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Kayello, Lima. "Opportunism and cognition in birds." Thesis, McGill University, 2013. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=119422.
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Animals vary in their response to the distribution of resources in time and space. Opportunistic foraging is evident in many species and has indirectly been shown to be linked to measures of cognition such as innovation and problem solving. However, in the field of cognitive ecology, the operationalization and empirical use of opportunism is problematic. In chapter 1, I review the concept of opportunism in the zoological literature and propose an operational definition. The review suggests that many definitions of the concept are not useful, in particular those that equate it with generalism or use it to describe random choice in foraging. With the operational definition I propose ('latency to switch to a new, abundant, food source'), the relationship between ecological flexibility and cognition is then addressed through a small-scale comparative study in chapter 2. Here, the purpose is to determine if an opportunistic species will perform better at problem solving, and have lower neophobic tendencies, than a less opportunistic species. The study compares two sister species of Thraupidae with different foraging strategies: the Barbados bullfinch (Loxigilla barbadensis), an opportunistic forager, and the black-faced grassquit (Tiaris bicolor), a conservative forager. In the field, I carried out focal observations along with opportunism and neophobia experiments. In captivity, wild-caught individuals were run through a set of behavioural and cognitive tests, which included a neophobia test and a problem-solving obstacle removal task. Results show that although both species share overlapping foraging modes, territorial habits and neophobic tendencies, the Barbados bullfinch is much more opportunistic, bolder and better at problem-solving than the black-faced grassquit.<br>Les animaux diffèrent dans leurs réponses à la distribution spatiale et temporelle des ressources. Plusieurs espèces manifestent un mode opportuniste de quête alimentaire et des preuves indirectes suggèrent que l'opportunisme est associé à des mesures de cognition telles que l'innovation et la résolution de problèmes. Toutefois, dans le domaine de l'écologie cognitive, la définition et l'opérationalisation de l'opportunisme pose problème. Dans le premier chapitre de ce mémoire, je fais une revue de littérature du concept d'opportunisme et j'en propose une définition opérationelle. La revue suggère que plusieurs acceptions du concept sont peu utiles, en particulier celles qui le confondent avec le concept de 'genéralisme' et celles qui lui donnent le sens de 'capture au hasard' de proies. A partir de la définition opérationelle que je propose ('la latence d'exploitation d'une nouvelle et abondate source de nourriture'), la relation entre l'opportunisme et la cognition est testée au chapitre 2 dans une étude comparative à petite échelle. Je prédis qu'une espèce opportuniste sera plus rapide à résoudre un problème alimentaire et sera moins néophobe qu'une espèce conservatrice. L'étude compare deux espèces génétiquement très proches, le sporophile de la Barbade (Loxigilla barbadensis), une espèce opportuniste, et le sporophile cici (Tiaris bicolor), une espèce conservatrice. J'ai effectué sur le terrain des observations focales et des expériences sur l'opportunsime et la néophobie. En captivité, j'ai soumis des individus piégés sur le terrain à des tests de néophobie et d'enlèvement d'obstacle pour atteindre de la nourriture. Les résultats révèlent que le sporophile de la Barbade est plus opportuniste, moins néophobe et meilleur à résoudre le problème que le sporophile cici, mais que ni sa territorialité ni son mode d'alimentation sur le terrain ne diffèrent suffisamment de celui du sporophile cici pour expliquer les différences de cognition.
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Antelo, Muñiz Fátima. "Managerial opportunism, US conveyancing and blockchain." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/668333.
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This thesis is structured in three chapters. In chapter 1, I address managerial opportunism towards
workers. I present a theoretical model and test it. Results suggest that outside opportunities are
key to hinder or stimulate managerial opportunism towards the workforce. In chapter 2, I study
price-setting practices in the US title insurance industry. I test both the presence of a bilateral
monopoly, insurers and lawyers, and the increase in the title insurers' market concentration
levels. Results suggest that the increased concentration led to an increase in prices. In chapter
3, I explore the application of blockchain technology to land property institutions. I develop an
analytical framework acknowledging the customizable nature of blockchain and discuss diverse
initiatives currently being developed in several countries. I conclude blockchain is bringing sorne
changes but it has not been disruptive to existing systems.<br>Esta tesis está estructurada en tres capítulos. En el capítulo 1,
abordo el oportunismo gerencial hacia los trabajadores. Presento un modelo teórico y lo testeo. Los
resultados sugieren que las oportunidades externas son clave para prevenir o estimular el
oportunismo gerencial hacia los trabajadores. En el capítulo 2, esdudio las prácticas de
establecimiento de precio en la industria de seguro de título de EEUU. Testeo tanto la presencia de
un monopolio bilateral, aseguradoras y abogados, como el incremento de los niveles de concentración
en el mercado de las aseguradoras de títulos. Los resultados sugieren que el incremento de la
concentración ha conllevado un incremento de los precios. En el capítulo 3, exploro la aplicación
de la tecnología blockchain a las instituciones de título. Desarrollo un marco análitico en base
a la naturaleza configurable del blockchain y discuto diversas iniciativas actualmente en
desarrollo en varios países. Concluyo que blockchain está trayendo algunos cambios a los sistemas
existentes pero no de forma disruptiva.
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Ishida, Chiharu. "Bad Apples, Bad Barrels, and the Structure of Marketing Channel Relationships: Analyses of the Propensity for Opportunism and Opportunistic Behaviors." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27595.
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The theoretical frameworks of transaction cost economics and agency theory are widely used to design appropriate governance structure for constraining opportunism within marketing channels. These approaches generally assume that marketing channel managers are opportunistic, and only economic constraints deter opportunism in exchange relationships. However, some empirical studies have shown that managers do not always behave opportunistically even if conditions permit such behavior. In addition, some researchers have proposed a â cycle of self-fulfilling prophecyâ and have argued that the uncritical assumption of opportunism and excessive use of control mechanisms such as monitoring only exacerbates the problem. Thus, it is important to identify conditions in which opportunism likely occurs.
The present research argues that marketing channel managers exhibit differing propensities for opportunism (PFO), and it spans three levels of analysis to identify contributing factors. The individual-level analysis treats marketing channel managers as a heterogeneous population and investigates the impact of individual traits on their behaviors in business relationships. At the dyadic level, I modify standard microeconomics models to incorporate norms of fairness. Finally, the extra-dyadic level of analysis goes beyond the traditional dyadic focus to include network-wide social influence on a relationship. Using the data collected from 162 unit franchieees. the hypotheses were tested using structural path analyses.
The findings of this dissertation provide guidance on the extent to which costly and potentially damaging control mechanisms are really necessary in a given marketing channel relationship. Overall, the research contributes to the existing literature by re-examining a fundamental behavioral assumption about marketing channel managers and providing an alternative framework that can meaningfully inform us as to when and why opportunism occurs.<br>Ph. D.
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Vorwerk, Michael Conrad. "A mathematical study of mimicry and opportunism." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/28944.
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Timmermans, Sarah. "Opportunism and the neostriatalhyperstriatum complex in birds." Thesis, McGill University, 1999. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=30757.
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This research seeks to pinpoint the telencephalic structures most closely correlated with feeding flexibility, which is operationalised as feeding innovation rate per taxon. By calculating a weighted average per taxon of 1030 feeding innovations collated from five zones of the world (western Europe, North America, Australia, New Zealand and India), the study shows that relative size of the hyperstriatum ventrale and, to a lesser extent, the neostriatum , best predicts weighted innovation rate; these two structures are thought to be functionally equivalent to the mammalian neocortex. The worst telencephalic predictors of innovation rate are two structures respectively thought to be involved in primary visual projection and the control of stereotyped, species-specific behaviour, the wulst area and the paleostriatum.<br>A second presumed correlate of behavioural flexibility, taxonomic variation in the use of urbanised and other anthropogenically-modified habitats, shows a consistent pattern in four geographical zones (Great Britain, North America, Australia and New Guinea), as well as a qualitative association with the relative size of the forebrain. There is no linear correlation, however, between urbanisation rate per taxon and either forebrain size or innovation rate, suggesting that other variables like diet, tameness and neophilia may have to be quantified at finer taxonomic levels in future studies of opportunism in habitat use.
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Williams, Laura (Laura Lynne). "Infrastructural opportunism inhabiting the Los Angeles hinterland." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/106426.
