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1

MacGilchrist, Graeme. "Lagrangian perspectives on ocean ventilation". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:de6c14b7-a55c-44e7-8c2b-2f94a601ab8e.

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Within the global climate system, the ocean operates as a vast store of important components such as heat and carbon dioxide that it exchanges with the atmosphere on timescales from days to millennia. Its facility to do so is in large part due to the process of ocean ventilation by which water is moved from the surface mixed layer, where it is in contact with the atmosphere, and transported through the subsurface. An understanding of ocean ventilation, therefore, is crucial in establishing the magnitudes and timescales of ocean-atmosphere exchange. In this thesis, a predominantly Lagrangian approach is adopted, evaluating trajectories in an eddy-permitting numerical ocean circulation model to explore different aspects of the ventilation process. Following critical assessment of the fidelity of the trajectory analysis, a dynamical systems approach is applied to assess the role of ocean turbulence in the transport of ventilated water in the subsurface, with application to the subtropical gyre of the North Atlantic. The pathways of ventilation, represented by Lagrangian maps, are found to be highly chaotic and characterised by a non-dimensional filamentation number that compares the ventilation and filamentation timescales of the flow. Subsequently, the mechanisms and variability of ventilation of dense water masses in the high-latitude North Atlantic are considered, a crucial component in present-day oceanic uptake of heat and carbon dioxide. A Lagrangian approach allows us to link surface processes to their subsurface signature, and reveals that variations in annual re-entrainment establish substantial inter-annual variability in the water that enters the deep ocean. Furthermore, the results reveal that mechanisms of ventilation in the numerical simulation differ substantially from observations, with possible implications for the fidelity of future climate projections. Finally, the translation into the ocean interior of a biologically and chemically active tracer, such as carbon dioxide, is considered, and how this is dependent on the interaction between ventilation, circulation and biogeochemical processes. From observations in the Weddell Gyre, it is shown that biological export and the horizontal circulation are critical in sustaining regional uptake of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. Broadly, these various results serve to emphasise the complexity of the ventilation process and its associated role in the oceanic storage of climate-relevant components, from the chaotic nature of pathways, short timescales of variability, its difficulty of representation in numerical models, and its interaction with the biogeochemical system.
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2

Millet, Bruno. "Tracer and model constraints on the ventilation of the deep Pacific Ocean". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASJ019.

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L'océan Pacifique représente environ 50% du volume global des océans, ce qui en fait un acteur essentiel des cycles biogéochimiques globaux et de leur réponse aux perturbations. En particulier, l'océan Pacifique profond abrite des réservoirs majeurs de carbone et de nutriments, dont la taille et les variations sont largement contrôlées par les transports physiques de traceurs. Dans cette thèse, nous visons à mieux comprendre et contraindre le transport de traceurs dans l'océan Pacifique profond à travers les états climatiques. Pour cela, nous générons de nouvelles et utilisons d'anciennes observations de traceurs conservatifs, notamment les isotopes de l'oxygène, ainsi que des modèles numériques de circulation océanique. Nous montrons que le mélange isopycnale a un contrôle essentiel sur la ventilation des profondeurs moyennes du Pacifique. Un retour des eaux abyssales vers la surface est identifié dans le Pacifique subarctique moderne. Cette voie de remontée semble avoir diminué pendant le dernier maximum glaciaire, il y a environ 20 000 ans, et le Pacifique Nord profond pourrait avoir été plus fortement stratifié. Cependant, les preuves de changements nécessaires dans le sud du bassin pour expliquer cette stratification profonde restent rares. Les modèles de pointe de circulation océanique peinent à représenter les trajectoires des traceurs et les vitesses de ventilation dans le Pacifique Nord moderne, déduites des observations. Cependant, ces trajets de traceurs restent insuffisamment contraints et la dynamique sous-jacente est mal comprise. L'analyse des mesures in situ du rapport isotopique de l'oxygène 18 (18O) de l'eau de mer constitue un moyen efficace pour mieux contraindre les origines et les itinéraires des traceurs dans l'océan profond : les observations actuelles de 18O dans les océans Austral, Indien et Pacifique permettent de mieux comprendre ces itinéraires. Nous suggérons que des mesures supplémentaires de 18O à partir d'échantillons d'eau de mer modernes et de coquilles de calcite dans les carottes de sédiments fourniraient des contraintes précieuses sur les réservoirs et les flux de traceurs actuels et passés dans l'océan profond
The Pacific Ocean represents about 50% of the global ocean volume, making it an essential player in global biogeochemical cycles and their response to external perturbations. In particular, the deep Pacific Ocean hosts major reservoirs of carbon and nutrients, whose size and variations are largely controlled by physical tracer transports. In this thesis, we aim to better understand and constrain the transport of tracers in the deep Pacific Ocean across climate states. We use historical and new observations of conservative tracers, notably oxygen isotopes, combined with numerical models of ocean circulation. We show that isopycnal mixing is an essential control of the ventilation of Pacific mid-depths. A return of abyssal waters to the surface is identified in the modern subarctic Pacific. This upwelling pathway may have been weaker during the Last Glacial Maximum about 20,000 years ago, and the deep North Pacific may have been more strongly layered; however, evidence for the required end member changes in the south of the basin to explain this deep layering remains sparse. State-of-the-art prognostic models of global ocean circulation struggle to represent observationally inferred tracer pathways and turn-over times in the modern North Pacific. However, these tracer pathways remain insufficiently constrained and the underlying dynamics are poorly understood. Analysis of in-situ measurements of the oxygen-18 (18O) isotopic ratio of seawater provides an efficient means to better constrain the origins and routes of tracers in the deep ocean: insights on these routes are derived from existing 18O observations in the Southern, Indian, and Pacific Oceans. We suggest that additional measurements of 18O from modern ocean water samples, and from calcite shells in sediment cores, would provide valuable constraints on present-day and past tracer reservoirs and fluxes in the deep ocean
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3

