Artigos de revistas: "Nitrogen oxides Environmental aspects"

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Fialko, Nataliia, Raisa Navrodska, Malgorzata Ulewicz, Georgii Gnedash, Sergii Alioshko e Svitlana Shevcuk. "Environmental aspects of heat recovery systems of boiler plants". E3S Web of Conferences 100 (2019): 00015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201910000015.

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The results of studies on improving the environmental characteristics of boiler plants of municipal heat-power engineering in the application of technologies for the deep recovery of heat from exhaust-gases of gas-fired boilers are presented. The data on the reduction of environment by reducing the amount and temperature of harmful emissions resulting from fuel combustion are given. The data are given for boiler plants equipped with complex heat-recovery systems characterized by cooling the exhaust-gases below the dew point of the water vapor contained in them. It is shown that the decrease in emissions is due to a decrease in fuel consumption in boilers due to the beneficial use of the heat of exhaust-gases in these systems and the dissolution of nitrogen and carbon oxides in the condensate, formed in the heat-recovery equipments. The analysis of improving the environmental safety of boiler plants when used in heat-recovery technologies of corrosion protection systems for chimneys has been performed. Anticorrosion protection is provided by preventing condensate formation in the exhaust-gas ducts of boiler plants when using technologies for the deep recovery of exhaust-gas heat. To prevent condensate formation, the method of pre-drying cooled exhaust-gases in a heat exchanger-preheater installed after heat-recovery equipment is used. It is also shown that the use of complex heat-recovery systems provides in the boiler plant additional water in the form of condensate formed during condensation of moisture from exhaust-gases. Receipt of this condensate is another ecological effect of heat-recovery, which allows reducing the consumption of natural water resources for supply municipal heat networks.

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SOMESHWAR, ARUN V., JAY P. UNWIN, WILLIAM THACKER, LAUREL EPPSTEIN e BARRY MALMBERG. "Environmental aspects of wood residue combustion in forest products industry boilers". March 2011 10, n.º 3 (1 de abril de 2011): 27–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj10.3.27.

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We conducted a comprehensive review of air emissions resulting from burning wood residues in industrial boilers and potential methods to control these emissions. This report compares average emissions with similar data published by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for the burning of fossil fuels coal, oil, and natural gas in industrial boilers. As compared with coal or oil combustion, wood combustion in boilers generally leads to lower emissions of trace metals, hydrochloric acid, sulfur dioxide (SO2), and nitrogen oxides (NOx); higher emissions of carbon monoxide, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and total volatile organic compounds; and comparable emissions of particulate matter and polychlorinated dibenzo-dioxins and -furans (PCDDs/Fs) (both of which are highly dependent on the efficiency of the ultimate particulate matter control device). Most importantly, wood combustion is carbon dioxide-neutral, a distinct advantage over fossil fuel combustion. Firing wood in stoker units with sulfur-containing fuels, such as coal and oil, leads to a reduction in expected SO2 emissions because of the high carbon and alkali content of most wood ash, and cofiring wood with coal also has some benefits for NOx reduction. This report also discusses the generation and types of combustion ashes resulting from wood burning in mostly combination boilers in the United States and Canada, and provides an overview of ash management practices and the salient characteristics of such ashes relative to their trace metal, organic, and PCDD/F contents.

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Mikulandric, Robert, Drazen Loncar, Dejan Cvetinovic, Gabriel Spiridon e Daniel Schneider. "Improvement of environmental aspects of thermal power plant operation by advanced control concepts". Thermal Science 16, n.º 3 (2012): 759–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/tsci120510134m.

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The necessity of the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, as formulated in the Kyoto Protocol, imposes the need for improving environmental aspects of existing thermal power plants operation. Improvements can be reached either by efficiency increment or by implementation of emission reduction measures. Investments in refurbishment of existing plant components or in plant upgrading by flue gas desulphurization, by primary and secondary measures of nitrogen oxides reduction, or by biomass co-firing, are usually accompanied by modernisation of thermal power plant instrumentation and control system including sensors, equipment diagnostics and advanced controls. Impact of advanced control solutions implementation depends on technical characteristics and status of existing instrumentation and control systems as well as on design characteristics and actual conditions of installed plant components. Evaluation of adequacy of implementation of advanced control concepts is especially important in Western Balkan region where thermal power plants portfolio is rather diversified in terms of size, type and commissioning year and where generally poor maintenance and lack of investments in power generation sector resulted in high greenhouse gases emissions and low efficiency of plants in operation. This paper is intended to present possibilities of implementation of advanced control concepts, and particularly those based on artificial intelligence, in selected thermal power plants in order to increase plant efficiency and to lower pollutants emissions and to comply with environmental quality standards prescribed in large combustion plant directive.

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Gis, Wojciech, Maciej Gis, Jacek Pielecha e Kinga Skobiej. "Alternative Exhaust Emission Factors from Vehicles in On-Road Driving Tests". Energies 14, n.º 12 (11 de junho de 2021): 3487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14123487.

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On-road driving tests are performed to determine the emission of harmful exhaust compounds from vehicles. These primarily include carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides, and particle number. However, there is a lack of indicators that combine the first three substances that are the most important in assessing the environmental aspects of vehicles. The purpose of this article is to indicate the possibility of assessing emissions in real driving conditions from light-duty and heavy-duty vehicles of different categories. In order to do so, a portable emissions measurement system (PEMS) and an instrument for measuring the particle number were used. The tests were carried out on routes designed to comply with the requirements and regulations laid down in the European Union legislation. On-road emissions of carbon dioxide, nitrogen oxides and particle number have been determined. Factors have been determined as the multiplication of these compounds for each vehicle category in three phases of the test: urban, rural, and motorway. A new way of assessing emissions from vehicles using new factors has been proposed.

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Madejska, Beata. "Legal aspects of low-emission shipping in the light of provisions of “sulphur directive” adopted by the European Union". Polish Maritime Research 20, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 2013): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pomr-2013-0045.

