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Bula, Andrew. "Literary Musings and Critical Mediations: Interview with Rev. Fr Professor Amechi N. Akwanya". Journal of Practical Studies in Education 2, n.º 5 (6 de agosto de 2021): 26–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.46809/jpse.v2i5.30.
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Reverend Father Professor Amechi Nicholas Akwanya is one of the towering scholars of literature in Nigeria and elsewhere in the world. For decades, and still counting, Fr. Prof. Akwanya has worked arduously, professing literature by way of teaching, researching, and writing in the Department of English and Literary Studies of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka. To his credit, therefore, this genius of a literature scholar has singularly authored over 70 articles, six critically engaging books, a novel, and three volumes of poetry. His PhD thesis, Structuring and Meaning in the Nigerian Novel, which he completed in 1989, is a staggering 734-page document. Professor Akwanya has also taught many literature courses, namely: European Continental Literature, Studies in Drama, Modern Literary Theory, African Poetry, History of Theatre: Aeschylus to Shakespeare, European Theatre since Ibsen, English Literature Survey: the Beginnings, Semantics, History of the English Language, History of Criticism, Modern Discourse Analysis, Greek and Roman Literatures, Linguistics and the Teaching of Literature, Major Strands in Literary Criticism, Issues in Comparative Literature, Discourse Theory, English Poetry, English Drama, Modern British Literature, Comparative Studies in Poetry, Comparative Studies in Drama, Studies in African Drama, and Philosophy of Literature. A Fellow of Nigerian Academy of Letters, Akwanya’s open access works have been read over 109,478 times around the world. In this wide-ranging interview, he speaks to Andrew Bula, a young lecturer from Baze University, Abuja, shedding light on a variety of issues around which his life revolves.
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Martirosian, G. E. "AFRICANFUTURISM IN CONTEMPORARY NIGERIAN LITERATURE: THE CASE OF ‘PET’ BY AKWAEKE EMEZI". Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series History and Philology 32, n.º 5 (14 de outubro de 2022): 1104–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9534-2022-32-5-1104-1109.
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This article is devoted to the literary analysis of Akwaeke Emezi’s ‘Pet’, the novel, as an Africanfuturist artifact of the contemporary literature of the Nigerian diaspora in the United States. Africanfuturism is considered in both political and methodogical opposition to Afrofuturism, and is understood as a critical artistic method that, within the framework of Black science fiction, recounts an alternative version of the future of African people. The scientific article describes the features of the implementation of science fiction subgenres in the literature of Nigerians, residents of Nigeria, and representatives of the Nigerian diaspora, and also substantiates their differences from traditional (European) fantasy narratives. By the case of ‘Pet’ by A. Emezi, which at many artistic levels goes against both the Nigerian and pan-European canons of science fiction, the markers of Africanfuturist criticism of the culture, the correlation between the magical (mythogical) and futurological as the main difference between Africanfuturism and Afrofuturism are shown.
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Sulaiman, Raziyu Laul. "The Poetic Image and Its Realistic Manifestations in Contemporary Nigerian Arab Poetry "Divan Shawq Ali Talal as a Model" by the Poet Ahmed Al-Tijani Thani Saad". Dzil Majaz: Journal of Arabic Literature 1, n.º 2 (20 de agosto de 2023): 159–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.58223/dzilmajaz.v1i2.77.
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The research will attempt to uncover the literary trends and their applications, especially in Nigeria, and the most influential literary research methodologies among them, by delving into the literary heritage they left for us to analyze and explain. We aim to identify its prominent features and define its distinct characteristics, as literature is a vast ocean and research and authorship within it encompass various aspects and directions, with diverse forms and colors, particularly if we venture beyond its narrow definition confined to "prose and poetry" and explore its broader cultural meaning, which has spread among ancient civilizations. This entails drawing from every art form, making most of what the Arabic library contains, including poetry, speeches, letters, philosophy, history, criticism, stories, and other sciences and arts, all of which are intrinsic to literature and fall under its domain.
By doing so, we can gain a clear understanding of the stages that Nigerian literary research has undergone, as well as the movement of writing and literary authorship among Africans, particularly in Nigeria, both in the past and present. This reveals the significant role played by its speakers in the field of scientific research and literary studies throughout its extended journey. May God grant us success and guide us on the right path.