Zhao, Ning Ph D. Massachusetts Institute of Technology. "Reconstructing deglacial ocean ventilation using radiocarbon : data and inverse modeling". Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/108960.

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Thesis: Ph. D., Joint Program in Oceanography/Applied Ocean Science and Engineering (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Department of Earth, Atmospheric, and Planetary Sciences; and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution), 2017.
Cataloged from PDF version of thesis.
Includes bibliographical references (pages 137-149).
Significant changes occurred during the last deglaciation (roughly 10-20 thousand years (ka) before present) throughout the climate system. The ocean is a large reservoir of carbon and heat, however, its role during the deglaciation is still not well understood. In this thesis, I rely on radiocarbon measurements on fossil biogenic carbonates sampled from the seafloor to constrain deglacial ocean ventilation rates, using new data, an extensive data compilation, and inverse modeling. First, based on a sediment core that is absolutely dated from wooden remains, I argue that the deglacial ¹⁴C reservoir age of the upper East Equatorial Pacific was not very different from today. Combined with stable carbon isotope data, the results suggest that the deglacial atmospheric CO₂ rise was probably due to CO₂ released directly from the ocean (e.g., in the Southern Ocean) to the atmosphere rather than first mixed through the upper ocean. Then using a high-deposition-rate sediment core located close to deep water formation regions in the western North Atlantic, I show that compared to today, the mid-depth water production in the North Atlantic was probably stronger during the Younger Dryas cold episode, and weaker during other intervals of the late deglaciation. However, the change was not as large as suggested by previous studies. Finally, I compile published and unpublished deep ocean ¹⁴C data, and find that the ¹⁴C activity of the deep ocean mirrors that of the atmosphere during the past 25 ka. A box model of modern ocean circulation is fit to the compiled data using an inverse method. I find that the residuals of the fit can generally be explained by the data uncertainties, implying that the compiled data jointly do not provide strong evidence for basin-scale ventilation changes. Overall, this thesis suggests that, although deep ocean ventilation may have varied at some locations during the last deglaciation, the occurrence of basin-scale ventilation changes are much more difficult to be put on a firm footing. An imbalance between cosmogenic production and radioactive decay appears as the most natural explanation for the deglacial ¹⁴C activity decline observed in both the atmosphere and the deep ocean.
by Ning Zhao.
Ph. D.
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4

Stöven, Tim [Verfasser]. "Ocean ventilation and anthropogenic carbon based on evaluated transient tracer applications / Tim Stöven". Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2015. http://d-nb.info/107440470X/34.

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5

Chandana, K. R., Ravi Bhushan e A. J. T. Jull. "Evidence of Poor Bottom Water Ventilation during LGM in the Equatorial Indian Ocean". FRONTIERS MEDIA SA, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/626606.

