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Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "Observation process"

Autor: Grafiati

Publicado: 21 de dezembro de 2024

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1

Kaplan, Bruce. "Online Process Observation". Proceedings of the Human Factors Society Annual Meeting 31, n.º 9 (setembro de 1987): 951–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/154193128703100905.

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Process observation techniques for face-to-face interactions were applied in the online environment found useful for identifying some fundamental issues in the design and implementation of computer conferences for training. Key questions were found to include: How receptive will students be to computer conference delivered training; How is effective participation defined online and what participation requirements, if any, are necessary to create a successful learning environment online; What level of formality and degree of structure is useful; What kind of community development or social life is required to support training through computer conference? Exploring these questions about online process and observation provided guidance to those working to develop effective online instruction.

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Park, Sejin. "Exchange as observation process". Cross-Cultural Studies 27, n.º 1 (30 de junho de 2021): 143–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.17249/ccs.2021.06.27.1.143.

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Mamat, Sarizam Bin, Shinichi Tashiro e Manabu Tanaka. "Observation of Metal Transfer in Plasma MIG Welding Process". QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF THE JAPAN WELDING SOCIETY 35, n.º 2 (2017): 33s—37s. http://dx.doi.org/10.2207/qjjws.35.33s.

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TERAMOTO, Koji, Shohei KUDO e Yuichiro FURUYA. "B023 In-process Observation of Workpiece Deformation in Elastomer Endmilling". Proceedings of International Conference on Leading Edge Manufacturing in 21st century : LEM21 2013.7 (2013): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmelem.2013.7.259.

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Wainwright, Paul. "Observation and the research process". Nursing Standard 4, n.º 43 (18 de julho de 1990): 39–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/ns.4.43.39.s36.

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Yoshioka, Naoto, e Masato Yoshioka. "Dynamic observation of indentation process". Geophysical Research Letters 22, n.º 2 (15 de janeiro de 1995): 113–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/94gl02843.

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Krivonos, I. Yu, V. G. Pokotilo e B. N. Pshenichnyi. "Optimization of the observation process". Journal of Applied Mathematics and Mechanics 54, n.º 3 (janeiro de 1990): 317–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-8928(90)90131-s.

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Wang, Xiaolei, Haitao Wei, Nengcheng Chen, Xiaohui He e Zhihui Tian. "An Observational Process Ontology-Based Modeling Approach for Water Quality Monitoring". Water 12, n.º 3 (5 de março de 2020): 715. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w12030715.

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The increasing deterioration of aquatic environments has attracted more attention to water quality monitoring techniques, with most researchers focusing on the acquisition and assessment of water quality data, but seldom on the discovery and tracing of pollution sources. In this study, a semantic-enhanced modeling method for ontology modeling and rules building is proposed, which can be used for river water quality monitoring and relevant data observation processing. The observational process ontology (OPO) method can describe the semantic properties of water resources and observation data. In addition, it can provide the semantic relevance among the different concepts involved in the observational process of water quality monitoring. A pollution alert can be achieved using the reasoning rules for the water quality monitoring stations. In this study, a case is made for the usability testing of the OPO models and reasoning rules by utilizing a water quality monitoring system. The system contributes to the water quality observational monitoring process and traces the source of pollutants using sensors, observation data, process models, and observation products that users can access in a timely manner.

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Lee, Jung Soo. "Self-observation of the design process". Research Journal of the Costume Culture 24, n.º 6 (31 de dezembro de 2016): 743–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.7741/rjcc.2016.24.6.743.

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최영주. "Explicit Observation of EFL Writing Process". English21 24, n.º 1 (março de 2011): 291–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.35771/engdoi.2011.24.1.013.

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MATSUBA, GO. "Observation of Fiber Structure Formation Process". Sen'i Gakkaishi 68, n.º 10 (2012): P—301—P—303. http://dx.doi.org/10.2115/fiber.68.p-301.

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Barkley, Stephen G. "Stage-Fright in the Observation Process". Kappa Delta Pi Record 27, n.º 1 (outubro de 1990): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00228958.1990.10518619.

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Moseley, David Simon. "Endings, parallel process and infant observation". Infant Observation 10, n.º 2 (agosto de 2007): 121–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13698030701466796.

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Lee, Jung Soo. "Self-observation of the design process". Research Journal of the Costume Culture 24, n.º 6 (dezembro de 2016): 743–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.29049/rjcc.2016.24.6.743.