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Lombardo, Andrea. "Traducción, comparatismo y ética. El problema de las identidades de género en la literatura nigeriana (traducida)". Moderna Språk 117, n.º 1 (30 de junho de 2023): 137–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.58221/mosp.v117i1.12559.
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In this article, we intend to examine the relationship between ethics, comparative literary and translation studies (Bassnett, 1993; Bassnett & Lefevere, 1992; Berman, 1985 and Venuti, 1995/ 2018). In this sense, we evaluate the theoretical trajectory of two literary figures belonging to different periods, the Nigerian male writer Chinua Achebe (1930-2013) and the Nigerian woman writer Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie (1977-) in their efforts to deconstruct an image of Africa that is seen embodied in “Colonialist Criticism” (1988) and “The Danger of A Single Story” (2018). In a complementary fashion, we explore the way in which the first generation of African male writers, in which Achebe is registered, and the third generation of contemporary African women writers, to which Adichie is associated, build figures of women and men in the narrative. Finally, we present different perspectives that address the way of ethically translating postcolonial, diasporic and translingual literature in which the works of Achebe and Adichie are framed (Federici & Fortunati, 2019; Ergun, 2021; Tissot, 2017; Vidal Claramonte, 2021).
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Onwuka, Edwin. "Portraits of the Nigerian Soldier in Isidore Okpewho’s The Last Duty and Festus Iyayi’s Heroes". SAGE Open 11, n.º 3 (julho de 2021): 215824402110469. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21582440211046956.
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An essential feature of Nigerian literatures is their capacity to exploit history and social experience to bring to light the human condition in society without compromising literary aesthetics. Thus, Nigerian novels often appear to be more educative than entertaining by their ability to illuminate social realities far more effectively than historical or sociological texts. This is evident in the representations of soldiers in Nigerian novels which are highly influenced by historical and social circumstances. This paper carries out a comparative and descriptive analysis of portrayals of Nigerian soldiers in Isidore Okpewho’s The Last Duty and Festus Iyayi’s Heroes from a new historical perspective. Most studies on the military in Nigerian novels often focus on their actions in war situations and their disruptive and undemocratic activities in politics. However, these studies frequently explore the military as a group with little attention to the texts as expositions on character types in the Nigerian military. This study therefore contributes to criticism on the nexus between literary representation, history, and society. It further highlights historical and social contexts of military explorations in Nigerian novels and their impacts on the perception of the Nigerian soldier in society. These are aimed at showing that depictions of the military in Nigerian novels go beyond their capacities for disruptions and destructions in society; they represent artistic probing of the nature and character of persons in the Nigerian military.
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Bula, Andrew. "Literature and Literary Criticism: An Interview with Rev. Fr. Professor Amechi N. Akwanya". Journal of Practical Studies in Education 3, n.º 6 (20 de setembro de 2022): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.46809/jpse.v3i6.55.
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This is the last of a three-part interview series with the eminent Reverend Father Professor Amechi Nicholas Akwanya of the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, the second having been published in an earlier volume and issue of this same journal, and the first in The Criterion: An International Journal in English Vol. II, Issue-III, June, 2020. The uniqueness of this exchange is that it is a tribute interview, honouring the literary guru in the year of his retirement from an academic career laden with a beehive of activities. In this sequence of conversations with Andrew Bula, a young lecturer working the job of teaching English and Literature in the Centre for Foundation and Interdisciplinary Studies (CFIS) at Baze University, Abuja, Nigeria, Professor Akwanya offers uncommon and differing insights into the field of literary studies, something for which he is widely known for many decades.
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Adekunle, Idowu James. "The Poet as a Cultural Ambassador and Social Critic". Randwick International of Social Science Journal 4, n.º 2 (30 de abril de 2023): 18–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.47175/rissj.v4i2.663.
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Poetry is oral literature with aesthetic skills. It is a performative form of a cultural infusion of traditional and contemporary realities of the human world. Poetry in its true nature is political, economic, and sociological. Poetry is largely human. Previous studies have examined poetry as entertainment and poetic orature to neglect cultural significance and social criticism. Therefore, this study examines as poetry an embodiment of cultural identities and an element of social criticism. The anthology of Femi Abodunrin, entitled “It Would Take Time: Conversation with Living Ancestors” would be examined. This is in a bid to see how a poet serves as a cultural ambassador of his/her country and, at the same time, a social critic. Femi Abodunrin is a Nigerian-born poet. Schechner's Performance, Freudian, and Jungian psychoanalytic theories were used to analyze the selected collections. The selected poems are subjected to performance and literary analyses.