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ABSTRACT Shipping emits a variety of air pollutants: sulphur dioxide (SOx), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon dioxide (CO2) and particulate matter PM. Air pollutant emissions from maritime transport can be transported over long distances and thus increasingly contribute to air quality problems. Key environmental regulations (international and European) coming into force in this decade address emissions of SOx, NOx, CO2 and PM to control and limit their impact in the atmosphere. In the European Union, accordingly to the legal regulations, in the sulphur emission control areas the required SOx content of fuel will be reduced from 1.5 % to 0.1 % beginning January 2015. Globally, from 2020 onwards, ships operating in all other European Sea areas will have to use fuels with sulphur content of 0.5 % or less.

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Bebkiewicz, Katarzyna, Zdzisław Chłopek, Hubert Sar e Krystian Szczepański. "Comparison of pollutant emission associated with the operation of passenger cars with internal combustion engines and passenger cars with electric motors". International Journal of Energy and Environmental Engineering 12, n.º 2 (21 de janeiro de 2021): 215–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40095-021-00382-4.

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AbstractEnergy consumption and pollutant emission aspects were ascertained for cars under traffic conditions: in cities, outside cities, on motorways and expressways, with the use of data from the inventory of emissions from road transport in Poland in 2018. The values of characteristics of energy consumption under model traffic conditions, as well as pollutant emissions and energy consumption of cars with internal combustion engines and cars with electric motors, constituted the basis for further analyses and conclusions about the characteristics of the vehicles under the study in terms of energy consumption and pollutant emissions. As a result of the research, it was found in the case of the use of electric drives, a very significant decrease in energy consumption—by 70% and the emission of non-methane volatile organic compounds—at the level of 90%. In the case of the emission of nitrogen oxides, there is a great advantage in relation to cars with compression-ignition engines, while the emission of nitrogen oxides from cars with spark-ignition engines is about two times lower. It was found that the emission of particulate matter for electric cars is about three times higher than for cars with compression-ignition engines and almost six times higher than for cars with spark-ignition engines. On the other hand, the impact on carbon dioxide emissions is small—less than 10%.

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Kowalski, Arkadiusz, e Robert Waszkowski. "Method of Selecting the Means of Transport of the Winning, Taking into Account Environmental Aspects". Applied Sciences 11, n.º 12 (14 de junho de 2021): 5512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11125512.

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The transport of the winning in deep mines, using the room and pillar mining system, is most often performed with bucket loaders and haul trucks. In the era of attempts to stop rapid climate change, it is crucial to choose the transport means for the winning both in terms of efficiency and cost-effectiveness and to consider its environmental aspect. Permissible levels of pollutant emissions in exhaust gases are defined for this type of means of transport by the EU Stage Standards. There is a discernible need to develop a multi-criteria method supporting the decision-making process, which should reward loaders and haul trucks that meet more stringent emission standards. The article proposes an innovative idea of taking environmental aspects into account when selecting loaders and haul trucks for excavated material transport tasks, so that the amount of pollutants emitted by them in exhaust gases, e.g., the sum of hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides (HC+NOx), is also taken into consideration when assigning means of transport to particular tasks. Based on simulation studies for a specific case, it was found that a 20% reduction of HC+NOx emission is possible with only a 2% increase in the transport costs of the winning. For this purpose, an objective function was used formulated on the basis of two criteria: minimization of the transport cost of the winning and the level of pollutant emissions in the exhaust gases. Since dozens of mining machines are operated continuously in deep mines of non-ferrous metal ores, the application of the proposed method would significantly reduce the emission of pollutants in the used air coming out of ventilation shafts.

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Ciobanu, Gheorghe, Cornelia Ciobanu, Cornel Domuta, Nicolae Csep e Petru Burescu. "Environmental Consequences of Efficient Use of Nitrogen Fertilizers". Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, n.º 1 (12 de maio de 2002): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/1/3535.

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Nitrogen fertilizer represents major economic burden. For this reason, although the efficiency of nitrogen utilization varies highly, its actual use generally remains at low levels; these averaging between 25 and 50%. We set up an experiment at the Oradea Research Station, using 15N labeled fertilizers, in order to investigate the possibility of increasing N fertilizer efficiency in winter wheat under irrigation conditions.Fertilizers labeled with 15N allows us to individually determine its effect on yield formation, as well as the use efficiency of N from fertilizer following application rate and time. The amount of N derived from fertilizer as determined in straw and grain yield is high. When the labeled fertilizer is applied at tillering time, the values of this indicator rise when higher N levels we applied.In separate experiments, we investigated a series of aspects connected to chemical fertilizer regarding the determination of the type of fertilizer, optimum time and rates of application; all these as a function of the special pedoclimatic conditions.The results obtained in the field show that the effectiveness of N utilization in wheat is most variable and generally low, often ranging between 25 and 33%, owing to N loss within the system through leaching and NH3 volatilization.A readily achievable increase in efficiency of 5 percentage points would result in considerable savings, and can be brought about by reducing nitrogen losses. The added benefits to the environment in terms of reduced ground/water contamination and lowered nitrous oxide (N20) emissions would also be substantial.The figures for N fertilizer use efficiency (% N range from 35.5 to 72.6, the highest value being recorded with an N application of 120 kg/ha at tillering, when the previous crop was sunflower).INTRODUCTION

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Unwin, R. J. "Nitrogen cycling on the livestock farm". Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1986 (março de 1986): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600015567.

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The environmental or polluting aspects of nitrogen in relation to livestock farms are gaseous losses to the atmosphere, nitrate leaching into water supplies and the eutrophication of surface waters. Gaseous losses of ammonia by volatilisation from organic materials and denitrification losses from soil as nitrogen and nitrous oxide have been at various times implicated in acid rain, photochemical smogs and effects on the ozone layer although the latter is now largely discounted. Nitrate leached from soil may pass rapidly into surface waters where it can affect quality for drinking or encourage algal blooms. Over porous strata nitrate may take many years to percolate downwards so as to pollute groundwater supplies. Restrictions may face livestock farmers in the arable areas of eastern England to restrict nitrate leaching from their land.

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Mahmud, Kishan, Dinesh Panday, Anaas Mergoum e Ali Missaoui. "Nitrogen Losses and Potential Mitigation Strategies for a Sustainable Agroecosystem". Sustainability 13, n.º 4 (23 de fevereiro de 2021): 2400. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042400.

