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Haas, Allison. "Two 1916s: Sebastian Barry’s A Long Long Way". Humanities 8, n.º 1 (23 de março de 2019): 60. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/h8010060.
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As Paul Fussell has shown, the First World War was a watershed moment for 20th century British history and culture. While the role of the 36th (Ulster) Division in the Battle of the Somme has become a part of unionist iconography in what is now Northern Ireland, the experience of southern or nationalist Irish soldiers in the war remains underrepresented. Sebastian Barry’s 2005 novel, A Long Long Way is one attempt to correct this historical imbalance. This article will examine how Barry represents the relationship between the First World War and the 1916 Easter Rising through the eyes of his politically-conflicted protagonist, Willie Dunne. While the novel at first seems to present a common war experience as a means of healing political divisions between Ireland and Britain, this solution ultimately proves untenable. By the end of the novel, Willie’s hybrid English–Irish identity makes him an outcast in both places, even as he increasingly begins to identify with the Irish nationalist cause. Unlike some of Barry’s other novels, A Long Long Way does not present a disillusioned version of the early 20th century Irish nationalism. Instead, Willie sympathizes with the rebels, and Barry ultimately argues for a more inclusive Irish national identity.
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Bowring, Bill. "Twentieth Century Totalitarian Regimes, Lustration, and Guilt for Crimes of the Past: Challenges and Dangers for the Strasbourg Court". Review of Central and East European Law 44, n.º 1 (28 de março de 2019): 91–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15730352-04401004.
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This article addresses a key contemporary problem confronting the Strasbourg Court. While it is well established that seeking the historical truth is an integral part of the right to freedom of expression, it cannot be the role of the Strasbourg Court to arbitrate underlying historical issues (Dzhugashvili v. Russia, 2014). Still less can it be for the Court to decide on individual or collective guilt for crimes of the past, rather than on violations of Convention rights. For example, the Court has found many violations of human rights in the more recent armed conflicts in Northern Ireland, South-East Turkey, Chechnya, or the Basque Country, but has never sought to pronounce on the legal or moral issues underlying these conflicts, or on their deep historical roots. However, the existence of the ussr for more than 70 years, and 12 years of Nazism in Germany, leading to wwii, dominated the 20th century in Europe. These have both been described as totalitarian regimes. The fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 followed by the collapse of the ussr in 1991 led to dramatic changes not only in statehood and political systems, but also a strong desire for states emerging from the ussr or Soviet domination to purge the past, and to identify and punish wrongdoers. Various forms of lustration have been a product of this desire, with the exception of the Russian Federation, where the characterization and proper evaluation of its Soviet past are questions still unresolved. Increasingly the Strasbourg Court has been called on to decide highly controversial cases, for example Ždanoka v. Latvia (2006), Vajnai v. Hungary (2008), Kononov v. Latvia (2010), Korobov v. Estonia (2013), Soro v. Estonia (2015). The author was counsel for the applicants in some of these cases. I ask: what are the dangers and challenges for the Strasbourg Court in adjudicating such cases, and how can it avoid the appearance of taking sides in bitter and intractable arguments?
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Stoyanova, V. I. "International Dialogue on Preservation of The Cultural Heritage of Russia (Surgut, 2021)". Concept: philosophy, religion, culture 5, n.º 3 (28 de setembro de 2021): 203–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2541-8831-2021-3-19-203-206.
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On May 4, 2021, an international scientific and practical conference Preservation of the cultural heritage of Russia was held in Surgut. Masters and young scientists from Russia, the USA, Northern Ireland, Spain, Italy, Estonia and Moldova took part in the conference to gain new experience and share findings of their research on the topic. The main theme stated in the name of the conference determined its theoretical and practical focus. The conference comprised two major sections — Topical issues of preserving Russian culture and Implementation of projects for the preservation of Russian cultural heritage in Russia and abroad. N. K. Murnova opened the plenary meeting with a talk about Doctor of History Tatiana Vyacheslavovna Tobolina and her contribution to the study of Russian emigration of the 20th century. Orthodox Archpriest G. A. Zavershinskiy presented his books on history and religion. One of the key ideas of his report is that the common dichotomy of East and West is no longer viable and should be rejected in favor of antinomy and analogy of cognition. K. A. Frolova representing the Department of international relations of the Orthodox Church spoke about the problem of anti-Russia prejudice and integrity of Russian culture. Delegates representing MGIMO University (Moscow, Russia) presented their reports on periodicals published by Russian emigrants, identity as a general phenomenon, local museums preserving memories of unique events in regional history. Doctor of Philosophy V. S. Glagolev turned to the dimentiality of seeing beauty depending on historical and cultural peculiarities. N. L. Krylov from the Institute of Africa of the Russian Academy of Science devoted his report to the role of women in the conservation of Russian language and traditions in Northern African countries: Russian-speaking women living in Africa manage to assimilate in their countries of residence and nevertheless preserve their Russian identity. Moreover, they take an active part in social and religious local organizations. The conference gave a platform for many other exciting reports on tourism, museology, religious art and education. It was a special joy to hear a talk by T. D. Dzenlyuk, a fourth-generation Russian emigrant, about the work of an Orthodox church in Miami, USA, and the lifestyle of Russian emigrants there. The conference was rich in fascinating reports on diverse topics and ended with a folk concert.
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Hall, M. "Mortality in Ireland 1901 to 2006". British Actuarial Journal 18, n.º 2 (10 de maio de 2013): 436–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1357321713000226.
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AbstractOver the course of the 20th century Ireland moved from being a largely young population with a high death rate from infectious diseases to an increasingly older population with a consequent rise in chronic diseases. Understanding the changes that occurred in Irish mortality over the 20th century and how these changes compare with those experienced by similar countries can help us plan for the challenges of our aging population. This paper analyses trends in mortality in Ireland over the period 1901 to 2006 by age group, gender and five broad categories of cause of death – infectious diseases, circulatory diseases, respiratory diseases, cancer and external causes. To place the changes in an international context the trends are compared with those experienced by Northern Ireland and England and Wales. Ireland experienced the fastest improvements in mortality of the three regions in the early years of the 21st century. By 2006 the mortality of Irish males ranked between that of Northern Ireland and England and Wales while Irish females experienced the lowest mortality of the three regions. The improvement in Irish mortality in the 21st century can be attributed mainly to the drop in deaths from circulatory diseases for both males and females.