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Thesis: S.M., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Architecture, 2016.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 164-165).<br>Los Angeles is a vast, dense, and notorious city that overshadows the individualities of its outlying territories. California is likewise divided between urban center and middle land, with inland acting as producer and collector, and coast as consumer. However, there is the potential in this middle zone, stuck between the urban and rural, to re-imagine the way that cities develop and function based on infrastructural opportunities. North of Los Angeles over the San Gabriel mountains, Palmdale, Victorville, and Bakersfield operate together as the production and logistics staging grounds for Los Angeles, a collective back of house to the largest city on the west coast. Of these, Palmdale is used as the testing ground for infrastructural opportunism and edge expansion; but while Palmdale acts as producer, staging ground, and dormitory for Los Angeles, it will not be defined by this adjacency. Instead, Palmdale and its neighbors are re-imagined as a collective of edge cities that signify a new region both in service of and independent from Los Angeles: The High Desert Triangle. To address the edge region, this thesis proposes a new typology for expansion that identifies infrastructural overlaps between road, rail, and water as opportunities to link across fragmented city fabric. This method of aggregation and stitching operates at an urban scale within Palmdale, a territorial scale between cities, and site-specifically in bridging the scalar gap between humans and logistics. By operating opportunistically with infrastructure, this thesis proposes that 1] concentrating infrastructure and logistics development at multi-modal intersections reduces redundancy and de-fragments city fabric, 2] demographic segmentation can be altered by mixing communities and improving access to transit both locally and regionally, and 3] the cost efficiency of bundling infrastructures allows for iteration and experimentation at the architectural scale to address changing programmatic and demographic needs. The aim of this thesis is not to imitate existing city fabric, but instead to design the typological tools for urban edge development and re-imagine how essential logistics spaces can be integrated with living spaces. It does not propose to segment, buffer, or zone out the overlaps between logistics and people, but rather seeks out those intersections as infrastructural opportunities with inherent value.<br>by Laura Williams.<br>S.M.
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Ali, Awos K. "Previous hop routing : exploiting opportunism in VANETs." Thesis, Loughborough University, 2018. https://dspace.lboro.ac.uk/2134/27991.
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Routing in highly dynamic wireless networks such as Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs) is a challenging task due to frequent topology changes. Sustaining a transmission path between peers in such network environment is difficult. In this thesis, Previous Hop Routing (PHR) is poposed; an opportunistic forwarding protocol exploiting previous hop information and distance to destination to make the forwarding decision on a packet-by-packet basis. It is intended for use in highly dynamic network where the life time of a hop-by-hop path between source and destination nodes is short. Exploiting the broadcast nature of wireless communication avoids the need to copy packets, and enables redundant paths to be formed. To save network resources, especially under high network loads, PHR employs probabilistic forwarding. The forwarding probability is calculated based on the perceived network load as measured by the arrival rate at the network interface. We evaluate PHR in an urban VANET environment using NS2 (for network traffic) and SUMO (for vehicular movement) simulators, with scenarios configured to re ect real-world conditions. The simulation scenarios are configured to use two velocity profiles i.e. Low and high velocity. The results show that the PHR networks able to achieve best performance as measured by Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) and Drop Burst Length (DBL) compared to conventional routing protocols in high velocity scenarios.
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Yun, Sungho. "Essays on information management and supervisory opportunism /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/7474.
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Timmermans, Sarah. "Opportunism and the neostriatal/hyperstriatum complex in birds." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0035/MQ64468.pdf.
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Hawkins, Timothy Glenn Pohlen Terrance Lynn. "Explaining buyer opportunism in business-to-business relationships." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-3664.
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Morrison, Alan D. "Reputation, opportunism and crowd behaviour in debt markets." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365578.
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Jindra, Jan. "Seasoned equity offerings, managerial opportunism, and insider trading." The Ohio State University, 2000. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1265717203.
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Hawkins, Timothy Glenn. "Explaining Buyer Opportunism in Business-to-Business Relationships." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc3664/.
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The interaction among firms in the supply chain is necessary for business process execution and relationship success. One phenomenon of great significance to buyer-supplier relationships is opportunism. Opportunism is defined as behavior that is self-interest seeking with guile. It is manifested in behaviors such as stealing, cheating, dishonesty, and withholding information. Opportunism negatively impacts relational exchange tenets such as trust, commitment, cooperation, and satisfaction. Furthermore, perceptions of opportunism negatively affect firm performance. In lieu of the known negative effects of opportunistic behavior on buyer-supplier relationships, why do agents continue to engage in opportunistic tactics with their exchange partners? A comprehensive examination is necessary in order to understand why sourcing professionals engage in acts of opportunism. Understanding why opportunism occurs will reveal how to deter it, and this remains a gap in the literature. Based on theories in economics, marketing channels, supply chain management, decision science, and psychology, a comprehensive model tested a set of factors hypothesized to drive the use of opportunistic tactics. Factors include buyer-supplier relationship-specific factors, environmental factors, individual personality-related factors, and situational factors. Data was collected via internet survey of sourcing professionals from private industry and government agencies. Common to many studies of ethics, respondents made choices based on two hypothetical vignettes. Two logistic regression models were used to test the hypotheses. Factors found to affect buyer opportunism included buyer power, corporate ethical values, pressure to perform, leadership opportunism, business sector, honesty/integrity, and subjective expected utility. This research contributes to theory by combining several disparate theories to best explain opportunism. A comprehensive evaluation should determine which theory explains the most variance in decision making. The study contributes to practice by identifying those important factors contributing to a sourcing professional's decision to use opportunistic tactics. The ability to manage these factors should improve the probability of relationship success. Additionally, the identification of these factors should help leaders to make more accurate estimates of transaction costs - key knowledge required to make an informed make or buy governance decision.
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Jindra, Jan. "Seasoned equity offerings, managerial opportunism, and insider trading /." Connect to resource, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view.cgi?acc%5Fnum=osu1265717203.
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Hsieh, Chialing. "CEO Equity-Based Incentives And Managerial Opportunism Behavior." Available to subscribers only, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/pqdweb?did=1878999051&sid=2&Fmt=2&clientId=1509&RQT=309&VName=PQD.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Southern Illinois University Carbondale, 2009.<br>"Department of Business Administration." Keywords: CEO compensation, CEO stock option awards, Layoff, Managerial opportunism. Includes bibliographical references (p. 68-71). Also available online.
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Simina, Marin. "Enterprise-directed reasoning : opportunism and deliberation in creative reasoning." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/9149.
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Papazian, Pegor H. (Pegor Hratch). "Principles, opportunism and seeing in design : a computational approach." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/69534.
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Thesis (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture; and, (M.S.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, 1991.<br>Includes bibliographical references (leaves 100-103).<br>This thesis introduces elements of a theory of design activity and a computational framework for developing design systems. The theory stresses the opportunistic nature of designing and the complementary roles of focus and distraction, the interdependence of evaluation and generation, the multiplicity of ways of seeing over the history of a design session versus the exclusivity of a given way of seeing over an arbitrarily short period, and the incommensurability of criteria used to evaluate a design. The thesis argues for a principle based rather than rule based approach to designing design systems, and highlights the manifest nature of design documents. The Discursive Generator is presented as a computational framework for implementing specific design systems, and a simple system for arranging blocks according to a set of formal principles is developed by way of illustration. Both shape grammars and constraint based systems are used to contrast current trends in design automation with the discursive approach advocated in the thesis. The Discursive Generator is shown to have some important properties lacking in other types of system, such as dynamism, robustness and the ability to deal with partial designs. When studied in terms of a search metaphor, the Discursive Generator is shown to exhibit behavior which is radically different from some traditional search techniques, and to avoid some of the well-known difficulties associated with them.<br>by Pegor H. Papazian.<br>M.S.
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Alvarez, Ana Catarina Silva Dias. "Electoral opportunism and fiscal policy before and after the EMU." Master's thesis, NSBE - UNL, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10362/11835.
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A Masters Thesis, presented as part of the requirements for the award of a Research Masters Degree in Economics from NOVA – School of Business and Economics<br>The adoption of a common currency in Europe, under the supervision of an independent
European Central Bank, is likely to have had consequences on both the conduct of fiscal policy and the incentives to exploit political business cycles in each country. This work proposes a framework to analyze the in.uence of Central Bank Independence (CBI) on opportunistic political budget cycles before and after Economic and Monetary Union. We first focus on the
situation before the EMU and present a model of opportunistic budget cycles in the presence of a central bank with a given level of independence. Secondly, we extend the model to the situation of the EMU to understand whether small countries take advantage of the fact that the one central bank setting monetary policy may under react to their own actions, ofering policy-makers leeway to conduct opportunistic expansionary fiscal policies before elections. In a monetary union with a common central bank and opportunistic policy-makers the trade-of is between the degree of independence of the central bank and its inattentiveness to the smaller economies that are members of the monetary union. We present some empirical evidence that gives some supports to the main findings of the model by analyzing evidence from twelve countries of EMU over the period 1980-2012.
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Lee, Seung-Cheol. "Opportunism, vertical integration, and exclusive dealing contracts in cooperative organizations." The Ohio State University, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1278528327.
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Lee, Seung-Cheol. "Opportunism, vertical integration, and exclusive dealing contracts in cooperative organization /." The Ohio State University, 1989. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1487672245900204.
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Aminian, Elika. "A study of inter-firm opportunism in the construction industry." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2015. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/a-study-of-interfirm-opportunism-in-the-construction-industry(4b6e833a-c385-4758-85c9-5b7e97502dfa).html.
