Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Oil et gas"
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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Oil et gas"
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Saint, A. "Drop or drill? [oil&gas policy]". Engineering & Technology 16, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2021): 40–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2021.0106.
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Smith, N. "North sea oil: a tale of two countries [Oil & Gas Industry]". Engineering & Technology 16, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2021): 30–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2021.0104.
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Maslin, E. "Oil & Gas - Decommissioning. Salvage ,Sink or Save? [North Sea oil decommissioning]". Engineering & Technology 15, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2020): 60–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2020.0109.
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Maslin, E. "Emission impossible? decarbonising hydrocarbons [oil&gas environment]". Engineering & Technology 16, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2021): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2021.0110.
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Hitchin, P. "UK oil and gas: Squeezing the last drop". Engineering & Technology 9, n.º 9 (1 de outubro de 2014): 77–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2014.0925.
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Kosisko, K. "Oil and Gas - Automation. Factory on the sea floor". Engineering & Technology 15, n.º 2 (1 de março de 2020): 48–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2020.0206.
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Tang, Guo-Qing, Akshay Sahni, Frederic Gadelle, Mridul Kumar e Anthony R. Kovscek. "Heavy-Oil Solution Gas Drive in Consolidated and Unconsolidated Rock". SPE Journal 11, n.º 02 (1 de junho de 2006): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/87226-pa.
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Summary Solution gas drive is effective to recover heavy oil from some reservoirs. Characterization of the relevant recovery mechanisms, however, remains an open question. In this work, we present an experimental study of the solution gas drive behavior of a 9°API crude oil with an initial solution gas/oil ratio (GOR) of 105 scf/STB and live-oil viscosity of 258 cp at 178°F. Constant rate depletions are conducted in a composite core (consolidated) and a sandpack (unconsolidated). The sandpack does not employ a confining pressure, whereas the consolidated core does. The evolution of in-situ gas saturation vs. pressure is monitored in the sandpack using X-ray computed tomography. The two different porous media allow us to develop a mechanistic perspective whereby the effects of depletion rate and overburden pressure on heavy-oil solution gas drive are investigated. The results are striking. They show that the overburden pressure offsets partially the pore-pressure decline. This compaction, in turn, modifies the size and shape of mobile gas bubbles, and as a result the oil and gas relative permeabilies are greater within the confined, consolidated core. Additionally, the supersaturation in the sandpack is markedly larger, but recovery is greatest from the composite core at identical rates as a result of compaction. Introduction Solution gas drive in some heavy-oil reservoirs yields unexpectedly large oil recovery. Remarkably, the reservoir pressure declines more slowly than expected and the produced GOR increases slowly below the equilibrium bubblepoint pressure. Since 1988, when Smith identified the phenomenon (commonly referred to as foamy oil), experimental and theoretical studies have aimed to elucidate gas-flow and oil-production mechanisms. Results indicate that the factors governing the efficiency of heavy-oil solution gas drive are oil viscosity (Tang and Firoozabadi 2003, 2005), depletion rate (Tang et al. 2006; Kumar et al. 2000; Sahni et al. 2004), solution GOR (Tang and Firoozabadi 2003), oil composition (Tang et al. 2006; Bauger et al. 2001), and gas-bubble morphology (Li and Yortsos 1995; Tang et al. 2006). Obviously, these factors are not mutually exclusive. Among them, depletion rate as well as the size and shape of bubbles play a key role in recovery. Additionally, the oil composition is important because it plays a determining role in the flowing gas-bubble size that ultimately determines gas-phase mobility (Tang et al. 2006). Gas bubbles grow as a result of supersaturation (the difference between equilibrium and dynamic pressure) as well as pressure depletion. Gas-bubble nucleation is usually described as progressive or instantaneous (Li and Yortsos 1995; Firoozabadi and Kashchiev 1996), depending on the oil composition and porous medium (Tang et al. 2006; Kumar et al. 2000). Experiments with (El Yousfi et al. 1997; George et al. 2005) and simulation of (Arora and Kovscek 2003) gas nucleation in porous media indicate that the gas phase forms progressively. The period of active bubble nucleation is, however, relatively short compared to the time needed to deplete the sysem. Therefore, the process might be approximated as instantaneous nucleation if the longer time behavior is of interest (El Yousfi et al. 1997).
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Dong, Mingzhe, S. S. Sam Huang e Keith Hutchence. "Methane Pressure-Cycling Process With Horizontal Wells for Thin Heavy-Oil Reservoirs". SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering 9, n.º 02 (1 de abril de 2006): 154–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/88500-pa.
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Summary The methane pressure-cycling (MPC) process is an enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) scheme intended for application in some heavy-oil reservoirs after termination of either primary or waterflood production. The essence of the process is the restoration of the solution-gas-drive mechanism. The restoration is accomplished by reinjecting an appropriate amount of solution gas (mainly methane) and then repressuring the gas back into solution by injecting water until approximate original reservoir pressure is reached. This, aside from the replacement of produced oil by water, recreates the primary-production conditions. This novel recovery technique is being developed to target the considerable portion of heavy-oil resources located in thin reservoirs. Primary and secondary methods have managed to recover at best 10% of the initial oil in place (IOIP). Heat losses to overburden and underburden or bottomwater zones make thermal methods unsuitable for thin reservoirs. Sandpack-flood tests in 30.5-cm (length) × 5.0-cm (diameter) sandpacks were carried out for oils with a range of dead-oil viscosities from 1700 to 5400 mPa.s. The results showed that the pressure-cycling process could create a favorable condition for recharged gas to contact the remaining oil in reservoirs. This restores the situation whereby substantial amounts of gas are in solution for further "primary" production. The effects on the efficiency of the MPC process of cycle termination strategy, oil viscosity, and mobile-water saturation were investigated. Simulations were conducted to investigate the MPC process in three heavy-oil reservoirs in Saskatchewan, Canada. The effects on the process of infill wells, oil viscosity, gas-injection rate, and the presence of wormholes in reservoirs were studied. Introduction Heavy oil in thick-pay reservoirs (i.e., >10 m) is commonly produced with thermal-recovery methods. These methods (steam injection and its variants) are generally not suitable for thin reservoirs because of heat losses to overburden and underburden or bottomwater zones (Fairfield and White 1982; Dyer et al. 1994). The world's large untapped oil resource remaining after recovery by conventional technology offers potential for exploitation by a suitably developed tertiary-recovery technique. For example, Saskatchewan accounts for 62% of Canada's total heavy-oil resources (Bowers and Drummond 1997), including 1.7 billion m3 of proved reserves and 3.7 billion m3 of probable reserves (Saskatchewan Energy and Mines 1998). Of the province's proven initial heavy oil in place, 97% is contained in reservoirs where the pay zone is less than 10 m, and 55% in reservoirs with a pay zone less than 5 m thick (Huang et al. 1987; Srivastava et al. 1993). Primary and secondary methods combined recover, on average, only about 7% of the proven IOIP (Saskatchewan Energy and Mines 1998). The incentive is strong for the development of appropriate EOR techniques that will maximize the recovery potential of and profitability from these thin heavy-oil reservoirs. Extensive literature is available on CO2, flue gas, and produced-gas injection for heavy-oil recovery, including slug displacement, water alternating gas (WAG), and cyclic (huff ‘n’ puff) processes (Huang et al. 1987; Srivastava et al. 1993, 1994, 1999; Srivastava and Huang 1997; Ma and Youngren 1994; Issever et al. 1993; Olenick et al. 1992). A comparative study of the oil-recovery behavior for a 14.1°API heavy oil with different injection gases (CO2, flue gas, and produced gas) showed that CO2 was the best-suited gas for EOR of heavy oils (Srivastava et al. 1999). Cyclic CO2 injection for heavy-oil recovery was tested in the field, and field case histories indicated that oil production was enhanced (Olenick et al. 1992). However, natural CO2 sources are not available to most oil reservoirs. The cost of CO2 capture from flue gas and other sources may range from U.S. $25 to $70/ton (Padamsey and Railton 1993). Produced gas is available in large quantities at a much lower cost. With this consideration, produced gas can be an economically effective agent for heavy-oil recovery by the cyclic-injection process.
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Al-Wahaibi, Yahya Mansoor, Ann Helen Muggeridge e Carlos Atilio Grattoni. "Experimental and Numerical Studies of Gas/Oil Multicontact Miscible Displacements in Homogeneous and Crossbedded Porous Media". SPE Journal 12, n.º 01 (1 de março de 2007): 62–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/92887-pa.