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Ibagere, Elo, e Osakue Stevenson Omoera. "The Nigerian Film Plot". Matatu 48, n.º 2 (2016): 435–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-04802012.
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The Nigerian film industry, otherwise known as Nollywood, has been acknowledged to be the second-largest in the world in terms of volume of production. This fact presents an interesting vista worthy of investigation, especially with regard to the quality of the films produced. It is in respect of this premise that this article examines the plot of the Nigerian film—a feature capable of affecting the popularity of the film. The essay, having dwelt on what plot is, critically examines the Nigerian film plot and finds that Nollywood films mostly adopt an episodic structure, thereby making them unnecessarily long. Besides (and this is systemically related to episodic structure and to a natural tendency in Nigerian rhetoric), many of the films tend to be too wordy, too chatty, over-padded, thus often earning them scathing criticism. The challenges of scriptwriting in this regard are examined, culminating in recommendations for how to improve the quality of scripts through plot construction in this vibrant film culture.
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Finley, Mackenzie. "Constructing Identities: Amos Tutuola and the Ibadan Literary Elite in the wake of Nigerian Independence". Yoruba Studies Review 2, n.º 2 (21 de dezembro de 2021): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/ysr.v2i2.129908.
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With Nigerian novelist Amos Tutuola as primary subject, this paper at[1]tempts to understand the construction of sociocultural identities in Nigeria in the wake of independence. Despite the international success of his literary publications, Tutuola was denied access to the most intimate discourses on the development of African literature by his Nigerian elite contemporaries, who emerged from University College, Ibadan, in the 1950s and early 1960s. Having completed only a few years of colonial schooling, Tutuola was differentiated from his elite literary contemporaries in terms of education. Yet if education represented a rather concrete, institutionalized divide between the elite and the everyday Nigerian, this paper will suggest that the resulting epistemological difference served as a more fluid, ideological divide. Both Western epistemology, rooted in Western academic spaces, and African epistemology, preserved from African traditions like proverbs and storytelling, informed the elite and Tutuola’s worldviews. The varying degrees to which one epistemology was privileged over the other reinforced the boundary between Tutuola and the elite. Furthermore, educational experiences and sociocultural identities informed the ways in which independent Nigeria was envisioned by both Tutuola and the elite writers. While the elites’ discourse on independence reflected their proximity to Nigeria’s political elite, Tutuola positioned himself as a distinctly Yoruba writer in the new Nigeria. He envisioned a state in which traditional knowledge remained central to the African identity. Ultimately, his life and work attest to the endurance of indigenous epistemology through years of European colonialism and into independence. 148 Mackenzie Finley During a lecture series at the University of Palermo, Italy, Nigerian novelist Amos Tutuola presented himself, his work, and his Yoruba heritage to an audience of Italian students and professors of English and Anglophone literatures. During his first lecture, the Yoruba elder asked his audience, “Why are we people afraid to go to the burial ground at night?” An audience member ventured a guess: “Perhaps we are afraid to know what we cannot know.” Tutuola replied, “But, you remember, we Africans believe that death is not the end of life. We know that when one dies, that is not the end of his life [. . .] So why are all people afraid to go to the burial ground at night? They’re afraid to meet the ghosts from the dead” (emphasis in original).1 Amos Tutuola (1920–1997) was recognized globally for his perpetuation of Yoruba folklore tradition via novels and short stories written in unconventional English. His works, especially The Palm-Wine Drinkard (1952) and My Life in the Bush of Ghosts (1954), were translated into numerous European languages, including Italian. Given the chance to speak directly with an Italian audience at Palermo, Tutuola elaborated on the elements of Yoruba culture that saturated his fiction. His lectures reflected the same sense of purpose that drove his writing. Tutuola explained, “As much as I could [in my novels], I tried my best to bring out for the people to see the secrets of my tribe—I mean, the Yoruba people—and of Nigerian people, and African people as a whole. I’m trying my best to bring out our traditional things for the people to know a little about us, about our beliefs, our character, and so on.”2 Tutuola’s didactics during the lecture at Palermo reflect his distinct intellectual and cultural commitment to a Yoruba cosmology, one that was not so much learned in his short years of schooling in the colonial education system as it was absorbed from his life of engagement with Yoruba oral tradition. With Tutuola as primary subject, this paper attempts to understand the construction