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The construction industry has been identified with fragmentation, adversarial relationships, opportunism, and high rates of disputes. Therefore, there has been a call for the improvement of inter-firm relations in the sector through more appropriate governance strategies. This study drew upon transaction cost economics theory and new economic sociology in relation to the problem of inter-firm opportunism in economic relations. The study argues that depending on how patterns of inter-firm opportunism are viewed, different governance strategies may be formulated. Through a critical review of the prior publications concerning the problem of opportunism in the sector, the study argues that the construction management literature used theoretical works at both normative and explanatory levels. However, little is known about the construct of inter-firm opportunism itself and how it materialises within the construction industry. Therefore, this study aimed to provide insights into how practitioners in the construction industry conceptualise inter-firm opportunism and its patterns. Such insights extend the knowledge of how they approach governance strategies, and generally why they do what they do. To build a conceptual framework of inter-firm opportunism in the construction industry, this study was guided by a constructivist grounded theory. Rich qualitative data were constructed through 20 semi-structured interviews with practitioners involved in the construction industry who were working in the UK in either construction law firms, construction companies, construction development companies, or construction consultancy firms. The qualitative data were analysed following the Charmaz (2003 and 2006) guideline. In relation to the construct of inter-firm opportunism, the findings of the study indicate that there are considerable variations between the constructs of inter-firm opportunism. However, regardless of these variations, a win-lose relationship feeling is central to practitioners’ construct of inter-firm opportunism. The study argues that in response to the risk of inter-firm opportunism through setting up contractual governance, parties usually conduct a casual cost-benefit trade-off. In relation to the patterns of inter-firm opportunism from the points of view of the practitioners in the sector, the study provides a conceptual framework grounded in the data. This framework places emphasis on the dynamics of different types of power constructed between the client and its first tier suppliers in the pre- and post- contract stages. This framework is the study’s contribution to the body of knowledge concerned with the inter-firm relations in the construction industry.
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WU, Lanjun. "Goal interdependencies and opportunism for supply chain partnership in China." Digital Commons @ Lingnan University, 2008. https://commons.ln.edu.hk/mgt_etd/4.
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The possibility of opportunistic behavior is an important barrier to the collaboration between partners in the supply chain as partners pursue their self-interests with guile. Opportunistic behavior threatens the partners’ relationships, influences their work accomplishment and prevents future collaboration. This study hypothesizes that opportunism is not just the result of people’s self-interests pursuit but depends on how they think their self-interests are related. Opportunism in organizational partnerships could be understood in terms of how partners perceive their goals are related to each other. When partners believe that their goals are competitively or dependently rather than cooperatively related, they are more likely to pursue their self-interests opportunistically.
Altogether 86 face-to-face interviews were carried out in Beijing, Nanchang and Guangzhou, China to explore the links and relations among goal interdependencies, opportunism and the outcomes. Participants who work in a supply chain partnership were asked to describe an incident regarding their collaboration with their partners. It included the people involved, the reasons, what occurred, and the consequences. Structural equation modeling explored the proposed model that goal interdependencies could affect the levels of opportunism and thus influence the partnerships. Results suggest that cooperative goals are important foundations for effective organizational partnerships.
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Grant, Susan Barbara. "The supplier's dilemma : mixed motives in co-operative exchange." Thesis, Brunel University, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.266544.
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Walters, Cory G. "Producer opportunism and environmental impacts of crop insurance and fertilizer decisions." Pullman, Wash. : Washington State University, 2008. http://www.dissertations.wsu.edu/Dissertations/Fall2008/C_Walters_090808.pdf.
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Yusuf, Tajudeen Olalekan. "Insurance Intermediaries and the Control of Opportunism in the Insurance Market." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.523220.
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Angubolkul, Garun. "Antecedents and performance consequences of opportunism in international buyer-seller relationships." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.659023.
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Under the current competitive market environment, buyers and sellers strive to develop and maintain close business relationships to achieve greater competitive advantages. However, this relationship arrangement often fails at a very high rate due to the existence of opportunism. Research scholars have empirically investigated this issue. Yet, to date, opportunism has not been studied explicitly. Empirical attentions have been devoted to define sets of governance mechanisms that deter opportunism rather than trying to understand what the root causes are. Moreover, the causes and effects of this phenomenon have not been systematically integrated. Previous empirical studies also produced inconsistent results. In addition, there is relatively limited empirical attention given to studying this issue from an international exchange context, especially in utilising information obtained from both sides of the exporter-importer relationships. In response to these literature gaps, the present study focuses on exploring the drivers and outcomes of opportunism in international buyer-seller relationships . Drawing on the transaction costs analysis theory and a key aspect of the international theory, a comprehensive conceptual model integrating antecedents and consequences of opportunism in export-import relationships is proposed. A set of research hypotheses that illustrates the link between drivers, opportunism and outcomes is formulated. The hypotheses are tested by using data from mail surveys of Thai exporting manufacturers and their UK importing distributors. The data are analysed through structural equation modelling. The results suggest that psychic distance and performance ambiguity have a positive effect on opportunism, whereas transaction-specific investments have a negative effect. Moreover, opportunism significantly increases transaction costs and therefore reduces the performance of the relationship. However, there is no significant link found between environmental uncertainty and opportunism. The research findings are discussed in accordance with the results from previous empirical studies. The theoretical, managerial and public policy implications are also presented, along with the limitations and possible fruitful avenues for future research.
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Crnovrsanin, Adelisa, and Edvina Hajic. "Gapet mellan FATF:s grundläggande rekommendationer och svenska bankers reglering av penningtvätt i praktiken : Beslutsfattande inom svenska banker." Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för ekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-19235.
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Penningtvätt och finansiering av terrorism är ett internationellt problem som ständigt hotar världsekonomin och det finansiella systemet. Detta har medfört att Financial Action Task Forces grundläggande rekommendationer, som legat till bas för en stor del av regelverken inom den svenska finanssektorn, besitter en betydelsefull roll, likaså enskilda bankmedarbetares beslutsfattande inom de svenska storbankerna.Syftet med studien är att förstå hur och varför det kan existera ett gap mellan FATF:s grundläggande rekommendationer och några svenska bankers agerande i reglering av penningtvätt genom att observera enskilda bankmedarbetares beslutsfattande inom de svenska storbankerna.Beslutsteorier ligger till grund för att förstå hur psykologiska kognitioner kan påverka en individs beslutsfattande. Vår föreställning har även varit den, att enskilda bankmedarbetare inom de svenska storbankerna kan fatta beslut och utföra handlingar i relation till organisationsförhållande så som styr- och kontrollsystem, komplexa organisationsmiljöer, informationssystem, individuell kompetens samt selektion, urval och värderingar, som råder inom banken.Sett till vår teoretiska referensram, empiriska insamling och analys har vi konstaterat att de olika organisationsförhållandena kan vara bidragande faktorer till varför penningtvätt inom svenska storbanker kan uppstå. Banktjänstemän fattar inte enbart oönskade beslut på grund av brister i organisationsförhållandena, utan även på grund av olika kompetensnivåer som innebär att vissa medarbetare med högre kompetens erhåller ett bredare handlingsutrymme. Under studiens gång har vi fått en indikation på att kundkännedom och kundrelation kan vara en kritisk faktor till uppkomsten av penningtvätt, då det existerar osäkerhet i enskilda bankmedarbetares bedömning av kunders trovärdighet<br>Money laundering and terrorist financing is an international issue that is constantly threatening the world economy and the financial system. This meaning, that FATF's fundamental recommendations, as a basis for a large part of the regulations, within the Swedish financial sector have a significant role in the counter of money laundering as well as the decision-making of bankers in the Swedish major banks.The purpose of the study is to understand how and why there exists a gap between the Financial Action Task Force's fundamental recommendations and the behavior of a number of Swedish banks in the regulation of money laundering by observing bankers'decisionmaking.By applying an abductive approach, decision theories lay the foundation for understanding which psychological cognitions can affect a bankers decision making. Our idea has also been that individuals in the Swedish major banks can make decisions in relation to which organizational relationships such as control system, complex work environments, informations systems, selections and values exist within the bank.Referring to our theoretical reference framework, empirical collection and analysis, we have found that the different organizational relationships can be contributing factors to why money laundering within Swedish major banks can arise. Bankers not only take unwanted decisions because of the shortcomings in the organizational relationships, but also because the employees have different levels of competence and thus have wider scope for action. During the study, we have received an indication that customer relationships and how well bankers knows the customer, can be a critical factor to the emergence of money laundering.
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Berman, Shawn. "Managerial opportunism and firm performance an empirical test of instrumental stakeholder theory /." Full text available online (restricted access), 1998. http://images.lib.monash.edu.au/ts/theses/Berman.pdf.
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Berman, Shawn. "Managerial opportunism and firm performance : an emipirical test of instrumental stakeholder theory /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/8814.
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Ngidjima, Loleke Lotshangola Jose. "Etude de la performance de la coopétition par le capital social : le cas des mines artisanales de diamant au Kasai, en République Démocratique du Congo." Thesis, Limoges, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LIMO0038/document.