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Multi-proxy approach for the reconstruction of paleo-redox conditions is attempted on a radiocarbon (C-14) dated sediment core near the equatorial Indian Ocean. Based on the behavior and distribution of redox sensitive and productivity proxies, study demonstrates prevalence of anoxic bottom water conditions during LGM due to poorly ventilated bottom waters augmented by high surface productivity resulting in better preservation of organic carbon (OC). During early Holocene, the equatorial Indian Ocean witnessed high sedimentation rates resulting in high organic carbon (OC) with depleted redox sensitive elements thereby causing better preservation of OC. The study underscores poor bottom water ventilation during LGM and preservation of OC as a result of high sedimentation rate in early Holocene.
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6

Radwan, Jean. "Contribution à la mise au point d'une technique de mesure du Kr85 dans l'océan : étude et réalisation d'un système d'extraction, de séparation et de mesure du Krypton total dissous". Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066529.

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Le Kr85 est un isotope radioactif produit par l'industrie nucléaire. Sa qualité de gaz rare, sa période de 10. 76 ans, son histoire atmosphérique bien documentée et sa fonction d'entrée dans l'océan raisonnablement connue en font un traceur océanographique intéressant pour l'étude de la dynamique océanique à des échelles de temps de quelques années à quelques décennies (formation des eaux profondes, ventilation de la thermocline). Du fait de la faible activité spécifique du Kr85 (quelques dpm/m3 d'eau) la mesure de cet isotope exige des moyens de prélèvement lourds (200 l d'eau par échantillon) et une procédure analytique en plusieurs étapes : le dégazage "in situ" de grandes quantités d'eau de mer. De 3 à 4 l d'air dissous, dont 15 mu de Kr, sont récupérables à partir d'échantillons de 200 l d'eau de mer; la séparation quantitative du krypton total (15 mu l pour 4 l d'air) de l'échantillon gazeux conditionné en mer; le comptage du programme indigo (indian gas ocean) (1983) avec 3 campagnes dans l'océan indien de 1985 à 1987, notre laboratoire s'est doté de moyens de prélèvements lourds et a décidé de développer sa propre technologie de mesure du Kr85 océanique. Le travail que nous présentons concerne les deux premières étapes, désormais acquises de l'analyse du Kr85 océanique : nous avons étudié et réalisé une installation embarquable et fiable de dégazage sous vide capable d'extraire, sous un débit de 8 l/mn, les gaz dissous dans des échantillons de 200 l d'eau de mer. Cette unité d'extraction a permis le dégazage de 160 échantillons d'eau de mer (campagne indigo 1 et 2), avec un rendement > 91% (comparable aux résultats de Smethie, et un taux de contamination par du Kr atmosphérique de l'ordre de 0,05%. Parallèlement à la préparation logistique de ces campagnes, nous avons conçu et réalisé une installation de séparation qui permet de récupérer quantitativement le Kr total de l'échantillon océanique par une série d'élutions fractionnées sur charbon actif, suivie de la purification définitive et de la mesure du Kr par chromatographie en phase gazeuse. Seuls 4% des 15 mu l de Kr attendus (pour 4 l d'air) sont perdus.
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7

Neale, James Richard Mechanical &amp Manufacturing Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Experimental and numerical investigation of noise generation from the expansion of high velocity HVAC flows on board ocean going fast ferries". Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, 2006. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/28371.

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This thesis details a study of strategies used to limit the flow generated noise encountered in the outlet diffusers of high velocity heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) duct systems. The underlying noise rating criterion is drawn from the specifications covering ocean going aluminium fast ferries. Although directed primarily towards the fast ferry industry the results presented herein are applicable to other niche high velocity HVAC applications. Experimental tests have been conducted to prove the viability of a high velocity HVAC duct system in meeting airflow requirements whilst maintaining acceptable passenger cabin noise levels. A 50 mm diameter circular jet of air was expanded using a primary conical diffuser with a variety of secondary outlet configurations. Noise measurements were taken across a velocity range of 15 to 60 m/s. An optimum outlet design has been experimentally identified by varying the diffuser angle, outlet duct length and the termination grill. A 4 to 5 fold reduction in required duct area was achieved with the use of a distribution velocity of 20 to 30 ms-1, without exceeding the prescribed passenger cabin noise criteria. The geometric configuration of the diffuser outlet assembly was found to have a pronounced effect on the noise spectrum radiating from the duct outlet. The development of a numerical model capable of predicting the flow induced noise generated by airflow exiting a ventilation duct is also documented. The model employs a Large Eddy Simulation (LES) CFD model to calculate the turbulent flow field through the duct diffuser section and outlet. The flow-generated noise is then calculated using a far field acoustic postprocessor based on the Ffowcs-Williams and Hawkings integral based formulation of Lighthill???s acoustic analogy. Time varying flow field variables are used to calculate the fluctuating noise sources located at the duct outlet and the resulting far field sound pressure levels. This result is then used to calculate the corresponding far field sound intensity and sound power levels. The numerical acoustic model has been verified and validated against the measured experimental results for multiple outlet diffuser configurations.
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8

Vergara, Oscar. "Ventilation de la circulation océanique dans le Pacifique sud-est par les ondes de Rossby et l'activité méso-échelle : téléconnexions d'ENSO". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30356/document.