of sociocultural identities in Nigeria in the wake of independence. The educated elite writers, such as Wole Soyinka and Chinua Achebe, who emerged from University College, Ibadan, during the same time period, will serve as a point of comparison. On October 1, 1960, when Nigeria gained independence from Britain, Tutuola occupied an unusual place relative to the university-educated elite, the semi-literate “average man,” the international 1 Alassandra di Maio, Tutuola at the University: The Italian Voice of a Yoruba Ancestor, with an Interview with the Author and an Afterword by Claudio Gorlier (Rome: Bulzoni, 2000), 38. The lecture’s transcriber utilized graphic devices (italicized and bolded words, brackets denoting pauses and movements) to preserve the dynamic oral experience of the lecture. However, so that the dialogue reads more easily in the context of this paper, I have removed the graphic devices but maintained what the transcriber presented as Tutuola’s emphasized words, simply italicizing what was originally in bold. 2 Di Maio, Tutuola at the University, 148. Constructing Identities 149 stage of literary criticism, and the emerging field of African literature. This position helped shape his sense of identity. Despite the success of his literary publications, Tutuola was not allowed to participate in the most intimate dis[1]courses on the development of African literature by his elite contemporaries. In addition to his lack of access to higher education, Tutuola was differentiated from his elite literary contemporaries on epistemological grounds. If education represented a rather concrete, institutionalized divide between the elite and the everyday Nigerian, an epistemological difference served as a more fluid, ideological divide. Both Western epistemology, rooted in Western academic spaces, and African epistemology, preserved from African traditions like proverbs and storytelling, informed the elite and Tutuola’s worldviews. The varying degrees to which one epistemology was privileged over the other reinforced the boundary between the elite and Tutuola. This paper draws largely on correspondence, conference reports, and the personal papers of Tutuola and his elite contemporaries housed at the Harry Ransom Center at the University of Texas at Austin, as well as on interviews transcribed by the Transcription Centre in London, the periodical Africa Report (1960–1970), and Robert M. Wren and Claudio Gorlier, concentrating on primary sources produced during the years immediately prior to and shortly after Nigerian independence in 1960. Tutuola’s ideas generally did not fit into the sociocultural objectives of his elite counterparts. Though they would come in contact with one another via the world of English-language literature, Tutuola usually remained absent from or relegated to the margins of elite discussions on African creative writing. Accordingly, the historical record has less to say about his intellectual ruminations than about those of his elite contemporaries. Nonetheless, his hand-written drafts, interviews, and correspondences with European agents offer a glimpse at the epistemology and sense of identity of an “average” Nigerian in the aftermath of colonialism and independence.
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OKOH, MARY ENWELIM-NKEM. "Revamping the Environment for National Development: A Lexico-Semantic Reading of Niyi Osundare’s The Eye of the Earth". International Journal of Language and Literary Studies 3, n.º 2 (29 de junho de 2021): 242–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.36892/ijlls.v3i2.556.
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Environmental poetry is relatively young in the literature of the Nigerian literary writers and critics. Literary scholars of an earlier generation before Osundare – Soyinka, Okigbo, and Okara have dwelt more on the themes and language of cultural heritage, cultural conflicts, colonial and post-colonial political, socio-economic and religious issues. They barely scratched around the themes of environment and ecology. More so, their language may be adjudged obscure and esoteric. Therefore, the present study engages in the exploration of Osundare’s innovative and full-scale venture into pivotal issues of the environment that have become of utmost concern nationally and internationally in contemporary times. Also of interest in this study is Osundare’s efforts to redefine the diction of Nigerian poetry to reach a wider audience. Osundare’s poetry collection, The Eye of the Earth is our focal text. It has been observed that critical studies on this collection are largely centered on literary interpretations. Lexico-semantic exploration of this collection can be considered inadequate, which necessitated the present study to strike a balance in deciphering Osundare’s language and thematic preoccupations. This study is anchored on systemic functional linguistics (SFL) and eco-criticism theory with insights from lexical-semantic theory. Poems of environmental background are purposively selected from the collection. The study reveals Osundare’s tactical manipulation of “common” language in exposing man’s pernicious activities in the natural environment. In a similar manipulative skill in language use, the study unveils consequential roles imperative for a man to obviate his adverse activities on nature in order to achieve development at different spheres of life.