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Dans une économie globalisée actuelle, où l’environnement entrepreneurial est défini comme incertain et turbulent, les entreprises choisissent les stratégies de coopétition pour avoir des avantages et performances. Mais, selon la littérature spécialisée, si les avantages et les performances, sont mis en avant pour justifier la pertinence des stratégies de coopétition, la notion d’opportunisme du partenaire est elle aussi largement investie et identifiée par des recherches comme un frein à la coopétition. C’est de cette façon, qu’on peut constater dans cette littérature, deux thèses différenciées qui caractérisent les analyses sur la coopétition ; une relation entre concurrents, source de performances hors normes et une relation fragile et instable à tout instant, à raison de l’opportunisme présumé du partenaire. L’opportunisme du partenaire s’avère particulièrement problématique en ce qu’il conduirait à limiter les performances et avantages attendus de la coopétition. L’objectif de cette recherche est d’établir un lien entre la performance de la coopétition et le capital social. Partant de l’opportunisme du partenaire, nous avons posé que la performance d’une coopétition est fonction de deux préalables : la réduction de l’opportunisme et l’augmentation de l’engagement des acteurs en relation. Une étude empirique est menée auprès des coopétitions des TPE minières exploitant le diamant au Kasaï, en République Démocratique du Congo. Une méthodologie qualitative permet le recueil des données par entretiens semi-directs, puis l’exploitation des termes des discours en se servant de l’outil lexicometrique, « Iramuteq ». L’objectif est de repérer les éléments déterminés de manière théorique, et qui traduisent soit les enjeux de la coopétition pour les TPE d’un environnement difficile, soit la pertinence du capital social dans la performance de la coopétition. Des liens établis entre la réduction de l’opportunisme, l’augmentation de l’engagement et les avantages tirés de la coopétition avec le capital social, constituent l’apport de cette recherche. Apport qui concerne les connaissances tant en management de la coopétition, que relatives aux TPE de contexte difficile. La variable-clé, « opportunisme » du partenaire, est la source du lien constaté entre la performance de la coopétition et le capital social. La logique suivie se décline en réponse aux interrogations formulées dans la littérature par différents auteurs au sujet de l’opportunsme qui conduit à la fragilité et à l’instabilité de la coopétition. Ce qui nous autorise de formuler un modèle vertueux de la performance de la coopétition par le capital social. A l’issu de notre étude empirique, une discussion sur des implications managériales est menée, aboutissant à une forme spécifique de coopétition mobilisant deux niveaux de réseau et des préconisations sont envisagées<br>In today’s global economy, where the entrepreneurial environment is defined as uncertain and turbulent, companies choses coopétition strategies to have advantage and performance. But, according to the specialized literature, if the advantage and the performance are highlighted to justify the relevance of the strategies of coopetition, the notion of opportunism of the partner is also widely invested and identified by research as a brake on coopetition. It is in this way that we can see in this literature two differentiated theses which goods the analyses on coopetition; a relationship between competitors, a source of exceptional performance and a fragile and unstable relationship at all times, on account of the supposed opportunism of the partner. The opportunism of the partner is particularly problematic in that it would lead to limiting the performance and advantages from expected coopetition. The aim of the research is to establish a link between the performance of coopetition and social capital. Based on the opportunism of the partner, we have posited that the performance of a coopetition depends on two prerequisites: the reduction of opportunism and the increase in the commitment of the actors in relationships. Year empirical study is being carried out on the coopetition of very small mining companies of diamond in kasaï in Democratic Republic of Congo. A qualitative methodology allows the collection of data by semi direct interviews and the operation of the terms of speech using the lexicon metric tool “Iramuteq”. The objective is to identify the theoretically determined elements, which reflect either the stakes of coopétition for very small mining companies in a difficult environment or the relevance of social capital in the performance of coopetition. The link between the reduction of opportunism, the increase in commitment and the advantages of coopetition with social capital are the contribution of the research, contribution that concerns the knowledge both in management if coopetition, and relating to the very small mining companies of difficult context. The key variable “opportunism” of the partner is the source of the link between the performance of coopetition and social capital. The logic followed us in response to the questions raised in the literature by different authors about the risk of opportunism that leads to the fragility and instability of coopetition. This allows us to formulate a virtuous model of the performance of coopetition through social capital. At the end of our empirical study, a discussion on managerial implications is conducted; leading to a specific form of coopetition invoicing two levels of network and recommendations are envisaged
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McGahey, Daniel John. "Maintaining opportunism and mobility in drylands : the impact of veterinary cordon fences in Botswana." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2008. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2af8453c-4554-4d83-8cf4-f9eae02fc5c2.
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The recent revival of debates concerning livestock development in Africa follows the more widespread acceptance of paradigm shifts within rangeland science, and maintaining pastoral mobility is now recognised as fundamental for the future survival of pastoralism and sustainability of dryland environments. However, in southern Africa communal pastoral drylands continue to be enclosed and dissected by large-scale barrier fences designed to control livestock diseases, thus protecting lucrative livestock export agreements. This interdisciplinary research examines the extent to which these veterinary cordon fences have changed people’s access to, and effective management of, natural resources in northern Botswana and how fence-restricted resource use by livestock, wildlife and people has changed the natural environment. Critical political ecology informed the approach, given its emphasis on socio-political and historical influences on resource access, mobility and user relationships. This enabled the biophysical effects of social changes to be investigated fully, thereby moving beyond a tradition of discipline-based studies often resulting in severely repressive rangeland policies. The research demonstrates how enclosure by veterinary cordon fences restricts patterns of resource access and mobility within pastoral drylands, with serious implications for both social and environmental sustainability. Enclosure increases the vulnerability of people to risks and natural hazards, while resource access constraints and pastoral adaptations to enclosure have favoured the increasing commercialisation of livestock production, thus obstructing pathways into pastoralism. While widespread environmental change in livestock areas cannot be attributed thus far to enclosure, the curtailment of wild migratory herbivores at the wildlife–livestock interface has caused some large-scale structural vegetation changes and there are indications that fence induced sedentarisation could be accentuating existing degradation trends. Given these changes, future rangeland policies in Africa should be aware of the social and environmental impacts associated with export-led disease management infrastructure and consider alternative, less intrusive, approaches to livestock development and disease control in extensive pastoral drylands.
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Tjipueja, Roline. "The effect of technological opportunism on the performance of SMES: A dynamic capabilities perspective." Master's thesis, Faculty of Commerce, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/31329.
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In today’s fast changing business environment, small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) need to seize the technological opportunities that this environment provides, by developing dynamic capabilities to build and attain high performance. This dissertation looks at the effect that technological opportunism has on the performance of SMEs in Namibia. In addition, the dissertation looks at the mediating role of dynamic capabilities on the relationship between technological opportunism and SMEs. The study draws from the dynamic capabilities view for theoretical context. The literature reviewed enabled the development of a conceptual model, which further contributes to theory. Data is drawn from a random sample of 209 SMEs located in Namibia. Results from the regression analysis suggest that the effect of technological opportunism on the performance of SMEs is partially mediated by dynamic capabilities. For the three capabilities assessed, the learning and integrative capabilities have a partial mediating effect on the link between technological opportunism and performance, while the transformative capability does not mediate this relationship. The study offers important academic and business implications, and also points out future research directions. The findings serve as a guide to best improve the work done in this sector, with an emphasis on how to best develop SMEs’ capabilities with regard to new technology initiatives, aimed at improving SMEs. SME owners are encouraged to build capacity, embrace partnerships and develop capabilities that results in better performance.
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Talagrand, Emilie. "Diversité, complexité et adaptation au comportement pathogène au sein du genre Aeromonas." Thesis, Montpellier, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MONTT123/document.
