the descendants of migrants, it is common to assimilate to groups of young people in low-income neighborhoods and to copy the behavioral pattern characteristic of the inhabitants of these neighborhoods with a high concentration of immigrant and minority populations. When they are victims of stigmatization because of their ethnic origin or their neighborhood of residence, these young people become very critical, sometimes adopting oppositional attitudes to the French society to which they belong. On the other hand, newcomers struggle to find their place, as they still feel in transit, are not necessarily sure to stay in the country which they see as a haven comparing to the difficult living conditions of their native country.
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Hyman, Larry, Heiko Narrog, Mary Paster e Imelda Udoh. "Leggbo Verb Inflection: A Semantic and Phonological Particle Analysis". Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society 28, n.º 1 (14 de agosto de 2002): 399. http://dx.doi.org/10.3765/bls.v28i1.3854.
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The goals of this paper are to present, first, a featural analysis of the inflectional system of oppositions which are explicitly marked on Leggbo verbs, specifically, aspect, mood, polarity and clause type; and second, an account of how this system of oppositions is realized in morphological terms. It will be seen that the inflectionally marked categories are organized in terms of a fixed hierarchy of privative features or "particles" which compete for expression within the Leggbo verb paradigm.
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Lynch, Ingrid, e David Maree. "Gender outlaws or a slow bending of norms? South African bisexual women’s treatment of gender binaries". Feminist Theory 19, n.º 3 (17 de outubro de 2017): 269–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464700117734737.
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A monosexual configuration of sexuality assumes that sexual desire is directed at either men or women. Bisexuality resists a choice between oppositional categories and is often theorised as having a transgressive potential to destabilise binary logic, not only in relation to sexuality but also to gender. There is, however, a lack of empirical work exploring how this potential might be realised in the accounts of bisexual individuals. Drawing on interviews with South African bisexual women, we use a narrative-discursive lens to examine the discursive resources employed by participants to trouble or resist hetero-gendered norms. Our findings demonstrate how resistance to the gender binary hinges on citational politics that are fundamentally gendered and linked to sexuality. Instead of entirely destabilising hetero-gendered norms, participants draw on gendered scripts that simultaneously expand norms to accommodate their sexual difference and, through processes of othering, function to reiterate hetero-gendered norms. While complete subversion of gender binaries is not possible in participants’ discursive contexts, what does occur is a ‘slow bending’ of norms. Theorising bisexuality as transgressing oppositional categories closes off opportunities to interrogate the pervasive influence of gender binaries in contexts that remain marked by pervasive heteronormativity and heterosexism. Significantly, it also obscures more modest improvisations of gender scripts that hold potential for destabilising gender binaries.
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Prieto, Manuel. "Equity vs. Efficiency and the Human Right to Water". Water 13, n.º 3 (24 de janeiro de 2021): 278. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13030278.
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One of the most crucial discussions within water resource management is the debate between those who defend the concept of economic efficiency and those who privilege notions of social equity. This tension is located at the core of binary categories that currently constitute the public debate within comparative water law and policy. These categories are commodity/human right, private property/common property, free-market/state regulation, and market value/community value. This paper explores this tension by studying how neoclassical economics understands efficiency and tracing its rise as a key hegemonic principle for water resource management. I also present equity as a conceptual opposition to efficiency and describe its institutionalization through the human-right-to-water frame. A problematization of both the equity approach and the human-right-to-water frame follows. Finally, I propose a political ecology approach to better understand the tension between efficiency and equity and offer recommendations for informing the water research agenda on efficiency/equity.
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Hanafin, John J. "Morality and the Market in China: Some Contemporary Views". Business Ethics Quarterly 12, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2002): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3857645.
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Abstract:A significant effect of China’s rejection of a planned economy for a free market is the stimulus this has given to discussion of the relationship between morality and the market. Some Chinese believe that the introduction of a market economy has had a negative effect on public morality. Others disagree and maintain that it has had only a positive effect. Besides this particular debate there are two others. In the first of these debates, it is maintained on the one side that conduct in the market is amoral and essentially contractual or transactional in nature: a boundary must be drawn between economic conduct and conduct in other spheres of social life. Against this it is argued that ethical norms apply equally to all aspects of social life including the economy. In the second debate one side holds that the market engenders its own “ethical” norms. In opposition it is argued that the moral categories articulated in moral philosophy are applicable to behaviour in the market.
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Nurjanah, Anna, e Tiara Indah. "Analysis of Instagram User Reception Against the Use of Korean Actors as Local Skincare Brand Ambassadors @somethincofficial". IKOMIK: Jurnal Ilmu Komunikasi dan Informasi 2, n.º 2 (10 de dezembro de 2022): 108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33830/ikomik.v2i2.3779.
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The Korean wave phenomenon in Indonesia is marked by the increasing number of people adapting Korean cultures such as food, fashion, and language. Until more and more local Indonesian products use BA K-pop, one of which is skincare brand Somethinc. When examined further, there is a contradiction between the skin color characteristics of Korean actors and the skin color of the majority of Indonesians. This study aims to find out how Instagram users interpret advertisements featuring Han So Hee promoting brightening series products. By using qualitative methods and interpretive paradigms through a reception analysis method approach. This study use interview as data collection techniques. The results of interviews with informants were then grouped into 3 (three) categories, namely Dominant Hegemonic, Negotiated, or Oppositional Position. This study shows the results from 6 sources that there are 2 people included in the Dominant Hegemonic category, then 1 person in the Negotiated category, and 3 people in the Oppositional Position category.
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Sankoff, Gillian. "The grammaticalization of tense and aspect in Tok Pisin and Sranan". Language Variation and Change 2, n.º 3 (outubro de 1990): 295–312. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954394500000387.
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ABSTRACTAccording to Bickerton's “bioprogram,” creole grammars from the outset contain privative oppositions in the verbal system, where zeroes can be unambiguously interpreted as contrasting with verbs bearing the marked feature. A quantitative analysis of tense and aspect in narrative texts in Tok Pisin and Sranan indicates that this is not the case in either language. Zeroes freely occur with all tense categories. Verbs occurring with no tense markers are thus not “marked with zero,” but constitute the historical residue of an earlier stage of the languages in which tense marking of the superstrate languages had not been transmitted and the Creole markers had not yet evolved.
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Singh, Sachil Flores. "Social sorting as ‘social transformation’: Credit scoring and the reproduction of populations as risks in South Africa". Security Dialogue 46, n.º 4 (6 de julho de 2015): 365–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967010615582125.
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In this article, I show that credit scoring, although not explicitly designed as a security device, enacts (in)security in South Africa. By paying attention to a brief history of state-implemented social categories, we see how the dawn of political democracy in 1994 marked an embrace of – not opposition to – their inheritance by the African National Congress. The argument is placed within a theoretical framework that dovetails David Lyon’s popularization of ‘social sorting’ with an extension of Harold Wolpe’s understanding of apartheid and capitalism. This bridging between Lyon and Wolpe is developed to advance the view that apartheid is a social condition whose historical social categories of rule have been reproduced since 1994 in the framing of credit legislation, policy and scoring. These categories are framed in the ‘new’ South Africa as indicators of ‘social transformation’. Through the lens of credit scoring, in particular, it is demonstrated that ‘social transformation’ not only influences, shapes and reproduces historical forms of social categories, but also serves the state’s attempt to create and maintain populations as risks.
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Panajo, Francesca. "“PRESUPPOSIZIONI INDIVIDUALI” E INFLUENZE IMPLICITE NELL’USO DEI MARCATORI DEL DISCORSO". Italiano LinguaDue 15, n.º 2 (15 de dezembro de 2023): 193–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.54103/2037-3597/22027.
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Sulla scia della grammatica metaoperazionale e a partire dall’esigenza di porre al centro della riflessione metalinguistica il ruolo dell’enunciatore e l’importanza del contesto, il saggio si propone di superare l'insufficienza metodologica della descrizione e classificazione dei marcatori discorsivi in lingua spagnola, da sempre affrontati con un approccio extralinguistico e lessicocentrico. Le diverse relazioni tra queste due categorie grammaticali – enunciatore e contesto – sono qui analizzate in riferimento ai criteri della grammatica dell'enunciato di Francisco Matte Bon. In questa cornice, la comunicazione viene intesa come movimento tra due poli non oppositivi, tema e rema. Sulla base di esempi contestualizzati provenienti dal Corpus del Español del Siglo XXI (CORPES), verranno esaminati i valori comunicativi del marcatore bueno e le possibili combinazioni con altri operatori grammaticali, quali y e pero.
“Individual presuppositions” and implicit influences in the use of discourse markers
In the wake of meta-operational grammar and starting from the need to place the role of the enunciator and the importance of the context at the centre of metalinguistic reflection, the essay proposes to overcome the methodological insufficiency of the description and classification of discourse markers in Spanish, which have always been tackled with an extralinguistic and lexico-centric approach. The different relations between these two grammatical categories – enunciator and context – are analysed here with reference to the criteria of Francisco Matte Bon's enunciative grammar. Within this framework, communication is understood as movement between two non-oppositional poles, theme and rheme. Based on contextualised examples from the Corpus del Español del Siglo XXI (CORPES), the communicative values of the marker bueno and possible combinations with other grammatical operators, such as y and pero, will be examined.
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Hertzberg, Fredrik. "Erfarenhet som diskurs". Kulturella Perspektiv – Svensk etnologisk tidskrift 8, n.º 3 (1 de setembro de 1999): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.54807/kp.v8.31522.
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The aim of this article is to show that it could be meaningful to analyze the ways in which interviewees use personal experience narratives when they are confronted with research questions that force them to make statements in contested political questions. Is it easier to express values or "points of view" in those narratives than in the form of statements or propositions? Rather than providing any empirical finds or concluding remarks, the article contains a discussion of this analytic "point of entry". The discussion starts in a presentation of my own dissertation work, which aims at describing and analyzing how employers and civil servants in labour offices use ethnic categories and the opposition between Swedes and immigrants in describing unemployment and other problems in the labour market, when they are related to the situation for youth and immigrant descent.
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Lin, You-Jing. "Perfective and imperfective from the same source". Diachronica 28, n.º 1 (26 de maio de 2011): 54–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/dia.28.1.03lin.