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Boluwaduro, Stephen Olabanji. "Negotiating Textuality and Aesthetic Tropes in Fújì Performance". Matatu 52, n.º 2 (20 de outubro de 2022): 313–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18757421-05202003.
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Abstract Fújì music, a Yorùbá popular art, has over the time been criticised as a local musical idiom devoid of any sophisticated aesthetic and functional values, and meant only for the illiterates. This study investigates the multiplicity of aesthetic performances in this Yorùbá art through close examination of a range of Fújì musical song texts in a bid to articulate Yorùbá socio-cultural realities. Engaging an aspect of Ackerman’s concept of hybridity, this study analyses selected works of two Nigerian Fújì musical artistes, Sikiru Ayinde Balogun (a.k.a. Barrister) and Rasaki Kolawole Ilori (a.k.a. Kollington Ayinla) who are representatives of the first generation of Fújì musical artistes. I argue that Fújì music possesses utilitarian relevance to Nigerian audiences as it is engaged in various ways to generate multiple meanings in linguistic, literary and musicological senses through syncretic complexities of postcolonial socio-cultural dialectical practices in Nigeria. The study concludes that Fújì song performance inherently possesses and articulates an array of social values and aesthetics.
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Agunbiade, Oyewumi Olatoye. "Followership Complicity in Insecurity in Nigeria: A Case in Femi Osofisan’s Aringindin and the Nightwatchmen". IAFOR Journal of Literature & Librarianship 11, n.º 1 (28 de outubro de 2022): 103–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22492/ijl.11.1.07.
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Insurgency, kidnap for ransom, banditry, herdsmen-farmers clash, and gruesome killing of individuals have become quotidian security realities in contemporary Nigeria. Scholarly approach to this concern has often resulted in criticism domiciled only at leadership while neglecting the role of the followership in this security predicament. This paper is therefore designed to examine the representations of the complicity of the people in insecurity using Femi Osofisan’s Aringindin and the Nightwatchmen (2002) as a case study. The investigation combines a deliberate look at the dramaturgical devices employed by Osofisan to enhance this representation. Georg Lukacs’s theory of literary realism and Achille Mbembe’s model of the Postcolonial theory are adopted as the framework for the study to unravel the complicity of the people. At the same time, the method applied is the interpretive design and the socio-artistic approach to literary criticism. Osofisan deploys dramatic metaphor, aesthetics of masking, Orunmila motif, and Satire to unmask the villains who mystify efforts to address insecurity and throw the state in a nightmare. The revelations are incredible even as vigilantism is deconstructed. The play points attention to the need to carefully examine proposals on ending insecurity in Nigeria while also contributing to emerging scholarship on investigating the followers with regards to their contribution to their disillusionment.
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Anana, Mariam. "The Dichotomy of Specialization: Is a Literature Teacher Necessarily a Language Teacher?" UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities 21, n.º 2 (30 de março de 2021): 108–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ujah.v21i2.6.
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This study investigates the dichotomy of specialization in Literature and English language. In many primary and secondary schools in Nigeria, many teachers who teach Literature are the same teachers who teach English Language. This is responsible for lack of ultimate successes in academic performance, foundational establishment and progressive developments in Literature and English language. Set against the backdrop of the inseparability and non-specialization in individual subjects in question, the study examines the need for a dichotomy of specialization in English Language and Literature with a view to reducing the rate of errors and students’ failures in both subjects. Adopting the simple randomisation, the researcher uses selected primary and secondary schools in Lagos State as the case study; the paper raises four questions and these are: Can English Language teachers effectively teach poetic devices? Are segmental phonemes easily taught by Literature teachers? Can English Language teachers proficiently teach oral literature, literary criticism and non-African literature? Can Literature teachers competently teach stress and intonation? This research uses a qualitative approach and adopts The Speech Act Theory as its theoretical framework. Questionnaire of fifteen (15) items was used for data collection and the simple percentage was applied for data analysis. The researcher discovered that: It is not possible for English Languageteachers to effectively teach poetic devices. Segmental phonemes cannot be easily taught by Literature teachers. Students would lag behind in areas where teachers are not proficient in the subjects they teach. Also, it is not possible for a teacher to place equal emphasis on both English Language and Literature in classrooms. The study therefore recommends the need for a dichotomy of specialization in the two subjects so as to ensure effective teaching and learning of these subjects.