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Le genre Aeromonas regroupe des bactéries ubiquitaires vivant essentiellement dans les environnements hydriques. Ces pathogènes opportunistes de l’homme et de nombreux animaux possèdent un large répertoire de facteurs associés à la virulence. Bien que des pathotypes aient été proposés et que certaines espèces semblent plus fréquemment isolées en clinique humaine et vétérinaire, leur pouvoir pathogène demeure mal compris, notamment en raison du faible nombre d’études fonctionnelles et du manque d’investigations tenant compte de la diversité génétique et de la complexité des comportements biologiques du genre Aeromonas.Nous avons émis l’hypothèse que chez un pathogène opportuniste d’origine environnementale aussi polyvalent et ubiquitaire qu’Aeromonas, la structuration en complexes d’espèces avec une remarquable diversité génétique/génomique des populations, le polymorphisme des facteurs de virulence et les interactions au sein de communautés « pathogènes » puissent être des facteurs d’adaptation au comportement pathogène. Afin de vérifier cette hypothèse, nous avons étudié i) la diversification au sein d’un complexe d’espèces, « A. media », utilisé comme modèle au moyen d’une étude de population intégrant la génétique et la phylogénie multilocus, les mécanismes d’évolution, la génomique comparative mais également les données phénotypiques, de modes de vie et d’habitats et, ii) la patho-génomique de facteurs de virulence reconnus (aérolysine, entérotoxines thermostable et thermolabile, exotoxine A, protéase à sérine, composants et effecteurs du système de sécrétion de type III, et flagelline latérale) pour une population représentative de la diversité des espèces actuellement connue dans le genre (30 espèces) et iii) le comportement pathogène in vivo (modèle Caenorhabditis elegans) et in vitro (cytotoxicité et cytoadhésion, production de biofilm, motilité) et la signalisation intercellulaire (quorum-sensing de type I) à l’échelle de populations impliquées dans les aéromonoses mixtes (5% des aéromonoses humaines) définies par l’isolement d’au moins 2 clones distincts d’Aeromonas.Le phénomène de spéciation décrit avec l’exemple du complexe A. media, agrégeant 3 espèces génomiques, démontre qu’Aeromonas possède une structure de population en complexes d’espèces dont la diversité génétique et génomique ainsi que les modes d’évolution (mutations et recombinaisons) révèlent divers potentiels adaptatifs et patho-adaptatifs associés à l’émergence de lignées. Au sein du complexe A. media, l’espèce A. rivipollensis semble plus adaptée à un mode de vie associé à des hôtes et possède des gènes spécifiques de résistance à des stress environnementaux. Aeromonas possède de nombreux facteurs de virulence présentant diverses histoires évolutives. Certains montrent une phylogénie dépendante de l’évolution du core-génome, suggérant l’implication de ces gènes dans des processus de spéciation en relation avec l’adaptation à diverses niches. L’étude des performances de PCRs de virulence a révélé des insuffisances majeures dans la sensibilité des méthodes évaluées principalement liées au polymorphisme génétique des facteurs de virulence. Nous avons également montré que des populations mixtes d’Aeromonas isolées d’échantillons cliniques pouvaient modifier le déroulement de l’infection en modèles in vivo et in vitro probablement par mécanisme de coopération ou de compétition avec mise en jeu de signaux de communication cellule-cellule.L’importante complexité d’Aeromonas retrouvée à travers la structure de population, le polymorphisme des facteurs de virulence et les comportements de multicellularité sont autant de facteurs potentiels d’adaptation au comportement infectieux qui permettent d’expliquer au moins en partie les difficultés rencontrées dans l’élucidation de pouvoir pathogène de ces bactéries<br>Aeromonas groups ubiquitous bacteria mainly living in aquatic environments. These opportunistic pathogens for human and numerous animals have a large repertoire of virulence-associated factors. Although pathotypes were proposed and despite some species are more frequently isolated in human and animal infections, their pathogenicity is still poorly understood, mostly because very few comprehensive functional studies are available and because investigations taking into account the genetic diversity and the biological complexity within the genus are lacking.We assumed that for an opportunistic bacterial pathogen of environmental origin as versatile and ubiquitous as Aeromonas, the population structure in complex of species, the outstanding genetic/genomic diversity, the polymorphism of virulence factors and the interactions within pathogenic populations can act as factors driving the adaptation to a pathogenic behaviour. To test this hypothesis, we studied i) the diversification within “A. media”, a complex of species used as a model by a population study that included multilocus genetics, phylogenetics, evolutionary features, comparative genomics, as well as phenotypics, lifestyle and habitat ii) the patho-genomics of well-known virulence factors in aeromonads (aerolysin, thermolabile and thermostable enterotoxins, exotoxin A, serine protease, components and effectors of type III secretion system, and lateral flagellin) in a population that is representative of the known taxonomic diversity in the genus (30 species) and iii) the pathogenic behaviour using an in vivo model (Caenorhabditis elegans), an in vitro model (cytotoxicity, cytoadhesion, biofilm production, motility), and intercellular signals production (type I quorum-sensing) for populations involved in mixed aeromonosis, i.e. 5% of human aeromonosis defined by the isolation of at least 2 distinct clones.The phenomenon of speciation described in the complex “A. media” that aggregates 3 genomic species demonstrates that Aeromonas harbours a population structured in complexes of closely related species whose genetic and genomic diversity, as well as evolution mode (mutations and recombinations) reveal a wide adaptative and patho-adaptative potential linked to lineage emergence. Among the complex “A. media”, the species A. rivipollensis seems to be more adapted to a host-associated lifestyle and harbours specific genes for the resistance to environmental stress. Aeromonas has a wide range of virulence-associated genes, which presented diverse evolutive history. Some of them display a phylogeny linked to the core-genome evolution. These results suggest that these genes are involved in speciation processes probably related to niches adaptation. The evaluation of performances of virulence PCRs revealed major lacks of sensitivity of tested methods mainly due to the genetic polymorphism of the virulence factors. By using in vivo models and in vitro models, we also showed that Aeromonas mixed populations recovered from clinical samples could change the course of infection, likely through a cooperative or competitive mechanism that involves cell-to-cell signalling.The high complexity of Aeromonas results from its population structure, virulence factors polymorphism and multicellular behaviours. They are all putative adaptation factors to a pathogenic behaviour that may explain at least partially the difficulties encountered to elucidate pathogenicity of these bacteria
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Soden, Joanna. "Tradition, evolution, opportunism the role of the Royal Scottish Academy in art education, 1826-1910 /." Thesis, Available from the University of Aberdeen Library and Historic Collections Digital Resources, 2006. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?application=DIGITOOL-3&owner=resourcediscovery&custom_att_2=simple_viewer&pid=59750.
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Yu, Wen. "MANAGERIAL OPPORTUNISM AND EARNINGS SURPRISE: AN INVESTIGATION OF INSIDER TRADING AND PERCEIVED MARKET VALUATION DIVERGENCE." online version, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=case1169061733.
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Irvine, Melissa. "Transforming the Religious Paradigm: A Study of Female Opportunism and Empowerment Through Latin American Evangelicalism." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2011. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/218.
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From a contemporary international perspective, there are two truly global religious movements of enormous vitality. One is a resurgent Islam, the other Pentecostal Protestantism. What makes the growth of Pentecostal Protestantism so fascinating is the fact that it’s transforming a region where the Catholic Church has for five centuries reigned supreme in its religious monopoly. While the first century of proselytizing in Latin America was relatively minute (constituting only 1 percent of the overall population in 1950), Pentecostalism began to show signs of its potential vitality in the 1960s and 1970s.2 Evangelical conversion became more pervasive in 1980s, and by the early 1990s church membership included over 50 million followers (11 percent of the population).3 Today there are over 90 million Protestants in Latin America, the vast majority of which are Pentecostal and Charismatic.4 What seemed like a seemingly insignificant movement before World War II has grown to include thirteen percent of the entire Latin American population.5 The six-fold growth of evangelicalism from the beginning to the end of the twentieth century has led many scholars like David Stoll to ask, “Is Latin America Turning Protestant?”6
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Blanc-Brude, Olivia Natalie Jensen. "Cooperation and opportunism under long-term public-private contracts : evidence from water concessions in Asia." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2007. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2152/.
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This thesis addresses the implementation of long-term public-private contracts for utility services. Long-term contracts are inevitably incomplete and need to be adjusted over time to take account of new information or changes in the operating environment. Institutional environments, especially in developing countries, are also very likely to be incomplete. The existing literature has tended to focus on one of these two types of incompleteness; this thesis takes the analysis a step further by integrating the two into a single approach. Many contracts contain provisions for periodic adjustments to their terms, 'contractually mandated renegotiations.' Other adjustments will be necessary to rebalance a contract after a major shock, 'shock-induced renegotiations.' This research looks at both these types of adjustment in incomplete institutional environments and considers the behaviour of government and firm actors. The analysis proceeds in three steps. First, regression analysis of an original database of PSP projects, 'WATSUP', is used to test the relationship between institutions the number of PSP projects in each country. This confirms the significance of institutions. Second, a framework for the analysis of government and firm behaviour is developed which takes into account the two types of incompleteness, time inconsistency, actors' time preferences and the role of multiple actors. Third, in-depth case studies of the implementation of PSP contracts for water services in Manila and Jakarta are presented, based on more than 50 personal interviews in the two locations. The findings suggest that contractual incompleteness can be better managed if: the parties agree a set of principles and procedures for contract adjustment at the outset; set out clear lines of responsibility for contract renegotiation and approval; and establish contract-specific regulatory institutions with clearly defined implementation responsibilities.
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Freiman, Rickard, and Leo Nöjd. "Trust in Swedish Construction industry – obstacles, facilitators and positive outcomes." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-211255.