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Summary We investigate oil recovery from multicontact miscible (MCM) gas injection into homogeneous and crossbedded porous media, using a combination of well-characterized laboratory experiments and detailed compositional flow simulation. All simulator input data, including most EOS parameters, were determined experimentally or from the literature produced fluids in all experiments were found not to be in compositional equilibrium. This was not predicted by the simulator, giving a poor match between experimental and simulated oil recoveries. The match was significantly improved for the cross-bedded displacements by using alpha factors derived from the MCM displacements in the homogeneous pack. Introduction The recovery of oil by miscible gas injection has been a subject of interest and research in petroleum engineering for more than 40 years (Stalkup 1983). In a first-contact, miscible (FCM) displacement, the gas and oil mix instantly in all proportions. No capillary forces exist, so, in principle, residual oil saturation is zero, and 100% oil recovery should be achieved. In practice, many phenomena conspire to limit the efficiency of the miscible flooding process, including viscous fingering, gravity override, and permeability heterogeneity. Moreover, it is often not economical, and sometimes not technically feasible, to inject a gas that is first-contact miscible with the oil. Instead, the injected gas is designed to develop miscibility with the oil by mass transfer during the displacement. This is a so-called MCM gas injection. If the bulk of the mass transfer is from the gas to the oil, then the displacement is termed a condensing drive. If most of the mass transfer is from the oil to the gas, then it is termed a vaporizing drive. In most cases, however, because of the multicomponent nature of oil and gas, the mass transfer is actually a mixture of both these cases, and the displacement is termed a condensing-vaporizing drive. Small-scale heterogeneities can have a significant impact on recovery efficiency (Jones et al. 1995; Jones et al. 1994; Kjonsvik et al. 1994), yet they cannot be modeled explicitly in field-scale simulations. Some of the most common small-scale heterogeneities found in sandstone reservoirs are laminations. However, because laminations have a small size and are generally at an angle to the principal flow direction, their influence onfluid flow is one of the most difficult features to predict numerically. There is a significant amount of literature describing systematic investigations of first-contact miscible and immiscible displacement processes in laminated sandstones (Huang et al. 1995, 1996; Ringrose et al. 1993; Kortekaas 1985; Honarpour et al. 1994; Hartkamp-Bakker 1991, 1993; McDougall and Sorbie 1993; Marcelle-DeSilva and Dawe 2003; Borresen and Graue 1996; Roti and Dawe 1993; Dawe et al. 1992; Caruana and Dawe 1996; Caruana 1997). Both experimental and simulation studies show that significant volumes of oil can be trapped by capillary forces during immiscible displacements (Huang et al. 1995, 1996; Ringrose et al. 1993; Kortekaas 1985; Honarpour et al. 1994; Hartkamp-Bakker 1991, 1993; McDougall and Sorbie 1993; Marcelle-DeSilva and Dawe 2003; Borresen and Graue 1996; Roti and Dawe 1993; Dawe et al. 1992; Caruana and Dawe 1996; Caruana 1997). However, the influence of these heterogeneities on MCM displacements, during which capillary forces change from being very significant when gas is first injected to negligible once miscibility has developed, has not yet been investigated. Indeed, the only comparisons of well-characterized MCM displacement experiments and detailed simulations reported in anywhere in the literature are those of Burger and colleagues (Burger and Mohanty 1997; Burger et al. 1996; Burger et al. 1994).
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Pozniak, H. "The energy transition: how to bridge the skills gap [oil&gas skills]". Engineering & Technology 16, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2021): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/et.2021.0105.
Texto completo da fonteTeses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Oil et gas"
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Guisiano, Jade Eva. "Dynamic Methane Inventory for Oil and Gas Industry based on Artificial Intelligence". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024SORUS206.
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Le méthane atmosphérique est responsable d'environ la moitié du réchauffement climatique depuis l'époque préindustrielle, par rapport à l'influence humaine totale nette. Le secteur pétrolier et gazier se classe au deuxième rang des sources anthropiques de méthane malgré la possibilité d'une réduction de 39 % de ses émissions sans coût net. Cependant, le manque de données fiables sur les émissions nuit à la capacité des gouvernements à mettre en œuvre des mesures d'atténuation efficaces à l'échelle et à la vitesse nécessaires pour atteindre les objectifs fixés par le Global Mthane Pledge. Afin de définir des objectifs, des politiques et des stratégies spécifiques au méthane, les pays ont l'habitude de s'appuyer sur les inventaires nationaux des émissions de méthane. Ces derniers, principalement dérivés de méthodes ascendantes (facteurs d'émissions), sont bien connus dans la littérature pour démontrer une sous-estimation systématique des émissions de méthane provenant de la chaîne d'approvisionnement pétrolière et gazière (O&G). Cela remet en question l'utilisation de méthodologies ascendantes pour estimer les inventaires d'émissions, qui sont ensuite utilisés pour concevoir des lignes directrices réglementaires pour l'atténuation des émissions de méthane. Des informations incomplètes et imprécises sur les niveaux d'émission réels constituent un obstacle majeur à la réduction des émissions de méthane. Cependant, une quantité croissante de données sur les émissions de méthane émerge grâce au lancement régulier de nouveaux satellites ponctuels dédiés aux mesures de concentration de méthane avec une résolution plus élevée, une plus grande couverture et des seuils de détection plus sensibles. Avec des techniques de traitement adéquates, les données issues de ces technologies de surveillance par satellite sont un élément clé pour permettre la caractérisation du niveau et de la nature des émissions de méthane. Ce travail de thèse propose ensuite un cadre de bout en bout pour un nouvel inventaire dynamique basé sur l'utilisation de méthodes d'intelligence artificielle. Ce cadre permet d'habiller automatiquement les profils d'émissions de méthane par infrastructures pétrolières et gazières, sites et opérateurs. Le cadre proposé est divisé en deux composantes :(1) Détection et reconnaissance automatisées des infrastructures pétrolières et gazières grâce à l'utilisation d'algorithmes de détection d'objets;(2) Association automatisée des détections ponctuelles de méthane aux infrastructures, sites et opérateurs pétroliers et gaziers concernés à l'aide d'une méthode basée sur le clustering.Notre cadre, lorsqu'il est lancé à plusieurs reprises au fil du temps, permet la constitution automatisée de profils d'émissions à plusieurs niveaux (séries chronologiques). Ces profils d'émissions, acquis sur une longue période, permettront de caractériser les comportements d'émission et pourront ensuite être utilisés à la base des décisions réglementaires d'atténuation des émissions de méthaneAtmospheric methane is responsible for roughly half of the global warming since pre-industrial times, relative to the net total human influence. The oil and gas sector ranks second among anthropogenic methane sources despite the possibility of a 39% reduction of its emissions at no net cost. However, the lack of reliable emissions data impairs the ability of governments to implement effective mitigation actions at the scale and speed needed to achieve the objectives set by the Global Methane Pledge. In order to define methane-specific targets, policies, and strategies, countries are used to rely on national methane emissions inventories. These last ones, mostly derived using bottom-up methods (emissions factors) are well-known in literature to demonstrated systematic underestimation of methane emissions from the oil and gas (O&G) supply chain. This calls into question the use of bottom-up methodologies to estimate emission inventories, which are then used to design regulatory guidelines for methane emissions mitigation. Incomplete and non accurate information about actual emission levels is a key barrier to reducing methane emissions. However, a growing amount of methane emissions data emerge through the regular launch of new point source satellites dedicated to methane concentration measurements with a higher resolution, greater coverage, and have more sensitive detection thresholds. With adequate processing techniques, the data issued from these satellites monitoring technologies is a key component to make possible the characterization of the level and nature of methane emissions. This thesis works then proposes an end-to-end framework for a novel dynamic inventory based on the use of artificial intelligence methods. This framework allows to automatically dress methane emissions profiles by oil and gas infrastructures, site and operators.The proposed framework is divided into two components :Automated detection and recognition of oil and gas infrastructures with the use of object detection algorithms;Automated association of point source methane detections to concerned oil and gas infrastructures, sites and operators with the use of a clustering based method. Our framework, when launched repeatedly over time, enables the automated constitution of multi-level emissions profiles (time series). These emissions profiles, acquired on a long term period will allow the characterization of emitting behaviors and then could be used at the base of methane mitigation regulation decisions
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Pougy, Roberto. "Unconventional oil and natural gas supplies and the mitigation of climate change". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0075.