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Beck, Nathaniel. "Is Causal-Process Observation an Oxymoron?" Political Analysis 14, n.º 3 (2006): 347–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpj015.

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When I first read King, Keohane, and Verba (1994) (KKV), I was excited by the general theme of what seemed to me the obvious, but usually unspoken, idea that all political scientists, both quantitative and qualitative, are scientists and governed by the same scientific standards. KKV, as Henry Brady (Brady and Collier 2004, chap. 3) cleverly notes, clearly were preaching to the qualitative researcher, and the subject of the sermon was that qualitative researchers should adopt many of the ideas standard in quantitative research. Thus, to abuse both the metaphor and KKV, one might compare KKV to the view of the Inquisition that we are all God's children. But, having sat through many talks based on case studies, it is clear to me that getting everyone to think about the nature of the scientific enterprise we are all engaged in can only be a good thing.

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Nikolov, A. S. "An Application of Personal Computers in Astronomy Education". International Astronomical Union Colloquium 105 (1990): 177–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0252921100086668.

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Observations play an important role in the process of teaching astronomical knowledge. Practical observations of astronomical phenomena lead to analysis and explanation based on natural laws and so form the basis of cognitive processes in the education. Evidently the observations are an integral part of acquiring astronomical knowledge. Giving up observations, no matter what the reasons, is equivalent to losing quality in the educational process. It decreases the possible influence over the personal development of pupils and students. At the same time, observation and observational results are important for success in education.Carefully planned observational time has a substantial influence on cognitive and educational processes. It leads to considerably more active participation in astronomy lectures.

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Pfeifer, Tilo, Reinhard Freudenberg, Gerd Dussler e Benno Bröcher. "Quality control and process observation for the micro assembly process". Measurement 30, n.º 1 (julho de 2001): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0263-2241(00)00050-6.

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Li, Gongqiang, Jing Liu, Hai Jiang e Chengzhi Liu. "Research on the Efficient Space Debris Observation Method Based on Optical Satellite Constellations". Applied Sciences 13, n.º 7 (24 de março de 2023): 4127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13074127.

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The increasing amount of space debris poses a major threat to the security of space assets. The timely acquisition of space debris orbital data through observations is essential. We established a mathematical model of optical satellite constellations for space debris observation, designed a high-quality constellation configuration, and designed a space debris tracking observation scheduling algorithm. These tools can realize the efficient networking of space debris from a large number of optical satellite observation facilities. We designed a constellation consisting of more than 20 low-Earth orbit (LEO) satellites, mainly dedicated to the observation of LEO space objects. According to the observation scheduling method, the satellite constellation can track and observe more than 93% of the targets every day, increase the frequency of orbital data updates, and provide support for the realization of orbital space debris cataloguing. Designing optical satellite constellations to observe space debris can help realize the advance perception of dangerous collisions, timely detect dangerous space events, make key observations about high-risk targets, greatly reduce the false alarm rate of collisions, and provide observational data support for space collisions.

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Hou, Pengyu, Jiuping Zha, Teng Liu e Baocheng Zhang. "LS-VCE Applied to Stochastic Modeling of GNSS Observation Noise and Process Noise". Remote Sensing 14, n.º 2 (6 de janeiro de 2022): 258. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs14020258.

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Stochastic models play a crucial role in global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) data processing. Many studies contribute to the stochastic modeling of GNSS observation noise, whereas few studies focus on the stochastic modeling of process noise. This paper proposes a method that is able to jointly estimate the variances of observation noise and process noise. The method is flexible since it is based on the least-squares variance component estimation (LS-VCE), enabling users to estimate the variance components that they are specifically interested in. We apply the proposed method to estimate the variances for the dual-frequency GNSS observation noise and for the process noise of the receiver code bias (RCB). We also investigate the impact of the stochastic model upon parameter estimation, ambiguity resolution, and positioning. The results show that the precision of GNSS observations differs in systems and frequencies. Among the dual-frequency GPS, Galileo, and BDS code observations, the precision of the BDS B3 observations is highest (better than 0.2 m). The precision of the BDS phase observations is better than two millimeters, which is also higher than that of the GPS and Galileo observations. For all three systems, the RCB process noise ranges from 0.5 millimeters to 1 millimeter, with a data sampling rate of 30 s. An improper stochastic model of the observation noise results in an unreliable ambiguity dilution of precision (ADOP) and position dilution of precision (PDOP), thus adversely affecting the assessment of the ambiguity resolution and positioning performance. An inappropriate stochastic model of RCB process noise disturbs the estimation of the receiver clock and the ionosphere delays and is thus harmful for timing and ionosphere retrieval applications.