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Nitrogen (N) in the agricultural production system influences many aspects of agroecosystems and several critical ecosystem services widely depend on the N availability in the soil. Cumulative changes in regional ecosystem services may lead to global environmental changes. Thus, the soil N status in agriculture is of critical importance to strategize its most efficient use. Nitrogen is also one of the most susceptible macronutrients to environmental loss, such as ammonia volatilization (NH3), nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions, nitrate leaching (NO3), etc. Any form of N losses from agricultural systems can be major limitations for crop production, soil sustainability, and environmental safeguard. There is a need to focus on mitigation strategies to minimize global N pollution and implement agricultural management practices that encourage regenerative and sustainable agriculture. In this review, we identified the avenues of N loss into the environment caused by current agronomic practices and discussed the potential practices that can be adapted to prevent this N loss in production agriculture. This review also explored the N status in agriculture during the COVID-19 pandemic and the existing knowledge gaps and questions that need to be addressed.

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Murawska, Barbara, Magdalena Gabrowska, Ewa Spychaj-Fabisiak, Elżbieta Wszelaczynska e Jarosław Chmielewski. "Production and environmental aspects of the application of biostimulators Asahi SL, Kelpak SL and stimulator Tytanit with limited doses of nitrogen". Ochrona Srodowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych 28, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 2017): 10–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/oszn-2017-0024.

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Abstract An effective way to reduce nitric oxide emissions may be to reduce the level of nitrogen fertilization. Specialized formulations such as biostimulators are a good alternative to conventional mineral fertilization. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of the application of biostimulation agents (Asahi SL, Kelpak SL, Tytanit) applied against the limited dose of nitrogen (75 kgN·ha−1) on winter wheat ‘Muszelka’, their effect was measured on the parameters: grain yield, protein content, amount of chlorophyll and root mass. No statistically significant changes in yields were observed, but after application of the Asahi SL and Kelpak SL, considerably higher values were found as compared to the controls. It should be emphasised that the applied formulations significantly affected the root mass and chlorophyll content of the leaves. Especially in the case of roots of the plants where the biostimulator Asahi was used in the phase BBCH 37, Kelpak in BBCH 23 and fertilizer Tytanit in BBCH 37. And in the case of chlorophyll objects, where Tytanit was applied in BBCH 37 and 69. In the study, significant correlation was found only between the chlorophyll content and the root mass (r = 0.54).

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Andrzejewski, Maciej, Paweł Daszkiewicz, Jan Strzemkowski e Andrzej Ziółkowski. "Ecological analysis of semi-trailers transportation". Transport Economics and Logistics 81 (12 de março de 2019): 9–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.26881/etil.2019.81.01.

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The dynamic development of transport recorded in recent decades is an important factor in the economic development of the world on the one hand, and on the other hand, it is a significant source of nuisance and environmental problems. The adverse impact of transport can be felt both in the natural environment and in society, where the dynamic development of this sector has enabled significant civilization development, with the effects varying depending on the level of economic development, the degree of advancement and the use of various transport sectors, geographical location (including climate), and also the sensitivity of the elements of the environment. Considering contemporary transport hazards, it is important to prevent them from occurring, and when that is not possible – limiting their impact on the environment and reducing the scale and extent of negative impacts. In the paper the environmental and social nuisance of transport of goods loaded in semi-trailers was analyzed. The transport of semi-trailers using intermodal wagons pulled by the diesel locomotive in accordance with the assumptions adopted in the railway with the maximum length of train composition was, inter alia, taken into account. The ecological aspects focused on such harmful compounds as: carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides.

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Tarulescu, Stelian, Horia Beles, Adrian Soica, Nicolae Chioreanu e Tudor Mitran. "Predict Air Pollution in Brasov City with Regression Models". Applied Mechanics and Materials 659 (outubro de 2014): 617–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.659.617.

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Vehicle transportation is now an important part of our civilization and as it happened with much other technological advancement, the negative aspects are becoming more and more pronounced. One of them is air pollution from vehicles exhaust gases. This pollution has many adverse effects, whose manifestation and character varies depending on the geographical scale in consideration. The relative contribution of different combustion sources is a function of economic, social and technological factors, but all mixtures contain certain primary gaseous pollutants, such as volatile organic compounds (VOC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and carbon monoxide (CO), that are emitted directly from combustion sources, as well as secondary pollutants, such as ozone (O3), that are formed in the atmosphere from directly emitted pollutants. The elevated concentrations generally occur with in a few hundred meters of the road, although his distance may vary depending on traffic patterns, environmental conditions, and the presence of near roadway urban structures. For the realized study it was choose a route from the historical centre of the Brasov City. In this study is presented the methodology for a prediction model for urban air pollution.

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Bansal, Sahil, Rani MedhaShree, Himanshi Nimesh e Ranganath M. Singari. "Study of BS6 Technology in Automobiles and the Indian Economy". INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ADVANCED PRODUCTION AND INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING 5, n.º 2 (5 de abril de 2020): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.35121/ijapie202004246.

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The BS or Bharat Stage are emission standards bought in existence by the Government of India to keep a check on the emission of air pollutants from vehicles. These standards and the given norms were passed and instituted in 2000. With upgraded technology being implemented in the generation of new fuels and upgraded Automobile technology, they limit and control the emission levels and content of pollutants such as Carbon Monoxide, Nitrogen Oxide, other hydrocarbons, also many particulate matters (PM) alongside sulphur oxides from motor vehicles which are using internal combustion engine (IC). When the norms or stage gets upgraded, the control levels on the emissions become much stricter. Thus BS-VI is a two-level upgraded version of BS-IV. These norms are inspired by norms instituted in Europe namely Euro 4 and Euro 6. Along with the environmental aspect of the BS-VI norms, there are bigger concerns in the economic influences it. This paper will put light on the basic study of the BS-VI norm and the implementation of it, concluding with what was its effect on the Indian Industries and Indian economy.

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Manimaran, G., e Murugasan Pradeep Kumar. "Investigation of Liquid Nitrogen (LN₂) as Coolant in Grinding of AISI D3 Steel". Advanced Materials Research 341-342 (setembro de 2011): 400–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.341-342.400.