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Cette thèse en économie de l'énergie et de l'environnement étend le modèle de Hotelling du type exploration-extraction avec contraintes géologiques d’Okullo, Reynes et Hofkes (2015), afin de prendre en compte des trajectoires en forme de cloche pour l’ajout de réserves empiriquement observées par Laherrère (2003). Le modèle LOGIMA proposé (Images à Long terme sur le Pétrole et le Gaz) explique qu’elles sont la conséquence de « sweet spots » géologiques : des zones privilégiées où la concentration d’hydrocarbures est la plus élevée. Le modèle LOGIMA a été calibré sur une base de données issues couvrant les sept principaux bassins de pétrole et de gaz non-conventionnels du pays. Les résultats indiquent que la nécessité d’apprentissage par la pratique pour découvrir l’emplacement des sweet spots conduit à une mise en œuvre d’un effort d’exploration également en forme de cloche, ce qui permet de réduire le risque des activités d’exploration. Par conséquent, la réponse en termes des volumes offerts par les producteurs à des chocs sur les prix dévient fonction de l’ensemble des ressources mondiales antérieurement découvertes. Ensuite, nous appliquons le modèle LOGIMA pour étudier l’impact causé par l’offre de pétrole et de gaz naturel « non-conventionnels » aux États-Unis, sur les efforts mondiaux d’atténuation du changement climatique. Nous y parvenons en associant les scénarios à long-terme générés par LOGIMA avec le modèle d’évaluation intégrée, IMACLIM-R. Cette étude analyse comment des différentes cibles de prix de pétrole affecteraient son offre aux États-Unis. Nous estimons cette interaction au moyen de trois cadres de politiques en matière de climat : le cadre « business as usual » (BAU), les contributions décidées à l’échelle nationale (NDC) et les scénarios de 2°C (2DS). Les résultats de l’exercice indiquent que les approvisionnements non-conventionnels sont fortement susceptibles d’affecter les marchés énergétiques mondiaux, mais leur impact sur les émissions mondiales de gaz à effet de serre serait limité, car les différents effets déclenchés dans des différents secteurs viendraient les équilibrer approximativementThis thesis in energy and environmental economics extends the geological Hotelling-type extraction-exploration model from Okullo, Reynes and Hofkes (2015) in order to account for the bell-shaped reserve additions that were empirically observed by Laherrère (2003). The proposed model explains them as the result of geological “sweet spots”: premium areas within geological formations where the concentration of hydrocarbons is highest. The proposed theoretical formulation was programmed into the mathematical model LOGIMA – “Long-term Oil and Gas Images” – and calibrated on data covering the seven main unconventional oil and gas plays in the United States. Results indicate the need to learn the location of sweet spots through trial and error drillings leads to schedules of exploratory effort that allow the optimal “de-risking” of exploratory activities. As a result, the optimal response of producers to price shocks becomes contingent on the prevailing level of cumulative discoveries.We apply LOGIMA to investigate the impact, caused by the recent advent of large-scale supplies of unconventional oil and gas, in the United States, on the ongoing efforts to mitigate climate change. We do so by soft coupling long-term scenarios from LOGIMA with the integrated assessment model, IMACLIM-R, a recursive, computable general equilibrium model of integrated global energy, economy and environment systems. We analyze how different price targets, potentially pursued by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), would affect supplies of unconventional oil and gas from the United States. We control this interplay under three climate policy frameworks: business as usual (BAU), nationally determined contributions (NDCs) and 2°C scenario (2DS). The results of the exercise show that, despite having a significant potential to affect global energy markets, unconventional oil and gas supplies would have a limited potential to affect global cumulative greenhouse gas emissions to 2040, as the different effects triggered in different sectors approximately balanced each other out
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Kilani, Meriam. "Multiple product-project decisions coordination support : application to oil and gas development projects". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UPAST027.
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Le défi majeur abordé dans cette recherche concerne la coordination de multiples décisions interdépendantes qui doivent être prises lors du projet, qu'elles soient techniques, financières ou contractuelles. Interdépendance signifie que prendre une décision sans tenir compte des impacts sur les autres décisions peut entraîner une sous-performance, voire des impasses, des itérations et des reprises. Pour surmonter ce défi, un processus de prise simultanée de décisions multiples a été proposé, en trois blocs : 1/ modélisation du réseau de décisions et formulation du problème multi-décisionnel ; 2/ structuration du problème pour proposer des scénarios pertinents et plausibles assemblés à partir d'alternatives de décisions élémentaires ; 3/ résolution du problème par la sélection et la recommandation de scénarios. La construction du processus de prise de décisions multiples est basée sur des possibilités diverses pour chaque bloc. Le décideur sélectionne parmi un ensemble de choix possibles pour adapter le processus décisionnel à son contexte précis. Pour le bloc 1, nous avons d'abord construit un réseau global qui modélise les décisions étudiées et les interdépendances qu'elles peuvent avoir avec d'autres décisions. Nous avons ensuite indiqué que les graphes et les matrices peuvent être utilisés pour répondre à ce besoin. Les deux méthodes permettent d'inclure toutes les décisions et interdépendances du réseau de décision dans un seul modèle, chacune d'entre elles ayant ses avantages et inconvénients, avec une sorte de complémentarité. Ensuite, pour formuler le problème local de multi-décision, deux approches de clustering basées sur les interactions sont proposées : l'approche descendante (considérant les interdépendances des décisions) et l'approche ascendante (avec un regroupement supplémentaire des décisions basé sur la date d'échéance). Ces deux approches aident à délimiter le périmètre sur un ensemble spécifique de décisions, étant donné qu'il peut être difficile de considérer tout le réseau de décisions en même temps. Dans le bloc 2, pour structurer le problème, deux méthodes basées sur des matrices et une autre basée sur des graphes ont été proposées. Ces méthodes offrent la possibilité de générer des scénarios en considérant les critères de compatibilité et de performance, soit séquentiellement (analyse morphologique), soit simultanément (QFD), soit de manière hybride (exploration de graphe). Pour les deux méthodes basées sur les matrices, un algorithme a été proposé pour faciliter l'identification de scénarios plausibles. Quant à la méthode basée sur les graphes, une heuristique plus légère peut être appliquée en temps réel lors d'une réunion de décision. Enfin, pour résoudre le problème, plusieurs méthodes MCDA ont été répertoriées dans le bloc 3 pour évaluer et sélectionner un scénario recommandé : méthodes d'évaluation absolue, méthodes de comparaison relative par paire, et méthodes de comparaison relative à des points de référence. Selon les acteurs industriels, un tel processus pourrait améliorer les mécanismes de coordination entre les décisions majeures de leurs projets. Même si les décisions sont interdépendantes, elles ne sont pas souvent considérées comme telles, et le processus que nous proposons permet (selon eux) d'avoir une meilleure vision des décisions à prendre ensemble et des conséquences des choix. Une étude de cas fictive, inspirée de projets réels passés, a été utilisée pour illustrer le processus de coordination multi-décision proposé. Nous sommes convaincus que notre recherche fournira une base solide pour d'autres études portant sur la coordination de décisions multiples et interdépendantes dans le cadre de projets complexes, même si certaines perspectives académiques et industrielles doivent être abordéesThe major challenge addressed in this research concerns the coordination of the multiple interdependent decisions that must be made during the project, either technical, financial, or contractual. Interdependence means that making one decision without considering the impacts for other decisions may imply some underperformance, or even dead ends, iterations, and rework.To overcome this challenge, a more adaptable multi-decision-making process has been proposed, consisting of three blocks: 1/ modeling the decision network and formulating the multi-decision problem; 2/ structuring the problem to propose relevant and plausible scenarios assembled from elementary decision alternatives; 3/ solving the problem by selecting and recommending scenarios.Building the multi-decision-making process is based on multiple possibilities for each block. The decision-maker selects from a set of possible choices to adapt the decision-making process to the precise context.For block #1, we have first articulated the need to build a global decision network that models the decisions under study and the interdependencies they may have with other decisions. We have then argued that graphs and matrices can be used to fulfill this need. Both methods allow to include all decisions and interdependencies of the decision network in one single model, each of them having its advantages and drawbacks, with a kind of complementarity.Then, to formulate the local multi-decision problem, two interactions-based clustering approaches are proposed: the top-down approach (considering decision interdependencies) and the bottom-up approach (with an additional due date-based grouping of decisions). Both help to delineate the focus of decision makers on a specific set of decisions, since considering the whole network of decisions at the same time can be challenging.In block #2, to structure the problem, two matrix-based and one graph-based methods have been proposed. These methods offer the possibility to generate possible scenarios considering compatibility and performance criteria, either sequentially (morphological analysis), simultaneously (QFD), or with a hybrid way (graph exploration). For the two matrix-based methods, an algorithm was proposed to facilitate the identification of plausible scenarios. As for the graph-based method, a lighter heuristic can be applied on live during a decision meeting.Finally, to solve the problem in block #3, several MCDA methods have been listed for evaluating and selecting a recommended scenario: absolute compensatory methods, relative pairwise comparison methods, and relative comparison to reference point methods.According to industrial actors, such a process could improve coordination mechanisms between the major decisions of their projects. Even though decisions were interdependent, they were not often considered as such, and our proposed process permits (according to them) to have a better vision of the decisions to be made together and of the consequences of the choices. A fictitious case study, inspired by real past projects, was used to illustrate the proposed multi-decision coordination process.We are convinced that our research will provide a solid basis for further studies on the coordination of multiple interdependent decisions in complex projects, although there are academic and industrial perspectives that need to be tackled
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Durand, Alice. "L'exploration et l'exploitation des hydrocarbures en mer et la protection de l'environnement". Thesis, Grenoble, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014GREND015.