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This thesis makes a contribution to the trust literature by analysing and pinpointing specific actions and behaviours that are seen as negative or positive to the building of trust in the construction industry in Sweden today. The thesis therefore aims to look at trust from different perspectives – developer, contractor, consultant and subcontractors in the Swedish construction industry. Specifically, it examines the different notations and definitions of trust from the literature along with a qualitative study aiming at understanding the underlying factors and principles for creating trust. The qualitative data was collected through interviews with seven people. The results show that trust is considered important in all projects and is a prerequisite for a good project. However, there is a lack of trust in the construction industry today, but with a shift of generation and a forthcoming digitisation, a positive trend might be pending. Partnering and other forms of collaboration are seen as facilitating for trust building processes – if implemented in a proper manner. However, partnering is rarely implemented in such a way, why those processes many times fail in ending up in trust. Further, it has been concluded that trust is highly affected in a negative way by changes in standard contracts such as AB/ABT, whereupon such changes should be avoided. Trust is seen as strongly connected with building long-term relationships where opportunism is avoided and future profits rather are given priority. Lastly, trust helps to keep focus on the important things in a project, making the way for a better product in the end. It is also seen as a factor for creating a better work environment and an attractive industry. The study has identified that the major factors affecting trust in the Swedish construction industry are: changes from the standard contracts (AB/ABT), different collaboration forms and the execution of these (mainly partnering), the digitisation and coming generational change, the focus on cheap constructions and a lack of long-term relationships.<br>Det här examensarbetet gör ett bidrag till litteraturen om tillit genom att analysera och precisera specifika handlingar och beteenden som kan anses vara negativa eller positiva för tillitsbyggande i den Svenska byggindustrin. Examensarbetet ämnar därför att se på tillit från olika perspektiv – byggherre, entreprenör, konsulter och underentreprenörer i byggbranschen. Mer specifikt så undersöker den de olika benämningar och definitioner av tillit som finns i litteraturen, tillsammans med en kvalitativ studie som har som sikte att förstå de bakomliggande faktorerna och principerna för att skapa förtroende. Den kvalitativa datan har samlats in genom intervjuer med sju personer. Resultatet visar på att tillit anses vara viktigt i alla projekt och att det är en nödvändig förutsättning för ett bra projekt. Dock så finns det en brist på tillit i byggbranschen idag, men med ett kommande generationsskifte samt en växande digitalisering så kan trenden komma att vända. Partnering och andra samverkansformer ses som främjande för tillitsbyggande processer – om de implementeras på ett korrekt sätt. Däremot är detta sällan fallet, varför sådana processer många gånger misslyckas med att skapa tillit. Vidare så har det visat sig att tillit påverkas starkt negativt av ändringar och avsteg från standardkontrakten AB/ABT, varpå sådana avvikelser borde undvikas. Tillit ses starkt kopplat till att bygga långsiktiga relationer där opportunism undviks och framtida vinster istället prioriteras. Slutligen har det visat sig att tillit hjälper till att hålla fokus på det viktiga i ett projekt vilket möjliggör för att skapa en bättre produkt i slutändan. Tillit ses också som en faktor för att skapa bättre arbetsmiljö och en attraktiv bransch. Studien har identifierat att de största faktorerna som påverkar tillit i den svenska byggindustrin är: ändringar och avsteg från standardkontrakten (AB/ABT), olika samverkansformer och hur dessa utförs, digitaliseringen och det kommande generationsskiftet, fokus på att bygga billigt och en brist på långsiktiga relationer.
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Jesson, Jocelyn Gavin. "The PPTA and the State: from militant professionals to bargaining agent : a study of rational opportunism." Thesis, University of Auckland, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/2292/2016.
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This thesis using oral historiographic techniques examines the changing role and function of a teachers' union during changes in the nature of a national State which can also be related to changing forms of capitalism. The teachers' union is New Zealand Post-Primary Teachers Association (the secondary school teachers' union) and the period of particular focus is between 1983 and the beginning of 1993. This is the period of a crisis in the New Zealand State during which the character of the national State was moved from what has been described as a 'wage earners' Welfare State towards a more residual form providing a 'modest safety net'. The financial and the labour market were deregulated to become more free of direct State involvement. The administration of education was changed and the individual schools' elected Boards of Trustees were made responsible for the provision of schooling. The role of PPTA in the State is moved structurally in this time. As a professional association before the changes, PPTA had both opportunity for input into the mandate of education, as well as the possibility of creating implementation pressure through political action. As a bargaining agent, the input role of PPTA to decisions in education was limited to addressing members' concerns at the school level. The restructuring of education and of the labour market, PPTA was both an object to be acted on and a participant obstructing the changes. This thesis presents what is a PPTA view of those changes. PPTA formed a central part of the education structures which were to be transformed by the economic liberal project. The survival of PPTA demonstrates the extent to which the project was not completed and the resistance of PPTA was one of the reasons why the project in education could not be completed. The thesis is in three parts. Part one is a regulationist-derived periodisation of the historical development of the New Zealand wage earners Welfare State and education. This is followed by a consideration of the economic-liberal challenge to this State Part two considers the development of PPTA's professional project and the possibilities presented through different arenas. Part three focuses on the changing nature of the State labour market policy and PPTA's activity in that. The changing strategies and tactics of PPTA's 'professional project', the thesis argues, occur under changing political conditions and are an example of Offe's concept of rational opportunism
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Scully, Declan James. "The role of relational norms in enhancing adaptation in business relationships by controlling uncertainty and opportunism." Thesis, Kingston University, 2011. http://eprints.kingston.ac.uk/21829/.
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This study focuses on adaptation within marketing relationships. Within marketing theory, adaptation refers to the practice of making investments which are of particular relevance to a specific relationship. Considerable benefits flow from making such investments in the form of enhanced performance (Parkhe, 1993; Dyer, 1996). Within transaction cost analysis literature, Williamson (1999, p.312) described adatation as the "central problem of economic organization". According to Williamson (1975), adaptation is impeded by uncertainty and the threat of opportunism. In order to counter these problems, Williamson argues that governance structures need to be in place which will achieve the dual aims of both controlling the risks posed by uncertainty and opportunism, and also enhancing adaptation within relationships. Despite the centrality of importance attributed to adaptation by Williamson, there is a paucity of empirical research into this area within transaction cost analysis literature. A literature review shows that there has been very little examination of the problems posed by uncertainty and opportunism to adaptation within relationships. Furthermore, the literature review also showed that extant research on governance within transaction cost analysis is concerned predominantly with issue surrounding choices of governance, rather than the effectiveness of different modes of governance as a means of managing adaptation within relationships. Williamson (1991a), in particular, cast doubt on the capacity of hybrid forms of governance, such as relational norms, to manage the adaptation process but there is an absence of investigation within the literature into this matter. However, there is an absence of research into the capacity of relational norms to act as form of governance that can manage the risks of uncertainty and opportunism, as well as to enhance adaptation within relationships. This gap in the research forms the aim of this study, which seeks to provide systematic research and empirical evidence into the role of relational norms as a governance structure for adaptation within relationships. The setting for the empirical research was the UK automotive sector. Analysis of the data showed that the negative, hypothesised effect of opportunism on adaptation was supported. It was also shown that when the effect of an interaction of the norm of information exchange and opportunism on adaptation was modelled a significant, positive effect was reported. A similar, positive result was reported when the effect of an interaction of uncertainty and the norm of solidarity on adaptation was modelled. A divergence in results was found in several areas involving human and technological adaptation, and the role of uncertainty, which may have been caused by situational factors. Areas in need of further research, in particular those involving a divergence of recults are identified. This study contributes to literature in several ways. It represents the first study which has considered the relational norms as a form of governance for adaptation within relationships. The negative effect of opportunism on adaptation is shown to be a factor that must be managed. Furthermore, the roles of norms, in particular information exchange and solidarity are shown to be effective in assisting the governance of adaptation. Finally, the study provides specific guidance to management on the means to improve the governance of adaptation within relationships.
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Jonasson, Gustav, and Alexander Tanno. "Opportunistisk justering av diskonteringsräntorvid nedskrivningsprövning av goodwill : En studie av skillnader mellan företags redovisade diskonteringsräntor och teoretiskt framräknade diskonteringsräntor." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-155656.
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Svenska börsnoterade företag anpassade år 2005 sin redovisning enligt International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS). Detta medförde att företagens goodwilltillgångar skulle nedskrivningsprövas. Nedskrivningsprövningen kan göras genom att diskontera framtida kassaflöden med en diskonteringsränta. Denna studie undersöker om företag opportunistiskt justerar diskonteringsräntan vid nedskrivningsprövning av goodwill. Om detta varierar ökar över tid, om företagens börsvärde påverkar och om de tillfällena då företag sänker sin diskonteringsränta jämfört med föregående år ökar det opportunistiska beteendet. Detta undersöks genom att jämföra företags redovisade diskonteringsräntor med teoretiskt uppskattade diskonteringsräntor estimerade genom Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM). Denna studie undersöker de företag noterade på Stockholmsbörsens Large-, Mid- och Small Cap börslistor mellan år 2006 till år 2009. Studiens resultat visar att opportunistiska justeringar av diskonteringsräntor vid nedskrivningsprövning av goodwill förekommer och fluktuerar över tid. Däremot går det inte att se några tydliga indikationer på att företagets börsvärde påverkar graden av opportunistiskt beteende eller om andelen företag som opportunistisk justerar sin diskonteringsränta ökar när företagen sänker sin diskonteringsränta jämfört med föregående år.
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Grzeskowiak, Stephan. "An Empirical Examination of Boundary Conditions of Relational Exchange." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/26935.