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Dshalalow, Jewgeni H., e Jean-Baptiste Bacot. "On functionals of a marked Poisson process observed by a renewal process". International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences 26, n.º 7 (2001): 427–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/s0161171201005221.

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We study the functionals of a Poisson marked processΠobserved by a renewal process. A sequence of observations continues untilΠcrosses some fixed level at one of the observation epochs (the first passage time). In various stochastic models applications (such as queueing withN-policy combined with multiple vacations), it is necessary to operate with the value ofΠprior to the first passage time, or prior to the first passage time plus some random time. We obtain a time-dependent solution to this problem in a closed form, in terms of its Laplace transform. Many results are directly applicable to the time-dependent analysis of queues and other stochastic models via semi-regenerative techniques.

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Shi, Guimin, Sheng Yang, Changyong Liu, Shimin Meng, Zhiming Luo e Shaozi Li. "An HCI-Based Cognitive Architecture for Learning Process Observation". International Journal of Distance Education Technologies 18, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2020): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijdet.2020010101.

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In this article, a cognitive framework for observing learning activities based on human-computer coupling is proposed. The observation is based on the vectorization of a learning situation along with human-computer interaction factors. An evolutionary high-dimensional topology of learning cognitive flow is introduced for human-computer interaction. In addition, the authors have selected a tree topology as the topological structure of a low-dimensional learning space to process the observations for online learning. Furthermore, the mechanism for the BSM (brain cognitive body-situation of coupling-manifold of information) the coupling morphism is presented. The principle for the coupled observation of objects in a cognitive or learning manifold is proposed. Finally, a special system for teaching and learning is programmed to observe and evaluate learning and mental arithmetic training processes. This system not only provides students with a new ergonomic learning model but also records the students' learning processes. Thus, the teachers can summarize the knowledge points automatically rather than manually.

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UEDA, Kanji, e Tadaaki SUGITA. "In-Situ SEM Observation of Microcutting Process". Tetsu-to-Hagane 72, n.º 1 (1986): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2355/tetsutohagane1955.72.1_153.

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Kurimoto, E., M. Hangyo, H. Harima, M. Yoshimoto, T. Yamaguchi, T. Araki, Y. Nanishi e K. Kisoda. "Spectroscopic observation of oxidation process in InN". Applied Physics Letters 84, n.º 2 (12 de janeiro de 2004): 212–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1639511.

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Chamberlain, John Martyn, Meriel D’Artrey e Deborah-Anne Rowe. "Peer observation of teaching: A decoupled process". Active Learning in Higher Education 12, n.º 3 (19 de outubro de 2011): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469787411415083.

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This article details the findings of research into the academic teaching staff experience of peer observation of their teaching practice. Peer observation is commonly used as a tool to enhance a teacher’s continuing professional development. Research participants acknowledged its ability to help develop their teaching practice, but they also reported that it could operate superficially as a tick box exercise, that its outcomes were frequently decoupled from formal staff development processes, and that its purpose and usefulness therefore seemed unclear. This article argues that the presence of decoupling reinforces the need to account for structural factors that can interact with peer observation of teaching to ensure it is a meaningful exercise for all teaching staff. It concludes that the published academic literature is perhaps guilty of overplaying the role of personal choice and individual tutor characteristics when addressing the complex issue that is staff disengagement with peer observation of teaching.

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BANNO, Shinichi, Takashi ONISHI, Kohei MUTA, Takakazu KITAGAWA e Kazuhito OHASHI. "Observation of the loading process in superfinishing". Proceedings of Conference of Chugoku-Shikoku Branch 2017.55 (2017): K0306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/jsmecs.2017.55.k0306.

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Frankel, Joe, e Simon King. "Observation process adaptation for linear dynamic models". Speech Communication 48, n.º 9 (setembro de 2006): 1192–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.specom.2006.05.001.

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Kordonsky, Simon, Juri Plusnin e Oksana Morgunova. "Education by observation: Students in research process". Voprosy Obrazovaniya/ Educational Studies. Moscow, n.º 4 (2010): 54–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1814-9545-2010-4-54-69.