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L’explosion de la plateforme de forage Deepwater Horizon qui s’est produite dans le Golfe du Mexique en 2010, à l’origine d’une catastrophe écologique sans précédent dans l’histoire des Etats-Unis, nous a conduit à nous interroger sur l’encadrement international de l’activité d’exploration et d’exploitation des hydrocarbures en mer et la protection de l’environnement. Parce que cette activité qui est exercée sur le plateau continental des états, génère des pollutions opérationnelles et accidentelles, et parce que la pollution marine ne connait pas les frontières, l’encadrement international d’une telle activité est de rigueur. L’activité qui a débuté à la fin du XIXe siècle a connu un véritable essor vers les années 70. A ce moment là, les états prennent conscience de la nécessité de protéger l’environnement. Dans le même temps, un régime international encadrant l’activité se développe entre les années 70 et les années 90. Se distingue alors le régime de prévention du régime de réaction. Dans un premier temps l’activité doit répondre à des exigences de prévention. Il n’existe toutefois pas un instrument universel exclusivement dédié à cette activité, de telle sorte que l’on observe un éclatement du régime au travers d’instruments directement applicables à vocation universelle et régionale, complétés par des instruments indirectement applicables relatifs à la protection de l’environnement. Malgré cet éclatement il en ressort que les principaux aspects constituant le cycle de vie de l’activité, partant de la délivrance de permis d’exploration et d’exploitation au démantèlement des plateformes en passant par le contrôle de l’activité sont relativement bien encadrés. Mais malgré cet encadrement nous ne sommes pas à l’abri de la survenance d’une pollution contre laquelle il faudra lutter.Dans ce second temps les états ont donc développé un régime de réaction en réponse aux pollutions opérationnelles et accidentelles. Concernant les pollutions opérationnelles, l’on voit en marge des régimes de prévention déjà existants et imposant certains seuils, se dessiner une lutte empirique contre ces pollutions, essentiellement à l’échelle régionale. Les états prennent conscience que les seuils de pollutions opérationnelles doivent être indéniablement plus contraignants. Concernant la lutte contre les pollutions accidentelles, les états disposent d’un régime international relativement satisfaisant puisqu’une série d’instruments prévoit les mesures imposées aux états que ces derniers doivent prendre en cas de survenance d’une pollution mais surtout parce qu’un instrument universel est dédié à cette problématique. L’existence d’un tel régime ne signifie par pour autant que les états doivent s’en contenter et doivent de cette manière en permanence faire évoluer le droit en vue d’un meilleur encadrement, telle qu’a su le faire l’Union européenne en adoptant en 2013 sa directive sur les accidents majeursThe deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion in 2010 in the Gulf of Mexico was the most important ecological catastrophe of the United States of America. This event inspired us to study the current international law about the hydrocarbon exploration and exploitation at sea and the protection of the environment. Because this activity takes place on the continental shelf it leads to operational and accidental pollutions, because marine pollution does not have frontiers, therefore legal international control of this activity is necessary.The activity which begun at the end of the nineteenth century, knew a real development around the 70's. At that moment, States became aware of the necessity to protect the environment. At the same time, an international settlement supervising the activity is emerging from the 70's to the 90's. Thus we can distinguish the prevention settlement from the react settlement. First of all the activity must respond to the prevention requirements. Notwithstanding, there is no universal treaty exclusively dedicated to this activity. That is why we do observe a splited settlement through universal and regional treaties directly applicable, completed by treaties indirectly applicable relating to environmental protection. Despite this splitting, we observe that principal aspects constituting the life cycle of the activity, from exploration and exploitation delivery permitted to decommissioning of paltforms, are well controled.Despite this control, a pollution can occur against which one we have to fight.That is why in the second time States developped a react settlement in response to the operational and accidental pollutions. About operational pollutions, we observe around the current preventional settelement which sets limits, developing some new limits through an empirical struggle, essentially at the regional level. States become aware that the limits imposed for operational pollution have to be more restrictive.With reference to the accidental pollutions, a current international settlement is quite satisfactory since various treaties and particularly an universal treaty, decree measures to States, which they fullfil if pollutions occure. This kind of instrument do not significate that States do not have to make the law progress. Indeed the law needs to evoluate permanentaly that is why UE adopted a directive about major accidents.At the same time react settlement not only means fighting pollution but also identifying the liable of the pollution and repare the damage, specifically the per se ecological damage
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Elmoussaoui, Abdeloihid. "Application de l’analyse factorielle et de la classification automatique à une étude chronologique multidimensionnelle : cas du marché pétrolier français". Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066504.
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Analyse statistique de la consommation de quatre produits pétroliers dans les départements français durant les mois successifs de la décennie 1972-1981. Des analyses partielles permettent de voir l'évolution diachronique à long terme et les influences saisonnières. Une analyse de synthèse permet de voir les disparités interdépartementales.
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GUSMAO, DA SILVA JORGE. "Transformation catalytique des huiles vegetales en gazole : mecanisme et optimisation des reactions d'hydrocraquage". Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066405.
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Etude experimentale des reactions d'hydrocrackage d'une huile vegetale en autoclave, sous pression d'hydrogene, entre 623 et 708**(o)k, en presence de catalyseurs hydrogenants. On a mis en evidence les sequences detaillees des reactions qui transforment les composes insatures et les triglycerides en hydrocarbures du type "gazole". Le deplacement de l'equilibre global vers la formation d'hydrocarbures a ete realise pour une pression finale d'hydrogene de 200 bars. Un taux de conversion proche de 100% molaire a ete obtenu pour deux huiles vegetales a 633**(o)k, avec des catalyseurs ni-mo/gamma -al::(2)o::(3) et ni-mo/sio::(2)-al::(2)o::(3) sulfures
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Jalinier, Christian. "Etude comparative de l'inflammation et de la combustion de l'huile de coton brute et du gas-oil utilises comme carburant dans un moteur diesel a injection indirecte". Orléans, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988ORLE2024.
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Visualisation de la combustion et analyse de l'influence des parametres moteurs sur la combustion d'une part et les tendances de comportement de carburants. Grande sensibilite de l'huile vegetale aux conditions geometrique et physiques dans lesquelles s'affectue l'inflammation
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Jalinier, Christian. "Etude comparative de l'inflammation et de la combustion de l'huile de coton brute et du gas-oil utilisés comme carburant dans un moteur diésel à injection indirecte". Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37614475j.
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Ariankia, Reza. "La technique de la joint-venture au sein de l'industrie pétro-gazière internationale : contribution à l'étude juridique sur les architectures contractuelles pratiquées par les principaux acteurs pétro-gaziers en amont". Thesis, Paris 1, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA01D004.
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La joint-venture est une technique juridique étroitement liée au secteur amont de l’industrie pétro-gazière internationale. Pratiquement, elle correspond dans ce domaine à des architectures contractuelles très diversifiées basées sur des ingénieries juridiques différentes. Depuis sa création dans l’industrie pétro-gazière américaine, la technique de la joint-venture, par sa grande adaptabilité congénitale, a généré différentes versions servant les relations juridiques entre les acteurs internationaux dans ce domaine. La structure juridique de chacune de ses variantes a une particularité qui lui est propre. Elle est formée selon les stratégies, les objectifs, les besoins, les expériences, les limites techniques et les moyens financiers et managériaux des participants. Dans ce contexte, l’étude sur le rôle de cette technique dans les relations juridiques entre deux principaux acteurs pétro-gaziers dans la seconde moitié du 20ème siècle est très importante. En effet, dès son entrée dans les relations juridiques entre les pays producteurs de pétrole et de gaz naturel et les sociétés pétro-gazières internationales, la technique de « joint-venture participation » est progressivement devenue la stratégie principale du secteur amont de l’industrie pétro-gazière des pays producteurs. En d'autres termes, quel que soit la structure contractuelle principale de l’État-hôte au secteur amont du pétrole et du gaz, lorsque lui, ou l’un de ses membres, participe conjointement,avec une société pétro-gazière internationale, à des projets d’exploration et de développement, le recours à la technique juridique de la joint-venture est indispensable.L’impact de telle participation sur la joint-venture est considérable. La présence d’un participant doté de prérogatives de la puissance publique au sein d’une joint-venture pétrogazière affecte l’équilibre paritaire entre les participants, et en conséquence influence sa structure juridique, son processus de formation et son fonctionnementThe joint venture is a legal technic closely related to the international upstream oil and gasindustry. Practically, it corresponds to very diversified contractual architectures based ondifferent legal engineering. Since its creation in the USA oil and gas industry, the technic ofjoint venture with its great congenital adaptability has generated various versions assistingthe legal relationship of international players in this field. Legal structure of each of itsvariants has its particularities formed according to the strategies, objectives, needs,experiences, means and technical, financial and managerial limits surrounded participants. Inthis context, the study of the role of this technic in the contractual framework between twooil and gas main players in the second half of the 20th century is very important. Indeed, uponit enters in the legal relationship between oil and gas producers countries and international oiland gas companies, the technic of "participating joint venture" has gradually become a keystrategy of producers countries in their upstream oil and gas sector. In other words,regardless of the principal contractual structure of the host-state in upstream oil and gassector, where it or its dismemberment participates with an international oil and gas companyin exploration and development projects, the use of legal technic of the joint venture isindispensable. The impact of such participation on the joint venture is considerable. Thepresence of a participant with public powers within a petroleum joint venture affect the paritybalance among participants and therefore influence its legal structure, and the process of itsformation and its functioning
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Seguinot, Lucas. "Etude et développement d'une stratégie d'analyse des performances d'un dégazeur de turbine d'hélicoptère". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017GREAL035.