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Current marketing channel literature overwhelmingly suggests that entering exchange relationships leads to positive outcomes for the exchange parties. Yet, not all exchanges employ relational exchange. Thus, research appears to lack an understanding of the boundary conditions of successful relational exchange.
This dissertation contributes to filling this gap by clarifying what is understood as relational exchange and differentiating it from vertical integration. Here, a two-dimensional perspective on exchange structure is offered that integrates our view of relational exchange and extends the conceptualization of vertical integration beyond sole ownership.
To derive boundary conditions of relational exchange the literature on interorganizational relationships is integrated into six determinants and two key outcomes of relational exchange. These boundary conditions thus represent the facilitating circumstances that make relational exchange viable and the outcomes of relational exchange that exchange partners seek to achieve.<br>Ph. D.
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Friis, Simon C. ""It's no problem" : using reverse bargaining to manage the threat of second-order opportunism in social exchange." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/118012.
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Thesis: S.M. in Management Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sloan School of Management, 2018.<br>Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.<br>Includes bibliographical references (pages 44-47).<br>Social exchange is paradoxically characterized by actors who expect reciprocity (Blau 1986), yet vigorously downplay these expectations using language we refer to as reverse bargaining. For example, responses to thanks such as "it's no problem" and "the pleasure was all mine" are ubiquitous in social exchange. The theory of local action (Leifer 1988a; Leifer 1988b) understands reverse bargaining as a tactic that defers status claims until they are less risky to make, but this explanation is problematic because actors often initiate social exchange to create value (e.g., Uzzi 1997), not capture status. The key insight of our theory is that givers seeking reciprocity must balance two competing objectives: to ensure that the receiver recognizes a debt she must repay; and to mitigate the receiver's suspicion that the giver's ulterior motive is to capture value from the receiver. Results from two online experiments support our prediction that reverse bargaining is used to signal benign motive. The second experiment further suggests that givers will mix reverse bargaining with emphases of debt when they are anxious about reciprocity.<br>by Simon C. Friis.<br>S.M. in Management Research
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Beck, Tobias [Verfasser]. "Dealing with opportunism: Experimental investigations of measures against dishonest behavior : three essays in behavioral economics / Tobias Beck." Kassel : Universitätsbibliothek Kassel, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1240913133/34.
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Lees, Tim, and Markus Blomkvist. "Använder företag noterade på Large och Mid Cap en opportunistisk diskonteringsränta vid nedskrivningsprövning av sin goodwill?" Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Företagsekonomiska institutionen, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-144078.
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Sedan 2005 är det genom en förordning av Europeiska unionen bestämt att svenska börsnoterade företag ska nedskrivningstesta sin goodwill. Diskonteringsräntan som appliceras vid denna nedskrivningsprövning är av väsentlig betydelse. Vi replikerar delvis en studie av Carlin & Finch (2009) som beräknade teoretiska diskonteringsräntor enligt Capital asset pricing model (CAPM) och jämförde med de diskonteringsräntor som börsnoterade företag i Australien använt i sin redovisning. Carlin & Finch (2009) ansåg att avvikelserna däremellan kunde förklaras genom utövanden som är diskretionära och att opportunistiskt beteende förekommer när företag sätter sin diskonteringsränta. Vi använder ett underlag bestående av Sveriges största börsnoterade företag, de som är noterade på Large Cap- och Mid Cap-listan på Stockholmsbörsen, och studerar hur andelen som redovisat en enligt CAPM avvikande diskonteringsränta förändrats sedan de nya redovisningsreglerna trädde i kraft år 2005 till år 2009. Våra resultat visar att andelen företag som tillämpar en diskonteringsränta som enligt CAPM borde vara högre har stigit sedan 2005 vilket kan vara ett tecken på opportunistiskt agerande.
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Pompel, Žaneta. "Specializuotos agentūros LR viešojo administravimo sistemoje: galimybės, praktikos, problemos." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2008. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2008~D_20080626_102737-20013.
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Pastaraisiais dešimtmečiais daugelio valstybių vykdomų viešojo valdymo reformų viena iš krypčių ir buvo decentralizuotų, vienos funkcijos įstaigų kūrimas – agentūrų. Tai organizacinio pobūdžio reforma, kuomet yra steigiamos specializuotos vykdomosios agentūros viešojo administravimo sistemose. Lietuvoje tokio pobūdžio institucijų nėra yra tik panašios į jas viešosios ir biudžetinės įstaigos. Todėl šio darbo tikslas yra ištirti Lietuvos specializuotų institucijų kaip agentūrų veiklos problematiką
Pirmajame šio darbo skyriuje pristatoma ir nagrinėjama agentūrų kūrimo koncepcija, užsakovo (principalo) – vykdytojo teorija bei jos pritaikymas ir įtaka specializuotų vykdomųjų agentūrų steigimo iniciatyvoms. Pristatomos ir analizuojamos pagrindinės problemos kylančios šios teorijos rėmuose. Taip pat analizuojamos agentūrų kūrimo iniciatyvos atskirose viešojo administravimo sistemose, gvildenami tokie klausimai: kodėl yra steigiamos agentūros vienose ar kitose sistemose?; kas tai sąlygoja?; ko siekiama ir panašiai?. Be visų šių klausimų atskleidžiamos ir specializuotų agentūrų kūrimo prielaidos naujosios viešosios vadybos koncepcijoje.
Antrasis darbo skyrius skirtas atskirų šalių patirčių analizei. Analizuojamos reformos ir jų įgyvendinimas Vakarų Europos šalyse, Olandijos ir Jungtinių Amerikos Valstijų federalinėse sistemose bei kaimyninėje Latvijoje. Atskleidžiami ir analizuojami pagrindiniai agentūrų steigimo motyvai, paskatos, problemos atskirose šalyse. Siekiant atskleisti jų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą]<br>In the last couple of decates in many countries the main aspect of public administration reforms was creation of specialized institutions – agencies. There are only common organizations in Lithuania such as public and budgetary institutions. So the main goal of this project is to explore problems of Lithuanian agencies.
The first part of this work introduces and analyzes the conception of the agencies’ creation, principal - agent theory, its application and influence on the initiatives for the establishment of specializes executive agencies. The main problems within the frames of this theory are introduced and analyzed. Also the initiatives of the agencies’ creation in separate public administration systems are analyzed, and the following questions are asked: why the agencies are established in certain systems? What causes this? What is the goal? Etc. Besides these questions, the presumptions for the creation of specialized agencies are revealed in the conception of new public management.
The second part of the work is meant for the analysis of the experience of different countries. The reforms and their implementation in the Western European countries, federal systems of Holland and the United States of America and agencification in the Republic of Latvia are analyzed. The main motives for the establishment of agencies are revealed and analyzed, as well as reasons and problems in various countries. In order to reveal their variety, quite a big range of the countries was... [to full text]
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Hermansson, Robin, and Simon Lindell. "Införandet av MiFID II : En förändrad framtid för finansinstituten?" Thesis, Högskolan Kristianstad, Fakulteten för ekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hkr:diva-18238.
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Financial advisors has a responsibility to cater customers needs, but are at the same time controlled through corporate governance to benefit their employer, which has caused troubles regarding opportunism. MiFID II intends to regulate opportunism through more documentation and regulations on commission. The purpose of this study is therefore to investigate how governance within financial institutes is affected by regulations implemented through MiFID II. Since there is a lack of theories and research within the field, the study uses an explorative approach. To achieve the purpose of the study a qualitative research method was used, where data was collected through interviews with eight respondents from different financial institutes. Furthermore, how corporate governance was affected by MiFID II was examined by using theories on knowledge asymmetry, agent theory, management control systems and reward systems. The results of the study indicate that the opportunistic management has declined due to the removal of monetary rewards and salestargets, which entails more focus on customer satisfaction. The results also show that regulations on commission has caused changes in payment methods, which isn’t necessarily a positive aspect for customers. The conclusions of the study show that the financial institutes has replaced management by objectives with action controls containing less liberty and more standardization, which reduces opportunism. However, the increasing knowledge asymmetry is problematic since it prevents opportunistic management from being completely removed. Another vital consequence of the increased documentation through MiFID II is fewer counselling meetings, which causes several institutes to shift focus towards wealthier customers.<br>Finansiella rådgivare ansvarar för att tillgodose konsumenters intressen samtidigt som de utsätts för styrning som ska gagna arbetsgivarens intressen, vilket inneburit problematik kring opportunism. Regelverket MiFID II avser att reglera opportunismen genom informations- och dokumentationskrav samt provisionsregleringar. Syftet med studien är således att undersöka hur finansinstitutens bolagsstyrning påverkas av regleringarna. Eftersom att det i nuläget saknas tillräckligt utförlig forskning och teorier kring forskningsområdet är studien av explorativ art. För att uppnå studiens syfte har en kvalitativ forskningsmetod använts där empirin samlats in genom intervjuer med åtta respondenter från olika finansinstitut. MiFID II:s påverkan på bolagsstyrning har undersökts med stöd från teori om kunskapsasymmetri, agentteori, styrsystem samt belöningssystem. Studiens resultat visar att opportunistisk styrning minskat genom borttagandet av monetära belöningssystem och att försäljningsmål alltmer reducerats inom finansinstituten, vilket medfört större fokus på kundnöjdhet. Resultatet visar även att provisionsregleringarna inneburit uppkomst av andra betalningsmetoder för en mer opartisk rådgivning, vilket inte nödvändigtvis är positivt för konsumenterna. Slutsatserna från studien är att MiFID II inneburit ett skifte från målstyrda finansinstitut till alltmer handlingsstyrda organisationer med minskad frihet och högre grad av standardisering i rådgivningen, med mindre möjlighet till opportunism som konsekvens. Den ökande kunskapsasymmetrin är dock problematisk då den förhindrar möjligheterna till att opportunistisk styrning upphör. En vital konsekvens av MiFID II:s ökade dokumentationskrav är även ett minskat antal möjliga rådgivningstillfällen, vilket av lönsamhetsskäl resulterat i en positionering mot mer förmögna kunder för flertalet finansinstitut.