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Roh, Soojin, Marc G. Genton, Mikyoung Jun, Istvan Szunyogh e Ibrahim Hoteit. "Observation Quality Control with a Robust Ensemble Kalman Filter". Monthly Weather Review 141, n.º 12 (25 de novembro de 2013): 4414–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/mwr-d-13-00091.1.

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Abstract Current ensemble-based Kalman filter (EnKF) algorithms are not robust to gross observation errors caused by technical or human errors during the data collection process. In this paper, the authors consider two types of gross observational errors, additive statistical outliers and innovation outliers, and introduce a method to make EnKF robust to gross observation errors. Using both a one-dimensional linear system of dynamics and a 40-variable Lorenz model, the performance of the proposed robust ensemble Kalman filter (REnKF) was tested and it was found that the new approach greatly improves the performance of the filter in the presence of gross observation errors and leads to only a modest loss of accuracy with clean, outlier-free, observations.

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Weijs, Steven V., e Nick van de Giesen. "Accounting for Observational Uncertainty in Forecast Verification: An Information-Theoretical View on Forecasts, Observations, and Truth". Monthly Weather Review 139, n.º 7 (1 de julho de 2011): 2156–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2011mwr3573.1.

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Abstract Recently, an information-theoretical decomposition of Kullback–Leibler divergence into uncertainty, reliability, and resolution was introduced. In this article, this decomposition is generalized to the case where the observation is uncertain. Along with a modified decomposition of the divergence score, a second measure, the cross-entropy score, is presented, which measures the estimated information loss with respect to the truth instead of relative to the uncertain observations. The difference between the two scores is equal to the average observational uncertainty and vanishes when observations are assumed to be perfect. Not acknowledging for observation uncertainty can lead to both overestimation and underestimation of forecast skill, depending on the nature of the noise process.

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Visser, Emile, Corné E. van Daalen e J. C. Schoeman. "Lossy compression of observations for Gaussian process regression". MATEC Web of Conferences 370 (2022): 07006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202237007006.

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This paper proposes a novel approach of Gaussian process observation set compression based on a squared difference measure. It is used to discard observations to speed up Gaussian process prediction while retaining the information encoded in the full set of observations. Furthermore, this paper compares the regression performance of a compressed Gaussian process to its uncompressed version and to a randomly downsampled Gaussian process for a standard two-dimensional test function. The empirical results of this paper show that this is an effective algorithm for Gaussian process compression, speeding up prediction while maintaining predictive accuracy with regards to the predicted means.

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Yamaguchi, Nobuhiko. "Visualizing States of Time-Series Data by Autoregressive Gaussian Process Dynamical Models". Journal of Advanced Computational Intelligence and Intelligent Informatics 21, n.º 5 (20 de setembro de 2017): 825–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jaciii.2017.p0825.

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Gaussian process dynamical models (GPDMs) are used for nonlinear dimensionality reduction in time series by means of Gaussian process priors. An extension of GPDMs is proposed for visualizing the states of time series. The conventional GPDM approach associates a state with an observation value. Therefore, observations changing over time cannot be represented by a single state. Consequently, the resulting visualization of state transition is difficult to understand, as states change when the observation values change. To overcome this issue, autoregressive GPDMs, called ARGPDMs, are proposed. They associate a state with a vector autoregressive (VAR) model. Therefore, observations changing over time can be represented by a single state. The resulting visualization is easier to understand, as states change only when the VAR model changes. We demonstrate experimentally that the ARGPDM approach provides better visualization compared with conventional GPDMs.

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Rawat, Devendra, Nilima Salankar e Monit Kapoor. "Peer-Observation: An Intensive Study and its Impact On the Teaching-Learning Process". Journal of Engineering Education Transformations 36, n.º 1 (1 de julho de 2022): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.16920/jeet/2022/v36i1/22148.

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Abstract : Peer observation in teaching-learning significantly impacts students' learning and understanding experience. It improves the quality of the content delivery by the instructor and provides the learning opportunity to observer also. It is threefold learning from all perspectives. Thus, it is a collaborative idea sharing and achieving excellence by incorporating the best of others. Authors have experimented with the peer observation and feedback strategy to improve students' academic performance and overall teaching cum teaching experience. One semester activity has been conducted to conclude the significance of the study with the help of z and t statistics parameters with alpha value 0.05. Different peer observations are taken into consideration and incorporated to improvise the teaching-learning experience of facilitator and student. As a result, it has been found very helpful and impactful on the students' performance and the development of an instructor's teaching style. Peer observation helps explore thedifferent approaches that help adapt to future challenges in anagogical instructional approaches. Keywords : peer observation, self-reflection, higher education, academic practices, teaching-learning process.