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In order to find the alternative to conventional oil based coolants on the basis of environmental aspects, the present work investigates the effectiveness of Liquid N2 as eco friendly coolant in the grinding of AISI D3 steel with Aluminum oxide (Al2O3 ) as grinding wheel. The experiment was examined in terms of surface roughness, grinding forces, grinding zone temperature, and material removal rate (MRR) in the Grinding of AISI D3 steel under various grinding conditions. The performances of liquid nitrogen cooling were compared with the conventional oil cooling and found that 30-32% reduction in the surface roughness, 30-34 % reduction in the grinding zone temperature, and about 8 % reduction in grinding forces were observed. It was also found that even at higher MRR, better surface quality obtained. In this study, it is clearly revealed that reduction in the grinding temperature leads to improvements in the grindability and cryogenic cooling by liquid N2 as better coolant in the grinding of AISI D3 steel.

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Sein, Myint M., Torsten C. Schmidt, Alfred Golloch e Clemens von Sonntag. "Oxidation of some typical wastewater contaminants (tributyltin, clarithromycin, metoprolol and diclofenac) by ozone". Water Science and Technology 59, n.º 8 (1 de abril de 2009): 1479–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2009.153.

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The rate constants of the reactions of O3 with some typical wastewater pollutants (tributyltin, the macrolide antibiotic clarithromycin, the beta blocker metoprolol and the analgesic diclofenac) were determined and some mechanistic aspects were elucidated. Except for tributyltin compounds that react only slowly with O3 (k=4–7 M−1 s−1), the compounds react fast (k>104 M−1 s−1) and can be eliminated at low O3 doses. Clarithromycin reacts at its dimethylamino group and yields the corresponding N-oxide that is no longer biologically active. The nitrogen is also the major site of O3 attack in diclofenac and in metoprolol. This gives rise to •OH radicals and these are the precursors of hydroxylated products and markedly contribute to chloride release in diclofenac.

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Škvareková, Erika, Marianna Tomašková, Gabriel Wittenberger e Štefan Zelenák. "Analysis of Risk Factors for Underground Coal Gasification". Management Systems in Production Engineering 27, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 2019): 227–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mspe-2019-0036.

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AbstractThe purpose of this article is to determine the environmental impacts of underground gasification on the population and to analyze the risk of underground coal gasification (UCG) activities using selected risk assessment methods. Coal gas is a regular part of coal deposits and its extraction also allows the use of coal deposits that cannot be extracted by traditional methods. These technologies bring both positive and negative aspects. The paper points out the risk analysis, hazard identification and assessment during the operation of UCG technology using a risk graph and a risk matrix. Identified risks to workers that cannot be reduced should be taken into consideration and appropriate safeguard should be used. For each risk, it is necessary to inform employees about regular education and training. From worldwide experience with this technology, it is possible to analyze risks in Slovakia. Actual gasification produces polluting gases such as carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen sulphide, hydrogen sulphide, nitrogen oxides, tar and ash, and creates a risk that may occur on and under the surface of the site depending on the geological and hydrogeological structure of the deposits. Possible measures to mitigate the adverse effects are proposed for the implementation of this technology. Coal is still one of the main domestic primary energy sources. Currently, only 5 out of 19 deposits in the Slovak Republic are used. Underground gasification could increase the use of Slovak coal and brown coal deposits.

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Dinesha, P., Shiva Kumar e Marc A. Rosen. "Effects of particle size of cerium oxide nanoparticles on the combustion behavior and exhaust emissions of a diesel engine powered by biodiesel/diesel blend". Biofuel Research Journal 8, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 2021): 1374–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.18331/brj2021.8.2.3.

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Meeting the emission norms specified by governing bodies is one of the major challenges faced by engine manufacturers, especially without sacrificing engine performance and fuel economy. Several methods and techniques are being used globally to reduce engine emissions. Even though emissions can be reduced, doing so usually entails a deterioration in performance. To address this problem, nanoadditives such as cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles are used to reduce engine emissions while improving engine performance. However, some aspects of the application of these nanoadditives are still unknown. In light of that, three sizes of CeO2 nanoparticles (i.e., 10, 30, and 80 nm) and at a constant volume fraction of 80 ppm were added to a 20% blend of waste cooking oil biodiesel and diesel (B20). A single-cylinder diesel engine operating at a 1500 rpm speed and 180 bar fuel injection pressure was used to compare the performance and emission characteristics of the investigated fuel formulations. The results showed that the addition of CeO2 nanoparticles led to performance improvements by reducing brake specific fuel consumption. Moreover, the catalytic action of CeO2 nanoparticles on the hydrocarbons helped achieve effective combustion and reduce the emission of carbon monoxide, unburnt hydrocarbon, oxides of nitrogen, and soot. Interestingly, the size of the nanoadditive played an instrumental role in the improvements achieved, and the use of 30 nm-sized nanoparticles led to the most favorable performance and the lowest engine emissions. More specifically, the fuel formulation harboring 30 nm nanoceria reduced brake specific fuel consumption by 2.5%, NOx emission by 15.7%, and smoke opacity by 34.7%, compared to the additive-free B20. These findings could shed light on the action mechanism of fuel nanoadditives and are expected to pave the way for future research to develop more promising fuel nanoadditives for commercial applications.

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Braverman, V. Ya. "ON THE REPLACEMENT OF FOSSIL COAL IN LOCAL SOLID FUEL BOILERS". Energy Technologies & Resource Saving, n.º 1 (20 de março de 2019): 7–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.33070/etars.1.2019.01.

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The paper substantiates the need to replace fossil coal in local solid fuel boilers by biocoal produced from various types of agricultural waste. Selection of the best available technology for biocoal production should be based on an integrated assessment including economic, environmental and social aspects. It is noted that direct combustion of agricultural waste does not meet environmental safety standards and also requires significant costs for modernization of existing boiler equipment. It is proposed to produce biocoal from agricultural waste using modern methods of thermochemical treatment — torrefaction and carbonization. End-products of biomass torrefaction — biocoal pellets or briquettes — have high calorific value, low sulfur and heavy metal contents, and low nitrogen oxide emissions. Hydrothermal carbonization is currently the most advanced biomass processing technology. It completely prevents pollution and has a number of significant advantages over other methods of biomass treatment. These advantages make it possible to consider hydrothermal carbonization to be the best available technology for the production of biochar, liquid biofuel and other products from non-food biomass. Bibl. 15, Fig. 2, Tab. 1.