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Shields, Andrew, Darrell J. Dr Moore, and Thomas C. Dr Jones. "Anticipation vs. opportunism: a test of an ecological hypothesis regarding the diel distribution of locomotor activity in spiders." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2019. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2019/schedule/4.
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Circadian rhythms are ubiquitous among eukaryotic organisms and have evolved several times independently which strongly suggests that the presence of a biological clock is adaptive. A prevailing, though relatively untested, hypothesis is that having an internal clock allows organisms to anticipate daily changes in the environment and physiologically and/or behaviorally prepare for them. Locomotor activity is commonly interpreted as an indicator of neurological arousal, and, thus, is a useful indicator in studies of circadian rhythm. We have observed that some species of spiders exhibit a tight and predictable band of activity at a particular time of day, while in other species activity is more spread out through the day. Such patterns tend to continue, or are exaggerated, under conditions of constant darkness. We hypothesize that these predators with tight activity bands are ‘circadian specialists’ using their internal clocks to focus their attention in the narrow temporal window when prey are available to them. On the other hand, the species with broader activity bands are employing a ‘circadian generalist’ strategy, and are able to be more opportunistic with temporally unpredictable prey. Some support of this hypothesis comes from the observation that species that forage only at night tend to have tighter bands of locomotor activity than those species which forage continuously day and night. In this study we present a simulation model that supports this idea that a tight distribution of neurological alertness is advantageous when prey is predictable, but an evenly clumped distribution of alertness is favored when prey are unpredictable. We also tested the abilities of four nocturnal spider species to opportunistically respond to an unexpected period of darkness. Consistent with our hypothesis, we found that in the predicted circadian specialist species activity could not be elicited with unexpected darkness at any time of day, while the predicted circadian generalist showed activity in mid and late day. In two species intermediate on the specialist-generalist scale we only elicited activity in late day. This work represents a test of a novel hypothesis regarding the adaptiveness of circadian rhythms.
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Gabert, Henny, and Henrik Grönlund. "Blockchain and smart contracts in the Swedish construction industry." Thesis, KTH, Fastigheter och byggande, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-231596.
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Blockchain technology with its distributed ledgers attracts massive attention today and creates interest in many different industries. One of the most promising areas for implementation of blockchain technology is its use to create fully automated and decentralized contract solutions, so-called smart contracts. The blockchain technology is also expected to develop the concept of BIM by facilitating the creation of a common model. The problem addressed in this study is the limited amount of research carried out in the blockchain field and the potential use of smart contracts in procurement of services in the construction industry. The construction industry differs from many other industries as it is project-based with changing circumstances and conditions. The study shows that the construction industry is an industry focused on discussions and disputes, the majority of which are linked to payments and contractual interpretations. Two of the key concepts of the study are therefore moral hazard and opportunistic behavior. Opportunistic behavior can affect norms, the willingness for cooperation and the degree to which parties trust each other. Designing contracts to reduce the risk of moral hazard and opportunistic behavior is therefore an important aspect. The study has chosen to study both relationships that are hierarchical to nature but also peer-to-peer. The purpose of the study has been to conceptually reflect on percived opportunities and challenges with blockchains in the construction industry regarding two identified applications, smart contracts and BIM. To investigate this, a qualitative interview study has been conducted. The study points to the need for a more standardized building process that is subject to a certain degree of repetition to achieve successful use of a blockchain network and smart contracts. The study also shows that there is a positive attitude from the respondents regarding a possible development for several of the potential applications of blockchain technology. Blockchain technology and smart contracts have the potential to improve the reliability and credibility of logbooks, self-checks and work performed within a building project. Furthermore, the study highlights the importance of long-term relationships and confidence in reducing opportunistic behavior. Based on previous research and empirical analysis, the study contributes to an increased understanding of which levels in the construction industry smart contracts may be applicable. The study shows that smart contracts are not perceived suitable for complex contracts where the work to be performed can be changed many times during the contract period. The study, on the other hand, indicates that blockchain development with BIM is not demanded at the present time. Finally, the study points out that blockchain technology is perceived to have the potential to make the building process more transparent and open with reduced power conditions at the same time as it gets less centralized which opens up the need for research in that direction.<br>Blockkedjetekniken med sina distribuerade liggare lockar idag massiv uppmärksamhet och skapar intresse inom många olika branscher. Ett av de mest lovande områdena för implementering av blockkedjetekniken är dess användning för att skapa helt automatiserade och decentraliserade kontraktslösningar, så kallade smarta kontrakt. Blockkedjetekniken spås även kunna utveckla begreppet BIM genom att underlätta skapandet av en gemensam modell. Problemet som adresseras i denna studie är den begränsade mängd forskning som har utförts gällande blockkedjor och smarta kontrakts potentiella användning vid upphandling av tjänster i byggbranschen. Byggbranschen skiljer sig från många andra branscher då den är projektbaserad med föränderliga förhållanden och förutsättningar. Studien visar på att byggbranschen är en bransch kantad av diskussioner och tvister, vars majoritet är kopplad till betalningar och kontraktstolkningar. Två för studien centrala begrepp är därmed moral hazard och opportunistiskt beteende. Opportunistiskt beteende kan påverka normer, viljan till samarbete och i hur hög grad parter litar på varandra. Att utforma kontrakt så att risken för moral hazard och opportunistiskt beteende minskar är därmed en viktig aspekt. Studien har valt att studera både relationer som är hierarkiska till naturen men också peer-to-peer. Syftet med studien har varit att konceptuellt reflektera över uppfattade nya möjligheter och utmaningar som finns med blockkedjor i byggbranschen gällande två identifierade användningsområden, smarta kontrakt och BIM. För att undersöka detta har en kvalitativ intervjustudie genomförts. Studien pekar på att det krävs en mer standardiserad byggnadsprocess som omfattas av en viss grad av upprepning för att få en lyckad använding av ett blockkedje-nätverk och smarta kontrakt. Studien visar också på att det finns en positiv grundinställning från respondenternas sida kring en möjlig utveckling för flera av blockkedjeteknikens potentiella applikationer. Blockkedjetekniken och smarta kontrakt har potentialen att förbättra tillförlitligheten och trovärdigheten hos loggböcker, egenkontroller och utförda arbeten inom ett byggnadsprojekt. Vidare belyser studien vikten av långsiktiga relationer och tillit för att minska opportunistiskt beetende. Baserat på tidigare forskning, empiri och analys bidrar studien till en ökad förståelse kring vilka nivåer inom byggbranschen smarta kontrakt kan vara applicerbara. Studien förevisar att smarta kontrakt inte uppfattas lämpa sig för komplicerade kontrakt där arbetet som ska utföras kan ändras många gånger under kontraktsperioden. Studien indikerar däremot att blockkedje utvecklingen med BIM inte efterfrågas i dagsläget. Slutligen pekar studien på att blockkedjetekniken uppfattas ha potential att göra byggprocessen mer transparent och öppen med minskade maktförhållanden samt mindre centraliserade vilket öppnar upp behov av forskning i den riktningen.
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Прошлецова, С. В., та S. V. Proshletsova. "Управление оппортунизмом трудового персонала в дошкольной образовательной организации : магистерская диссертация". Master's thesis, б. и, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10995/94030.
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Рассматриваются факторы и специфические формы проявлений трудового оппортунизма персонала дошкольной организации, дана характеристика особенностей рынка дошкольного образования, проведен анализ рынка труда педагогических кадров Свердловской области, выявлены проблемы управления в ДОО, которые могут стать основаниями для возникновения оппортунистического поведения персонала, определены механизмы преодоления. Теоретические выводы, содержащиеся в работе, могут служить обоснованием принципов построения программы мероприятий по управлению оппортунистическим поведением персонала дошкольной организации.<br>The article considers the factors and specific forms of labor opportunism of staff in pre-school organization, describes the features of the pre-school education market, analyzes the labor market of pedagogical personnel in the Sverdlovsk region, identifies management problems in pre-school organizations that can become the basis for the emergence of opportunistic behavior of staff, identifies the causes of their occurrence, and develops measures to overcome them.