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L'objectif principal de cette thèse est l'étude de la connexion entre la variabilité dans l'océan Pacifique équatorial et la circulation de subsurface le long des côtes du Pérou et du Chili, à des échelles de temps interannuelles à décennales. Les diagnostiques menés dans ce travail se basent sur un modèle régional océanique. L'accent est mis sur l'interprétation de la propagation verticale de la variabilité dans les couches intermédiaires de l'océan, où l'on trouve une intense zone de minimum d'oxygène (OMZ ; de l'anglais Oxygen Minimum Zone), et la relation de cette propagation verticale avec les processus advectifs et diffusifs. La propagation verticale est diagnostiquée à travers le flux vertical d'énergie associé à la propagation verticale de l'onde de Rossby extratropicale (ETRW; de l'anglais Extra-Tropical Rossby Wave). Aux échelles de temps interannuelles, les résultats montrent que 80% du flux vertical d'énergie dans l'océan Pacifique Sud-Est (SEP ; de l'anglais South-Eastern Pacific) est associé aux événements El Niño extraordinaires. Ce flux d'énergie s'étend vers l'Ouest en suivant les rayons théoriques WKB, avec une pente plus prononcée au fur et à mesure que la latitude augmente. Les analyses du flux d'énergie mettent aussi en évidence l'existence d'une modulation du flux d'énergie interannuel à l'échelle décennale, qui serait liée aux fluctuations décennales et inter-décennales dans le Pacifique équatorial. Une décomposition de la stratification en modes verticaux montre que le flux d'énergie associé à El Niño et aux fluctuations décennales se projette sur les trois premiers modes baroclines, ce qui confirme l'interprétation du flux d'énergie comme la propagation de l'onde de Rossby. Des tests de sensibilité menés avec un modèle linéaire ajusté aux conditions de la simulation montrent que la propagation d'énergie verticale pendant les événements El Niño est aussi impactée par la contribution des modes baroclines supérieurs. La variabilité méridienne/verticale du flux d'énergie vertical met en évidence une atténuation de l'amplitude le long de la trajectoire de l'onde, ce qui est interprété comme un flux diffusif de chaleur induit par la dissipation de l'onde. La variabilité de subsurface de la circulation à l'échelle saisonnière est aussi étudiée dans cette région à travers la ventilation de l'OMZ. Les résultats montrent que la variabilité saisonnière de l'OMZ en dessous de 400 m de profondeur possède des caractéristiques de propagation similaires à celles du flux d'énergie associé à l'ETRW annuelle, ce qui indique que l'ETRWpourrait influencer la variabilité de l'OMZ profonde, du moins à l'échelle saisonnière. Au-dessus de 400 m de profondeur, le processus dominant qui influence la ventilation de l'OMZ à l'échelle saisonnière est le transport d'oxygène par les tourbillons de méso-échelle. Dans ce travail, nous mettons en évidence la nature complexe de la variabilité de la circulation de subsurface dans le SEP. Nous montrons en particulier la connexion entre la circulation sous la thermocline extratropicale et les modes climatiques de variabilité du Pacifique équatorial
The oceanic circulation in the subthermocline of the South Eastern Pacific remains poorly documented although this region is thought to play a key role in the climate variability owed to, in particular, the presence of an extended oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) that intervenes in the carbon and nitrogen cycle. The subthermocline in this region is also largely unmonitored and historical estimates of ocean heat content are mostly limited to the upper 500 m. In this thesis we document various oceanic processes at work in the subthermocline based on a regional modeling approach that is designed to take in account the efficient oceanic teleconnection from the equatorial region to the mid-latitudes, in particular at ENSO (El Niño Southern Oscillation) timescales. The focus is on two aspects: (1) the seasonality of the turbulent flow and its role in modulating the OMZ volume off Peru, and (2) the planetary wave fluxes associated with interannual to decadal timescales. It is first shown that the vertical energy flux at interannual timescales can be interpreted as resulting from the vertical propagation of extra-tropical Rossby waves remotely forced from the equatorial region. This flux primarily results from extreme Eastern Pacific El Niño events, despite that a significant fraction of interannual Sea Surface Temperature (SST) variability in the tropical Pacific is also associated with Central Pacific El Niño events and La Niña events. Vertically propagating energy flux at decadal timescales is also evidenced in the model, which, like for the interannual flux, is marginally impacted by mesoscale activity. On the other hand, the wave energy beams experience a marked dissipation in the deep-ocean ( 2000 m) which is interpreted as resulting from vertical diffusivity. While the oxygen field within the OMZ appears to be influenced by the vertical propagation of isopycnals height anomalies, induced by the seasonal Rossby waves, the seasonality of the OMZ is shown to be dominantly associated with the seasonal change in the eddy flux at its boundaries. Implications of the results for the study of both the low-frequency variability of the OMZ and the Earth's energy budget are discussed
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9