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Liao, Kuo, Xiaohui Huang, Haofei Dang, Yin Ren, Shudi Zuo e Chensong Duan. "Statistical Approaches for Forecasting Primary Air Pollutants: A Review". Atmosphere 12, n.º 6 (27 de maio de 2021): 686. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos12060686.

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Air pollutant forecasting can be used to quantitatively estimate pollutant reduction trends. Combining bibliometrics with the evolutionary tree and Markov chain methods can achieve a superior quantitative analysis of research hotspots and trends. In this work, we adopted a bibliometric method to review the research status of statistical prediction methods for air pollution, used evolutionary trees to analyze the development trend of such research, and applied the Markov chain to predict future research trends for major air pollutants. The results indicate that papers mainly focused on the effects of air pollution on human diseases, urban pollution exposure models, and land use regression (LUR) methods. Particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), and ozone (O3) were the most investigated pollutants. Artificial neural network (ANN) methods were preferred in studies of PM and O3, while LUR were more widely used in studies of NOx. Additionally, multi-method hybrid techniques gradually became the most widely used approach between 2010 and 2018. In the future, the statistical prediction of air pollution is expected to be based on a mixed method to simultaneously predict multiple pollutants, and the interaction between pollutants will be the most challenging aspect of research on air pollution prediction. The research results summarized in this paper provide technical support for the accurate prediction of atmospheric pollution and the emergency management of regional air quality.

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Píštěk, Václav, Pavel Kučera, Oleksij Fomin e Alyona Lovska. "Effective Mistuning Identification Method of Integrated Bladed Discs of Marine Engine Turbochargers". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 8, n.º 5 (25 de maio de 2020): 379. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse8050379.

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Radial turbine and compressor wheels form essential cornerstones of modern internal combustion engines in terms of economy, efficiency and, in particular, environmental compatibility. As a result of the introduction of exhaust gas turbochargers in the extremely important global market for diesel engines, higher engine efficiencies are possible, which in turn reduce fuel consumption. The associated reduced exhaust emissions can answer questions that results from environmentally relevant aspects of the engine development. In shipping, the international Maritime Organisation (IMO) prescribes the step-by-step reduction of nitrogen oxide and other types of emissions. To reduce these emissions, various systems are being developed, in which turbochargers are an important part. The requirements for the reliability and service life of turbochargers are constantly increasing. Turbocharger blade vibration is one of the most important problems to be solved when designing the rotors. In the case of real rotors, so-called mistuning arises, which is a slight deviation of the properties of the individual blades from the design parameters. The article deals with an effective method of mistuning identification for cases of integrated bladed discs of marine engine turbochargers. Unlike approaches that use costly scanning laser Doppler vibrometers, this method is based on using only a simple laser vibrometer in combination with a computational model of the integrated bladed disc. The added value of this method is, in particular, a significant reduction in the cost of laboratory equipment and a reduction in the time required to obtain the results.

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Stepanonytė, Dovilė, e Juozas Justinas Blynas. "THERMODYNAMIC ASSESSMENT OF CARBAMIDE USE FOR REDUCING BOILER NOX, CO FLUE GAS EMISSIONS/TERMODINAMINIS KATILINIŲ IŠMETAMŲJŲ DUJŲ NOX IR CO TARŠOS KENKSMINGUMO ŠALINIMO NAUDOJANT KARBAMIDĄ ĮVERTINIMAS/ ТЕРМОДИНАМИЧЕСКАЯ ОЦЕНКА ПРИ ДЕКОНТАМИНАЦИИ ЭМИССИИ NOX И CO ВЫХЛОПНЫХ ГАЗОВ КОТЕЛЬНЫХ ПУТЕМ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ КАРБАМИДА". JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING AND LANDSCAPE MANAGEMENT 16, n.º 3 (30 de setembro de 2008): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/1648-6897.2008.16.143-150.

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Some aspects of boiler toxic pollutant emission reduction in the presence of carbamide are discussed in the paper. Theoretical pollution reduction investigation was conducted by using thermodynamic function calculation methods and evaluating the Gibbs’ energy value changes at various temperatures. The equations of these changes were derived. It was determined that the most reliable compounds, formed during the reaction between carbamide and nitrogen oxides, are CO2, nitrogen and water. Other products are formed when carbamide is oxidized. Also, it was found that carbamide could reduce sulphur oxides to sulphur, and in some cases ‐ to H2S. The pyrolysis of carbamide is possible at temperatures above 450 K. Santrauka Vienos iš didžiausių oro teršėjų yra elektrinės ir katilinės. Jos išmeta į atmosferą azoto oksidus, anglies monoksidą, sieros dioksidą. Pastaruoju metu azoto oksidams nukenksminti pradėtas naudoti karbamidas, kuris redukuoja azoto oksidus iki elementaraus azoto. Nagrinėjami katilinės teršalų nukenksminimo aspektai naudojant karbamidą. Šio darbo tikslas yra ištirti reakcijas, vykstančias tarp karbamido ir katilinės kamino dūmuose esančių junginių, nustatyti ir palyginti šių reakcijų patikimumą. Teoriniai nukenksminimo proceso tyrimai atlikti termodinaminiais metodais, įvertinant reakcijų Gibso energijų pokyčio vertes, esant įvairioms temperatūroms (298–1000) K. Išvestos šių pokyčių lygtys. Reakcijų patikimumas įvertintas remiantis termodinaminiais skaičiavimais ir gautomis Gibso energijos pokyčio vertėmis. Aptikta, kad, kylant temperatūrai, visų nagrinėtų reakcijų tikimybė didėja. Nustatyta, kad, vykstant azoto oksidų nukenksminimo procesui, esant karbamidui, patikimiausi reakcijos produktai yra anglies dioksidas, vanduo ir azotas; karbamidas gali redukuoti SO2 iki sieros ir tam tikrais atvejais – iki vandenilio sulfido. Nesant kamino dūmuose deguonies ir azoto bei sieros oksidų, karbamido terminis skilimas vyksta esant daugiau kaip 450 K. Reakcijos metu išsiskiria anglies monoksidas, azotas, vandenilis ir amoniakas. Nustatyta, kad katilinės teršalams nukenksminti galima naudoti karbamidą, kuris azoto oksidus redukuoja iki azoto; Gibso energijų pokyčio vertės, karbamidui reaguojant su azoto, sieros, anglies oksidais, vandens garais, taip pat ir vykstant jo oksidacijos procesui oro deguonimi ir pirolizei, kylant temperatūrai mažėja pagal tiesinę priklausomybę. Išvestos šios priklausomybės tiesinių lygčių formulės. Резюме Одними из главных источников загрязнения воздуха являются электростанции и котельные. Они выделяют в атмосферу оксиды азота, CO и SO2 . Недавно для дезактивации оксидов азота было предложено использовать карбамид. Карбамид редуцирует оксиды азота до элементарного азота. В настоящей статье обсуждаются некоторые аспекты деконтаминации эмиссии загрязнителей из котельной с использованием карбамида. Целью исследования было определить реакции, происходящие между карбамидом и соединениями, находящимися в газах выпускной трубы котельной, а также оценить и сравнить надежность этих реакций. Теоретическое исследование деконтаминации загрязнения проводилось с применением термодинамических методов и оценки величины изменений энергии Гиббса в реакциях при различных температурах – (298 – 1000) K. В результате исследований были получены уравнения этих изменений. Оценка надежности реакций была достигнута на основании термодинамических расчетов и полученных величин изменения энергии Гиббса. Надежность реакции увеличивается с увеличением температуры. Определено, что наиболее надежными составами, полученными в ходе реакции между карбамидом и оксидом азота, являются CO2 , азот и вода. Кроме того, установлено, что карбамид может редуцировать оксид серы до элементарной серы и в некоторых случаях – до H2S. Пиролиз карбамида возможен при температурах выше 450 K при отсутствии кислорода, азота и оксидов серы в газах выпускной трубы. В течение реакции выделяются CO, азот, водород и аммиак. Определено, что карбамид можно использовать для деконтаминации загрязнения из котельной. Карбамид редуцирует оксиды азота до азота. Определено, что значение ∆GT° в течение реакции карбамида с азотом, серой или углеродистыми оксидами, водным паром, а также в течение процесса его оксидации с воздушным кислородом и пиролиза с увеличением температуры уменьшается согласно линейной зависимости. В ходе исследований получены формулы уравнений этой линейной зависимости.