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Extensive typological research on spatiotemporal development has shown that directionals tend to start as ‘bounders’, and eventually grammaticalize into perfective or simple-past markers. Meanwhile, recent crosslinguistic studies of tense and aspect have demonstrated that the opposition between perfective and imperfective is the most general contrast expressed via verbal morphology. This paper, however, presents a clear counterexample to the above commonly accepted generalizations. Specifically, rGyalrong languages show a perfective-imperfective distinction, but the past imperfective marker and one of the perfectives developed from the same source — the directional ‘down’. This study thus documents a previously undescribed development, through which a single directional has grammaticalized into two opposing aspectual categories. The unexpected spatio-temporal development presents a challenge to the approach of grammaticalization studies that focuses on ‘major’ developmental pathways.
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Murgas, Benjamin, Alvin Henao e Luceny Guzman. "Evaluation of Investments in Wind Energy Projects, under Uncertainty. State of the Art Review". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 21 (31 de outubro de 2021): 10213. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app112110213.
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The use of renewable energy sources, especially wind energy, has been widely developed, mostly during the last decade. The main objective of the present study is to conduct a literature review focused on the evaluation under uncertainty of wind energy investment using the real options approach to find out whether public opposition (NIMBY projects) has been contemplated, and if so, what have been the flexible strategies applied for its intervention. Overall, 97 publications were analyzed, identifying 20 different models or approaches, which were grouped into eight categories: 1. Real options, 2. Optimization, 3. Stochastics, 4. Financial evaluation, 5. Probabilistic, 6. Estimation, 7. Numerical prediction, and 8. Others. The real options approach, present in 32% of the studies, was the most popular. Twenty-eight types of uncertainties were identified, which were grouped, for better analysis, into nine categories. In total, 62.5% of the studies included the price of electricity as a source of uncertainty; 18.8%, the velocity of wind; and 15.6%, the feed-in rates-subsidy. Both random and non-random techniques were applied to assess the real options and to model the uncertainties. When evaluating real options, the Monte Carlo simulation technique was the most preferred, with 16 (51.6%) applications, followed by non-randomized techniques, decision tree, and dynamic programming, with eight (25.8%) applications each. There is a marked tendency to use stochastic processes to model uncertainty, particularly geometric Brownian motion, which was used in 61.3% (19) of the studies in the sample. When searching for “real options AND (nimby OR public opposition)”, no study was found, which shows the possibility of developing research on this aspect to determine its impact on investments in wind energy projects.
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Balsiger, Philip, e Thomas Jammet. "What is Digital Valuation Made of? The integration of valuation poles on a reservation platform and its effects on the hotel industry in Switzerland". Valuation Studies 9, n.º 1 (21 de dezembro de 2022): 47–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/vs.2001-5992.2022.9.1.47-77.
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Digital platforms act as new powerful intermediaries challenging existing market orders in many sectors. Algorithmically producing ratings and rankings often built from online consumer reviews, platforms are important players in the digitizing of valuation. This article asks how these new platform-generated valuations relate to other forms of valuation. It presents a qualitative case study of valuation in the hotel sector in Switzerland, drawing on interviews with professionals and a description of valuation categories on the Booking.com website. Going beyond the description of the opposition between online consumer reviews and traditional judgment devices, the analysis shows that valuation on the platform is based upon a permissive hierarchical integration of a plurality of valuation poles, with algorithmic valuation at its center. This destabilizes the evaluative landscape with regard to three issues: lack of transparency of the algorithmic ranking; weakening and even undermining of formulaic valuation; and the issue of singularization of the online offer.
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Jackson, Jeanne-Marie. "John Guillory, Meet Kwasi Wiredu: A 1990s Guide to the Future English Department". Genre 56, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2023): 69–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00166928-10346821.
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Abstract This article pairs the arguments of Cultural Capital with those of Ghanaian decolonial philosopher Kwasi Wiredu. Writing around the same time as Guillory, Wiredu proposes a distinctive mode of decolonization, one focused on concepts rather than syllabi or curricula. In Wiredu's argument, decolonization ought to be a genealogical project, disentangling African thought from colonial impositions. The goal is not simple opposition but the chance to enable located concepts’ and traditions’ mutual interrogation, so that a “decolonized” thinker is one who can make an informed choice as to what analytic lenses or worldviews can or should be defended. Even as literary studies continues to open up possible texts and traditions for study, the bottom has fallen out of a hiring market organized around periodizing categories and national literatures. Turning back to Wiredu and Guillory together might not only help us think more clearly about the politics of literary study but also construct a version of the field based on concepts rather than national-historical fields.
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Hall, Edward. "How to do realistic political theory (and why you might want to)". European Journal of Political Theory 16, n.º 3 (23 de março de 2015): 283–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1474885115577820.
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In recent years, a number of realist thinkers have charged much contemporary political theory with being idealistic and moralistic. While the basic features of the realist counter-movement are reasonably well understood, realism is still considered a critical, primarily negative creed which fails to offer a positive, alternative way of thinking normatively about politics. Aiming to counteract this general perception, in this article I draw on Bernard Williams’s claims about how to construct a politically coherent conception of liberty from the non-political value of freedom. I do this because Williams’s argument provides an illuminating example of the distinctive nature of realist political thinking and its attractions. I argue that Williams’s account of realist political thinking challenges the orthodox moralist claim that normative political arguments must be guided by an ideal ethical theory. I then spell out the repercussions Williams’s claims about the significance of political opposition and non-moralised accounts of motivation have for our understanding of the role and purpose of political theory. I conclude by defending the realist claim that action-guiding political theory should accordingly take certain features of our politics as given, most centrally the reality of political opposition and the passions and experiences that motivate them. On this reading political realism offers a viable way of thinking about political values which cannot be understood in terms of the categories of intellectual separation – ideal/nonideal or fact-insensitive/fact-sensitive – that have marked political theory in recent years.
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Pedroni, Marco. "Extreme Losers: On Excess and Profitless Expenditure in Male Gambler Practices". Journal of Extreme Anthropology 1, n.º 3 (22 de novembro de 2017): 61–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5617/jea.5574.
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The essay looks at male gambling by investigating it as a form of resistance to the utilitarian values which lie at the base of the market logic. Here the excess is viewed as a central notion in opposition to that of utility. Far from minimising the negative impact of excessive gambling on society and individuals, this contribution attempts to go beyond an analysis based on the categories of pathology and expenditure only. Through excess, the pathological gambler unveils the symbolic and arbitrary ideology of capitalism which sees economic success as a sign of election or a choice whereby money is used not as an investment or to access to goods and services, but “wasted”.To address these issues, two complementary ethnographic methods are used: (1) a three-month ethnographic observation in 23 gambling locations in Milan’s metropolitan area; (2) 10 in-depth interviews with extreme male gamblers.The article attempts to answer the following research question: How does excess take place in male gambling practices? Risk factors for extreme gambling are analysed, with a particular focus on the relationship between gambling and masculinity. In the effort to go beyond an analysis of gambling based on the categories of pathology and expenditure only, gambling is conncetd to the notion of excess. Gambling locations as facilitators of excess are studied, and the life stories of pathological gamblers discussed. The paradoxical ambivalence of gambling practices, on the one side a form of domination of the subordinate classe, on the other an opportunity to resist through an anti-utilitarian act, are highlighted.
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Simic, Natasa, Milica Vukelic e Vesna Djordjevic. "Self-presentation in “unsuitable” resumes: A case from Serbia". Sociologija 55, n.º 4 (2013): 503–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/soc1304503s.
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The main goal of this research was to explore the ways people portray themselves in resumes, labelled as ?unsuitable? after the first review of the recruiters in a manufacturing company in Serbia. The form and the content of fifty resumes were analyzed using qualitative content analysis, inductive approach. Personal life stories described in an intimate and submissive tone were predominantly present in resumes, compared to the description of work experience and competencies. Concerning the content of the resumes, two core categories emerged - I as a worker and Employment needs. Finding support in the literature dealing with postsocialist transformation in Serbia and Hofstede?s theory, results are interpreted as pointing to the opposition of two value systems in Serbia: that of the authors of ?unsuitable? resumes, reflecting collectivistic and feminine values and that of the job market in Serbia, reflecting manly individualistic and masculine values. The authors of "unsuitable" resumes display interdependent self-construal, use defensive impression management strategies and their need to work is exclusively financial in nature. Finally, the need for better understanding between job candidates and employers, having different value systems, especially in the context of actual socio-economic changes in Serbia is discussed.
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Zorzi, Giorgia. "Coordinació copulativa, disjuntiva i adversativa en llengua de signes catalana". Zeitschrift für Katalanistik 34 (1 de julho de 2021): 79–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.46586/zfk.2021.79-109.
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Summary: Haspelmath (2007) defines coordination as a syntactic construction where two or more units are combined to form a larger one. Three main types of coordination can be found: conjunctive, disjunctive and adversative. The first one is marked by the coordinator “and”, the second by “or” and the third one by “but”. In sign languages and in Catalan Sign Language (LSC), too, this structure is as productive as in spoken languages. It is expressed mainly using non-manual markers such as body and head movements, which serve to mark the coordinated units. In addition, manual signs are used. This article aims to provide a description for the three main types of coordination in Catalan Sign Language (LSC): conjunctive, disjunctive and adversative. The data that will be presented will focus on clausal coordination, although it is assumed that the same strategies are used for coordination of all types of grammatical categories. Moreover, specific tests that need to be applied for LSC in order to identify coordination, in opposition to subordination, will be presented. Keywords: coordination, Catalan Sign Language (LSC), conjunction, disjunction, adversative coordination
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Millard, Gregory. "Rhetoric Revisited: Decennial Reflections on Canada's Coalition Crisis". Canadian Political Science Review 13, n.º 1 (23 de janeiro de 2021): 54–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.24124/c677/20191697.
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This paper reassesses Canada’s “coalition crisis” of 2008 though a rhetorical analysis of the national addresses of Prime Minister Stephen Harper and Opposition leader Stéphane Dion. Focusing especially upon the classical rhetorical categories of ethos (the speaker’s self-identification and positioning relative to the audience) and logos (the use of reason in argument), it explores how Harper and Dion construct divergent “legitimacy principles” in defence of their positions, arguing that Dion’s speech failed, not merely because of the poor production values which dominated commentary at the time, but because of an inferior ethos appeal marked by a mishandling of the key rhetorical icon of nationhood. When we consider argumentative substance, however, we find that Harper’s address was marred by a misrepresentation of key principles of parliamentary government. Because the crisis represented a potentially significant moment of political socialization – thus involving “constitutive” rather than “ordinary” political rhetoric – the paper argues that it is consistent with a realistic model of rhetorical ethics to condemn this misconstrual as a violation of the trust reposed in democratic leadership.