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O'Day, A. "Shorter notice. Ireland in the 20th Century: Divided Island. David Harkness". English Historical Review 115, n.º 460 (fevereiro de 2000): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/enghis/115.460.251.
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O'Day, A. "Shorter notice. Ireland in the 20th Century: Divided Island. David Harkness". English Historical Review 115, n.º 460 (1 de fevereiro de 2000): 251–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ehr/115.460.251.
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Hassan, David, e Philip O’Kane. "Terrorism and the abnormality of sport in Northern Ireland". International Review for the Sociology of Sport 47, n.º 3 (10 de janeiro de 2012): 397–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1012690211433483.
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This article examines the rationale for the limited use of sport by a range of paramilitary organizations in Northern Ireland to supplement their wider political and ideological aspirations. In any divided society all aspects of life are recruited to reveal and occasionally contribute to this separation and periodically, when seeking to attack or undermine ‘the other’, their sporting pursuits and interests become part of any military offensive. Whilst it is wrong to suggest that sport was a consistent or substantial factor in the ethno-sectarian conflict in Northern Ireland, which unfolded over the latter part of the 20th century, it was used in a strategic manner by terror organizations and thus its deployment was rarely ill-conceived even if the outcomes of their actions were almost always unjustifiable and, ultimately, futile.
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Stalmaszczyk, Piotr. "Celtic Studies in Poland in the 20th century: a bibliography". ZCPH 54, n.º 1 (30 de abril de 2004): 170–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/zcph.2005.170.
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Introduction Celtic Studies are concerned with the languages, literature, culture, mythology, religion, art, history, and archaeology of historical and contemporary Celtic countries and traces of Celtic influences elsewhere. The historical Celtic countries include ancient Gaul, Galatia, Celtiberia, Italy, Britain and Ireland, whereas the modern Celtic territories are limited to Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Isle of Man, Cornwall and Brittany. It has to be stressed that Celtic Studies are not identical with Irish (or Scottish, Welsh, or Breton) Studies, though they are, for obvious reasons, closely connected.
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O’Hanlon, Oliver. "Ireland through French eyes: reports from Ireland in French newspapers in the 20th century". Boolean: Snapshots of Doctoral Research at University College Cork, n.º 2011 (1 de janeiro de 2011): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.33178/boolean.2011.37.
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The French and the Irish have for many years had a certain affinity and a distinctly positive regard for each other. It may well be that our shared history and Celtic ancestry, or common religion have helped to bring us together and to support each other. For centuries religious links have been forged by successive waves of missionaries who travelled from Ireland to the European continent to spread the faith. While these religious links may not today be as strong as they once were, there are still several extremely strong links between the two countries, for instance in the areas of culture, education or business. In recent times the creative talents of the writers James Joyce and Samuel Beckett and artists such as Walter Osborne, Roderic O’Conor and Eileen Gray have helped to establish and foster the bond between the two countries. For well over a hundred years, news stories ...
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Delay, Cara. "Wrong for womankind and the nation: Anti-abortion discourses in 20th-century Ireland". Journal of Modern European History 17, n.º 3 (20 de junho de 2019): 312–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1611894419854660.
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This article asks how anti-abortion discourses and dialogues engaged with ideas about motherhood, national identity, and women’s reproductive decision-making in 20th-century Ireland, particularly from 1967, when abortion was decriminalized in Britain, to 1983, when Ireland’s Eighth Amendment became the law of the land. It assesses the ways in which ‘pro-life’ advocates rejected the notion that women were independent adults capable of reproductive decision-making. Indeed, throughout the 1960s, 1970s, and 1980s, anti-choice activists defined all Irish women as innately innocent, moral, and naturally desirous of domesticity and motherhood. Abortion, they argued, was encouraged, coerced, and even forced by outsiders or ‘others’. The arguments of some anti-abortion activists utilized meaningful themes in Ireland’s colonial and nationalist history, including the historical notion of Irish sacrificial motherhood, the depiction of Irish women as young and vulnerable, and the explanation of abortion as foreign, anti-Irish, and reminiscent of British colonial repression.
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Inglis, T. "Leanne McCormick, Regulating Sexuality: Women in Twentieth-Century Northern Ireland". Social History of Medicine 23, n.º 3 (30 de novembro de 2010): 678–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/shm/hkq063.
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Eyvazova, Niqar Vaqif k. "GERMAN COLONIES IN THE HISTORY OF NORTHERN AZERBAIJAN". Chronos 7, n.º 10(72) (13 de novembro de 2022): 15–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.52013/2658-7556-72-10-3.
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The article deals with migration issues and examines the causes of the migration process. The article also reflects the influence of the migration movement on the settlement and structure of the population. The subjekt of the study is the migration processes of the population of Northern Azerbaijan in the late 19th-early 20th century. The study is based on the data from the population census conducted by Russian Empire in 1897.
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Davoren, Mary, Eugene G. Breen e Brendan D. Kelly. "Dr Ada English: patriot and psychiatrist in early 20th century Ireland". Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 28, n.º 2 (junho de 2011): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700011514.
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AbstractDr Adeline (Ada) English (1875-1944) was a pioneering Irish psychiatrist. She qualified in medicine in 1903 and spent four decades working at Ballinasloe District Lunatic Asylum, during which time there were significant therapeutic innovations (eg. occupational therapy, convulsive treatment). Dr English was deeply involved in Irish politics. She participated in the Easter Rising (1916); spent six months in Galway jail for possessing nationalistic literature (1921); was elected as a Teachta Dála (member of Parliament; 1921); and participated in the Civil War (1922). She made significant contributions to Irish political life and development of psychiatric services during an exceptionally challenging period of history. Additional research would help contextualise her contributions further.
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Orford, Julian, e Joanne Murdy. "Presence and possible cause of periodicities in 20th-century extreme coastal surge: Belfast Harbour, Northern Ireland". Global and Planetary Change 133 (outubro de 2015): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gloplacha.2015.09.002.
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Pembroke, Sinéad. "Foucault and Industrial Schools in Ireland: Subtly Disciplining or Dominating through Brutality?" Sociology 53, n.º 2 (6 de abril de 2018): 385–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038518763490.
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Industrial Schools run by Catholic Religious Orders in Ireland were a form of institutionalised child-welfare that incarcerated children in need for most of the 20th century. During the last decade, Industrial Schools were one of the most controversial elements of Ireland’s recent history; the abuse scandal associated with such places has led to a state apology, the setting up of an inquiry and redress process, with its final report (the Ryan Report), published in 2009. Although a fast growing literature exists on Industrial Schools, they do not analyse the precise nature of the regime inside these institutions. This article contributes to understandings of Foucault by looking at the regime and practices imposed on children incarcerated in Industrial Schools in Ireland in the 20th century, and exploring why they were used. Twenty-five interviews were conducted with male and female Industrial School survivors and analysed using a grounded theory approach.