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Les exploitant aériens cherchent à réduire toujours davantage le coût d'utilisation et d'opération de maintenance des hélicoptères ainsi qu'à limiter leur impact environnemental. Par conséquent, les motoristes tels que Safran Helicopter Engines doivent constamment améliorer les performances de leurs moteurs. Cette amélioration passe notamment par la réduction des consommations de carburants et d'huile de lubrification. La consommation d'huile est liée en grande partie à la formation d'un brouillard diphasique air-huile au sein des paliers de roulements des arbres du moteur. L'air est continûment évacué en transportant des inclusions d'huile vers l'extérieur. Pour limiter ces rejets d'huile, un séparateur en rotation est utilisé pour récupérer l'huile et évacuer l'air. Afin de prédire avec davantage de précision la consommation d'huile et les pertes de charges induites par le séparateur, la présente thèse développe une stratégie d'analyse des écoulements diphasiques au sein des séparateurs. Cette stratégie s'appuie en premier lieu sur des simulations numériques du brouillard d'huile basées sur une approche Euler-Lagrange. Ces simulations permettent d'une part d'analyser l'écoulement d'air et les pertes de charges du séparateur et d'autre part d'appréhender les mécanismes de la séparation de l'huile et d'analyser la consommation en fonction des conditions de fonctionnement. Parallèlement, grâce au financement du projet européen E-Break, un banc d'essais dégazeur a été conçu dans le cadre de cette thèse et réalisé à l'Université Libre de Bruxelles. Des analyses croisées entre essais et simulations permettent de valider la méthodologie de simulation. Cependant, si les pertes de charges sont correctement prédites par le calcul, des efforts supplémentaires sont nécessaires, aussi bien sur la précision des mesures que sur la modélisation de l'écoulement diphasique, pour assurer une prédiction satisfaisante de la consommation d'huileAir operators try to reduce ever more operation and maintenance costs of helicopters as well as to limit their environmental impact. Consequently, engine manufacturers such as Safran Helicopter Engines must constantly improve the performance level of the engines they develop. To achieve such an improvement, oil and kerosene consumption must be reduced. Oil consumption is mostly due the formation of an oil mist inside bearing chambers. As the air is continuously scavenged, it carries along oil droplets out of the engines. In order to limit the oil wastes, a separator is used which recovers oil drops carried by the owing air that is vented out. In order to predict with a better level of accuracy the oil consumption and the pressure losses induced by the separator, the present thesis develops a strategy to analyse the two-phase flow within the separator. This strategy relies in the first place on Euler-Lagrange numerical simulation of the oil mist which allow on the one hand to compute the turbulent air flow and the pressure drop induced by the separator and on the other hand to better understand the separation mechanisms and to predict the oil consumption for various operating conditions. Besides, thanks to the funding of the E-Break European project, a test bench has been designed in the framework of this PhD and set up at the Université Libre de Bruxelles. Cross comparisons between measurements and simulations allow validating the numerical methodology. However, even though pressure drops are correctly predicted by the simulation, improvements are still needed, regarding both the measurement accuracy and the two-phase numerical modelling, in order to provide a satisfactory prediction of the oil consumption
Livros sobre o assunto "Oil et gas"
1
Paul, Stevens. Oil and gas dictionary. New York: Nichols Pub., 1988.
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Malcolm, Wyatt. Gisements de pétrole et de gaz d'Ontario et de Québec. Ottawa: Impr. du gouvernement, 1997.
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A, Gallun Rebecca, ed. Fundamentals of oil & gas accounting. 5a ed. Tulsa, Okla: PennWell, 2008.
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4
Ombudsman, Alaska Office of. Investigative report: Department of Natural Resources, Division of Oil and Gas, Ombudsman complaints A093-4506 et al. [Juneau, Alaska?]: State of Alaska, Office of the Ombudsman, 1994.
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National Oil & Gas Company. Prospectus of the National Oil & Gas Company Limited. [Calgary?: s.n., 1996.
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Academy, Icarus-ORM. The oil and gas industry process hazards guidebook. [Calgary, Canada]: Icarus-ORM, 2021.
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Share, Jeffrey. The oil makers. Houston, Tex: Rice University Press, 1995.
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Agency, International Energy, ed. Oil and gas information =: Données sur le pétrole et sur le gaz. Paris: Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., 1999.
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Agency, International Energy. Oil and gas information =: Données sur le pétrole et sur le gaz. Paris: OECD., 1989.
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Grechka, V. I︠U︡. Applications of seismic anisotropy in the oil and gas industry. Houten, Netherlands: EAGE Publications, 2009.
Encontre o texto completo da fonteCapítulos de livros sobre o assunto "Oil et gas"
1
Postmes, Tom, Nienke Busscher, Sanne Hupkes, Agustín De Julio e Ena Vojvodic. "The Groningen Gas Field: The Role of Science in a Slow-Onset Disaster". In Climate Change and Safety in High-Risk Industries, 63–75. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-56995-1_7.
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AbstractThis chapter presents a case study of the Groningen gas field. We study the role of science and knowledge in the assessment, monitoring and management of escalating earthquake risks. The case is relevant to climate change in several ways. Around 2006, gas extraction from Groningen was increased with the narrative that gas was the “ideal energy transition fuel”. Gas is more climate-friendly than burning coal or oil, and gas-fueled power plants combine well with renewables (Heath et al. in Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 111(31):E3167–E3176, 2014). Much less attention was devoted to known risks: subsidence, pollution and earthquakes. The latter caused a slow-onset disaster in Groningen. Lessons from this case are relevant to renewable energy initiatives such as hydrogen storage and geothermal energy, as well as to the future exploitations of gas fields, made more likely by the Ukraine war. At the end of the chapter, we reflect on governance of big industrial risks amid climate change.
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Lubchenco, Jane, e Peter M. Haugan. "Critical Habitats and Biodiversity: Inventory, Thresholds and Governance". In The Blue Compendium, 333–92. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-16277-0_10.
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AbstractMarine habitats are extremely valuable in many ways (e.g., economically, culturally or for subsistence) and provide many necessary services for humans (Costanza et al. 1997, 2014). Despite their importance, coastal and oceanic habitats are increasingly threatened by fishing, climate change, oil and gas exploration, pollution and coastal development (Jackson et al. 2001; Halpern et al. 2008, 2019; Heery et al. 2017; Harris 2020). Habitat degradation and loss from these threats are not uniformly distributed and are cumulative with poorly understood interactions between pressures (Halpern et al. 2008). Despite the enormous impacts humans have had on marine ecosystems in the global ocean over the past 50 years, they tend to appear not as the complete extinction of individual species (Dulvy et al. 2003) but rather as changes in ecosystem composition and in the relative abundance and ecological status of individual species, along with more regional or local extirpations (Worm and Tittensor 2011). A species need not become globally extinct to radically alter the composition of the ecosystem (‘ecological extinction’), disappear from the local environment (‘local extinction’) or become commercially non-viable (‘commercial extinction’). Biodiversity loss is a globally significant symptom of unsustainable exploitation of Earth’s natural environment and a major threat to the ecosystem services on which we, and future generations, depend.
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Azimova, Shakhnoza S., e Anna I. Glushenkova. "Salvia longispicata Mart. et Gal." In Lipids, Lipophilic Components and Essential Oils from Plant Sources, 488–89. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-323-7_1544.
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Azimova, Shakhnoza S., e Anna I. Glushenkova. "Artemisia monogyna Waldst. et Kit. (A. maritima L. subsp. A. monogyna (Waldst. et Kit.) Gams". In Lipids, Lipophilic Components and Essential Oils from Plant Sources, 85. London: Springer London, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-85729-323-7_276.
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Uzun, Uğur, e Zafer Adalı. "Investigation for the Role of Oil and Natural Gas in the BIST Sector Indexes in Turkey". In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 262–83. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-8335-7.ch016.
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In this chapter, the authors aim to investigate the association between the primary energy sources' prices involving oil and natural gas and sectors indices operating the Turkey stock market for the period covering 2012M1-2021M3. Regarding energy price indicators, Brent oil and natural gas real-time future prices are preferred in the models, and BIST Industrials (XUSIN), BIST Chem-Petrol Plastic (XKMYA), and BIST Electricity (XELKT) indices are used as financial performance indicators. Fourier unit root tests improved by Becker et al. and Fourier co-integration tests improved by Tsong et al. are employed to investigate the relationship between considered variables. As a result of the models, it is found that the energy prices and financial performance index do not move together in the long run; in other words, change in oil and natural gas prices seem not to have an impact on the sector indexes.
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Lee, P. J. "Estimation Update and Feedback Procedures". In Statistical Methods for Estimating Petroleum Resources, editado por Jo Anne DeGraffenreid. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195331905.003.0012.
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A basin or subsurface study, which is the first step in petroleum resource evaluation, requires the following types of data: • Reservoir data—pool area, net pay, porosity, water saturation, oil or gas formation volume factor, in-place volume, recoverable oil volume or marketable gas volume, temperature, pressure, density, recovery factors, gas composition, discovery date, and other parameters (refer to Lee et al., 1999, Section 3.1.2). • Well data—surface and bottom well locations; spud and completion dates; well elevation; history of status; formation drill and true depths; lithology; drill stem tests; core, gas, and fluid analyses; and mechanical logs. • Geochemical data—types of source rocks, burial history, and maturation history. • Geophysical data—prospect maps and seismic sections. Well data are essential when we construct structural contour, isopach, lithofacies, porosity, and other types of maps. Geophysical data assist us when we compile number-of-prospect distributions and they provide information for risk analysis.