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HAMPSHER-MONK, IAIN. "THE SPIRITS OF EDMUND BURKE". Modern Intellectual History 15, n.º 3 (25 de setembro de 2017): 865–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1479244317000130.
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In the 1970s, when I began to take interest in Burke, not only was there was no collected Correspondence, but there was not even any modern edition of his Works. I successively purchased secondhand copies of the six-volume Bohn edition, and then (in the flush of a modest pay rise) of the Boston Little, Brown edition. The interpretive work was not extensive, and heavily influenced by two kinds of presentist preoccupation—both distinctively anglophone. One was the preoccupation with Burke's “contribution” to elements of the English Constitution—party government, the nature of representation, financial management—and his success in characterizing its customary, gradualist, pragmatic political culture, subsequently identified as “conservatism.” The other—prominent in American readings—comprised energetic attempts to recruit Burke into Cold War polemics: the clash between Burke and the French Revolutionaries (and their British supporters) presaging the clash between Marxism–Leninism and Western, free-market democracy. For scholars of a Straussian persuasion this involved reading into Burke a commitment to neo-Thomist natural law. These parameters spun an intellectually vertiginous confusion of issues. Quite how Burke's opposition to Paine was supposed to cohere with their shared defence of the America he (Paine) helped to create raised a number of historical issues. But instead of resolving these it was the implications of merely supposing them to be coherent that constituted the interpretive field. Controversies focused on whether Burke's political identity was conservative or liberal—anachronistic lexical markers, further complicated by their different connotations on either side of the Atlantic—and on how to characterize the “philosophical core” of his thinking. These too were contested in often disarmingly proleptic categories: liberal, utilitarian, collectivist. Looking back, this ideological fog was only made possible by the absence of any reasonably clear sense of eighteenth-century political-theoretical discourse within the categories and preoccupations of which to situate the man.
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Kildyushov, O. V. "The categorical dichotomy Gemeinschaft/Gesellschaft in sociological classics: Tonnies - Weber - Freyer - Parsons". RUDN Journal of Sociology 23, n.º 1 (16 de março de 2023): 9–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2023-23-1-9-25.
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The article considers the history of the conceptual pair Gemeinschaft/Gesellschaft (community/society) used by classics of sociology to explain the fundamental difference of modern society from the previous forms of social life. The author emphasizes the popularity of these categories as identifying the temporally successive types of sociality: Gemeinschaft refers to the original form of traditional organic community, and Gesellschaft - to the mass urbanized society of the modern age. The article shows the structural relationship between the early sociological concepts and the philosophy of modern history as an analytical (self)description of modern societies. The article reconstructs the development of Ferdinand Tönnies’ views, who introduced the pair Gemeinschaft/Gesellschaft as an analytical tool for social theory and challenged the opposition of these two types of social integration by emphasizing their presence in every social interaction. The author briefly outlines Max Weber’s perception of this conceptual pair in the form of Vergemeinschaftung/Vergesellschaftung social relations as ideally-typically value-oriented and instrumentally rational. The article explains the drastic politicization of the Gemeinschaft semantics in inter-war Germany - the term became a marker of the social-political polarization. Then the author focuses on the differentiated theory of Gemeinschaft developed in Hans Freyer’s sociology and on the Nazis’ attempt to make this term a basis of their theory of homogeneous society. The article considers the reception of Tönnies’ categories in American sociology, especially by Talcott Parsons, and highlights his contribution to the theory of socialization and integration of large societies with small solidarity groups. The last part of the article emphasizes the significance of the conceptual pair for the theory of late modernity - its structure of social action consists of elements of both community and society.
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Shore, Cris, e Miri Davidson. "Beyond collusion and resistance: Academic–management relations within the neoliberal university". Learning and Teaching 7, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2014): 12–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/latiss.2014.070102.
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As an early pioneer of market-led institutional reforms and New Public Management policies, New Zealand arguably has one of the most 'neoliberalised' tertiary education sectors in the world. This article reports on a recent academic dispute concerning the attempt by management to introduce a new category of casualised academic employee within one of the country's largest research universities. It is based on a fieldwork study, including document analysis, interviews and the participation of both authors in union and activist activities arising from the dispute. Whilst some academics may collude in the new regimes of governance that these reforms have created, we suggest that 'collusion' and 'resistance' are inadequate terms for explaining how academic behaviour and subjectivities are being reshaped in the modern neoliberal university. We argue for a more theoretically nuanced and situational account that acknowledges the wider legal and systemic constraints that these reforms have created. To do this, we problematise the concept of collusion and reframe it according to three different categories: 'conscious complicity', 'unwitting complicity' and 'coercive complicity'. We ask, what happens when one must 'collude' in order to resist, or when certain forms of opposition are rendered impossible by the terms of one's employment contract? We conclude by reflecting on ways in which academics understand and engage with the policies of university managers in contexts where changes to the framework governing employment relations have rendered conventional forms of resistance increasingly problematic, if not illegal.
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Фролова, Ю. И., e Л. Н. Лунькова. "Lexical-Syntactical Oppositivity as a Tool of Expressing Evaluation in a Literary Text (on the basis of a short story “The Butterfly and the Tank” by E. Hemingway)". Иностранные языки в высшей школе, n.º 2(53) (17 de setembro de 2020): 32–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.37724/rsu.2020.53.2.023.
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В статье рассматривается взаимообусловленность категорий оценки и оценочности в рамках функционально-семантического анализа художественного текста на материале рассказа Э. Хемингуэя “The Butterfly and the Tank” («Мотылёк и танк»). Феномен оценки исследуется в контексте противительных средств его реализации. Особое внимание уделяется выявлению потенциала оценочности различных противительных единиц лексико-синтаксического уровня, а также роли оценочных конструкций в манифестации авторского замысла. В результате исследования установлено, что противительный союз but, включающий в себя гипотетическую оценку, наряду с противительным союзом and, усиливают оценочность в сочетании с такими элементами лексической противительности, как прямые и контекстуальные антонимы, конструкции-интенсификаторы, средства художественной выразительности (эпитеты, метафоры и т. д.). Выявлено, что противопоставления с союзом and характеризуются меньшей частотностью употребления в сравнении с конструкциями, маркированными союзом but. Причиной этого является очевидное доминирование в этом союзе присоединительной семантики над противительной. Кроме того, выявлено, что противопоставления с различными противительными союзами, дополненные элементами лексической противительности, выражают оценочность в тех случаях, когда этого требует идейное содержание текста. Они интенсифицируют художественную выразительность произведения, подчеркивая основные смыслообразующие оппозиции на уровне образов-символов. The article discusses the interconditionality of the assessment and evaluation categories within the framework of functional-semantic analysis of a literary text. The assessment phenomenon is examined in the context of oppositive means of its realization. Particular attention is given to the detection of evaluation potential of various oppositive units on the lexico-syntactical level as well as to the role of evaluation constructions in the author’s message manifestation. The study establishes that the adversative conjunction but, including hypothetical assessment, along with the adversative conjunction and increase evaluation, together with such elements of lexical oppositivity as direct and contextual antonyms, intensifying constructions, expressive means (epithets, metaphors etc.). It is revealed that oppositions with the conjunction and are characterized by a lower frequency of use compared to constructions, marked with the conjunction but. This is explained by the obvious domination of conjunctive semantics over the oppositive one in the semantic tissue of the conjunction. The study also establishes that oppositions with various adversative conjunctions, supplemented with elements of lexical oppositivity, express evaluation in those cases, when the artistic idea requires it. They intensify the artistic expressiveness of a literary work, emphasizing the main meaningful oppositions on the level of symbolicimages. The paper examines the short story “The Butterfly and the Tank” by E. Hemingway.
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Shaw, Julia J. A. "Fromhomo economicustohomo roboticus: an exploration of the transformative impact of the technological imaginary". International Journal of Law in Context 11, n.º 3 (6 de agosto de 2015): 245–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744552315000130.
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AbstractThe largely unfettered realm of hardware and software code offers limitless possibilities in expanding the use and influence of information and communication technologies. As transcendent technologies they are unrestrained by the divergent equivalence of human categories of difference such as gender, race and class, or conceptual binary oppositions such as good/evil, happy/sad, freedom/oppression. Whilst a material grounding in earlier forms of embodied social experience remains an essential precondition of interaction with virtual systems, it is suggested that the virtual world is in the process of transforming the real world or, at least, subordinating it as slave to the machine world. This shift has fostered an imbalance of power between human and the posthuman, and consequently the epoch of the machine is often alleged to be both modern miracle and monster. Just as at a human level, rational thought processes restrain ideas which are unruly and require control, ICT advancements have proliferated to the point where these technologies also need to be classified, constrained where necessary, and diluted into the real world in real time. In this current climate of endless technological transformation, along with the growth of mass surveillance technologies together with the expansion of regulatory state powers, it is clear that any further innovations cannot be left to market forces without first considering the groundwork for the development of an appropriate monitoring mechanism. Before an appropriate set of regulatory mechanisms can be explicated, it is first necessary to consider the nature of the evolving transgressive human–machine relationship and the possible implications for humanity in the modern hypermediated world.
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Asatiani, Rusudan, Natia Dundua e Marine Ivanishvili. "Somatic Lexemes in the Kartvelian Linguistic Space". European Journal of Language and Literature 5, n.º 2 (31 de maio de 2019): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejls-2019.v5i2-198.
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Comparative-historical study of languages makes it possible to represent the diachronic process of structuring the world and forming the corresponding concepts. The abovementioned process is inherently integral and reflected in such socio-cultural areas of human life as language, art, religion, farming, ethno-traditional customs, culture (in its broadest sense), etc. The proto-language reconstructed as a result of the comparative-historical study and the picture of its diachronic development provide some information about the genetic relations between the people speaking the corresponding related languages, about their original homeland and the directions of their historical migrations, about their knowledge, ideas and representations. This time we have analyzed the semantic field of the lexemes denoting the human body parts, which are reconstructed at the Proto-Kartvelian language and exist in the contemporary Kartvelian languages (Georgian, Megrelian, Laz, and Svan) and some dialects (notably, Gurian, Rachian, Xevsurian, and Kiziqian). Our goal is to reveal the semantic structure of the mentioned field, to analyze the respective concepts as well as to outline processes of the development and the establishment of corresponding tokens (resp. lexemes). Vocabulary denoting a human body (resp. Somatic lexemes), its parts and inner organs is a constituent part of the basic core vocabulary of a language and presumably ought to be fixed in the ancient times’ reflecting data. Analysis of the lexical units, which have been reconstructed either at the Common-Kartvelian or Georgian-Zan level on the basis of regular sound correspondences between the Kartvelian languages, allows us to highlight the main course of forming and developing the linguistic units we are concerned with; namely, the accumulation of “knowledge” had been carried out due to the process of differentiation and detailed elaboration of the human body anatomy and respectively, the corresponding semantic field, somatic vocabulary, had been underway to be enriched based on the relation of cognitively interpreted markedness. Language changes and development, formation of new categories and concepts, and consequently, creation of new linguistic units is mainly carried out as the result of detailed elaboration, further specification and partition of unmarked categories: an unmarked category undergoes the division-differentiation on the basis of formally marked oppositions that leads to the formation of new linguistic units and structures and reflects the dynamic picture of enhancement of linguistic cognition of the universe. Dialectic material enriches the semantic space even more and specifies and fills the meanings of lexemes to be studied.