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Mohammad, Ghada A., e Wafaa A. Abdulaali. "Mahmoud Darwish and Tanure Ojaide". Ars & Humanitas 14, n.º 1 (23 de junho de 2020): 41–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/ars.14.1.41-53.
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Darwish, the spokesman of Palestine, and Ojaide, the voice of Nigeria, are endowed with a faculty for articulating a message, a vision or an opinion for their nations. They are intellectuals essentially tied to the needs of their communities. Both poets belong to countries that witnessed different types of political, economic, and social turmoil. They inspire the oppressed nations to persist in their struggles against the regimes which deprive them of their right to live happily and peacefully. Darwish experienced many displacements that turned him into an embodiment of exile, in both existential and metaphysical terms, beyond the external, and the metaphorical, in his interior relations with self and poetry. His poetry of exile mirrors the socio-political atmosphere under the Israeli occupation. He utilizes poetry as a weapon in his fight to achieve freedom and independence. Similarly, Ojaide’s poetry is engaged with the crises of his homeland, the Niger Delta. He belongs to the generation of Nigerian writers who used their literary productions as a weapon against social injustice and an instrument in resisting imperialism. To him, there is a direct relationship between literature and social institutions. The principal function of literature is to criticize these institutions and eventually bring about desirable changes in society. This study aims at examining Darwish and Ojaide as poets of exile by observing their exilic experiences and investigating certain poems that typically help dive into their external and internal sense of displacement. The study also highlights the concepts of home and homelessness. It brings to light the poets’ deep yearning for a sense of belonging and their insistence on regaining the motherland toward which they show a profound attachment and permanent commitment. They use words as a therapeutic means to compensate for the lack of a physical homeland. A comparison between the two poets is also provided.
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Maledo, Richard Oliseyenum, e Joyce Uzezi Edhere. "Experiential metafunction: representing environmental degradation". Linguistics and Culture Review 5, n.º 1 (23 de junho de 2021): 129–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21744/lingcure.v5n1.1081.
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The constant exploration and exploitation of crude oil in the Niger Delta area of Nigeria had had a negative consequential effect on the entire ecosystem of the region. This has been a source of national and international concern and has attracted the attention of scholars from several disciplines, within and outside the region. Creative writers were not left out and this had given birth to which poetry was one of its most prolific genres. Though regional, the literature in general and poetry, in particular, had attracted myriads of attention from eco-literary criticism while the language of the poems had been understudied. Therefore, this study is a linguistic analysis of Niger Delta environmental poetry. Seven poems were purposefully selected from Tanure Ojaide’s Songs of Myself: Quartet (2015) and Nnimo Bassey’s We Thought It Was Oil but It Was Blood (2002). The Hallidayan Transitivity system of the Experiential meaning of the clause was adopted as a linguistic framework to show how the ecological realities of the region were encoded in the structure of the clause. The study revealed that the nature of the processes and the participants’ roles aptly encoded ecological degradation in the structure of the clause.
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Omijie, Chukwuyem Othniel, e Cynthia Chinenye Nwokolo. "Corruption and Environmental Pollution: A Critique of Gabriel Okara’s the Voice". International Journal of English Literature and Social Sciences 8, n.º 4 (2023): 048–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22161/ijels.84.8.
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Many African authors have consistently embraced topics related to land concerns and the environment that are crucial to local, cultural, and societal development. This essay analyzes Gabriel Okara's The Voice for the depiction of environmental deterioration brought on by corrupt leadership, and the blatant display of power to silent those who speak against injustice. While corruption is a recurrent issue in Nigeria Delta literature, the theme of environmental degradation shows the disastrous effects of oil exploration and exploitation on the Niger Delta area. The paper examines the degree of corruption and pollution in the text under investigation and their repercussions on the ecology of the host communities, which are mostly farmers and fishermen, using Eco-Criticism and Post-Colonial Literary Theories as its theoretical framework. The article makes a connection between these crimes and the West's insensitivity to the misery of the people as a result of its drive for possession. This causes nature to stagnate and the environment to deteriorate. To assess Okara's depiction of power struggles and excessive desire in the midst of abundance through his characters and the community's setting, the paper chooses quotes from the book. It develops the connection between the author and his community as the voice of Africa's oppressed people.