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Pozzi, Lucia, e Liam Kennedy. "Too long a sacrifice? Maternal mortality in Northern Ireland during the first half of the 20th century". Annales de démographie historique 139, n.º 1 (2020): 141. http://dx.doi.org/10.3917/adh.139.0141.
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Kornoukhova, G. G. "Russian-Persian Economic Relations in Early 20th Century: Road Construction". Nauchnyi dialog 13, n.º 3 (25 de abril de 2024): 445–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24224/2227-1295-2024-13-3-445-462.
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This article explores the history of the construction of one of the main transportation arteries in modern Iran: the Enzeli-Teheran highway with the Kazvin-Hamadan section. The road was funded by the Russian treasury and aimed to boost Russian-Persian trade by including not only the northern provinces of Persia but also the central part of the country. The intensification of trade was expected to occur through the introduction of automobile traffic on the highway, replacing the archaic caravan routes. The article presents the perspectives of both the Russian government of that period and entrepreneurial circles on the choice of road direction and the justification for transitioning to a new method of cargo delivery. It concludes that there were significant discrepancies in the positions of these parties. While the Russian government saw great geopolitical advantage in connecting the largest Enzeli port with Teheran and constructing the Kazvin-Hamadan branch linking northern Persia with its central part, entrepreneurs viewed it as a threat of European product penetration into northern Persia. Fortunately, the entrepreneurial community was not unanimous in its views, and a group emerged willing to embark on this new venture, promising to be successful and give a fresh impetus to Russian-Persian trade relations.
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Gardner, Peter R. "Ethnicity monopoly: Ulster-Scots ethnicity-building and institutional hegemony in Northern Ireland". Irish Journal of Sociology 26, n.º 2 (3 de junho de 2018): 139–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0791603518780821.
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Ulster-Scots is a contemporary case of ethnicity-building, materialising in Northern Ireland at the end of the 20th century. As the ‘Troubles’ began to be reinterpreted as being about cultural identity in the 1980s, avenues were sought through which to find a ‘Protestant-ness’ comparative to the considerably more developed discourse of Irishness. It was at this point that Ulster-Scots emerged. While its initial decades were marked by derision, hostility, and resistance, it has gained considerable ground in recent years. This article outlines the development of Ulster-Scots from its beginnings in the late 1980s to the present. Utilising in-depth interviews with a variety of current and historical actors, I contend that this development entailed three phases. First, grass-roots educationalists operated independently while unionist elites lobbied for official recognition. In a second phase, the official recognition and institutionalisation of Ulster-Scots in the wake of the Good Friday Agreement initiated a process wherein the Ulster-Scots Agency came to be established as the key player in the field. A third phase began in the early 2010s with the Agency establishing a monopoly over the processes of Ulster-Scots peoplehood-making.
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Gołdyn, Piotr. "Działalność społeczna i wychowawcza sióstr służek w północnych powiatach Wielkopolski Wschodniej w pierwszej połowie XX wieku". Polonia Maior Orientalis 2 (2015): 67–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/27204006pmo.15.006.16913.
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Polish education have teamed up with the history of the religious gatherings, especially this can be seen in the case of elementary education. In the northern districts of the Eastern Greater Poland the Congregation of the Immaculate Virgin Mary servant nuns existed in the first half of the 20th century, which were taking care of children in protective centres and hostels and were assumed by local landowners. At the same time they interacted with the surrounding population and were helping the sick. Those centres were located in such places as: Kazimierz Biskupi, Grodziec, Nieświatów, Jóźwin, Słaboludz, Maliniec and Uniejów. Their existence in the region ended in the 90s of the 20th century. The last centre which was left was Uniejów. In the mid-20th century the rest of the centres were closed. You might want to recreate, though briefly, educational and social activities of the congregation in the northern part of the Eastern Greater Poland, which for the vast majority of the local population is still a so called „white card“.
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Wallenius, Tuomo, Markku Larjavaara, Juha Heikkinen e Olga Shibistova. "Declining fires in Larix-dominated forests in northern Irkutsk district". International Journal of Wildland Fire 20, n.º 2 (2011): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wf10020.
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To study the poorly known fire history of Larix-dominated forest in central Siberia, we collected samples from 200 trees in 46 systematically located study plots. Our study area stretches ~90 km from north to south along the River Nizhnyaya Tunguska in northern Irkustk district. Cross-dated tree-ring chronology for all samples combined extended from the year 1360 AD to the present and included 76 fire years and 88 separate fire events. Average fire cycle gradually lengthened from 52 years in the 18th century to 164 years in the 20th century. During the same time, the number of recorded fires decreased even more steeply, i.e. by more than 85%. Fires were more numerous but smaller in the past. Contrary to expectations, climate change in the 20th century has not resulted in increased forest fires in this region. Fire suppression may have contributed to the scarcity of fires since the 1950s. However, a significant decline in fires was evident earlier; therefore an additional explanation is required, a reduction in human-caused ignitions being likely in the light of historical accounts.
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Henderson, Ian. "Vincent McKee, Gaelic Nations. Politics of the Gaelic Language in Scotland and Northern Ireland in the 20th Century". Northern Scotland 18 (First Serie, n.º 1 (maio de 1998): 129–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/nor.1998.0022.
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Heinsohn, TE. "Wallaby extinctions at the macropodid frontier: the changing status of the northern pademelon Thylogale browni (Marsupialia: Macropodidae) in New Ireland Province, Papua New Guinea." Australian Mammalogy 27, n.º 2 (2005): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am05175.
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The northern pademelon (Thylogale browni) is a small to medium-sized macropodid that is native to northern and central New Guinea, but is also found on some of the islands of the Bismarck Archipelago, such as New Britain, New Ireland and Lavongai, where it appears to have been introduced. In New Ireland, archaeological evidence indicates that it may have been introduced by prehistoric human agency c. 7,000 years ago. In the chain of islands that constitutes New Ireland Province, historical evidence indicates that the species also recently occurred in the Tabar, Lihir, Tanga and Feni island groups prior to undergoing a series of local extinctions and range contractions during the first half of the 20th century. Furthermore T. browni also appears to have declined on New Ireland and Lavongai, where it is now restricted to the remote mountainous interior. Much of the sudden range contraction coincided with the Pacific War (1942-1945), during which time blockaded Japanese troops confiscated local food produce. It is postulated that the privations of war led to an extended period of over-hunting which drove the species into local extinction in much of its former range. Furthermore, since the war, ongoing human pressures and a breakdown in the traditional ethnozoological translocation / re-stocking regimes which would normally have re-introduced this species to satellite islands, appears to have prevented T. browni from regaining its former widespread distribution in the New Ireland Province Archipelago.