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Feldstein, Steven. "The road to digital unfreedom: how artificial intelligence is reshaping repression". KANT Social Sciences & Humanities, n.º 5 (janeiro de 2021): 39–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.24923/2305-8757.2021-5.4.
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The problem of freedoms and non-freedoms within the framework of a democratic regime is of interest to most researchers, since it depends on them how "correctly" each of us understands how and for whom these categories work. Of course, we are interested in the latest developments in this area, so the editors cite a study by Professor Stephen Feldstein from Boise State University. It is difficult to agree with Professor Feldstein absolutely in everything, and therefore some fragments of the article are marked with footnotes of the author of the translation. The author of the article cannot be taken away from the merit that the study of this issue requires seriousness and a close look into the future. First of all, Stephen Feldstein in his article exposes the fruits of advanced artificial intelligence as an accomplice and hotbed of an autocratic repressive regime of government. Cites the scenarios according to which modern authoritarians solve the problems of the emergence of opposition forces within the country. Draws predictive pictures that can come true if the pace of development of technologies in the field of artificial intelligence continues to grow temporally. Nevertheless, we must assume that the main premise that the author wanted to convey to us is a warning against the superpowers of artificial intelligence that China possesses and the fruits of new technologies that it is ready to share in the name, if we continue the author's thought, of a shallow hidden intention of world domination, thereby, as we can draw independent conclusions, violating similar plans of the United States. Feldstein S. The Road to Digital Unfreedom: How Artificial Intelligence is Reshaping Repression // Journal of Democracy, January 2019, Volume 30, Number 1, pp. 40-52. DOI: 10.1353/jod.2019.0003
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Tepeeva, Hannfa M., e Fatima T. Uzdenova. "Socialist ideologemes in balkarian prose (by the example of the creativity of S. Khochuev and M. Gettuev)". Kavkazologiya 2022, n.º 1 (31 de março de 2022): 129–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31143/2542-212x-2022-1-129-139.
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The article reflects the specifics of Balkarian prose during the period of domination of socialist ideology, the canons of normative aesthetics. The consequence of the destruction of conceptual categories was the displacement of ethnically marked constants by the problems of the ideologi-cal, “Soviet” plan. In pre-war Balkarianprose; binary-opposition (“positive” - “negative”) aesthet-ic representation was preserved as the primary method of fixing and comprehending the surround-ing world, the ideological content of the described completely and unambiguously determined its axiological position. The ethical and ideological conceptualism of Bolshevism remained the motivational basis for the psychological states of the heroes of national prose in the first post-war decades. There-fore, it is also unnecessary to speak of a pronounced national component in the imagery of the works of this period: this is manifested both in the characters’ lives and in the plot's localization. It is practically impossible to determine how much the type of highlander depicted by M. Gettuev corresponds to real prototypes, questions of socialist construction supplanted how much in the minds of people. However, this type was replicated in a huge number of works of that era. The sublimative behavioral motives depicted by the authors of the 1950s and 1960s practically seem to be a direct continuation of the prose of the pre-war years. This situation of aesthetic predetermina-tion gave impetus to the development of a narrative skill, which consisted of the textual justifica-tion of the actions of the characters. Understanding the need for this justification prepared the ap-pearance in the works of a specific national component, embodied no longer in the names and ex-ternal surroundings, but in the psychological characteristics of the characters. Research methods: historical-typological, comparative, epistemological.
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Shemchenok, Nikolai Anatol'evich. "The religious and ideological aspect of the monarchical idea in the works of the main representatives of the Russian socio – political thought of the monarchical bias of the second half of the XIX – early XX century ." Genesis: исторические исследования, n.º 7 (julho de 2023): 14–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-868x.2023.7.38510.
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The subject of the study is the views of the main representatives of the Russian socio –political thought of the pro–monarchist wing of the second half of the XIX - early XX century regarding the religious and ideological aspects of the monarchical idea. The comparative method is used to analyze the concepts of the selected authors. Also, the Cambridge School method was used in the analysis of texts, mainly the approach of J. Pocock to the reconstruction of political discourses. The analysis of the religious basis of the monarchical system allocated by thinkers is carried out, the conclusion is made about its significance as a basis and as the main marker of differentiation between different types of monarchy. Special attention is paid to various concepts concerning the monarchical ideology and monarchical statehood of the main representatives of the monarchical wing of Russian socio – political thought of the second half of the XIX – early XX century . The novelty and relevance of the work is determined by the consideration of certain aspects of the monarchy as a separate, independent system outside the context of conservative discourse, which makes it possible to interpret the monarchist ideology as an independent direction of political thought; this question has not yet been raised in this way directly in modern historiography. It is concluded that the idea of the greatest correspondence of the monarchical system to the natural political aspirations of the human community prevails in the works of the thinkers under consideration. Also, the author believes it possible, based on the representation of Russian monarchists of the era under study, to speak about the exceptional role of religious and moral categories as the basis of the monarchical system, which also serves as the basis for distinguishing the monarchical system from the standard opposition of liberalism and conservatism.
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КАЛАБЕКОВА, Л. Т. "ASPECTUAL AND VOICE PARAMETERS OF VERBAL VOCABULARY IN THE LANGUAGES OF DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL IDENTITY (ON THE MATERIALS OF THE FRENCH AND OSSETIAN LANGUAGES)". Известия СОИГСИ, n.º 50(89) (20 de dezembro de 2023): 47–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.46698/vnc.2023.89.50.002.
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Взаимодействие грамматических категорий предполагает их гармоничное функционирование. В большинстве случаев оно приводит к видоизменению обеих грамматических структур и довольно редко лишь к трансформации одной из них. В рамках настоящей статьи делается попытка рассмотреть аспектуальные и залоговые взаимосвязи в языках разной структурной модели. Представляется, что именно типологический подход к анализу языковых явлений помогает высветить всевозможные коллизии, которые скрыты от исследователя при изолированном изучении отдельно взятой лингвокультуры. Грамматическая категория залога устанавливает самые тесные взаимоотношения со многими межуровневыми языковыми классами. Однако наиболее сложные и многогранные функциональные сближения прослеживаются между залоговыми и аспектуальными значениями. В качестве одного из лексико-морфологических средств, создающих формальные предпосылки для функционального сближения аспекта и залога в системе французского языка, становятся аффиксальные образования, когда противопоставление простой глагольной лексемы и ее морфологически маркированного коррелята способно передавать обе упомянутые грамматические категории одновременно. В осетинской языковой культуре нет единой морфологической системы залоговых коррелятов. Залоговая отнесенность может проявляться уже при обследовании изолированной глагольной лексики и передаваться по-разному: чередованием гласныхморфем в пределах предиката, разными корневыми основами, появлением согласной в непереходной глагольной лексеме. Однако, когда речь заходит о взаимосвязях аспектуальных и залоговых характеристик, то эти последние проявляются на уровне конкретных дискурсивных ситуаций в границах прошедшего времени. Interaction of grammatical categories implies their harmonious functioning. In most cases, it results in the modification of both grammatical structures and rarely only in the transformation of one of them. This article is devoted to examining the interaction of aspect and voice in the languages of different structural models. The typological approach to the analysis of linguistic phenomena appears to help highlight all the possible conflicts that are hidden from the researcher in the isolated study of a single linguoculture. The grammatical category of voice is closely related to many inter-level language classes. However, the most complex and multifaceted functional convergences can be traced between voice and aspect values. Affixed formations become one of the lexicomorphological tools that create the formal prerequisites for the functional convergence of the aspect and the voice in the French language system, when the opposition between a simple verb lexeme and its morphologically marked correlate is able to convey both mentioned grammatical categories simultaneously. In Ossetian language culture there is no unified morphological system of voice correlates. A voice reference may already manifest itself when examining an isolated verbal vocabulary and be transmitted in a variety of ways: alternating vowels with morphs within the predicate, different root bases, and the emergence of a consonant with an intransitive verb lexeme. However, when it comes to the interrelationship between the aspectual and voice characteristics, these latter are manifested at the level of specific discursive situations within the limits of the past tense.
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Alyoshin, Aleksey, e Elena Zinovieva. "Woman, girl and wife in Swedish and Russian comparative paremias". Scandinavian Philology 19, n.º 2 (2021): 219–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/11701/spbu21.2021.201.
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The article deals with Swedish and Russian proverbs about girl, woman, and wife, which have a comparative structure. We propose a classification of the paremias of two languages from the structural perspective, identify categories and productive models of the proverbial languages, and show general and national-culturally determined attitudes verbalized by paremiological units. This leads us to conclude that proverbs with an explicit comparison, with the help of formal linguistic means, opposition and metaphors, prevail in both Swedish and Russian. Structural differences lie in the presence of a large-scale category of paremias expressing the position of the subjects of comparison with the common predicate in the Swedish language; in the Russian language there are units expressing comparison through negation. Most Swedish paremias characterize a woman as opposed to a man, and the wife is presented diffusely and is rarely formally separated from the general idea of a woman; Russian units separately single out the wife as the leading woman’s status in family life. A small number of paremias of both languages are dedicated to the unmarried girl. Both in Swedish and Russian proverbs the masculine view dominates, which is due to the time of origin of these linguistic units, in which a negative assessment of woman prevails. In both Swedish and Russian paremias, a woman is endowed with such qualities as talkativeness, quarrelsomeness, stupidity, and excessive emotionality. In the units of the two languages, an evil woman is marked. The differences lie in the attitude verbalized in the proverbs of the two languages, to the physical impact on a woman by a man, in a negative assessment of the beautiful appearance of the wife in Russian paremias, as well as in the thematic areas of the images used. If Swedish proverbs use images of natural phenomena, then Russian units use household realities. Swedish proverbs less categorically declare that women are less valuable than men, unlike Russian proverbs.