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Van de Pas-Schoonen, K. T., S. Schalk-Otte, S. Haaijer, M. Schmid, H. Op den Camp, M. Strous, J. Gijs Kuenen e M. S. M. Jetten. "Complete conversion of nitrate into dinitrogen gas in co-cultures of denitrifying bacteria". Biochemical Society Transactions 33, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2005): 205–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0330205.

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In the past 10 years many molecular aspects of microbial nitrate reduction have been elucidated, but the ecophysiology of this process is hardly understood. In this contribution, our efforts to study the complex microbial communities and interactions involved in the reduction of nitrate to dinitrogen gas are summarized. The initial work concentrated on emission of the greenhouse gas nitrous oxide during incomplete denitrification by Alcaligenes faecalis. As more research methods became available, the fitness of A. faecalis could be tested in mixed cultures with other denitrifying bacteria, most notably with the nitrate-reducing bacterium Pseudomonas G9. Finally, the advancement of molecular diagnostic tools made it possible to survey complex microbial communities using specific primer sets for/and antibodies raised against the various NOx reductases. Given the enormous complexity of substrates and environmental conditions, it is evident that mixed cultures rather than single species are responsible for denitrification in man-made and natural ecosystems. However, it is surprising that even for the breakdown of a single compound, such as acetate, mixed cultures are responsible, and that the consecutive denitrification steps are commonly performed by mutualistic co-operating species. Our observations also indicate that we seldom know the identity of the major key players in the nitrogen cycle of these ecosystems.

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Linton, R. W., T. F. Fister, S. S. Summers, G. S. Strossman, M. J. Holland e R. W. Odom. "Molecular Surface Imaging of Particles Using Microprobe Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry (TOF-SIMS)". Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 54 (11 de agosto de 1996): 1046–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s042482010016769x.

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The objective of this research is to develop imaging time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) to characterize ultra-thin organic films on microscopic particles. An initial application is to evaluate the surface chemistry of polycyclic organic matter (POM) on combustion-generated particles as an area of fundamental interest in the assessment of the environmental fate and impact of carcinogenic pollutants.Controlled deposition of POM monolayers was achieved using either gas or solution phase coating on model particles such as silica, as well as on authentic environmental particles such as coal flyash or soot. Another aspect of the work was to monitor surface transformations of adsorbed POM involving photochemical degradation or reactions with gaseous pollutants such as nitrogen oxides. For the first time, variations in POM adsorption and reactivity have been probed as a function of particle type by the use of time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) to perform surface analysis on single particles. Results using a pulsed gallium microbeam source on a TOF-SIMS indicated that 0.1 monolayer coverages of individual POM species can be detected as quasimolecular ions from single particles with diameters typically in the 5 μm range. Primary ion doses were <1013 ions/cm2 to minimize surface damage during a typical 10 min spectrum acquisition from an 40x40 ftm image field. Correlation of in situ measurements using TOF-SIMS with traditional solvent extraction and chromatographic results, including LC or GC-MS, allowed for more detailed assessments of the sensitivity and quantitative capabilities of TOF-SIMS. The combination of monolayer analysis with microanalysis creates severe challenges to sensitivity since the total number of molecules within the analytical volume is so small (< 107 POM molecules on a lμm2 particle area)

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Meng, Qiu, Jianhua Yin, Miao Jin e Haichun Gao. "Distinct Nitrite and Nitric Oxide Physiologies inEscherichia coliandShewanella oneidensis". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 84, n.º 12 (13 de abril de 2018): e00559-18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00559-18.