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Rinde, Harald. "Sørlandets industri: Et sveip over 400 år". In Arbeid, arbeidere og arbeiderbevegelse på Agder 1500–2020, 15–39. Cappelen Damm Akademisk/NOASP, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.23865/noasp.180.ch1.
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The appreciation and application of useful knowledge is at the core of modern industrial culture. Emphasizing the role of practical skills and applied knowledge, this article analyses long-term patterns in the industrial history of the Agder region in Southern Norway from the 17th century to the present day. Focusing on five distinct periods, the article maps the emergence of significant new industries in the region and discusses how prominent industrial milieus in each period acquired the necessary knowledge and skills to succeed in their respective fields. While Agder has entertained a variety of industries, it is argued that the influence of the region's strong maritime culture has been a source of long-term continuity, from the emergence of a thriving shipbuilding industry in the 17th and 18th centuries, to the manufacture of advanced drilling equipment for today's global oil and gas industry.
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McElroy, Michael B. "Natural Gas : The Least Polluting Of The Fossil Fuels". In Energy and Climate. Oxford University Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190490331.003.0012.
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In terms of emissions from combustion, natural gas, composed mainly of methane (CH4), is the least polluting of the fossil fuels. Per unit of energy produced, CO2 emissions from natural gas are 45.7% lower than those from coal (lignite), 27.5% lower than from diesel, and 25.6% lower than from gasoline. As discussed by Olah et al. (2006), humans have long been aware of the properties of natural gas. Gas leaking out of the ground would frequently catch fire, ignited, for example, by lightning. A leak and a subsequent fire on Mount Parnassus in Greece more than 3,000 years ago prompted the Ancient Greeks to attach mystical properties to the phenomenon— a flame than could burn for a long time without need for an external supply of fuel. They identified the location of this gas leak with the center of the Earth and Universe and built a temple to Apollo to celebrate its unique properties. The temple subsequently became the home for the Oracle of Delphi, celebrated for the prophecies inspired by the temple’s perpetual flame. The first recorded productive use of natural gas was in China, dated at approximately 500 BC. A primitive pipeline constructed using stems of bamboo was deployed to trans¬port gas from its source to a site where it could be used to boil brine to produce both economically valuable salt and potable water. Almost 2,000 years would elapse before natural gas would be tapped for productive use in the West. Gas from a well drilled near Fredonia, New York, was used to provide an energy source for street lighting in 1821. The Fredonia Gas Light Company, formed in 1858, was the first commercial entity established specifically to market natural gas. Joseph Newton Pew, founder of the Sun Oil Company (now Sunoco), established a company in 1883 to deliver natural gas to Pittsburgh, where it was used as a substitute for manufactured coal gas (known also as town gas). Pew later sold his interests in natural gas to J. D. Rockefeller’s Standard Oil. The early application of natural gas was primarily for lighting, not only for streets but also for factories and homes.
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Lee, P. J. "Estimating Mature Plays". In Statistical Methods for Estimating Petroleum Resources, editado por Jo Anne DeGraffenreid. Oxford University Press, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195331905.003.0009.
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A key objective in petroleum resource evaluation is to estimate oil and gas pool size (or field size) or oil and gas joint probability distributions for a particular population or play. The pool-size distribution, together with the number-of-pools distribution in a play can then be used to predict quantities such as the total remaining potential, the individual pool sizes, and the sizes of the largest undiscovered pools. These resource estimates provide the fundamental information upon which petroleum economic analyses and the planning of exploration strategies can be based. The estimation of these types of pool-size distributions is a difficult task, however, because of the inherent sampling bias associated with exploration data. In many plays, larger pools tend to be discovered during the earlier phases of exploration. In addition, a combination of attributes, such as reservoir depth and distance to transportation center, often influences the order of discovery. Thus exploration data cannot be considered a random sample from the population. As stated by Drew et al. (1988), the form and specific parameters of the parent field-size distribution cannot be inferred with any confidence from the observed distribution. The biased nature of discovery data resulting from selective exploration decision making must be taken into account when making predictions about undiscovered oil and gas resources in a play. If this problem can be overcome, then the estimation of population mean, variance, and correlation among variables can be achieved. The objective of this chapter is to explain the characterization of the discovery process by statistical formulation. To account for sampling bias, Kaufman et al. (1975) and Barouch and Kaufman (1977) used the successive sampling process of the superpopulation probabilistic model (discovery process model) to estimate the mean and variance of a given play. Here we shall discuss how to use superpopulation probabilistic models to estimate pool-size distribution. The models to be discussed include the lognormal (LDSCV), nonparametric (NDSCV), lognormal/nonparametric–Poisson (BDSCV), and the bivariate lognormal, multivariate (MDSCV) discovery process methods. Their background, applications, and limitations will be illustrated by using play data sets from the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin as well as simulated populations.
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Lima, Claudio Benevenuto de Campos, e José Adilson Tenório Gomes. "Integrated Operations in Petrobras". In Advances in Business Strategy and Competitive Advantage, 225–45. IGI Global, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-2002-5.ch014.
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Known as an integrated energy company that operates in all segments of the oil industry, Petrobras has a broad management experience and uses a multidisciplinary approach, which applies to different areas. Recently, the impressive discoveries of the Pre-Salt reserves have created an exciting scenario in multiple aspects. Petrobras expects to produce more than 5 million bpd of oil by 2020, out of which only 1 million will come from Pre-Salt. This leads to an approach that will require scalable and sustainable solutions that take into account the better understanding of how people, processes, technology, and governance issues are connected and managed (Hendserson, J. et al., in this book). Considering past experiences and the complexity of the new oil and gas production scenario, Petrobras is preparing an even greater leap in its upstream operation and maintenance management systems – a corporate initiative called GIOp (acronym for Integrated Operations Management, in Portuguese) is being implemented. This chapter describes the implementation of GIOp in all upstream operational units of Petrobras in Brazil, considering the main organizational aspects, the methodology to develop a portfolio of opportunities, the scalability of the solutions, and the initial experience in Pre-Salt production.
Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Oil et gas"
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Shtoyko, Ivan, Iryna Dolinska, Yaroslav Khaburskyi e Yurii Kaniuk. "Calculation of pipe residual lifetime of the exploited oil and gas pipelines". In International Youth Science Forum “Litteris et Artibus”. Lviv Polytechnic National University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/lea2018.01.116.
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Al-Safran, Eissa, e Mohammad Ghasemi. "Modeling Two-Phase Intermittent/Annular Flow Pattern Transition in High Liquid Viscosity Upward Vertical Wells". In Middle East Oil, Gas and Geosciences Show. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213612-ms.
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Abstract Two-phase flow pattern prediction is required for accurate prediction of liquid holdup and pressure gradient in upward vertical wells. Recent studies of flow pattern models evaluation in high liquid viscosity two-phase in vertical pipe upward flow revealed (Al-Safran et al., 2020) discrepancies in all transition boundaries, including the intermittent (IN)/annular (AN) transition. This study aims to investigate the effect of liquid viscosity to improve Taitel et al. (1980) and Barnea (1987) IN/AN flow pattern transition models predictions. Taitel et al. liquid droplet fallback model is modified by incorporating liquid viscosity effect in the critical Weber number to predict droplet terminal velocity. In addition, this work eliminates the assumption of negligible annular film thickness (due to high viscosity liquid) in predicting the critical gas velocity to transport liquid drop upward, i.e. transition to intermittent flow. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the interfacial friction factor (fi) and liquid entrainment (fE) closure relationships are crucial in Barnea (1987) film bridging and film instability IN/AN transition models. Therefore, a comprehensive evaluation of fi and fE correlations and their combinations revealed that the combination of Pan and Hanratty (2002) fE correlation and Ishii and Grolmes (1975) fi correlation is the best, i.e. produces least prediction error, for wide range of liquid viscosity. A validation study against large experimental database of high liquid viscosity (4 mPa.s to 1600 mPa.s) flow pattern showed high prediction efficiency for the improved Taitel et al. and Barnea IN/AN transition models.
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Abdul Manap, Arif Azhan, Norzafirah Razali, Mohamad Iqbal Mahamad Amir e Ivy Ching Hsia Chai. "Surface Treated Nanoparticles as Foam Stabilizing Agent in Enhanced Water-Alternating-Gas (EWAG) Application". In SPE Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/210664-ms.