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Kriman, A. I. "The Idea of the Posthuman: A Comparative Analysis of Transhumanism and Posthumanism". Russian Journal of Philosophical Sciences 62, n.º 4 (6 de julho de 2019): 132–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.30727/0235-1188-2019-62-4-132-147.
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The article discusses the modern philosophical concepts of transhumanism and posthumanism. The central issue of these concepts is “What is the posthuman?” The 21st century is marked by a contradictory understanding of the role and status of the human. On the one hand, there comes the realization of human hegemony over the whole world around: in the 20th century mankind not only began to conquer outer space, invented nuclear weapons, made many amazing discoveries but also shifted its attention to itself or rather to the modification of itself. Transhumanist projects aim to strengthen human influence by transforming human beings into other, more powerful and viable forms of being. Such projects continues the project of human “deification.” On the other hand, acknowledging the onset of the new geological epoch of the Anthropocene, there comes the rejection of classical interpretations of the human. The categories of historicity, sociality and subjectivity are no longer so anthropocentric. In the opinion of the posthumanists, the project of the Vitruvian man has proven to be untenable in the present-day environment and is increasingly criticized. The reflection on the phenomenon of the human and his future refers to the concepts that explore not only human but also non-human. Very often we can find a synonymous understanding of transhumanism and posthumanism. Although these movements work with the same modern constructs and concepts but interpret them in a fundamentally different way. The discourse of transhumanism refers to the Cartesian opposition of the body and the mind. Despite the sacralization of technology and the desire to purify the posthuman from such seemingly permanent attributes of the living as aging and death, transhumanism in many ways continues the ideas of the Enlightenment. For posthumanists, the subject is nomadic and a kind of assembly of human, animal, digital, chimerical. Thus, in posthumanism the main maxim of humanism about the human as the highest value is rejected – the human ceases to be “the measure of all things.”
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Mallet, Julien. "Insularity and Musical Horizons in Madagascar. Local Networks, Global Connection and Vice Versa". Youth and Globalization 4, n.º 2 (10 de fevereiro de 2023): 178–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/25895745-04020010.
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Abstract In Madagascar, musical genres that were previously exclusively regional have been broadcast nationwide for a few years. One of the notable changes concerning representations lies in the transition from identity referents linked to regional and/or ethnic affiliations to referents (assigned by the capital’s media) belonging to a globalizing register: mafana music (“hot music”). Artists, taken in this category, have migrated to the capital and are building new musical forms combining regional or ethnic repertoires and international modern forms, in particular by affirming and claiming a Black belonging through borrowings from modern African and North American musical genres. The article will focus on reflecting on globalization as a horizon. An alarming economic reality, an unequal social order, strong relations of domination and dependence at the local, national and global levels, are realities that strongly mark Madagascar. However, we will see how the actors of the music studied come in part and in their own way to challenge this context by an original local/global articulation. From the so-called mafana music we will see how local music genres were formed and have built meaning by connecting to global horizons. Carried in part by young women from dominated regions and marginalized communities and who have become stars, this phenomenon refers to multiple imaginaries. It is among other things to be understood in a context of inter-ethnic relations at the national level, inherited from the colonial system and mobilizing stereotyped representations between merina (historically dominant ethnic group, of the capital) and coastal, through oppositions “white” / “black”, “Asian type” / “African type”, “civilized” / “savage”, unbridled /measured sexuality... The article will focus on analyzing the processes of positive reappropriation of these stereotypes (transition from the status of black women / coastal mainty to that of national black stars) and the articulation of the phenomenon to new regional (Indian Ocean) and international (France) mobilities through community networks that are set up via the diaspora and the internet (Youtube, Facebook). At the heart of identity reformulations, these musics shake up categories and the established order. Taken in emerging markets, deploying through new networks and circulations from below, they are at the center of contemporary mutations where insularity and expanded horizons are entangled.
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Пилипенко, С. Г. "ЗЕМЛЯ ЯК МАТРИЦЯ ЖИТТЄДІЯЛЬНОСТІ ЛЮДИНИ". Humanities journal, n.º 3 (3 de outubro de 2019): 13–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.32620/gch.2019.3.02.
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The beginning of the XXI century is marked by a rethinking of many issues, one of which is the phenomenon of the earth. The latter was in the center of the discourse of socio-economic, socio-political, philosophical and environmental problems of our time. The history of mankind is the history of relations between the system «man – earth», characterized by ambivalence. Ukrainian philosophical paradigm has always gravitated to the space of human existence, actualizing the problem of human responsibility. However, it is the classics of Ukrainian literature that most acutely identified the problem of human relations with the earth.According to the analysis of scientific literature, the interaction of man and the earth is considered as a practical relationship, as a sacred relationship and as a condition for the formation of the worldview. These modes are considered in the plane of absolutization of the unit approach. The earth as a phenomenon is connected with the social and individual consciousness, but the earth is not considered as a socio-cultural phenomenon. This situation demonstrates the need for a polyparadigm methodology.More and more researchers note that the preservation of human existence can no longer be provided solely by increasing the material and technical base. It means that mankind should assimilate corresponding values of the attitude to the Earth. We are talking about overcoming the alienation of man from the earth as a consequence of the formation of technical civilization. One of the ways, according to the researchers, is the recognition of the sacred nature of the earth.The attitude of man to the earth as to his «body» is embodied in existentials: project, purpose, freedom, responsibility, hope, fear, etc. Architectonics of the earth is a symbol of the house where the person feels harmony with the world around. This approach overcomes the opposition of «man – earth/nature» and forms different models of human behavior. Man presents himself through the attitude to the earth: the processes of socialization, cultural identification, etc. It is the consideration of this principle that is an important methodological basis for the construction of a new system of interaction «man – earth». The destruction of this connection is felt by man at the level of existential experience. A striking example of the formation of a new paradigm of understanding the phenomenon of the Earth is the «Earth Charter». The earth appears as a multilevel phenomenon, where a person acts as a carrier of certain theoretical and practical ideas. At the same time, the earth is a space of human activity. The return to the categories of «beauty», «joy», «melancholy» indicates the beginning of the transformation of the paradigm of thinking. We witness the deviation from the idea of maximum benefit. These categories open new facets of earth existence and possibilities of their comprehension. Thus, turning to the metaphor «body» of the Earth outlines the possibility of creating an ontological image of the earth, and special attention is paid to the problem of actualization of those technologies corresponding to the essence of the earth.
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Ozoliņš, Jānis. "Naratoloģijas kā disciplīnas raksturojums". Letonica, n.º 35 (2017): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.35539/ltnc.2017.0035.j.o.68.81.
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The article examines the development of narratology from its inception to the latest trends, showing the crisis of discipline and the prospects for the future progress. Within structuralism and semiotics ‘narrative’ was one of the study fields uncovering ‘deep structure’. The quest for universal categories determined the ambition of structural narratology as a discipline, with the help of the description reducing narrative structure to the combination of formal elements. In the article Introduction à l’analyse structurale des récits by Roland Barthes that was published in the journal Communications 8 in 1966, the understanding of the narrative did not confine to literary narratives alone, but it became an object of research for structural narratology. Comprehension of the structure of text within narratology was influenced by the binary model of the sign offered by Ferdinand de Saussure, as well as latest discoveries in linguistics that were discussed and incorporated in the literary theory during the 1950s and 1960s. Morphology of the Folktale by Vladimir Propp is one of the milestones in the context of classical narratology, analysing the narrative as a grammatical system. Selecting 100 Russian folktales as a research object, Propp described their general structure and regularities, demonstrating the limited number of elements that were used, and offered the classification after morphological parameters. French structuralists later on hastily applied these features to the analysis of literary narrative, but it should be noted that the universal model of plot proposed by Propp illustrates primitive narratives where reiteration has a functional dimension by transmitting texts. Although primitive narratives follow a certain scheme, the basic units of the narrative demonstrate universal phenomenon. It was soon realized by the structuralists. Mutual emulation created a series of theoretical constructions seeking for the smallest narrative unit, most comprehensive explanation of the concept of narrative, venturously offering an arsenal with new concepts in order to make the description process more accurate. Gérard Genette replaced the binary opposition of story/fable that was adopted from formalists with the three-part model, thus offering new perspectives on the temporality and the point of view in the analysis of literary text. Decentralized approach to knowledge of Post-Structuralism, as well as interest in ideologies, marginalized and the other, contributed to the crisis of formal approach in narratology. A new challenge was also presented by more complicated types of literary narratives—often atopic, atemporal, fragmented. Particular importance in the crisis of structural narratology was the idea of “grand narratives”—a term introduced by the French philosopher Jean-François Lyotard in his significant book La condition postmodern: rapport sur le savoir (1979). Although Lyotard’s study is dedicated to science, universal statements more widely influenced culture studies and the development of literary theory. In the context of narratology Lyotard contributed to a double ‘fracture’. First, the quest for narrative structure turned out to be not only intractable, but also abstract, because of the lack of the context. Second, “small narratives” came to the forefront, thus emphasizing the other and marginal, for instance, gender, race, social class, etc. This shift of interest from structure to context was termed by David Herman as the postclassical phase in narratology that initially sought to divest from the overwhelming heritage of structuralism, interacting more with gender and postcolonial studies as well as with the New Historicism and anthropological theories. In the coming decades the denial of structural heritage is softened. The expanded criticism that was carried out by post-structuralists contributed not only to a new theory influx in the narrative research, but also hybridisation. The change of focus marked rather radical rearrangement of interest in narratology, switching from the systemic view of literary functions to the analysis of context and cognitive poetics. Narratology nowadays is not evading from the epistemic polimodality of the text that rejects the categories of neutral and universal. On the contrary, the various theoretical ramifications demonstrate avoidance of creating generalized concepts and new supertheories.
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Fialko, E. E. "SCYTHIAN AMAZONS: LEVEL OF STUDY". Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 27, n.º 2 (22 de junho de 2018): 172–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2018.02.12.
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Scythian Amazons have attracted the attention of researchers since a long time. The Amazons as the subject is developed in three main directions, conditioned by the choice of a certain group of sources — literary, pictorial and archaeological.
The literary and visual aspects have been developed quite thoroughly by many generations of researchers, as evidenced by the representative corpus of monographs and publications. Both these directions developed in parallel, often intersecting.