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Nnaemeka, Obioma. "Toward a feminist criticism of Nigerian literature". Feminist Issues 9, n.º 1 (março de 1989): 73–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02685604.
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Kajeej, Omar Abdullah. "غَ رَ بَ طَ نَ ظَ و هَو زا رَ يَا نَاقدٌ نَقده لَقصيدة "َبحق رَب اَلورىَ" لَلشعر اَلحاج عَمر اَ لَ كَ بَ وَي أَنموذجا". Yandoto Academic Journal of Arabic Language and Literature 6, n.º 01 (30 de dezembro de 2022): 27–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.36349/yajoall.2022.v06i01.003.
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This research in title “Garba Dantsoho Zaria, is Critic his scrutinising the poetry of Alh. Umar Al-Kabawai named "for the sake of mankind’s creator" as model ". The paper intended to highlight the contributions of Garba Dantsoho Zaria, toward the development of Arabic literature and criticism in Nigerian Arabic Literature. The research contained the biography of the author (Critic) Garba Dantsoho Zaria, his struggle for seeking the Arabic language and Islamic studies, his compositions toward the development of Arabic language literature and criticism in the fill of Nigerian Arabic Education, at the end the paper explains the preferment and structure of his book, called the presentation, analysis, and the criticism of the Alh. Umar Al-kabawai poets, finally the conclusion, summary, and recommendations were been given.
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N. A. Dhivya. "FEMINIST LITERARY CRITICISM". WORLD WOMEN STUDIES JOURNAL 1, n.º 1 (1 de julho de 2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.46291/wwsj.v1i1.1.
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Feminist literary criticism arose thirty years ago, and became widespread in Western Europe and the United States. Today, there is practically no large American university where there would be no courses on female / feminist literature and criticism, as well as gender aspects of literary work. In this study the general concept of criticism over literature by feminism outlined.
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Syofyan, Donny. "Literary Criticism In The Post-Truth Era". Andalas International Journal of Socio-Humanities 1, n.º 1 (27 de junho de 2019): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/aijosh.1.1.25-36.2019.
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Post truth relates to circumstances whereby objective facts are less influential in shaping the opinion of the public, rather appealing to personal belief and emotion. Post truth era is bordering a blurry line between lies and truths, dishonesty and honesty, nonfiction and fiction. The entire phenomenon of post truth is about an individual’s opinion being worth more than the facts. As such, the present paper seeks to understand new insights or perspectives in literary criticism in the post truth era. The criticism of the literature was always based on broad schools of thoughts/theories, which were employed for many centuries. Some of the traditional approaches the paper highlights include: formalistic criticism, biographical criticism, historical criticism, gender criticism, psychological criticism, sociological criticism, mythological criticism, reader-response criticism, and deconstructionist criticism. Equally, the paper extensively analyzes some of the new perspectives or insights to literary criticism in the post truth era: reflective approach, didactic approach, partisan approach, and religious approach. In reflective approach to literature criticism in the post truth era, the meaning in the literature is reflected by the outside of its own being. On the other hand, in didactic approach to literature criticism, truth and meaning is taught in the literature. Moreover, in partisan approach to literature criticism, there is the truthful meaning that is already known and can be found in the literature. Lastly, in the religious approach to literature criticism in post truth era, the meaning and truth is the literature itself, while the outside world has nothing to do with it.
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Syofyan, Donny. "Literary Criticism In The Post-Truth Era". Andalas International Journal of Socio-Humanities 1, n.º 1 (27 de julho de 2019): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/aijosh.v1i1.6.