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Abstract Foam-assisted water-alternating-gas (FAWAG) or Enhanced WAG (EWAG) has been identified as one of the methods to improve WAG performance by reducing mobility of its gas phase through foam introduction, hence improving overall sweep efficiency. Foam generation in porous media has been thoroughly studied at fundamental level, and a few mechanisms being proposed (Falls et. al. 1998, Boos et. al. 2012). Ability to sustain and propagate foam in porous media such as reservoir rock is still a subject of investigation. Literature suggested the addition of nanoparticles into foaming surfactant formulation can potentially improve foam performance in stability and assist propagation in porous media. Silica dioxide (SiO2) has been the commonly used nanoparticle for oil and gas application, including for FAWAG application (Agista et. al. 2018). It is not difficult to understand silica oxide selection for two main reasons. First, for a sandstone reservoir, silica makes up majority of quartz in rock mineralogy. Second, it is relatively cheaper as compared to the other nanoparticles. The study objectives can be summarized in two parts. Firstly, to test the stability of nanoparticle-foams in relation to its hybrid chemical formulation. Secondly, to validate nanoparticles as foam phase stabilizer during foam propagation in porous media. The study utilized in-house designed and manufactured surface treated silica oxide nanoparticles and in-house fabricated long core core holder equipment. It was observed that the introduction of nanoparticles can assist foam performance and propagation in porous media.
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Tejo, Sukotrihadiyono, Yasutra Amega e Irawan Dedy. "Prediction of Perforation Efficiency in Gas Well Using Machine Learning". In SPE/IATMI Asia Pacific Oil & Gas Conference and Exhibition. SPE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/205700-ms.
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Abstract The efficiency of perforation is an important aspect in gas well since it affects near wellbore pressure drop related to turbulent flow. The perforation efficiency is correlated with non-Darcy skin that is able to be distinguished by pressure transient analysis of isochronal test (Swift et al., 1962), or evaluated from multi-rate flow test data plot coefficients (Jones et al., 1976), or type curve of single build up test following constant-rate production (Spivey et al., 2004). A simple single rate pressure transient analysis which is supported by parameters derived from historical multi rate test data was also proven to differentiate skin damage and non-Darcy skin (Aminian et al., 2007). Unfortunately there are trade-offs between accurateness and analysis time in these aforementioned methods. Quick analysis of perforation efficiency is often needed during well completion and workover activities, to decide whether re-perforation job is required or not. To overcome the challenges of limited time for data acquisition and evaluation, an empirical relation between actual perforation length, skin damage, and laminar-turbulence flow coefficients that are obtained from short-time multi rate test is important to predict the perforation efficiency. The empirical relation will be developed using machine learning. A simple gas reservoir model is built and then run with variations of reservoir permeability, perforation interval length, near wellbore permeability, and vertical anisotropy to generate large numbers of hypothetical multi rate test data. The data set of laminar coefficient, turbulence coefficient, absolute open flow, skin damage, and perforation length will then be trained and tested to create empirical relation using supervised regression method which will afterwards be applied to several actual field cases. This study will elaborate the development of empirical relation of perforation efficiency with the distinct parameters obtained from simple short-time multi rate test data, what other factors will influence the empirical relation, as well as become the possible condition limit of the field application of the developed empirical relation.
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Djidjeli, M. "Bilan des activités pour le domaine minier Algérien et résultats des évaluations du potentiel Shale Oil et Shale Gas - ALNAFT". In EAGE/ALNAFT Geoscience Workshop. European Association of Geoscientists & Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2214-4609.2019x60047132.
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Corbo, Diego Nicolas, Rodolphe Lathion, Federico Games e Vincent Martinuzzi. "High Resolution Discrete Fracture Network Application for Polymer Flooding Design in a Naturally Fractured Carbonate". In Gas & Oil Technology Showcase and Conference. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214091-ms.
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Abstract Despite their higher complexity (Juri et al., 2015) and usually more challenging commercial development, naturally fractured reservoirs account for a significant portion of oil and gas reserves worldwide (Sun et al., 2021). Typically, natural fractures tend to enhance the productivity of the wells, yet they also tend to accelerate reservoir depletion, often leading to sub-optimal field production and leaving significant volumes of hydrocarbons behind (Aguilera, 1995). In this work, we propose a specific polymer injection design that can provide the conditions for fracture-matrix counter-current flow to develop in a naturally fractured carbonate reservoir. In turn, this flow could trigger a virtuous cycle where the displacement front is progressively slowed down, increasing the efficiency of the displacement process and the oil recovery. This study focused on the integration of multiple sets of data to characterize karstic and tectonic fractures in a discrete fracture network (DFN) model and its posterior use in a dual medium simulation model to determine polymer flooding optimal spacing and injection strategy in a complex, naturally fractured carbonate system. An innovative and integrated approach combining 3D seismic data, bore-hole imagery (BHI), cores, and production data was applied to characterize and represent karstic features. The applied workflow consisted of (1) identification and manual picking of karstic features on BHI, (2) deterministic picking of karstic features as geobodies on the 3D seismic (enhanced similarity volume), (3) integrated implementation of the karstic features into the geological model using advanced geostatistical methods (Multi-Points Simulation, or MPS), and (4) implementation of resulting enhanced reservoir properties on a fit for purpose high-resolution dynamic model (dual porosity/dual permeability). Multiple simulations were run to evaluate different sensitivities including injection rates, injection strategy, completion approach, and producer-injector pattern spacing. Particularly for the latter, a robust karst/fracture system characterization was critical to propose optimal pattern sizes which aim to simultaneously avoid early polymer breakthrough -in shorter than optimal designs and minimize potential shear thickening degradation effects tied to higher polymer throughput required by excessive producer-injector distancing. In terms of the completion interval, the DFN-derived properties were also strongly conditioning the selection of the injection interval with noticeable effects and contrasting results. Because of the superposed features constituting the total fracture system and their different origins, a field-level comprehension of anisotropy and local intensity of the fractures is critical for selecting both the wells for the injectivity test and the potential area for the pilot in the next stage of the project.
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Xu, Siqing, Mohamed Baslaib e Ahmed BinAmro. "Advanced Lower Completion Technology Applications in Miscible Gas Injection EOR - Unlock Value for Multi Reservoir Onshore Fields". In Gas & Oil Technology Showcase and Conference. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213989-ms.
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Abstract Miscible CO2 flood – similar to miscible hydrocarbon gas injection - is a well-established proven EOR development scheme. There have been a large number of CO2 EOR developments worldwide, with deployment in both carbonate and clastic reservoirs. Potential controlling factors on CO2 EOR incremental production and recovery are well understood and widely published. This paper presents an integrated CO2 EOR development study, with emphasis on advanced technologies application – the deployment of advanced lower completion technologies. This paper is a follow up companion paper, presenting additional results, to a previous paper by Xu S. et al (2021). A review is provided concerning successful application of advanced lower completion technologies: namely Maximum Contact Reservoir (MRC) wells, Limited Entry Liner (LEL), and Fishbone drilling. The reservoir geological characteristics from three Onshore Abu Dhabi carbonate reservoirs are presented, and key factors which may lead to poor reservoir sweep are identified. Fine scale 3D compositional models were developed, to simulate reservoir performances when advanced lower completion technologies are deployed. The results show significant injection/production performances compared to conventional horizontal wells development schemes. When under CO2 EOR development, the major recovery mechanisms leading to sweep improvements are highlighted. The deployment of such lower completion technology may prove to be a valuable enabler in a future CO2 EOR development scheme.
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Nguyen, Kim Long, Meshael Jumah, Naveen Verma e Riyad Quttainah. "Identifying Fracture Sweet Spots Using Artificial Neural Network Approach: A Case Study in Najmah/Sargelu Reservoir, Kra Al-Maru Field, West Kuwait". In Middle East Oil, Gas and Geosciences Show. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/213770-ms.
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Abstract Artificial Neural Network (ANN), defined as intelligence exhibited by computer through emulating the functioning of cerebral neurons, has many applications in today's society. ANN application (Ouahed et al, 2005) has become widespread in petroleum geoscience and reservoir engineering as it is able to generate accurate prediction taking an integrated and un-bias view of multiple inputs using supervised or unsupervised machine learning approaches. Unlike simple clastic sandstone reservoirs, the distribution of fractures in carbonate reservoirs is complicated and heterogeneous due to multiple genetic factors involved that makes high-resolution 3D modeling and simulation challenging. In order to enhance the reservoir characterization and modeling work in fractured reservoirs, an innovative application of Artificial Neural Network is introduced to tackle the disadvantages & shortcomings of existing techniques used in the Oil & Gas industry. This paper discusses the importance of ANN to delineate fracture sweet spots of Nahmah/Sargelu carbonate reservoirs in order to optimize drilling strategy in Kra Al-Maru (KM) field, West Kuwait. ANN works as a simulation of human brain, which comprises of highly interconnected neurons. These neurons process and integrate data from various domains to generate a desirable output. Nowadays, the application of ANN is prevalent in the field of fracture characterization and modelling technology because of its supremacy in data prediction and estimation. An integrated Continuous Fracture Modeling (CFM) workflow is established using ANN technology to understand the relationship between 3D seismic attributes and fracture intensity log derived from borehole image (BHI) data in both qualitative and quantitative evaluation (Pinous et al, 2007). ANN plays a critical role as it transforms the learning from seismic-image log relationship to 3D fracture intensity model. Consequently, the fracture sweet spots in the KM field is delineated to gain comprehensive understanding of fracture distribution in the field. The validity of the work is confirmed by blind test from the recent development well. If the result is not satisfactory, the ANN model is fine-tuned until the result matches in the blind test. The success of the study helps to refine the drilling strategy of the challenging KM Field, while reducing the risks and costs significantly.