Literary aspect implies the study of the image of the Amazon — one of the brightest in classical ancient mythology and culture. Several topics could be seen as key here: the degree of an existence historicism of these warlike women ; the meaning of the term «Amazon»; the origin of the cycle of myths about the Amazons; plot cycles; confrontation / opposition to heroes; and finally, the Amazons and gender issues.
The pictorial aspect is related to the study of a wide range of works of decorative art, in which female warriors appear. Following subjects are developed here: storylines (Amazonomachy as Pan-Hellenic plot, Grifonomachy as the local variant thereof ; an injured Amazon, etc.); the image of an Amazon in art in general (multi-figure compositions, solitary figures) or in its particular forms — architecture, sculpture, plastic, painting, toreutics, vases art, etc.); interpretation of compositions, iconography, detailed analysis of accessories and so on.
Archaeological aspect looks the least developed, since it is connected with the necessary field work. In the process of studying the funerary complexes of Scythian female warriors, three stages can be distinguished. At the first stage (second half of the 19th century — the end of the 1950s), during the occasional excavations of the Kurgan antiquities of the Pripontian steppes, single graves of women with weapons were discovered. They seemed to have already been noticed, but as an exceptional phenomenon. The second stage (the second half of the 20th century) is characterized by a change in the vector of archaeological researches — at this time, not only the large Kurgans begin to be explored, but also the burial grounds of the rank soldiers. Excavation materials are introduced into scientific circulation. The first analytical works appear (O. Ganina, V. Olkhovskiy, V. Ilinskaya and A. Terenozhkin, E. Buniatian, E. Fialko, R. Rolle, V. Guliaev). It should be noted that these publications are used to this day by foreign colleagues. The third stage (the end of the 20th century — the beginning of the 21st century) was marked by a forced turn from fieldwork, especially barrows, to the office investigations. At this time there were publications of a series of graves of Amazons in individual burial grounds, in different regions of European Scythia (steppe and forest-steppe Dnieper, Crimea, Transdnistria and the Don region). Their number reached 250. These works treated different types of the burial structures, certain categories of burial items of Scythian Amazons, their social stratification, complexes chronology, etc. These materials bring us closer to interesting conclusions and generalizations.
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Dyuzhev, Sergii. "THE SENSE-MEANING CONTENT OF CONFIGURATIVE MATRICES OF GENOME OF TRANSCENDENT PLANNING TECHNOLOGIES TO FORM-EMBODIMENT (FULFILMENT) OF SETTLING PROCESS-ENVIRONMENT PHENOMENA (comprehending the theoretic-methodological foundation of city planning)". Urban development and spatial planning, n.º 85 (29 de março de 2024): 166–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2024.85.166-210.
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On the basis of meaningful analysis concerning the condition of treatment the foundation of city planning theory is ascertained a historical delay in evolutional transition from empirical stage to build descriptive-assessed notions as regards the basis of city planning (as generalization of present practical experience) to theoretic-constructive stage of treatment (formulation) the concepts, understanding and synthetical conceptions (notions) concerning the subject (thing) and object of city planning activity as comprehensive meaningful (sensible) whole phenomenon of settling. Following the analysis of this problems the prolonged delay on empirical-descriptive stage produces (in logical and semantic relation) mistaken whether declarative approaches (notions) toward the decision of city planning problems or their groundless simplification for "convenient understanding" and practical (but short-sighted) using "accessible knowledge", that often has negative results. Amongst such notions – so-called "spatial development": but space may "form" together with the thing (where space – its attribute), but not "develop by itself" irrespectively to the characteristics of things; likewise concerning the concept "stable (sustainable) development": here also "development" can not be "stable", "balanced" or "for the sake of future generation" – the development is happening at the present time concerning exactly present things-phenomena, it is adequate to available conditions and (attention!) the staunchness of work of the mechanisms for embodiment of reality forms. Perhaps the authors and adherents of such approach try to talk about the processes of reproduction, but such understanding definitely has not been appeared. In that context was demonstrated the actual meaning of theoretical concept (which was treated in the framework of creative-recursive conception of settling) concerning the genome of transcendent planning technologies (immanent construct) inherent the logos-system mechanism as to form-embodiment (fulfilment) of settling phenomena, and concerning the sense-meaning configurative matrices (as constituents of genome) – as agents of adequate identificational aim-attaining of the whole. The comparison of empirical and constructive discoursive links (which has been conducted in the article) shows the existing available restriction of semantic content (and basis principles) of elaborated now city planning theories. The markers of such state of affairs is fixed treating of city as artificial ("architectural" or "material-spatial") surroundings, natural-technical or social-natural complex, which directs to far-fetched (but dangerous) oppositions: "nature – city", "person – city" and etc. The similar marker is also a prolonged using of a concept "system" with a very wide collection of adjectives and their combinations – here certain, but seeming "theoretical loading" is carrying the term-substitute "system" (or "structure"), – semantically hollow substitution of concept of every kind things outside whichever conceptual picture of universe, and nothing cognitively new does not add in comparison with concept "complex". More over an architectural aspect of city planning is supposed to remain a narrowly spatial attribution (dimensions, organization, perception), but at the same time an integral concept-categorial apparatus has been being, as a rule, outside the sphere of attention or readdressing to adjacent sciences for elaboration. The analysis of available theoretical "luggage" (research works of K. Linch, V.O. Timokhin, A.V. Baburov, M.M. Habrel) was revealed, that the problem of expanding of theoretical thought in city planning sphere has international character. Herewith the increasing meaning of the attraction for the solution of the most complicated city planning tasks such categories (spheres of knowledge) as innermost world, ontics, metaphysics and also – integral conceptions of the completeness of the existence of phenomenon and mechanism of its sustaining, of heterogeneous settling phenomenon and symbiotic unity of cultural of reality has been defined. The necessity of metaphysical approach to ascertainment (uncovering) of transcendental-immanent semantic content of things (phenomena) of settling reality, that is not "grasped" in descriptive-assessed characteristics of empirical scientific theories has been demonstrated. There fore the attention was concentrated on senses and meanings of real things and their ideal cultural forms; the results of linguistic-phenomenological researches were used as "parallel" discourse. On the basis of wide-format investigation of the title theme the construction of "beginning" for sense-meaning continuum of settling reality was grounded, this version was approbated in the current of thematic additional studying the determinant work by Aristotel "Metaphysics", and also with the consideration of not numerous experience of "tangent" treatments, and our basic treating creative-recursive (four-process-environment) phenomenon of settling reality. The resultative part of this labour was submitted in three tables (tabular format for matrices), which demonstrate the construction and content of two sense-meaning configurative matrices ("A" and "B"), that polar-counterly operate (in the frame of genome concerning transcendent planning technologies) in interactive mode as horizons for implication and explication of sense-meaning continuum of reality. The first configurative matrix of technological genome (is lettered as "A") – the matrix of scales and measures for sense-meaning of explication of settling forms attributes (fractal plotting ensuring) – it may be treated as the source (nucleus) of representation and divergence/convergence of logos-implicative universal (creative producing) attributive sense-meanings (the language of forms predicates) the possibilities of acting (creating the singular projects of intention concerning the whole, capable of aim-directed replication) of logos-system mechanism for embodiment of denominated reality forms (valuable navigation for autopoesis and purpose-oriented tracking) on the base of implementation the principles of aleatoric and sufficient whole. The second configurative matrix of technological genome (is lettered as "B") – the matrix of gradients concerning, the dynamics of implicational indexes of condition for settling phenomena (ensuring the recurrent planning) – it may be treated as the source (nucleus) of approbation, appropriation and variative application (formulating) of explicational-immanent unique (of recursive primordium) attributive sense-meanings (the language of things predicates) for the necessity of accomplishment (optimizational regulation for planning decisions and aim-attainment condition) of denominated phenomena of settling reality (values-purpose-oriented diapasons of scales and measures for planning strategies concerning existential onward) on the basis of implementation the principles such as aleatoric and superposition. Matrix "A" (table 1) which is assigned for the accompaniment of instructive work of planning technologies (which is named "Trancendent sense-meaning metric continuum of explicational representation of the form-embodiment and becoming of things of settling reality – process-environment references of the whole") it may be also examined as plotting-format of content of the task for the treatment of technological ensuring for researches and modelling of the city planning decisions of general strategical planning of settling phenomena. Matrix "B" (table 2) which is assigned for the accompaniment of instrumental work of planning technologies (which is named "Immanent gradients and manners (re)transmission, expanding and existential unpacking (factor-classified field) of the identification senses and complexing the meanings of fulfilment form-logoses of settling reality") it may be also examined as methodological-technological contour and thesaurus of principle content for treatment of general strategical planning decisions and also as thematic (subject) sphere of appropriate city planning applied researches. The intercorrelative work of polar-binary matrices "A" and "B" in interactive mode (congruent dialogue, table 3) has been also followed for the ensuring of integral staunch of technological work of form-embodiment mechanisms (that table is named "Creative-recursive planning sense-meaning horizons of explication of cultural forms and the accomplishment of settling reality phenomena"), and that may be also examined as the meaningful "registration points" (vector) for thematication of actual fundamental city planning researches. In such a manner the mentioned matrices demonstrate the definite well-founded concepts concerning the content of understanding-categorial apparatus of fundamental city planning theory.
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Harrington, Mary. "Feminism against Progress". Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith 75, n.º 3 (dezembro de 2023): 200–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.56315/pscf12-23harrington.