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Günenç, Mesut. "Political violence and re-victimization in The Ferryman". Ars Aeterna 13, n.º 1 (1 de junho de 2021): 80–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aa-2021-0006.
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Abstract Jez Butterworth’s The Ferryman (2017) is a play about the Carney family living in 1980s Ireland during the period of insurgency of the Irish Republican Army (IRA – also known as the Provisional IRA) and its efforts to end British rule in Northern Ireland, a period known as “the Troubles”. This paper focuses on Jez Butterworth, one of the most distinctive voices of the contemporary British theatre scene and a typical representative of the 1990s cultural trend, and his tragedy The Ferryman, which portrays the struggle and conflicts between Catholic nationalists and Protestant loyalists in Northern Ireland in the last decades of the 20th century. The second major point of the study is that the power of the Irish Republican Party has a heavy impact on the play. The paper also discovers how Sean Carney and other members of his family both embody and apply the story of Eugene Simons and other members of “the Disappeared”. Like other young men, Seamus Carney became a victim during the Troubles and the campaign of political violence. The discovery of his body symbolizes how political violence created the Disappeared and shows that re-victimization and retraumatisation continue in the aftermath of the Troubles.
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Ali, Kamran Asdar. "GAIL MINAULT, Secluded Scholars: Women's Education and Muslim Social Reform in Colonial India (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1998). Pp. 373. $35.00 cloth, $14.95 paper." International Journal of Middle East Studies 34, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 2002): 168–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020743802391062.
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The Urdu novelist and short story writer Intizar Hussayn, in his story “Ihsan Manzil,” describes the anxiety produced in a northern Indian Muslim community when a magazine arrives addressed to the daughter of a respectable household. Set in the early part of the 20th century, the story depicts how the Muslim woman's name on the envelope, exposed as it was to the whole world, became a metaphor for modernity, the public, and the outside penetrating Muslim moral boundaries and domestic ethos. Similar to Hussayn's incisive depiction of changes within Indian Muslim households, Gail Minault gives us a sense of how religious reform, expanding opportunities for education for both genders, and colonial modernization in the first half of the 20th century undermined and challenged traditional aspects of middle-class Muslim life in northern India.
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Devine, Paula, e Gillian Robinson. "A Society Coming out of Conflict: Reflecting on 20 Years of Recording Public Attitudes with the Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey". Research Data Journal for the Humanities and Social Sciences 4, n.º 1 (22 de março de 2019): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24523666-00401001.
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Annual public attitudes surveys are important tools for researchers, policy makers, academics, the media and the general public, as they allow us to track how – or if – public attitudes change over time. This is particularly pertinent in a society coming out of conflict. This article highlights the background to the creation of the Northern Ireland Life and Times Survey in 1998, including its links to previous survey research. Given the political changes after the Good Friday/Belfast Agreement in 1998, the challenge was to create a new annual survey that recorded public attitudes over time to key social issues pertinent to Northern Ireland’s social policy context. 2018 marks the 20th anniversary of the survey’s foundation, as well as the 20th anniversary of the Agreement. Thus, it is timely to reflect on the survey’s history and impact.
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Maksimova, P. V. "Overcoming Identity Crisis: Limits of Consociationalism and Stagnation in Northern Ireland Conflict Regulation". Journal of Political Theory, Political Philosophy and Sociology of Politics Politeia 101, n.º 2 (23 de junho de 2021): 144–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.30570/2078-5089-2021-101-2-144-162.
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For many decades, Northern Ireland has been characterized by a tense conflict of identities with frequent outbreaks of political and religious violence. At the end of the 20th century, a consensus was reached between the opposing sides on the need for a peaceful settlement of the contradictions, which was reflected in the 1998 Belfast Agreement. The most important part of the agreement was a transition to the consociational model of governance. Consociationalism was assumed to “cure” the Northern Irish region, save it from violence and antagonism, and help to establish a dialogue between the representatives of the region’s key collective identities — unionists and nationalists. However, although 22 years have passed since the introduction of the consociational system, the settlement of the conflict has not seen any obvious progress. The article attempts to trace the reasons for this state of affairs and, in particular, to find out whether consociational model could, in principle, live up to the expectations. Based on the analysis of the fundamental characteristics of this model, as well as the institutional patterns in the Northern Irish politics, P.Maksimova comes to the conclusion that consociational practices not only failed to contribute to the elimination of the antagonistic moods in the society, but also helped to preserve them. According to the author, consociational system is merely an instrument of crisis management, which, if misinterpreted, can only intensify confrontation and block the final settlement of the conflict. This is exactly what happened in Northern Ireland, where the specific features of the consociational system made it almost impossible to abandon group identities.
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Roosevelt, Anna C. "Method and Theory of Early Farming: The Orinoco and Caribbean Coasts of South America". Earth Science Research 6, n.º 1 (5 de novembro de 2016): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/esr.v6n1p1.
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The early and mid 20th century was a time of great interest in the rise of agriculture and its role in the evolution of civilizations societies in particular environments. Late 20th century efforts to reconstruct the nature and history of prehistoric farming societies in the northern lowlands of South America ranged from expansive hypotheses to regional case studies using archaeobotanical technologies then available. Since 2000, a large number of regional studies using expanded and refined methods have produced broadly interesting results. Approaches from the fields of geography and earth sciences are being recruited increasingly. The resulting empirical evidence does shed light on aspects of the history of human use of some plants but, as always, has raised more questions than it solved. Many of the problems interpreting the processual and evolutionary significance of these findings are methodological ones. This article reviews what seem to be the most important methodological and interpretive issues of this area of research for the tropical lowlands (up to c. 1500 m a.s.l) of northern South America.
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Ó Corráin, Daithí. "Why did Pope John Paul II visit Ireland? The 1979 papal visit in context". British Catholic History 35, n.º 4 (outubro de 2021): 462–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bch.2021.19.