Akhoudas, Camille. "Un nouveau regard sur la dynamique de l’océan Austral et ses interactions avec la cryosphère révélé par une approche isotopique". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020SORUS464.

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L’océan Austral est un acteur central de la circulation océanique mondiale et du système climatique terrestre. Malgré l’essor des observations in situ dans cette région reculée du globe depuis les années 1990 (avec notamment le début de « l’ère satellitaire » et des grands programmes internationaux d’observations tel que WOCE, CLIVAR, GO-SHIP, ou ARGO), ce vaste océan reste encore aujourd’hui largement méconnu. Il est pourtant nécessaire de parvenir à mieux observer et comprendre les mécanismes de sa dynamique océanique ainsi que sa variabilité afin de prédire au mieux l’évolution future du système climatique. Notamment, une des particularités qui rend l’océan Austral essentiel dans le système climatique est qu’il est l’un des principaux lieux de ventilation de l’océan profond, qui permet une redistribution et un stockage de chaleur, d’eau douce, de carbone, d’oxygène, et de nutriments, entre autres. Cette ventilation est en partie dirigée par une circulation verticale unique connectant la surface aux abysses océaniques, mise en mouvement par les intenses interactions et échanges de flux d’énergie et de flottabilité entre atmosphère, océan et cryosphère. Je me penche dans cette thèse sur certains aspects de la dynamique australe en m’efforçant d’apporter une vue mécanistique de la circulation grande échelle et des changements en cours. Un fil rouge méthodologique que j’emploie sur l’ensemble de cette thèse est l’utilisation d’observations des isotopes stables de l’eau, traceur passif utilisé couramment dans un grand nombre de disciplines des sciences de la terre, mais jusque récemment assez peu en océanographie physique. La mesure des isotopes de l’eau constitue un outil, qui en tant que traceurs de l’origine de l’eau, permet de mieux caractériser les différentes composantes du cycle hydrologique ainsi que son évolution. En particulier, la composition isotopique de l’eau de mer représente une empreinte importante des masses d’eau, contenant des informations sur les conditions de leur formation et leur évolution. Dans cette thèse, au-delà du travail méthodologique important sur le terrain et en laboratoire pour l’échantillonnage, l’analyse et la calibration des mesures isotopiques, j’utilise les isotopes de l’eau en combinaison avec d’autres traceurs plus conventionnels pour aborder avec un nouveau regard, les questions du rôle des interactions entre océan et calotte polaire à la circulation grande échelle, de la signature des eaux de surface dans les abysses, ou encore de l’impact des changements de régimes atmosphériques ou de fonte de la cryosphère sur l’océan de surface. Au-delà de la seule utilisation des isotopes stables de l’eau, les approches que j’ai mises en place m’ont permis de documenter la quantité de fonte et de regel d’une des plus grandes cavités glaciaires au monde, qui influence les caractéristiques des masses d’eau denses, précurseurs des eaux abyssales se formant en mer de Weddell. Mes résultats mettent également à jour la proportion que représente, in fine, ces eaux denses dans la production des eaux abyssales dans le secteur Atlantique de l’océan Austral. Je détaille les processus qui mènent à la formation des eaux abyssales et avec cette nouvelle force, je montre que des estimations passées de la production d’eaux abyssales en apparente contradiction, s’attaquaient en réalité à différents processus. Finalement, je quantifie les changements des apports en eau douce lors des trois dernières décennies sur les tendances des propriétés de surface dans le secteur Indien de l’océan Austral. Mes résultats démontrent que des changements dans le régime des précipitations expliquent les changements des caractéristiques de l’océan surface affectant la stratification avec des conséquences sur la formation des masses d’eau et la circulation de retournement de l’océan Austral à grande échelle
The Southern Ocean is a key component in global ocean circulation and the Earth's climate system. Despite the increase of in situ observations in this remote region since the 1990s (notably with the « satellite era » and major international observation programs such as WOCE, CLIVAR, GO-SHIP, or ARGO), this immense ocean remains largely unknown. However, it is essential to observe and understand the mechanisms of its dynamics as well as its variability with the aim to predict the future evolution of the climate system. In particular, one important characteristic of the Southern Ocean is that it is one of the main sites of deep ocean ventilation, which allows redistribution and sequestration of heat, freshwater, carbon, oxygen, and nutrients. This ventilation process is mainly associated with a vertical circulation connecting the ocean surface to the abyss, fueled by intense interactions and exchanges of energy and buoyancy fluxes between atmosphere, ocean and cryosphere. In this thesis, I apprehend some aspects of the Southern Ocean dynamics by providing a mechanistic view of large-scale circulation and its ongoing changes. The approach I use throughout this thesis is based on observations of stable water isotopes, a passive tracer commonly used in a large number of earth science disciplines, but until recently only sparsely used in physical oceanography. Stable water isotopes constitute a robust tool which, as a tracer of the origin of water, help to better characterize the different components of the hydrological cycle as well as its evolution. In particular, the isotopic composition of seawater represents an important imprint of water masses, containing information on the conditions of their formation and their evolution. In this thesis, beyond the important methodological work at sea and in the laboratory for the sampling, analysis and calibration of isotopic measurements, I use the stable water isotopes in combination with other more conventional tracers to apprehend, with a new perspective, the questions of the role of interactions between the Southern Ocean and the Antarctic Ice Sheet in large-scale circulation, the signature of surface waters in the abyss, or even the impact of changes in atmospheric or cryosphere regimes on the surface ocean. Beyond the only use of stable water isotopes, original approaches have allowed me to document melting and refreezing of one of the largest ice shelves in the world, which influences the characteristics of the dense waters, precursors of abyssal waters produced in the Weddell Sea. My results also reveal the proportion of these dense waters in bottom water formation in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean. We detail the processes that lead to the formation of bottom waters and with this new insight, we demonstrate that past estimates of bottom water production, in apparent contradiction, were actually focusing on different processes. Finally, I propose to quantify the changes in freshwater inputs over the past three decades that influence the trends in surface properties in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. The results demonstrate that changes in the precipitation regime explain changes in the surface ocean characteristics impacting stratification with consequences for large-scale water mass formation and overturning circulation in the Southern Ocean
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10