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FEMINISM AGAINST PROGRESS by Mary Harrington. Washington, DC: Regnery Publishing, 2023. 249 pages. Hardcover; $29.99. ISBN: 9781684514878. *In many ways, this book is an autobiography of Mary Harrington losing faith. Not losing faith in God. It is not at all clear that she has any faith in God or a higher being. This is a book about her loss of faith in a post-modern worldview with ideas of progress that go along with that worldview. She suggests that this worldview is, in fact, a "quasi-theological regime" (p. 12), and one with powerful economic, social, and media support. In Christian terms, we could call it the "god of this age," a god with many false promises and claims. *At the heart of this worldview is the idea that "progress" entails "a structure of belief" in which "there exists a kind of axis along which progress can be measured, and that we're inexorably moving along that axis from 'more bad' to 'less bad,'" and furthermore, "this movement is unstoppable" (p. 12). Harrington writes that her starting premise for this book "is that this structure is a belief, not a fact" and that she is not "a believer in Progress Theology" (p. 13). The book is her attempt to demonstrate why this is the case, why she lost her faith. *The aspect of progress she is most interested in is purported progress with respect to gender, especially where that concerns women. Harrington still considers herself a feminist in the sense that she cares about women's interests. But she has rejected what she formerly took for granted: "that men and women are substantially the same," and that both sexes have the equal right "to self-realisation [sic], shorn of culturally imposed obligations, expectations, stereotypes or constraints" (p. 14). *Her transformation to "reactionary feminist" took hold when she became a mother. She realized that feminist ideals like radical autonomy and personal fulfillment are not the greatest goods. Mothering, she discovered, was a great good that entailed giving up one's autonomy and finding fulfillment in nurturing another. *The book lays out a comprehensive set of propositions for rethinking what it is to be man and woman in today's complicated world. She traces the various contours of the sexual revolution which has roots in the feminism of the early twentieth century. She is critical of the advent of the birth control pill for its effects on women's bodies, mental health, relationships, and the environment, citing various studies to support her critique. The pill, she suggests, is one of the first technological steps toward the feminist ideal of ridding society of sexed differences and increasing female autonomy. But this has not turned out as positive as feminists would have us believe. She asserts that "half a century of concerted feminist effort to stamp out sexed differences as baseless 'stereotypes,' in the name of furthering that freedom [from relationships], has succeeded only in shaping what's for sale" (p. 98). Furthermore, although women have the autonomy they desired with respect to their bodies, this has not led to the utopia they envisioned (pp. 99-100). *One of the most interesting chapters is entitled "Meat Lego Gnosticism." The premise of this "cyborg theology," writes Harrington, is "that inner identity is unrelated to physiological form" (p. 142). For cyborg theology, body parts are just that: exchangeable bits of meat that you can dispose of or take on at will--meat Lego pieces. Any wholistic notion of human persons is completely absent from this campaign, a campaign she claims was spawned by technology (pp. 138-39), encouraged by markets, embedded in elite class politics (pp. 150-51), and supported through a variety of sources. *In opposition to all of this, Harrington introduces readers to "reactionary feminism," a feminism that she claims is good not just for women, but also for men. She specifically argues for three things. First, she argues for traditional, life-long marriage as a common, and therefore a foundational and stabilizing, factor for society (pp. 178-81). Specifically, she suggests that marriage is less for "personal fulfillment, or even romantic love, than an enabling condition for building a meaningful life" (p. 182), and that it includes "cooperation on the domestic economy, and the intimate work of creating a safe and stable space for children" (p. 185). *Second, based on her research, she argues for men-only and women-only spaces because men and women are different by nature and therefore have different social needs. For Harrington, these sorts of spaces allow men to interact with other men as men, and women to interact with other women as women, while also allowing young men to learn from older men and young women to learn from older women. Interestingly, both of these first two claims are supported by historic Christian teaching as well. *Finally, she advocates against hormonal birth control, not only because the physiological effects on women are often unhealthy, but also because of the effect of estradiol on the environment (p. 208). Once again, Christian teaching about stewardship both of one's body and the creation as a whole dovetail with her ideas here. *Harrington's book is comprehensive, weaving together aspects of marketing, technology, and sociology to provide a revised story of what it is to be male and female. Her research includes everything from personal interviews to Twitter feeds to peer-reviewed journals and studies, the details of which are included in her extensive endnotes. Although she writes in the context of the United Kingdom, she does, at times, refer to work done in the United States, noting the politicized nature of her ideas in that context. *The comprehensive nature of the book along with the lack of a clear thesis, is at times confusing. She is clearly critical of progressive feminism and the prevailing gender ideology that she associates with it, criticism that is lately being leveled by other women who were sold a story by gender studies gurus.1 Her association of this story with the free-market system and the technology giants embedded in that system is interesting. But it seems, at times, as if she were trying to write two books: one defending male and female as ineluctable categories of nature, and one blaming tech-dominated markets for their profit-based interests in promoting the alternate paradigm of denying sexed differences. Trying to do both muddied the waters in ways that were not always helpful and sometimes confusing.2 *Scientific specialists in the area of sex and gender may be more critical than I of the studies she cites. From my nonspecialist perspective, I appreciated that she not only took account of scientific studies from peer-reviewed journals, but also included personal reflections from her own experience, as well as that of others, and included opinions and experiences she learned of through various social media outlets. In general, these are not stories we are told. *As a Christian theologian, I found her insights both surprising and interesting. Surprising because they comport remarkably well with a Christian worldview despite the fact that she is not a Christian. It was also interesting because the new Gnosticism she describes is diametrically opposed to the historic Christian affirmation of the goodness of the material world, including our material bodies. She unknowingly affirms both the biblical teaching that humans are created male and female, and the biblical understanding that humans flourish when they live within the boundaries set by our Creator. *Although her language is at times crass, and some of the examples she offers may be offensive, this book is pro-women as women--including our bodies--and as such, is also pro-men. I would recommend this book to a wide variety of people, including social scientists, technology experts, and theologians. For Christians who feel marginalized by current cultural pressures toward a nonsexed society, pressures that are even supported by many churches, this book will ring true with respect to the historic teachings of the church on sex and gender. It will also encourage them that their basic instincts about sex and gender are, in fact, in line with God's created intentions for humans. *Notes *1For a Christian perspective on this, see, for example, Abigail Favale, The Genesis of Gender (San Francisco, CA: Ignatius Press, 2022). *2For a helpful look at the problem of big tech companies and their undue influence via social media on young people, a problem that is especially pronounced in young women as Harrington writes, see the Center for Humane Technology's various resources on this topic, including the 2020 film, "The Social Dilemma," https://www.humanetech.com/. *Reviewed by Mary Vanden Berg, Professor of Systematic Theology at Calvin Theological Seminary, Grand Rapids, MI 49546.
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Ziemba, Antoni. "Mistrzowie dawni. Szkic do dziejów dziewiętnastowiecznego pojęcia". Porta Aurea, n.º 19 (22 de dezembro de 2020): 35–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/porta.2020.19.01.
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In the first half of the 19th century in literature on art the term ‘Old Masters’ was disseminated (Alte Meister, maître ancienns, etc.), this in relation to the concept of New Masters. However, contrary to the widespread view, it did not result from the name institutionalization of public museums (in Munich the name Alte Pinakothek was given in 1853, while in Dresden the Gemäldegalerie Alte Meister was given its name only after 1956). Both names, however, feature in collection catalogues, books, articles, press reports, as well as tourist guides. The term ‘Old Masters’ with reference to the artists of the modern era appeared in the late 17th century among the circles of English connoisseurs, amateur experts in art (John Evelyn, 1696). Meanwhile, the Great Tradition: from Filippo Villani and Alberti to Bellori, Baldinucci, and even Winckelmann, implied the use of the category of ‘Old Masters’ (antico, vecchio) in reference to ancient: Greek-Roman artists. There existed this general conceptual opposition: old (identified with ancient) v. new (the modern era).
An attempt is made to answer when this tradition was broken with, when and from what sources the concept (and subsequently the term) ‘Old Masters’ to define artists later than ancient was formed; namely the artists who are today referred to as mediaeval and modern (13th–18th c.). It was not a single moment in history, but a long intermittent process, leading to 18th- century connoisseurs and scholars who formalized early-modern collecting, antiquarian market, and museology.
The discerning and naming of the category in-between ancient masters (those referred to appropriately as ‘old’) and contemporary or recent (‘new’) artists resulted from the attempts made to systemize and categorize the chronology of art history for the needs of new collector- and connoisseurship in the second half of the 16th and in the 17th century. The old continuum of history of art was disrupted by Giorgio Vasari (Vite, 1550, 1568) who created the category of ‘non-ancient old’, ‘our old masters’, or ‘old-new’ masters (vecchi e non antichi, vecchi maestri nostri, i nostri vecchi, i vecchi moderni). The intuition of this ‘in-between’ the vecchi moderni and maestri moderni can be found in some writers-connoisseurs in the early 17th (e.g. Giulio Mancini). The Vasarian category of the ‘old modern’ is most fully reflected in the compartmentalizing of history conducted by Carel van Mander (Het Schilder-Boeck, 1604), who divided painters into: 1) oude (oude antijcke), ancient, antique, 2) oude modern, namely old modern; 3) modern; very modern, living currently. The oude modern constitute a sequence of artists beginning with the Van Eyck brothers to Marten de Vosa, preceding the era of ‘the famous living Netherlandish painters’.
The in-between status of ‘old modern’ was the topic of discourse among the academic circles, formulated by Jean de La Bruyère (1688; the principle of moving the caesura between antiquité and modernité), Charles Perrault (1687–1697: category of le notre siècle preceded by le siècle passé, namely the grand masters of the Renaissance), and Pellegrino Antonio Orlandi writing from the position of an academic studioso for connoisseurs and collectors (Abecedario pittorico, 1704, 1719, 1733, 1753; the antichimoderni category as distinct from the i viventi).
Together with Christian von Mechel (1781, 1783) the new understanding of ‘old modernity’ enters the scholarly domain of museology and the devising of displays in royal and ducal galleries opened to the public, undergoing the division into national categories (schools) and chronological ones in history of art becoming more a science (hence the alte niederländische/deutsche Meister or Schule). While planning and describing painterly schools at the Vienna Belvedere Gallery, the learned historian and expert creates a tripartite division of history, already without any reference to antiquity, and with a meaningful shift in eras: Alte, Neuere, and lebende Meister, namely ‘Old Masters’ (14th–16th/17th c.), ‘New Masters’ (Late 17th c. and the first half of the 18th c.), and contemporary ‘living artists’. The Alte Meister ceases to define ancient artists, while at the same time the unequivocally intensifying hegemony of antique attitudes in collecting and museology leads almost to an ardent defence of the right to collect only ‘new’ masters, namely those active recently or contemporarily. It is undertaken with fervour by Ludwig Christian von Hagedorn in his correspondence with his brother (1748), reflecting the Enlightenment cult of modernité, crucial for the mental culture of pre-Revolution France, and also having impact on the German region. As much as the new terminology became well rooted in the German-speaking regions (also in terminology applied in auction catalogues in 1719–1800, and obviously in the 19th century for good) and English-speaking ones (where the term ‘Old Masters’ was also used in press in reference to the collections of the National Gallery formed in 1824), in the French circles of the 18th century the traditional division into the ‘old’, namely ancient, and ‘new’, namely modern, was maintained (e.g. Recueil d’Estampes by Pierre Crozat), and in the early 19th century, adopted were the terms used in writings in relation to the Academy Salon (from 1791 located at Louvre’s Salon Carré) which was the venue for alternating displays of old and contemporary art, this justified in view of political and nationalistic legitimization of the oeuvre of the French through the connection with the tradition of the great masters of the past (Charles-Paul Landon, Pierre-Marie Gault de Saint-Germain).