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Pope John Paul II’s visit to Ireland in 1979 was an iconic moment in the history of twentieth-century Irish Catholicism. It has, however, received little detailed historical scrutiny. Based on state archival and hitherto unavailable diocesan material, this article contextualizes the visit by explaining the pastoral and leadership challenges that confronted the Irish hierarchy. Second, this article discusses how close the pope came to visiting Northern Ireland at the height of the Troubles. This was of concern not just to the hierarchy but to the Irish and British governments. Third, the organization of the visit, which was closely tied to the pastoral concerns of the Irish bishops, is surveyed. Lastly, the pastoral impact of the visit is considered. If the Catholic hierarchy hoped that the papal visit might arrest the declining institutional influence of the Catholic Church, reverse a quiet but growing faith crisis, or hasten a cessation of violence in Northern Ireland, then those expectations were misplaced. Ultimately, the pastoral impulse of the 1979 papal visit to Ireland was to preserve rather than renew the Irish Catholic tradition at a time when Irish Catholics were fixed on future material advancement rather than fidelity to their spiritual past.
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Kuzmanović, Bojan, e Srđan Blagojević. "The significance of the political dimension of armed rebellion on the example of Northern Ireland". Bezbednost, Beograd 63, n.º 3 (2021): 97–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/bezbednost2103097k.
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At the beginning of the last century, after several unsuccessful armed uprisings against the central government, insurgents in Ireland realized that the fight with weapons was not enough and united in the political organization Sinn Fein (Irish: Sinn Fein - "We ourselves"), respecting the security grammar (Ejdus, 2017: 30), they managed to determine what was the danger they are fighting against, what was the reference object of security (what was endangered), who was the one who protected security (subject of security) and most importantly what were the means or measures to protect security. The subsequent mobilization of forces at the political level, the expansion and deepening of the conflict led to success, especially for the population in Northern Ireland who bore the brunt during the second thirty-year escalation of the conflict (armed insurgency) in the 20th century. The activities of Catholic rebels and Protestant loyalists in the second half of the twentieth century (from 1968 to 1998) confirmed the liberal view that political and economic order reduces tensions between social groups, but also the realistic view that the entire field of security is political, as well as Galula's statement that opposing an insurgency is eighty percent a political and only twenty percent a military struggle (Galula, 1966: 63). Rebel approach, motives, interests and goals, as well as the conditions (environment) were such that the repression and engagement of the army for the implementation of police tasks such are arrest, internment, maintenance of public order and peace (Alderson, 2009: 29), instead of contributing to solving conflict, in fact contributed to decades of instability. After this, the political segment of internal conflict gained importance because the military (hard) power, as a way of achieving goals (political results), did not have a decisive influence any more. The weapons that led to success at the strategic (state) level were the processes of political reconciliation, improvement of socio-economic conditions and diplomatic relations with the Republic of Ireland. At the tactical (local) level, these were investments in education, employment, housing and local government reform. So it can be concluded that the political dimension used to have and still has the biggest significance in this and similar conflicts.
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Moore-McCann, Brenda. "Art matters: How art and medicine intersect in the art of Brian O’Doherty/Patrick Ireland". Journal of Medical Biography 28, n.º 1 (3 de outubro de 2017): 46–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967772017733643.
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This essay discusses the influence of a medical training on the art practice of one of the seminal thinkers and art practitioners of the 20th century, Brian O’Doherty. Using selected artworks like the ‘Portrait of Marcel Duchamp’ (1966) that uses an electrocardiographic tracing of the older artist's heart, it demonstrates this link. However, in this artist’s hands, the work moves beyond this link to challenge a number of conventions within art itself.
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Eogan, George. "Archaeology in Ireland during the last 50 years: an outline". Antiquity 76, n.º 292 (junho de 2002): 475–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003598x0009058x.
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IntroductionThroughout the 20th century there were many notable developments in Irish archaeology, both academically and administratively. Already by the middle of the century considerable change had taken place, that was a time when new attitudes and initiatives were underway. It was also a time of economic development and social adjustments in the wake of World War II. The changes that took place in archaeology during the following half-century were extensive and varied and involved most aspects of the subject. The year 1950 is, therefore, a reasonable starting-point for commencing this review but this does not imply that a new and altered archaeology had emerged. On the contrary established personnel and institutions continued to play a major role, while some longstanding research projects continued. What is offered in this paper is a brief historical review largely considered from the academic point of view, it is selective and is not intended to provide detailed information about all aspects of research and other developments that have taken place over the past half-century. However, an attempt will be made to review the causes and influences that brought about such developments, but it is not a potted history, neither is it a review of intellectual developments.
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Adriani, Nour Muhammad, Labibatussolihah Labibatussolihah, Mohammad Refi Omar Ar Razy e Andi Suwirta. "The Land Of Complexity 19th and 20th Century Northern Borneo Socio-Demographic History: A Review". Jurnal Sosial Humaniora 14, n.º 2 (31 de dezembro de 2021): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.12962/j24433527.v14i2.11352.
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Milewski, Jarosław. "Masculinities, History and Cultural Space: Queer Emancipative Thought in Jamie O’Neill’s At Swim, Two Boys". Text Matters, n.º 8 (24 de outubro de 2018): 55–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/texmat-2018-0004.
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At Swim, Two Boys, a 2001 novel by Jamie O’Neill, tells a story of gay teen romance in the wake of the Easter Rising. This paper considers the ways in which the characters engage in patterns of masculine behaviour in a context that excludes queer men, and the rhetorical effect of transgressive strategies to form a coherent identity. These patterns include involvement with the masculine and heteronormative nationalist movement, as well as a regime of physical exercise, and a religious upbringing in 20th-century Ireland. The strategies of broadening the practices of masculinity include their renegotiation and redefinition, as well as attempts to (re)construct the Irish and the gay canons of history and literature. These strategies, as exemplified by character development, become a rhetorical basis for the novel’s main argument for inclusiveness. This analysis deals with the central metaphors of space and continuity in the novel in the light of a struggle between identities. It also observes the tradition of parallels drawn between the emasculated position of the gay man and the Irish man at the beginning of the 20th century, and O’Neill’s rhetorical deployment of the shared telos in construction of a coherent gay Irish revolutionary identity.
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Wichert, Sabine. "The Northern Ireland Conflict: New Wine in Old Bottles?" Contemporary European History 9, n.º 2 (julho de 2000): 307–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300002095.