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ABSTRACTNitrite has been used as a bacteriostatic agent for centuries in food preservation. It is widely accepted that this biologically inert molecule functions indirectly, serving as a stable reservoir of bioactive nitric oxide (NO) and other reactive nitrogen species to impact physiology. As a result, to date, we know surprisingly little aboutin vivotargets of nitrite. Here, we carry out comparative analyses of nitrite and NO physiology inEscherichia coliand inShewanella oneidensis, a Gram-negative environmental bacterium renowned for respiratory versatility. These two bacteria differ from each other in many aspects of nitrite and NO physiology, including NO generation, NO degradation, and unexpectedly, their contrary susceptibility to nitrite and NO. In cell extracts of both bacteria, most of the NO targets are also susceptible to nitrite, and vice versa. However, with respect to growth inhibition caused by NO, the targets are impacted distinctly; NO targets are responsible for the inhibition of growth ofE. colibut not ofS. oneidensis. More surprisingly, all proteins identified to be implicated in NO tolerance in other bacteria appear to play a dispensable role in protectingS. oneidensisagainst NO. These data suggest thatS. oneidensisis equipped with a robust but yet unknown NO protecting system. In the case of nitrite, it is clear that the target of physiological significance in both bacteria is cytochrome heme-copper oxidase.IMPORTANCENitrite is toxic to living organisms at high levels, but such antibacterial effects of nitrite are attributable to the formation of nitric oxide (NO), a highly reactive radical gas molecule. Here, we report thatShewanella oneidensisis highly resistant to NO but sensitive to nitrite compared toEscherichia coliby approximately 4-fold. In both bacteria, nitrite inhibits bacterial growth by targeting cytochrome heme-copper oxidase. In contrast, the targets of NO are diverse. Although these targets are similar inE. coliandS. oneidensis, they are responsible for growth inhibition caused by NO in the former but not in the latter. Overall, the presented data, along with the previous data, solidify a proposal that thein vivotargets of NO and nitrite in bacteria are largely different.

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Pauselli, Luca, Luigi Attademo, Francesco Bernardini e Michael Compton. "M239. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND RISK FOR PSYCHOTIC DISORDERS: AN UPDATE". Schizophrenia Bulletin 46, Supplement_1 (abril de 2020): S226—S227. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbaa030.551.

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Abstract Background Environmental pollution is a well-known cause of disease worldwide. According to the World Health Organization, air pollution kills an estimated seven million people worldwide every year. Over the past decade, increasing attention has been drawn to the impact of environmental pollution on mental health. In 2016, our research team (Attademo et al., 2016) performed a literature review focusing on the association with psychotic disorders. The aim of this presentation is to give an update of the science, given the marked increase in the body of literature on this topic. Methods We repeated a search using the Pubmed electronic database for all articles from February 20, 2016 (date of out last search for the previous review) to November 20, 2019, using the same terms that we used in the first review. The search included all languages. Thirty-eight articles were identified. We selected 9 studies related to pollution’s effects on human subjects: seven were research reports and two were review articles. We excluded 29 articles, on the basis of the following exclusion criteria: a) studies unrelated to the topic, and b) letters or commentaries not reporting research findings. For this update, we focus only on research reports. Results Six of the seven research reports (Bai et al., 2019; Duan et al., 2018; Eguchi et al., 2018; Liang et al., 2019; Ma et al., 2018; Newbury et al., 2019; Qiu et al., 2019) focused on air pollution. Only one (Ma et al., 2018) explored the association between serum concentration of six typical toxic metals and risk of schizophrenia in a earth mining area in China and found higher serum levels of antimony, uranium, and lanthanum in patients with schizophrenia. All studies focusing on air pollution considered the following pollutants: particulate matter (PM) 10, PM2.5, and nitrogen dioxide. Some of them also included carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, nitric oxide, and carbon dioxide. All the studies found significant associations between pollutant concentrations and psychosis-associated outcomes (adolescent psychotic experience, hospital admissions, and higher Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale scores). Five of the six studies investigating air pollutants also looked into the lag effect between pollutant concentrations and the outcome of the study, supporting the hypothesis of short-term effects (same day or within the first 2–3 days after high concentrations of pollutants). Discussion During our previous review, we found 13 research reports from 1964 to 2016, while in this update in the past 2.5 years, there has been a marked increase in publications on the topic. The association between air pollutants and different aspects of psychotic disorders presentation and manifestation is gaining support and the approaches of looking into this phenomenon are becoming more sophisticated. Nevertheless, further research is needed both at the molecular level to determine the mechanisms that mediate the effects of these pollutants, and at clinical and environmental levels to improve health and well-being of patient with psychotic disorders.

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Staniulis, M. T., A. P. Risch e J. G. Vassilakis. "Catalytic reduction of nitrogen oxides". Zeolites 11, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1991): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-2449(91)80378-d.

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Giba, Zlatko, Dragoljub Grubišić e Radomir Konjević. "Nitrogen oxides as environmental sensors for seeds". Seed Science Research 13, n.º 3 (setembro de 2003): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ssr2003136.

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AbstractNitrates have long been known to promote seed germination in many species, and various proposals have been made regarding the role of nitrates in this process. One hypothesis suggests a possible ecological role for nitrate, providing the seeds with a report of soil nitrogen status and the proximity of already established plants. However, nitrogen oxides (NO, NO2), which are present in the soil, also may be information carriers that indicate not only soil nitrate content, but also microbial activity and, therefore, soil quality. Because of annual variation of soil trace gas fluxes, seeds could be provided with information on seasonal and climate changes in their surroundings. Thus, nitrogen oxides would be the outer information carriers providing the seeds with integral data about many important factors required for successful germination and seedling establishment.

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Soper, Fiona M., Benjamin W. Sullivan, Brooke B. Osborne, Alanna N. Shaw, Laurent Philippot e Cory C. Cleveland. "Leaf-cutter ants engineer large nitrous oxide hot spots in tropical forests". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 286, n.º 1894 (2 de janeiro de 2019): 20182504. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2018.2504.

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Though tropical forest ecosystems are among the largest natural sources of the potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N 2 O), the spatial distribution of emissions across landscapes is often poorly resolved. Leaf cutter ants (LCA; Atta and Acromyrmex, Myrmicinae) are dominant herbivores throughout Central and South America, and influence multiple aspects of forest structure and function. In particular, their foraging creates spatial heterogeneity by concentrating large quantities of organic matter (including nitrogen, N) from the surrounding canopy into their colonies, and ultimately into colony refuse dumps. Here, we demonstrate that refuse piles created by LCA species Atta colombica in tropical rainforests of Costa Rica provide ideal conditions for extremely high rates of N 2 O production (high microbial biomass, potential denitrification enzyme activity, N content and anoxia) and may represent an unappreciated source of heterogeneity in tropical forest N 2 O emissions. Average instantaneous refuse pile N 2 O fluxes surpassed background emissions by more than three orders of magnitude (in some cases exceeding 80 000 µg N 2 O-N m −2 h −1 ) and generating fluxes comparable to or greater than those produced by engineered systems such as wastewater treatment tanks. Refuse-concentrating Atta species are ubiquitous in tropical forests, pastures and production ecosystems, and increase density strongly in response to disturbance. As such, LCA colonies may represent an unrecognized greenhouse gas point source throughout the Neotropics.