Andrié, Chantal. "Utilisation des traceurs helium-3 et tritium en oceanographie". Paris 6, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA066241.

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Le traceur transitoire que constitue le tritium est devenu l'un des outils les plus prometteurs dens l'etude de la circulation oceanique generale et de la capacite de l'ocean a absorber le gaz carbonique anthropogene. L'utilisation simultanee du tritium et de son descendant par voie radioactive l'helium-3 ajoute une information supplementaire: la paire de traceurs tritium et helium-3 constitue une horloge dans l'etude des masses d'eau. En plus de son origine "tritiumgenique", l'helium-3 est emis au niveau des dorsales oceaniques et il constitue un traceur de choix dans l'etude de la circulation oceanique profonde. Toutes les mesures d'helium-3 et de tritium ont ete faites par spectrometrie de masse. Protocole analytique, limite de detection et reproductibilite de la methode sont reportes dans ce travail. Sont abordes au niveau de l'interpretation des resultats: -1) les donnees d'helium-3 a la campagne merou a (ete 1982) ont permis de localiser une source active et de mettre en evidence un courant de retour intermediaire (centre vers 1000 m de profondeur), prolongement du courant profond upwelle dans la partie meridionale du bassin. -2) l'utilisation des donnees de tritium concernant la mission phycemed 1 (avril 1981) a permis de decrire la grande variabilite spatio-temporelle des processus de convection ayant lieu dans le bassin nord; le temps de renouvellement des eaux profonbdes du golfe du lion est evalue a 11 +ou- 2 ans. Les circulations profondes et de subsurface au niveau des detroits de sardaigne et de gibraltar sont precisees. -3) l'etude simultanee, suivant des niveaux isopycnaux, des donnees tritium et helium-3 de la mission topogulf (ete 1983) a permis de localiser les zones ou les processus de convection sont actifs. Une approche theorique relative a l'utilisation simultanee du tritium et de l'helium-3 est abordee. Elle utilise un modele de melange distinguant, pour une masse d'eau consideree, le temps de transit du temps de ventilation. La validite de "age tritium-helium" est testee par comparaison avec les temps de transit et de ventilation determines par le modele
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11

Cartapanis, Olivier. "Variabilité de la zone de minimum d’oxygène du Pacifique Est équatorial au cours du Quaternaire récent". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4365/document.