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James Loughlin, The Ulster Question since 1945 (London: Macmillan, 1998), 151 pp., £10.99 (pb), ISBN 0–333–60616–7.David Harkness, Ireland in the Twentieth Century. Divided Island (London: Macmillan, 1996), 190 pp., £9.99 (pb), ISBN 0–333–56796–X.Thomas Hennessey, A History of Northern Ireland, 1920–1996 (London: Macmillan, 1997), 347 pp., £12.99 (pb), £40.00 (hb), ISBN 0–333–73162–X.Brian A. Follis, A State Under Siege. The Establishment of Northern Ireland, 1920–1925 (Oxford: Clarendon, 1995), 250 pp., £35.00 (hb), ISBN 0–198–20305–5.Dermot Keogh and Michael H. Haltzel, eds., Northern Ireland and the Politics of reconciliation (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 256 pp., £35.00 (hb), ISBN 0–521–44430–6.William Crotty and David Schmitt, eds., Ireland and the Politics of Change (London/New York: Longman, 1999), 264 pp., £17.99 (pb), ISBN 0–582–32894–2.David Miller, ed., Rethinking Northern Ireland. Culture, Ideology and Colonialism. (London/New York: Longman, 1999), 344 pp., £17.99 (pb), ISBN 0–582–30287–0.Anthony D. Buckley and Mary Catherine Kenney, Negotiating Identity: Rhetoric, Metaphor, and Social Identity in Northern Ireland (Washington: Smithonian Institution Press, 1996), 270 pp., £34.75 (hb), ISBN 1–560–98520–8.John D. Brewer, with Gareth I. Higgins, Anti-Catholicism in Northern Ireland, 1600–1998: the mote and the beam (London: Macmillan, 1998), 248 pp., £16.99 (pb), ISBN 0–333–74635–X.During the last three decades, and accompanying the ‘troubles’, the literature on Northern Ireland has mushroomed. Within the last ten years two surveys have attempted to summarise and categorise the major interpretations. John Whyte's Interpreting Northern Ireland covered the 1970s and 1980s and came to the conclusion that traditional Unionist and nationalist interpretations, with their emphasis on external, that is British and Irish, forces as the cause for the problem, had begun to lose out to ‘internal conflict’ interpretations. He felt, however, that this approach, too, was coming to the end of its usefulness, and he expected the emergence of a new paradigm shortly.
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Demina, А. D. "HISTORY OF RESEARCH OF SCYTHIAN SITES IN THE NORTHERN AZOV SEA REGION". Archaeology and Early History of Ukraine 47, n.º 2 (10 de maio de 2023): 276–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.37445/adiu.2023.02.20.
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Northern Azov region (Pryazovia) is the place of concentration of one of the largest groups of Scythian sites of the 5th—4th centuries BC. At the same time, local necropolises show significant variability in chronological and structural characteristics. Therefore, one of the first issues aimed at a better understanding of the region is the completeness and directions of archaeological research of the territory. The paper offers an overview of the main stages of the discovery of the Scythian sites in this region and the factors that influenced them. It follows the chronological order of explorations, both field and theoretical. The first excavations date back to the 19th century with the discovery of the kurhans in the Obitochna river mouth. The synchronous historical-geographical attempt of placing Herodotus’ Royal Scythians on the map of the Azov region is analyzed separately. The early 20th century is mostly characterized by archaeological studies in the local museums. The first large-scale expeditions as well as the summarizing works that approached the Azov region started in 1950—1960. During this stage the first in the 20th century Royal barrow, Melitopol kurhan, was excavated. This discovery prompted further research of the large kurhans in the Azov region. The breakthrough stage is considered to be the period between 1970 and 1990. The works in the North-Western part of Pryazovia were primarily associated with the Khersons’ka and Priazovs’ka expeditions of the Institute of Archaeology (IA). During this time, no less than 130 Scythian burial mounds were discovered and recorded there. The scope and amount of the field research also influenced the advancement in the standardization of the procedure of the kurhan exploration and documentation. In the Kalmius basin, archaeological research took place less intensively due to the smaller area of construction works. The excavations of the 1970s were primarily connected with the activities of the Donetsk expedition of the IA led by S. Bratchenko. Although the number of burials in the Donetsk region was significantly smaller, the research of the Shevchenko and Kremenivka complexes showed the presence of unique ritual sites, as well as the intensive use of local granite deposits for the construction of stone structures. Overall, more than a century of research allowed a better understanding of the history of the Scythians in the Pryazovia and showed the importance of continuing fieldwork and further conceptualizing this region.
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Fitzgerald, John, e Seán Kenny. "“Till debt do us part”: financial implications of the divorce of the Irish Free State from the United Kingdom, 1922–1926". European Review of Economic History 24, n.º 4 (22 de maio de 2020): 818–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ereh/heaa004.
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Abstract In this paper, we discuss the apportionment of national debt when Ireland exited the UK in 1922. We estimate that the claim on Ireland amounted to 80 percent of Irish Gross National Product (G.N.P.) and describe how it was ultimately waived at the expense of an unchanged land border with Northern Ireland. While this represents the largest debt relief episode in the twentieth century, the political cost of the agreement exceeded the financial gain in the long run. We find that domestic markets reacted more to political uncertainty than the pending liability, despite the financial stability which resulted from the debt write-down.
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Whelan, Bernadette. "‘A real revolution’: Ireland and the Oxford Group/Moral Re-Armament movement, 1933–2001". Irish Historical Studies 45, n.º 168 (novembro de 2021): 262–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ihs.2021.55.
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AbstractDuring the twentieth century, Ireland, north and south, was infiltrated to varying degrees by a transnational quasi-religious and political movement, Moral Re-Armament (M.R.A.). From its founding in the early 1920s by an American evangelist and former Lutheran pastor, Frank Buchman, through the peak of moral revivalism in the 1930s, its Cold War work after 1945 and its reinvention as a secular, multi-faith, reconciliation organisation in the 1960s, this article examines M.R.A.'s structural and ideological origins and its evolution in Ireland, the U.S. and Britain. Based on primary source materials, it argues that Ireland, characterised by two ideologically narrow cultural and political monoliths, was not immune to external spiritual and quasi-political influences and that M.R.A.'s activities in Ireland confirm these distinctive religious and political cultures while also revealing similarities. Moreover, it reveals that non-governmental M.R.A. adherents were in advance of governments in their desire for peaceful solutions to the Irish partition issue and the Cold War more generally. The article, therefore, examines an international movement which had personal, national and global significance within the context of transnational religious, political and foreign policy studies as well as the national narratives of Northern Ireland and Ireland.