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Kilinc, Kamer, e Asuman Kilinc. "Mutagenic Actions of Nitrogen Oxides". Indoor and Built Environment 14, n.º 6 (dezembro de 2005): 503–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x05060046.

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Watanabe, T., M. Ichiki e S. Onizuka. "Adsorbents for low-concentration nitrogen oxides". Zeolites 11, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 1991): 197. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-2449(91)80448-9.

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Albonetti, S., L. Dal Pozzo e F. Trifirò. "Oxidation Catalysis in Clean Technologies for Fine Chemicals". Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 3, n.º 4 (10 de julho de 2017): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj572.

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The role of heterogeneous catalysis for the production of fine chemicals is reviewed with particular interest for the oxidation in a wide range of aspects of this kind of processes: reaction of oxygen insertion, oxidative dehydrogenation and nitrogen insertion (with ammonia and oxygen). In this review are examined the main processes industrially applied and the best research perspectives in the field of heterogeneous oxidation catalysis for the synthesis of fine chemicals. It is an important point of view in relation with the typical parameters of this field of industrial chemistry and in relation with the driving force of environmental friendly technologies (the line guides of green chemistry) to substitute traditional processes. It is examined either the possibility of the use of gas phases, that is better on an economical and plant point of view, with molecular oxygen, nitrous oxide (it is a very specific oxidant, and it is active in mild conditions) and with the technique of short bed reactor to minimise the effects of the consecutive oxidation reaction particularly on aromatic side chains. Or the use of liquid phases, very useful to work in mild conditions with not stable reagents, with hydrogen peroxide and other alternative oxidants such as regenerable organic hydroperoxides. In the liquid phase reactions it is posed a particular interest in the oxidations carried out with the use of metal doped zeolites, with special attention to tianiasilica catalysts such as TS-1 with the new developments of hydrogen peroxide in situ generation; and heteropoly compounds.

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Farrow, Alexandra, Rosemary Greenwood, Sheila Preece e Jean Golding. "Nitrogen Dioxide, the Oxides of Nitrogen, and Infants' Health Symptoms". Archives of Environmental Health: An International Journal 52, n.º 3 (maio de 1997): 189–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00039899709602885.

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Donohue, Brian G. "Control of nitrogen oxides". Environmental Quality Management 2, n.º 4 (1993): 459–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tqem.3310020414.

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Wojciechowska, M., e S. Lomnicki. "Nitrogen oxides removal by catalytic methods". Clean Technologies and Environmental Policy 1, n.º 4 (2 de dezembro de 1999): 237–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s100980050037.

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HAGGIN, JOSEPH. "New catalysts battle nitrogen oxides, other environmental pollutants". Chemical & Engineering News 74, n.º 2 (8 de janeiro de 1996): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v074n002.p025.

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Sabbak, O. "Distribution of nitrogen oxides in Jiddah atmosphere". Environment International 16, n.º 3 (1990): 257–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-4120(90)90119-q.

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Wojtas, Jacek, Janusz Mikolajczyk e Zbigniew Bielecki. "Aspects of the Application of Cavity Enhanced Spectroscopy to Nitrogen Oxides Detection". Sensors 13, n.º 6 (10 de junho de 2013): 7570–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s130607570.

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Lodge, James P. "Acidic deposition: Sulphur and nitrogen oxides". Atmospheric Environment. Part A. General Topics 24, n.º 11 (1990): 2900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-1686(90)90193-q.

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OVCHINNIKOV, E. V., S. Yu UYUTOV e V. A. KRYUCHKOV. "Exhaust nitrogen oxides reduction system (ExNORS)". Iindustrial Ecology, n.º 3 (2021): 36–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.52190/2073-2589_2021_3_36.

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Toma, F. L., G. Bertrand, D. Klein e C. Coddet. "Photocatalytic removal of nitrogen oxides via titanium dioxide". Environmental Chemistry Letters 2, n.º 3 (23 de outubro de 2004): 117–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10311-004-0087-2.

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Rhoads, T. W., J. R. Marks e P. C. Siebert. "Overview of industrial source control for nitrogen oxides". Environmental Progress 9, n.º 2 (maio de 1990): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ep.670090221.

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Koenig, A., T. Richter e W. Weisweiler. "Removing nitrogen oxides from oxygen-containing combustion gases". Zeolites 15, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1995): 84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-2449(95)90257-0.

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Vilčeková, S., e I. Šenitková. "Modeling the Occurrence of Nitrogen Oxides Indoors". Indoor and Built Environment 18, n.º 2 (abril de 2009): 138–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x09103331.

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Kosmus, W. "Summation Method for Monitoring Nitrogen Oxides". International Journal of Environmental Analytical Chemistry 22, n.º 3-4 (outubro de 1985): 269–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03067318508076426.

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Qie, Fengxiang, Junying Zhu, Junfeng Rong e Baoning Zong. "Biological removal of nitrogen oxides by microalgae, a promising strategy from nitrogen oxides to protein production". Bioresource Technology 292 (novembro de 2019): 122037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122037.

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Zhao, Gui-Bing, S. V. B. Janardhan Garikipati, Xudong Hu, Morris D. Argyle e Maciej Radosz. "Effect of oxygen on nonthermal plasma reactions of nitrogen oxides in nitrogen". AIChE Journal 51, n.º 6 (2005): 1800–1812. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.10452.

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Araya, N., T. Ebina e M. Nitsuta. "Catalysts for reduction of nitrogen oxides in flue gases". Zeolites 11, n.º 3 (março de 1991): 299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0144-2449(05)80252-0.

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Longhurst, James WS. "Oxides of nitrogen in the greater Manchester conurbation, UK". Environmentalist 9, n.º 4 (dezembro de 1989): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02241825.

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Blokhin, A. I., A. N. Nikitin e A. O. Gabibov. "Using carbon adsorbents for removing nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides from flue gases". International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management 3, n.º 1 (2003): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijetm.2003.002368.

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