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Cette thèse a pour objectifs de documenter les variations spatiotemporelles de la zone de minimum d’oxygène (OMZ) du Pacifique Nord-Est, et d’identifier les mécanismes qui ont causé ces variations. L’étude est fondée sur l’analyse géochimique des composants majeurs, mineurs et traces de sédiments prélevés dans le Pacifique Nord-Est, en combinant des mesures par ICP-MS et scanneur XRF. Ces mesures ont permis de distinguer l’effet de la productivité biologique de celui de la ventilation océanique sur l’oxygénation du sédiment. J’ai pu mettre en évidence le rôle prépondérant de la productivité au niveau de la Basse Californie (23°N), qui varie en phase avec les températures en Atlantique Nord durant les 120.000 dernières années. Par ailleurs, la ventilation océanique a probablement joué un rôle important au niveau du golfe de Papagayo (12°N), par l’advection de masses d’eau provenant des hautes latitudes nord et sud. L’intensité de l’OMZ du Pacifique Nord-Est serait donc influencée par des modifications des circulations océaniques et atmosphériques, liées aux climats des hautes latitudes des deux hémisphères
This thesis aims at documenting the spatiotemporal variations of the Oxygen Minimum Zone (OMZ) of the northeastern Pacific, and identifying the mechanisms that caused theses variations. The study is based on the geochemical analyses of major, minor, and trace elements of sediments from the northeastern Pacific, by combining ICP-MS and XRF scans measurements. These measurements allowed distinguishing the effect of biologic productivity and oceanic ventilation on sediment oxygenation. I was able to highlight the predominant impact of the productivity off the Baja California Margin (23°N), which varied in phase with the high northern Atlantic temperature across the past 120,000 years. Moreover, oceanic ventilation did play an important role off the Papagayo Gulf (12°N), because of the advection of water mass coming from the high northern and southern latitudes. OMS intensity in the northeastern Pacific could thus be influenced by changes in the atmospheric and oceanic circulation, in relation to high northern and southern latitudes climates
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Paillet, Jérôme. "Eau modale et ventilation océanique en Atlantique nord-est". Brest, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996BRES2004.

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La formation d'eau modale subpolaire en atlantique nord-est, et la ventilation de ce bassin par cette masse d'eau, sont etudies sous differents aspects. Une analyse de donnees hydrologiques recentes nous permet tout d'abord de localiser l'eau modale et d'en caracteriser les proprietes. La circulation generale dans la region est estimee en appliquant la relation geostrophique a ces memes donnees. Puis deux etudes realisees avec des modeles physiques simplifies, un modele de thermocline ventilee et un modele uni-dimensionnel lagrangien, montrent que le parametre cle qui controle la formation et la subduction de l'eau modale est le bilan annuel de flottabilite de la couche de melange hivernale. Enfin, un modele inverse de l'atlantique nord est permet de confirmer et de quantifier les processus en jeu dans ce mecanisme de ventilation oceanique
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Grant, Hazel Christine. "The role of Weddell Sea deep and bottom waters in ventilating the deep ocean". Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492970.

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Schwarzkopf, Franziska Ulrike [Verfasser]. "Ventilation pathways in the tropical Atlantic and Pacific Oceans with a focus on the Oxygen Minimum Zones : development and application of a nested high-resolution global model system / Franziska Ulrike Schwarzkopf". Kiel : Universitätsbibliothek Kiel, 2016. http://d-nb.info/1104733676/34.

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Min, Dong-Ha. "Studies of large-scale intermediate and deep water circulation and ventilation in the North Atlantic, South Indian and Northeast Pacific Oceans, and in the East Sea (Sea of Japan), using chlorofluorocarbons as tracers /". Diss., Connect to a 24 p. preview or request complete full text in PDF format. Access restricted to UC campuses, 1999. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ucsd/fullcit?p3035926.

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16

Prasanna, K. "CO2 Ventilation, Hydrological Cycle over Southern Ocean and Clumped Isotope Thermometry in Biogenic Carbonates". Thesis, 2016. http://etd.iisc.ac.in/handle/2005/3142.