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Kim, Mi-Jeong, e Ka-Youn Chung. "Exploration of observational documentation of early childhood teachers who practice play-centered curriculum: Focusing on collaborative action research with the director". Korean Society for Critical Inquiry of Childhood Education 13, n.º 3 (30 de junho de 2023): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.26834/ksycbc.2023.13.3.1.

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This study is a collaborative action research conducted by the director, a researcher, with teachers to change the observation documentation for teachers' understanding of play-centered play based on the 4th standard childcare curriculum. The study was conducted from May 2021 to January 2022. Through a collaborative action research, we examined what teachers have changed as they solved the observation documentation that they considered difficult in the play-centered curriculum. As a result of the collaborative action research, first, the principal and the teacher decided to face each other, and the principal, the researcher, supported and resolved the concerns of the participating teachers. Second, by finding the meaning of the observation documentation , the change in form, the realization of the importance of the process of reviewing the observation documentation, and the release of the burden of the observation documentation were made. Third, to see early childhood a play again, it is to learn the competence of infants and to rediscover infants' play. In the process of exploring observational documentation, I came to understand the play-centered curriculum. Through this collaborative action research, as teachers and researchers explore the method of recording observations documentation, the perspective of looking at infants and young children changes, which is meaningful in understanding the play-centered curriculum.

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Lee, K. H., I. Bartos, A. Eddins, A. Corsi, Z. Márka, G. C. Privon e S. Márka. "Radio Constraints on r-process Nucleosynthesis by Collapsars". Astrophysical Journal Letters 934, n.º 1 (1 de julho de 2022): L5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac7ff0.

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Abstract The heaviest elements in the universe are synthesized through rapid neutron capture (r-process) in extremely neutron-rich outflows. Neutron star mergers were established as an important r-process source through the multimessenger observation of GW170817. Collapsars were also proposed as a potentially major source of heavy elements; however, this is difficult to probe through optical observations due to contamination by other emission mechanisms. Here we present observational constraints on r-process nucleosynthesis by collapsars based on radio follow-up observations of nearby long gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). We make the hypothesis that late-time radio emission arises from the collapsar wind ejecta responsible for forging r-process elements, and consider the constraints that can be set on this scenario using radio observations of a sample of Swift/Burst Alert Telescope GRBs located within 2 Gpc. No radio counterpart was identified in excess of the radio afterglow of the GRBs in our sample. This gives the strictest limit to the collapsar r-process contribution of ≲0.2 M ⊙ for GRB 060505 and GRB 05826, under the models we considered. Our results additionally constrain energy injection by a long-lived neutron star remnant in some of the considered GRBs. While our results are in tension with collapsars being the majority of r-process production sites, the ejecta mass and velocity profile of collapsar winds, and the emission parameters, are not yet well modeled. As such, our results are currently subject to large uncertainties, but further theoretical work could greatly improve them.

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LI, Wenwu, Rengui Cheng, Changyong Liu, Wensen Yu, Lei Guo e Shimin Meng. "Cognitive Process Observation Based on Human-Computer Interaction". Open Automation and Control Systems Journal 6, n.º 1 (19 de setembro de 2014): 146–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874444301406010146.

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Suzuki, K., M. Ichihara, K. Kimura, S. Takeuchi e H. Ino. "Direct Observation of Fracture Process in Quasicrystalline Alloy". Key Engineering Materials 13-15 (janeiro de 1987): 237–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.13-15.237.

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Wan, Tao Yu, e G. K. Stylios. "Investigates of Fabric Coating Approaches: Process and Observation". Advanced Materials Research 658 (janeiro de 2013): 140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.658.140.

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In this work, polyurethane coating on the fabrics is studied in the Basecoater 200. The structure and morphology of coated fabrics were investigated using SEM and soaking test in the cured coated samples. Coating thicknesses, surface friction coefficient and surface roughness variation of the samples were measured using the surface tester of the KESF. Results showed that uniform and cross linking degree of the surface layer of coated samples have close relevant with coat processing. The performance quality of end products can be achieved by optimization of process variables, including coating speed, coating solution, and cure temperature and fabric matrixes during fabric coating processing.