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Berrios, G. E. "Delusions as “Wrong Beliefs”: A Conceptual History". British Journal of Psychiatry 159, S14 (novembro de 1991): 6–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s0007125000296414.
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It was a common view among 19th century historians and clinicians that the study of delusions was the study of insanity itself (Ball & Ritti, 1881). At the beginning of the 20th century, Jaspers rendered this insight into a cliche (Jaspers, 1963). The nature of the link between delusion and insanity, however, has continued to confuse scholars, particularly those writing in the English language (Ireland, 1885; Arthur, 1964; Moor & Tucker, 1979; Winters & Neale, 1983). German (Huber & Gross, 1977), French (Ey, 1950) and Spanish (Cabaleiro Goas, 1966) writers have fared better; unfortunately, much of their work remains inaccessible to English-speaking psychiatrists. This is one of the reasons why, in Anglo-Saxon psychiatry, it has been suggested that the ‘definitive‘ view on delusions started with Jaspers and the Heidelberg school (Hoenig, 1968). This suggestion is misleading (Berrios, 1991), for by 1912, when Chaslin published his great work on descriptive psychopathology, all the distinctions nowadays attributed to Jaspers had already been made. Indeed, the rare efforts made to escape from the ‘pathological belief view were ignored (Southard, 1916).
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Gmerek, Katarzyna. "Shane Leslie and the Irish Support for Language Struggle in Poland". Studia Celtica Posnaniensia 3, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2018): 89–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/scp-2018-0005.
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Abstract This paper tells a little known story of the collecting and delivery of signatures of Irish school children from the northern part of Ireland as an act of moral support for Polish students on strike in defense of the Polish language at schools in the Prussian partition of Poland, in the first decade of the 20th century (Płygawko 1991). The bound signatures are in the Czartoryski Museum in Cracow, Poland, but the information about the action has not been found in Irish sources, and the Polish signatures collected in response seem to be missing. The role of the organizer of the initiative, Shane Leslie, is emphasized in this paper. It describes the background of this exchange of sympathy, and discusses possible reasons why the story remains obscure.
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Charman, Sarah, e Stephen Savage. "Singing from the Same Hymn Sheet: The Professionalisation of the Association of Chief Police Officers". International Journal of Police Science & Management 1, n.º 1 (março de 1998): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/146135579800100102.
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The Association of Chief Police Officers of England, Wales and Northern Ireland (ACPO) represents the most senior tiers of the police service and has, arguably, a primary responsibility for ‘steering’ policing and policing policy under both central and local government (police authority) advice and guidance. In order to deal more effectively with the challenges of the late 20th century, the police service has been the subject of what is principally an internally driven desire to professionalise. That professionalisation has been aimed at both delivery of service and at the professionalisation of ACPO itself as a policy-making and policy advisory body. This paper focuses on how ACPO has developed organisationally, and on the impact of such change at individual force level. The paper also examines the dilemmas revealed in such developments.
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Loftus, Belinda. "Northern Ireland 1968–1988: Enter an Art Historian in Search of a Useful Theory". Sociological Review 35, n.º 1_suppl (maio de 1987): 99–133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-954x.1987.tb00084.x.
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Publications and museum or art-gallery displays have tended to separate the visual images related to the Northern Ireland troubles into illustrations of history, works of art and media imagery. These distinct categories to some degree reflect the growing specialisation of art workers in Europe from the late eighteenth century onwards. But in the context of the Northern Ireland conflict visual images patently cut across such distinctions. Fine art works have direct political and therefore historical impact; media images use and are used by the producers of popular emblems; visual styles are held in common by all categories of imagery. The perpetuation of the separate history illustration/artwork/media picture categories when dealing with Northern Ireland imagery is therefore attributed to the formal and informal training of British and Irish historians and art historians. An alternative theoretical basis for examining the images related to the Northern Ireland conflict is suggested, in which those images are seen as parts of visual language codes, whose constant use and re-use simultaneously adds further layers of meaning to them, ensures their real impact on social, political, economic and religious developments, and modifies the overall visual language of their producers/users. This approach is related to the work of German and Austrian art-historians and their successors, American media studies focusing on the links between institutional organisation and visual style, anthropological analyses of ritual symbols and recent sociological use of linguistic theory.
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Sherratt-Bado, Dawn Miranda. "‘Gentility Keeps Breaking Through’: Women and the Middle-Class Northern Protestant House in Janet McNeill’s The Maiden Dinosaur". Review of Irish Studies in Europe 3, n.º 1 (24 de outubro de 2019): 36–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.32803/rise.v3i1.2212.
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Janet McNeill’s fiction has experienced a recent revival, led by London-based publisher Turnpike Books, which reissued three of her novels between 2014 and 2015, with a fourth due in autumn 2019. The Maiden Dinosaur (1964/2015) is her best-known book, and it depicts Northern Ireland at a transitional moment in its history, during the post-war period and preceding the recommencement of the Troubles. McNeill explores vestigial systems of power that endure in Northern Ireland amidst the shifting gender, class, religious, and political contexts of the early 1960s. This essay analyses her rendering of the middle-class Northern Protestant house, and argues that it is a metonym for patriarchal structures that pervade mid-century Belfast society. McNeill examines how the women of her generation manoeuvre within this circumscribed space, and her novel represents an aesthetic gesture of self-liberation.
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Kelly, Brendan D. "Learning disability and forensic mental healthcare in 19th century Ireland". Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 25, n.º 3 (setembro de 2008): 116–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0790966700011149.
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The Irish College of Psychiatrists recently reported that “the needs of people with learning disability and offending behaviour pose a huge challenge to service providers. The vulnerability of people with a learning disability who come into contact with the criminal justice system is well described and noted.” The College noted that “the population with learning disability who offend does not easily fit into existing services” and reported that “the majority of service providers strongly supported the urgent development of a forensic learning disability service.”The challenges presented by individuals with learning disability and offending behaviour are not specific to Ireland or to this period in history. The purpose of the present paper is to explore issues related to learning disability and offending behaviour in 19th- and early 20th-century Ireland.More specifically, this paper presents original, previously unpublished case material from the archival medical records of the Central Mental Hospital, Dublin in order to illustrate specific aspects of the institutional experience of individuals with learning disability who were charged with offending behaviour in nineteenth-century Ireland.The Central Mental Hospital, Dublin was established as the Central Criminal Lunatic Asylum in 1845 under the provisions of the Lunatics Asylums (Ireland) Act (1845). Individuals were to be committed to the Central Criminal Lunatic Asylum if they were declared ‘guilty but insane’ at time of trial or offence, or if they developed mental illness and became difficult to manage while in detention elsewhere. The Central Criminal Lunatic Asylum opened its doors to admissions in 1850 and by 1853 there were 69 male and 40 female inpatients.