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The thesis presents observations on the CO2 concentration and carbon isotopes in air CO2 (δ13C) to constrain the inter-annual variability of carbon inventory over the Southern Ocean between the years 2011-2013. Based on the observation, the region of CO2 venting was identified over the Southern Ocean. Further, isotopic characterization allowed inferring about the possible sources of CO2 degassing and contribution from the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) that exsolved to generate CO2. It is concluded that the origin CO2 is mainly from the degassing of CO2 available from the dissociation of DIC or organic degradation. Live Foraminiferal samples of Globigerina bulloides from towing were captured, separated and analysed for δ18O and δ13C from various locations across the Southern Ocean between 10°N−60°S. A large similarities in the estimated values (deduced from simultaneous composition of ocean water 18O, δ13C in DIC and temperature i.e. SST under equilibrium condition) and measured δ18O and δ13C values were observed until 40°S from the equator, and hence it was concluded that the calcification depth of G. bulloides is confined to a depth of ~75-200m till 40°S latitude. However, further south (>40oS) disequilibrium from the estimates was detected. A number of possible reasons were cited for the observed disequilibrium such as (1) Deeper depth habitat (2) Partial dissolution (3) Non-equilibrium calcification (4) Oceanic Suess Effect and (5) Genetic Variability. A box model of isotopic mass balance was presented in this study to explain the pattern of enrichment in the 13C values of sea water DIC with latitude (up to about 43°S). The model shows that a steady state of the carbon isotope ratio of water is achieved in a relatively short time of ~5000 days. Rainwater isotope in the open marine condition across the latitudinal transects over Southern Ocean marking zone of precipitation and evaporation is another element of this thesis. A variation with excess lighter isotopes in rainwater was observed in high latitude rain in this study. Observed isotopic depletion is attributed to rainout process over the ocean. The average rainout fraction over the Southern Ocean in the region of zone of precipitation is ~44%, while it drops to ~25% in the zone of evaporation. Second part of the thesis presents a novel method of isotope thermometry which is called “clumped isotope (13C18O16O16O-2 in the calcite structure) thermometry”. A revision in the thermometry equation relating 47 vs T in synthetic carbonates precipitates and otoliths was proposed. The revised calibration was used on fish otoliths from the modern and past environment to estimate the temperatures. Together with the clumped isotope, conventional stable isotopes in the shell carbonates were measured to effectively reconstruct the seasonal fresh water fraction at seasonal time scales.
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17

Prasanna, K. "CO2 Ventilation, Hydrological Cycle over Southern Ocean and Clumped Isotope Thermometry in Biogenic Carbonates". Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2005/3142.

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The thesis presents observations on the CO2 concentration and carbon isotopes in air CO2 (δ13C) to constrain the inter-annual variability of carbon inventory over the Southern Ocean between the years 2011-2013. Based on the observation, the region of CO2 venting was identified over the Southern Ocean. Further, isotopic characterization allowed inferring about the possible sources of CO2 degassing and contribution from the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) that exsolved to generate CO2. It is concluded that the origin CO2 is mainly from the degassing of CO2 available from the dissociation of DIC or organic degradation. Live Foraminiferal samples of Globigerina bulloides from towing were captured, separated and analysed for δ18O and δ13C from various locations across the Southern Ocean between 10°N−60°S. A large similarities in the estimated values (deduced from simultaneous composition of ocean water 18O, δ13C in DIC and temperature i.e. SST under equilibrium condition) and measured δ18O and δ13C values were observed until 40°S from the equator, and hence it was concluded that the calcification depth of G. bulloides is confined to a depth of ~75-200m till 40°S latitude. However, further south (>40oS) disequilibrium from the estimates was detected. A number of possible reasons were cited for the observed disequilibrium such as (1) Deeper depth habitat (2) Partial dissolution (3) Non-equilibrium calcification (4) Oceanic Suess Effect and (5) Genetic Variability. A box model of isotopic mass balance was presented in this study to explain the pattern of enrichment in the 13C values of sea water DIC with latitude (up to about 43°S). The model shows that a steady state of the carbon isotope ratio of water is achieved in a relatively short time of ~5000 days. Rainwater isotope in the open marine condition across the latitudinal transects over Southern Ocean marking zone of precipitation and evaporation is another element of this thesis. A variation with excess lighter isotopes in rainwater was observed in high latitude rain in this study. Observed isotopic depletion is attributed to rainout process over the ocean. The average rainout fraction over the Southern Ocean in the region of zone of precipitation is ~44%, while it drops to ~25% in the zone of evaporation. Second part of the thesis presents a novel method of isotope thermometry which is called “clumped isotope (13C18O16O16O-2 in the calcite structure) thermometry”. A revision in the thermometry equation relating 47 vs T in synthetic carbonates precipitates and otoliths was proposed. The revised calibration was used on fish otoliths from the modern and past environment to estimate the temperatures. Together with the clumped isotope, conventional stable isotopes in the shell carbonates were measured to effectively reconstruct the seasonal fresh water fraction at seasonal time scales.
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