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Negishi, Akira, Yoshihisa Suda e Hiroko Kaneko. "Cyclic-Voltammetric Observation of Carbonizing Process of Resins". TANSO 1999, n.º 186 (1999): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.7209/tanso.1999.13.

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Dennis, Brian, José Miguel Ponciano, Subhash R. Lele, Mark L. Taper e David F. Staples. "ESTIMATING DENSITY DEPENDENCE, PROCESS NOISE, AND OBSERVATION ERROR". Ecological Monographs 76, n.º 3 (agosto de 2006): 323–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9615(2006)76[323:eddpna]2.0.co;2.

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Zhang, Y., Z. Gong, Z. Jiang, X. Xu, T. Yan, S. Yu, S. Zhuang e B. Peng. "Observation of the development process by positron annihilation". Imaging Science Journal 47, n.º 2 (janeiro de 1999): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13682199.1999.11736460.

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Kanter, Marek. "Can a quantum process be oblivious to observation?" Journal of Mathematical Physics 38, n.º 11 (novembro de 1997): 5590–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.532153.

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Thombansen, Ulrich, e Michael Ungers. "Illumination for Process Observation in Laser Material Processing". Physics Procedia 56 (2014): 1286–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phpro.2014.08.053.

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Garber, Benjamin D. "Exploring a Process-Oriented Forensic Family Observation Protocol". Family Court Review 54, n.º 2 (abril de 2016): 261–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/fcre.12217.

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Dainson, B. E., B. Tartakovsky, D. R. Lewin e M. Sheintuch. "Variable Structure Models in Process Observation and Control". Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 34, n.º 9 (setembro de 1995): 3008–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00048a012.

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SUDAK, HOWARD S. "Psychoanalytic Process: Theory, Clinical Observation, and Empirical Research". American Journal of Psychiatry 145, n.º 3 (março de 1988): 368—a—369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.145.3.368-a.

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Yansheng Ma, Bo Liu e Jiang Zhou. "Observation and simulation study of dynamic load process". IEEE Transactions on Magnetics 39, n.º 5 (setembro de 2003): 2414–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tmag.2003.816422.

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Ichihashi, Toshinari, Masahiko Ishida, Yukinori Ochiai e Jun-ichi Fujita. "In situ observation of carbon-nanopillar tubulization process". Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology B: Microelectronics and Nanometer Structures 22, n.º 6 (2004): 3221. http://dx.doi.org/10.1116/1.1808713.

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Beck, Nathaniel. "Causal Process “Observation”: Oxymoron or (Fine) Old Wine". Political Analysis 18, n.º 4 (2010): 499–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpq023.

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The issue of how qualitative and quantitative information can be used together is critical. Brady, Collier, and Seawright (BCS) have argued that “causal process observations” can be adjoined to “data set observations.” This implies that qualitative methods can be used to add information to quantitative data sets. In a symposium inPolitical Analysis, I argued that such qualitative information cannot be adjoined in any meaningful way to quantitative data sets. In that symposium, the original authors offered several defenses, but, in the end, BCS can be seen as recommending good, but hopefully standard, research design practices that are normally thought of as central in thequantitativearena. It is good that BCS remind us that no amount of fancy statistics can save a bad research design.

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Watanabe, K., W. Nagatake, T. Takahashi, Y. Masubuchi, J. Takimoto e K. Koyama. "Direct observation of polymer crystallization process under shear by a shear flow observation system". Polymer Testing 22, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2003): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9418(02)00057-0.

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Ikeda, Hisashi, e Yukio Ohsawa. "Visualization of Insight Process in Concept Creation Focusing Handwriting Features". International Journal of Knowledge and Systems Science 4, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2013): 18–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/jkss.2013010102.

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In order to support concept-creation, the authors focus on handwriting assuming that it should contain the information on the process toward insight. As a result of intensive analysis of handwriting in concept creation process, one observation is that pen speed gets faster on insight after the period in which pen speed is relatively slow or time gaps get increased. Another observation is that pen pressure gets higher on insight after the same kind of period as above. Based on those observations, the authors derive a hypothesis on relationship between insight process and handwriting. In some situations, they could create new concepts by getting aware of inconsistency or constraints, by making their viewpoint changed, and then by getting an insight. The authors think those processes can be visualized through handwriting by monitoring some features like writing speed and pressure, and this could be effective support for concept creation.

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