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Caball, Marc. "Providence and exile in early seventeenth-century Ireland". Irish Historical Studies 29, n.º 114 (novembro de 1994): 174–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021121400011561.
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The depth of change which the country experienced in the reign of James I has become an axiom of early modern Irish historiography. The extension of crown government throughout the island, the flight of the northern earls, the subsequent plantation in Ulster and the putative religious reformation of the indigenous inhabitants contributed to a climate of flux and tension. The burgeoning scholarly interest in this phase of Irish history has resulted in a more detailed understanding of administrative, political, regional and religious trends in the period. Progress has also been made in the study of contemporary mentalities. An interesting development has been the use of sources in the Irish language for the reconstruction of previously obscure intellectual currents amongst the Gaelic élite. The recent appearance of Michelle O Riordan’s monograph on the Gaelic reaction to the collapse of traditional society represents the fullest exposition yet of an interpretation which has characterised the early modern Gaelic ideological response to conquest and social change as fundamentally passive and backward-looking. O Riordan has, in effect, elaborated upon the conclusions of preceding commentators, notably Tom Dunne and Bernadette Cunningham, in portraying the Gaelic understanding of socio-political transformation as lacking in critical perception. This essay is intended as a further contribution to the elucidation of the mental climate of the time. More particularly, it will focus on two themes which figured prominently in the separate, but in this instance similar, communal reactions of the Gaelic Irish and the New English settlers to their respective political and social environments.
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Piper, Liza. "Diphtheria Antitoxin and Tales of Mercy in Northern Health Care". Canadian Bulletin of Medical History 38, n.º 2 (1 de setembro de 2021): 285–319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3138/cbmh.491-112020.
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This article examines the history of diphtheria in the Yukon and the Mackenzie district of the Northwest Territories in the first half of the 20th century. This analysis follows the traces of this now largely forgotten disease and its treatment to illuminate the constraints – intrinsic and constructed – on the provision of health care commensurate with the expectations and needs of northern Indigenous peoples. While diphtheria was never the most serious infectious disease, nor a major cause of death compared with tuberculosis or influenza at this time, examining its history offers significant insight into the creation of medical and public health infrastructures in Canada’s northern territories, and the ways in which those infrastructures served, and failed to serve, different northern populations.
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Britz, R. M. "Die begrip ‘Calvinisme’ in die Afrikaanse geskiedskrywing. ’n Oorsigtelike tipering". Verbum et Ecclesia 15, n.º 2 (19 de julho de 1994): 196–218. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/ve.v15i2.1092.
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The term "Calvinism" in the Afrikaans historiography. A historical survey This article deals with the uses of the term "Calvinism/Calvinistic" in the Afrikaner school of historiography. A careful investigation shows that it was first used during the latter part of the 19th century as a designation of the "northern" Afrikaners. During the 20th century, however, the term received a broadened meaning and application. As an image it articulated the meaning of Afrikaner history. Since its use was not documented, the issue of Afrikaner Calvinism needs theological and historical scrutinising.
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Antal, Tamás. "Changes in the English jury in the 19th and 20th centuries". Zbornik radova Pravnog fakulteta, Novi Sad 57, n.º 4 (2023): 1307–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/zrpfns57-45501.
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The present paper deals with the short history of the English jury in the modern age. The main goal of the author is completing a historical research and finding the most important features concerning legal institutions of the Anglo-Saxon type of lay jurisdiction in England and Ireland. The historical perspective gives a chance to examine the institutions of the jury as a court of citizens integrated into the jurisdiction of the state for a brief period of time. The author takes the view in several periods from the early 19th century up to the end of the 20th century. It is not the procedure but the organisational rules which are under discussion here with special attention to the conditions which determined the role of the jury as a part of county courts and sessions as well as the central tribunals in London. The literature was collected in the British Library during research intervals to have the opportunity to work from special sources not cited by Central-European scholars yet.
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Na’amneh, Mahmoud, Ziedoun Al-Muhiesen, Muwafaq Bataineh e Hussien Deebajeh. "Northern Jordan Traditional Architecture during the 19th and 20th Century: An Ehno-archaeological Perspective". مجلة جامعة الشارقة للعلوم الانسانية والاجتماعية 10, n.º 1 (30 de junho de 2013): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.36394/jhss/10/1/8.
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Studying and documenting traditional architecture in Jordan contribute greatly to defining a collective identity as traditional buildings represent an integral part of Jordan's cultural and historical identity. Through employing an ethnoarchaeological and architectural framework of analysis, this study seeks to identify and analyze the intertwined socio-economic, climatic, and environmental factors that had a critical influence on the development of traditional buildings and the accompanied shifts in the architectural style, role, and functionality during the 19th and 20th centuries in Northern Jordan. The rich diversity in building types in this region varies according to the area and people's lifestyles. Moreover, this variety is highly influenced by climate and availability of materials, in addition to building expertise and skills. Indeed, the noticeable changes in traditional architecture tell the cumulative history of the local communities who produced these types. The existence of more advanced architectural types in Northern Jordan demonstrates the influence of types from neighboring areas in Palestine and southern Syria.
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Anan’ev, D. A. "The Study of the Pre-Revolutionary History of Siberia in Great Britain in the 20th – Early 21st Century: Institutional Aspect". Bulletin of Irkutsk State University. Series History 46 (2023): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.26516/2222-9124.2023.46.93.
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The article analyzes the institutional aspect of the Siberian studies in Great Britain in the 20th–21st centuries. It is shown that the period under study was marked by the establishment of research centers for Russian and Siberian studies; publication of specialized periodical editions; organizing thematic conferences; creation of scientific schools and university courses on the history of Northern Asia etc.
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Bychkov, M. A. "THE IRISH REPUBLICAN ARMY IN THE POLITICAL HISTORY OF IRELAND IN THE FIRST HALF OF THE 20TH CENTURY". Вестник Санкт-Петербургского государственного университета технологии и дизайна. Серия 2: Искусствоведение. Филологические науки, n.º 2 (2021): 100–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.46418/2079-8202_2021_2_16.
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