As for the German-speaking regions, what played a particular role in consolidating the term: alte Meister, was the increasing Enlightenment – Romantic Medievalism as well as the cult of the Germanic past, and with it a revaluation of old-German painting: altdeutsch. The revision of old-German art in Weimar and Dresden, particularly within the Kunstfreunde circles, took place: from the category of barbarism and Gothic ineptitude, to the apology of the Teutonic spirit and true religiousness of the German Middle Ages (partic. Johann Gottlob von Quandt, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe). In this respect what actually had an impact was the traditional terminology backup formed in the Renaissance Humanist Germanics (ethnogenetic studies in ancient Germanic peoples, their customs, and language), which introduced the understanding of ancient times different from classical-ancient or Biblical-Christian into German historiography, and prepared grounds for the altdeutsche Geschichte and altdeutsche Kunst/Meister concepts. A different source area must have been provided by the Reformation and its iconoclasm, as well as the reaction to it, both on the Catholic, post-Tridentine side, and moderate Lutheran: in the form of paintings, often regarded by the people as ‘holy’ and ‘miraculous’; these were frequently ancient presentations, either Italo-Byzantine icons or works respected for their old age. Their ‘antiquity’ value raised by their defenders as symbols of the precedence of Christian cult at a given place contributed to the development of the concept of ‘ancient’ and ‘old’ painters in the 17th–18th century.
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Hsu, Greta, e Stine Grodal. "The Double-edged Sword of Oppositional Category Positioning: A Study of the U.S. E-cigarette Category, 2007–2017". Administrative Science Quarterly, 22 de abril de 2020, 000183922091485. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0001839220914855.
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To gain attention and build support for new categories, market entrepreneurs often define a new category through its contrast with related, established offerings. Existing research has largely focused on the benefits of this oppositional categorical positioning. In this study, we explore how this strategy might be a double-edged sword. Through a longitudinal inductive study of the e-cigarette category in the U.S. (2007–2017), we develop theory on the risks of associating with an already established category. In our empirical case, we document how value-based distinctions between cigarettes and e-cigarettes became eroded and the e-cigarette category grew increasingly stigmatized. We then propose several mechanisms through which the symbolic and social boundaries between a new and an established category can weaken and the stigma associated with an existing category can become diffused, intensified, and generalized—both across organizational features and across organizations in the new category. This case allows us to investigate the processes by which strategies to legitimize categories may backfire and to consider the role that a diverse set of core and peripheral stakeholders—who enter the market with pre-existing knowledge and motivations—play in category stigmatization processes.
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Buchter, Lisa. "EXPRESS: Addressing Racism and Islamophobia under the Rules of Colorblindness: When Social Movements Engage in Category Work to Reform the Meanings of Regulatory Categories". Strategic Organization, 18 de novembro de 2022, 147612702211422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14761270221142291.
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Research at the intersection of social movements and categories has stressed how movements initiate and transform categories that influence the emergence, downfall, and restructuring of markets and industries. Yet this literature tends to underestimate how social movement organizations are under pressure to align with powerful regulatory categories. This pressure is emplaced, depending on ideology and laws, and can be avoided by adopting reformist strategies and engaging in category work in free spaces. I discuss how Rainbow, a non-profit organization, while seemingly aligned with the state-imposed categories of “underprivileged neighborhoods” and “diversity,” sought in practice to reform the meanings of these categories to address racism and islamophobia. Through ethnography, interviews, and textual analysis, I demonstrate how social movements facing pressure to comply with regulatory categories can engage in category reform, challenging the substance of these categories in free spaces and altering their meanings, while buffering oppositions through reformist strategies.
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Husnain, Muhammad, Syeda Nitashah Anwer e Shahjahan Sarfraz Raja. "The impact of “Panama Leaks” on the Stock Market: Empirical Evidence from the Emerging Equity Market". NUML International Journal of Business & Management 18, n.º 2 (29 de dezembro de 2023). http://dx.doi.org/10.52015/nijbm.v18i2.164.
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The aim of the present study is to examine the effect of the events related to the “Panama leaks” on the stock market in Pakistan. For this purpose, we have analyzed a total of 24 events related to the “Panama leaks” in Pakistan. These events are further divided into three broad categories i.e. 8 events are related to the news/statements by the opposition parties, 8 events are related to news/statements by Sharif’s family/sitting governments, and 8 events are related to the news/statements by the Apex court in Pakistan. The analyzed period begins on the 1st of March 2015 and has lasted until the 30th of July 2018. This research applies the event study methodology, and overall findings show that “Panama leaks-related news has a significant impact on stock returns in Pakistan. What is more, all the news related to the Apex court in the Panama leaks show a significant positive impact on stock returns. This study provides a guideline to investors, regulators, policymakers, and other stakeholders by proving that all the news related to the “Panama leaks” have a significant impact on stock returns in Pakistan. Future researchers can extend this study by analyzing the impact of the “Panama leaks” on stock returns in all the countries to which the “Panama leaks” are connected.
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Gabriele, Alberto. "Enterprise Reforms and Innovation as Key Drivers of The Socialism With Chinese Characteristics". World Review of Political Economy 12, n.º 4 (25 de março de 2022). http://dx.doi.org/10.13169/worlrevipoliecon.12.4.0558.
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This article synthetically presents the key arguments and finding of a recent book of mine (Enterprises, Industry and Innovation in the People’s Republic of China: Questioning Socialism from Deng to the Trade and Tech War, Springer, 2020) on the gradual evolution of enterprise forms since the inception of rural and industrial reforms and the development of a modern innovation system in China. The book focuses mainly on the multi-causal processes of change occurring in the underlying socioeconomic relations of production and exchange, which cannot be adequately interpreted as a pure manifestation of the simple State–Market opposition. In fact, the complex and evolutionary interactions between state-led industrial and other development-oriented policies, on the one hand, and (relatively) automatic market mechanisms working in a quasi-by-default manner, on the other hand, constitute the essence of China’s distinctive economic model. From an epistemological perspective, the conceptual foundations of my work are those of the Classics and of the Marxian tradition, with the twin categories of the mode of production and socioeconomic formation as basic starting points. I try to partly re-interpreted these foundations taking into account the lessons of historical experience, as tools that can help—along with other ones—to understand twenty-first-century complex socioeconomic systems.
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Guillaume, Antoine. "Associated motion, associated posture and imperfective aspect in Tacana (Amazonian Bolivia)". Studies in Language, 29 de abril de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/sl.21045.gui.
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Abstract This paper is the first detailed description of the exceptionally rich subsystem of verbal inflections that express imperfective aspect in Tacana, an endangered and underdescribed language from the Takanan family. The unusually high degree of elaboration of this system, which includes nine members in paradigmatic opposition, is achieved by co-expressing imperfective aspect with spatial meanings taken from two distinct categories: associated motion (with five values: ‘going’, ‘coming’, ‘going back’, ‘coming back’, ‘wandering’) and what I will call “associated posture” (with three values: ‘standing’, ‘lying/bending’, ‘hanging’). The ninth member is a default imperfective marker that does not carry any spatial meaning. The paper challenges linguistic theories that consider grammatical(izable) concepts as belonging to a strictly limited range of notional domains from which motion and posture are excluded. Additionally, the paper provides strong support for a new comparative concept of “associated posture” in linguistics.
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Özbilgin, Mustafa F., Cihat Erbil e Nur Gündoğdu. "Political tie diversity and inclusion at work in Asia: a critical view and a roadmap". Asian Business & Management, 26 de junho de 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/s41291-024-00277-2.
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AbstractDiversity and inclusion scholarship addresses inequality at work across categories of difference marked with historical disadvantages such as gender, ethnicity, disability, sexual orientation, and class or categories meaningful for the industrial, organisational or local settings. This scholarship has not considered political ties to be a diversity strand. However, political ties are a considerable source of uneven power relations, unearned privileges, and unjust discrimination in many contexts. Similarly, political ties could be sources of disadvantage, exclusion and discrimination for individuals with weak, absent or oppositional political affiliations. Our paper focuses on the Asian context, where political ties are often a legitimate human and institutional resource that can shape individual choices and chances at work. By defining political ties as a diversity and inclusion strand, we critique the legitimacy of political ties as a dominant and desirable resource and present political tie discrimination as a wicked social problem that entrenches uneven relations of power and authority in workplaces. Highlighting how political affiliation manifests across different national contexts in Asia, we explore the utility of adding political ties to the Asian vernacular to regulate workplace diversity and inclusion. Asia provides an interesting context in which the interplay between political affiliation and workplace relations is often culturally endorsed, remains unregulated and unscrutinised through ethical and anti-discrimination regulations. Thus, Asia provides an ideal setting to explore the emergence of political tie diversity and inclusion at work. We illustrate this through country-specific examples, illustrating the cross-national varieties of political tie diversity in the Asian business context. We also suggest a roadmap to manage political tie diversity and inclusion for this context.
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da Silva, Sven, e Pieter de Vries. "The trajectory of the right to the city in Recife, Brazil: From belonging towards inclusion". Planning Theory, 15 de abril de 2022, 147309522210817. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/14730952221081761.
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In 1967, Henri Lefebvre developed the Right to the City (RTC) as ‘a cry and demand’ for ‘a transformed and renewed right to urban life’. In Brazil, the RTC was institutionalised in the City Statute in 2001. We examine the trajectory of the RTC in Recife, Brazil, through the lens of Alain Badiou’s set-theoretical ontology of inconsistency, which argues that there is a fundamental disjunction between belonging and inclusion. The articulation between belonging and inclusion produces four different arenas of power and categories of being in the city that we develop as a heuristic framework for analysing the trajectory of participation in Recife, where the struggle for the RTC resulted in a system of popular participation. This system operated under the precept that ‘everyone who lives and works here belongs here’, in opposition to urban capital’s drive to include everything and everyone in the market. However, the RTC was captured within a discourse of participation and inclusivity (what we denominate the ‘RTC for All’) becoming an element in a post-political fantasy, resulting in the decay of popular participation. Nevertheless, we argue that the emancipatory and revolutionary potentiality of the RTC, as advocated by Lefebvre, remains powerful as long as the disjuncture between people’s desire for belonging and capital’s drive for inclusion is foregrounded.