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Bai, Wenpeng, Shiqing Cheng, Dingning Cai, Qiao Guo, Xinyang Guo e Yang Wang. "Analysis of Production Data from Multi-Fractured Shale Gas-Condensate Wells Coupled the Microscale Effects of Gas Transport". In 58th U.S. Rock Mechanics/Geomechanics Symposium. ARMA, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56952/arma-2024-0126.
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ABSTRACT: Analysis of early production data from shale condensate gas wells is crucial in assessing the effectiveness of reservoir fracturing processes. This paper presents a productivity prediction model for multistage fractured horizontal wells that considers slip flow, Knudsen diffusion, surface diffusion, and rock stress-dependent in shale condensate gas reservoirs. The model combines the multiphase material balance method and the constant component expansion test to accurately describe the phase behavior changes during the development process of condensate gas reservoirs. The results show that the microscale effect of gas transport gradually increases as the reservoir pressure decreases, and the new model predicts higher gas production and more accurate fracture parameters interpreted by history matching compared to the conventional model. In addition, the new model can predict production data for both linear and boundary dominated flow. Comparison of numerical simulation case and validation of filed case show the practicality of the proposed model, which is important for both productivity prediction and reserve assessment in shale condensate gas reservoirs. 1. INTRODUCTION The development of multi-stage fracturing horizontal well drilling technology has become an important guarantee for the industrialized exploitation of unconventional oil and gas resources (Clarkson et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020; Yan et al., 2024). There are many difficulties in the development of shale condensate gas reservoirs, such as the possible three-phase flow of oil, gas and water in the reservoir, the existence of a complex network in the stimulation area after large-scale fracturing, the need to consider the microscopic flow mechanism of the gas in shale nanopores, and the complexity of the fluid saturation and pressure relationship compared with that of the conventional condensate gas reservoirs. Rate transient analysis (RTA) methods in unconventional oil and gas reservoirs can be used to analyze gas well production dynamic data, interpret reservoir and fracture parameters (Qanbari et al., 2017; Hamdi et al., 2018; Behmanesh et al. 2018), and assess the recoverable reserves of oil and gas reservoirs. In recent years, some scholars have developed analytical and semi-analytical transient production analysis methods to interpret parameters during linear flow in multiphase flow (Wu et al., 2023). Most scholars only consider a single flow regime in shale reservoirs (Clarkson and Qanbari, 2015; Williams-Kovacs and Clarkson, 2016), and seldom consider both linear flow and boundary control flow in the seepage equation for both oil and gas phases. Behmanesh et al. (2013) proposed a method for RTA analysis of tight condensate gas reservoirs, focusing mainly on transient linear flow regime. Miao et al. (2018) developed a rate transient analysis model considering multiple gas transport mechanisms of shale gas. They coupled gas slip flow, Knudsen diffusion of bulk gas and surface diffusion of adsorbed gas to pseudo-pressure and pseudo-time to obtain the analytical solution of gas production, but their model could not consider the two-phase flow mechanism of condensate gas. Luo et al. (2019) proposed a method for production data analysis in low-permeability volatile oil reservoirs, which includes transient linear flow and boundary-controlled flow, and they emphasized on the full-flow regimes analysis and proposed an empirical relationship between fluid saturation and pressure in volatile oil reservoirs through many numerical simulation studies. Zhang et al. (2021) Considering the microscopic flow mechanisms of gas-water two-phase flow in shale nanopores, a gas-water two-phase flow model during fracturing flowback of shale reservoirs is established. However, it requires many iterative calculations, and does not consider the oil-gas two-phase flow, and the actual application effect is poor. In summary, these methods are not applicable to the calculation of shale condensate production and their method does not consider the microscale gas transport mechanisms from shale nanopores, so new models need to be developed to predict the production of shale condensate wells.
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Abdel Azim, Reda Rabiee, Ghareb Hamada e Abdurrahman Al Jehani. "Two Phase Relative Permeability Curve Upscaling of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs Under Poro-Elastic Environment". In Gas & Oil Technology Showcase and Conference. SPE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/214276-ms.
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Abstract The target of upscaling is to replace the very fine and detailed models with coarse models, including much less data. These coarse models are more feasible for running simulations than the fine models. However, upscaling does not aim to speed up reservoir simulations at the cost of simulation results. This study presents an innovative approach to upscale the two-phase core relative permeability to reservoir grid block scale under poro-elastic framework for fractured basement reservoirs using glass bead laboratory measurements and finite element technique. This approach uses a hybrid methodology to calculate grid block equivalent permeability tensors by combining the discrete fracture network and single permeability approaches. The first step in the workflow of upscaling the core relative permeability curve is dividing the reservoir into a number of grid blocks (20 m × 20 m × 30 m) and then the individual grid block is divided into laboratory glass bead model scale of (20 cm × 10 m × 2 cm) to enhance the upscaling process. Next, the new generated kr curves ( Fahad et al. 2013) correlation bas ed on glass bead scale is is used to upscale the laboratory relative permeability curve to each fine-scale grid. The Levenberg-Marquardt inversion algorithm is used during the simulation process of the relative permeability upscaling to match produced oil recovery before and after upscaling. The results illustrate that the upscaling kr curves process is strongly affected applied stresses, fracture orientation and connectivity.
Relatórios de organizações sobre o assunto "Oil et gas"
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Carter, T. R., C E Logan e H. A. J. Russell. Three-dimensional model of dolomitization patterns in the Salina Group A-1 Carbonate and A-2 Carbonate units, Sombra Township, Lambton County, southern Ontario. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/332363.
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Dolomitization of carbonate rocks is a subject of considerable interest due to association with oil and gas reservoirs and Mississippi Valley Type ore deposits. Conceptual two-dimensional models of dolomitization are common in the literature, however numeric models supported by high quality data are rare to nonexistent. This paper presents three-dimensional (3-D) dolomitization patterns in the Salina Group A-1 Carbonate Unit and A-2 Carbonate Unit located in Sombra Township, Lambton County. The source data consists of percent dolomite measurements collected from 9727 drill cutting samples, stained with alizarin red, from 409 petroleum wells. Numerical interpolants of the percentage of dolomite versus limestone in the two formations are developed within the boundaries of lithostratigraphic formation layers derived from a 3-D geologic model of southern Ontario, published as GSC Open File 8795 (Carter et al. 2021b). The model was developed using Leapfrog© Works software with a 400 m grid resolution. Results show that increased proportions of dolomite vs limestone in both formations are spatially associated with the flanks and crests of pinnacles in the underlying Lockport Group carbonates, over which the B Salt has been dissolved, and the downthrown side of the Dawn Fault and Becher faults. In the A-1 Carbonate there is an increase in dolomite content over a minority of incipient reefs in the Lockport, and in the A-2 Carbonate Unit there is a gradational increase in dolomite content upwards from a basal limestone to 100% dolomite. The cross-cutting relationships of dolomite occurrence in the A-1 Carbonate on the flanks and crests of some pinnacles support a post-depositional burial diagenesis mechanism, consistent with previous interpretations. The pathway for the dolomitizing fluid was laterally through porous and permeable regional paleokarst in the underlying Lockport Group, uppermost Goat Island and Guelph formations, and upwards through the porous reefal carbonates of the pinnacles. Association of dolomitization haloes with dissolution features in halite of the overlying B Salt Unit further suggest that the dolomitizing fluids were also responsible for salt dissolution. The preferential association of dolomite with the Dawn and Becher faults suggest that movement of the dolomitizing fluid was also fault controlled. This project demonstrates the feasibility and merit of assignment and interpolation of attribute values constrained by lithostratigraphic layers in the regional 3-D geologic model of southern Ontario. Spatial associations of dolomite with other geological features are more clearly resolved than in a 2-D study.
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Price, Roz. Links Between Energy Prices, Fuel Subsidy Reform and Instability. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), fevereiro de 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.023.
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Increasingly, the links between energy insecurity (including energy prices, availability, and fuel subsidy reform) and instability are being studied. These issues often become flashpoints for social mobilisation and protest. Previous research has started to explore different types of fuel-related conflict and its relationship with scarcity, abundance, and energy prices but the research is fragmented. Much of this existing research focuses on a possible link between oil and armed conflict and rebellion, rather than on fuel prices as a source of intra-state instability below the level of armed conflict. It is argued that this research gap is important as these protests often have the potential to escalate into broader political movements, and the pressures to reduce reliance on carbon-heavy fuels through increased taxation or the reduction of subsidies is increasing. This rapid review provides an overview of the evidence on the links between energy prices, subsidy reforms and the risk of instability. It first highlights these links and discusses the literature, and then provides some brief evidence on recommendations and lessons learned on managing the impact of subsidy reform processes. The review was unable to identify any indicators of risk or quantitative metrics for appraising energy-related instability, apart from the unique fuel riots database created by Natalini et al. (2020). This rapid review takes a wide view of “instability” and what that means.