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Post truth relates to circumstances whereby objective facts are less influential in shaping the opinion of the public, rather appealing to personal belief and emotion. Post truth era is bordering a blurry line between lies and truths, dishonesty and honesty, nonfiction and fiction. The entire phenomenon of post truth is about an individual’s opinion being worth more than the facts. As such, the present paper seeks to understand new insights or perspectives in literary criticism in the post truth era. The criticism of the literature was always based on broad schools of thoughts/theories, which were employed for many centuries. Some of the traditional approaches the paper highlights include: formalistic criticism, biographical criticism, historical criticism, gender criticism, psychological criticism, sociological criticism, mythological criticism, reader-response criticism, and deconstructionist criticism. Equally, the paper extensively analyzes some of the new perspectives or insights to literary criticism in the post truth era: reflective approach, didactic approach, partisan approach, and religious approach. In reflective approach to literature criticism in the post truth era, the meaning in the literature is reflected by the outside of its own being. On the other hand, in didactic approach to literature criticism, truth and meaning is taught in the literature. Moreover, in partisan approach to literature criticism, there is the truthful meaning that is already known and can be found in the literature. Lastly, in the religious approach to literature criticism in post truth era, the meaning and truth is the literature itself, while the outside world has nothing to do with it.
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Syofyan, Donny. "Literary Criticism In The Post-Truth Era". Andalas International Journal of Socio-Humanities 1, n.º 1 (27 de julho de 2019): 25–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/aijosh.v1i1.6.
Texto completo da fonteResumo:
Post truth relates to circumstances whereby objective facts are less influential in shaping the opinion of the public, rather appealing to personal belief and emotion. Post truth era is bordering a blurry line between lies and truths, dishonesty and honesty, nonfiction and fiction. The entire phenomenon of post truth is about an individual’s opinion being worth more than the facts. As such, the present paper seeks to understand new insights or perspectives in literary criticism in the post truth era. The criticism of the literature was always based on broad schools of thoughts/theories, which were employed for many centuries. Some of the traditional approaches the paper highlights include: formalistic criticism, biographical criticism, historical criticism, gender criticism, psychological criticism, sociological criticism, mythological criticism, reader-response criticism, and deconstructionist criticism. Equally, the paper extensively analyzes some of the new perspectives or insights to literary criticism in the post truth era: reflective approach, didactic approach, partisan approach, and religious approach. In reflective approach to literature criticism in the post truth era, the meaning in the literature is reflected by the outside of its own being. On the other hand, in didactic approach to literature criticism, truth and meaning is taught in the literature. Moreover, in partisan approach to literature criticism, there is the truthful meaning that is already known and can be found in the literature. Lastly, in the religious approach to literature criticism in post truth era, the meaning and truth is the literature itself, while the outside world has nothing to do with it.
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Musgamy, Awaliah, Muhammad Rusydi e Kurniati Kurniati. "Gender Mainstreaming in Arabic Literature". Jurnal Al Bayan: Jurnal Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa Arab 12, n.º 2 (2 de setembro de 2020): 245–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/albayan.v12i2.6468.
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Arabic literature is a means of gender mainstreaming which is very rich in gender issues. This is based on the social fact that Arab society in its historical footsteps has a stereotype as a community that is very thick with its patriarchal culture. Consequently, the social condition which is less responsive to gender influences the birth of Arabic literary works in various types in which gender issues such as marginalization of women, subordination of women to men, violence, negative stereotypes, and others. This article is qualitative research by using feminist Arabic literary criticism as a perspective, gender mainstreaming in Arabic literature is carried out by tracing the gender issues that exist in Arabic literature in its various forms. Through feminist Arabic literary criticism, various theories of feminist literary criticism consisting of ideological criticism, gynocritical criticism, socialist criticism, psychoanalytic criticism, ethnic criticism, and lesbian criticism, are applied in transforming and reconstructing gender-responsive relations between men and women.
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Aizenberg, Mikhail. "Criticism of Criticism". Russian Studies in Literature 32, n.º 2 (abril de 1996): 92–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/rsl1061-1975320292.
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Winiecka, Elżbieta. "Literary Internet: Online Criticism and Literary Communication". Porównania 27, n.º 2 (15 de dezembro de 2020): 289–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/por.2020.2.15.
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This article is devoted to the transformations that literary communication has undergone on the Internet. The author describes how literary criticism and its role in the digital medium has changed, indicates the deep cultural changes resulting from the development of forms of communication in social media, and characterizes how the Internet has transformed literature. New media has given rise to new literary genres; it has also altered literature itself, recasting it in a hybrid form on the border between the literature and audiovisual media. The ongoing changes do not pose a threat to printed literature, but are an expression of the strength of the Internet’s impact on literary communication and its participants. It is necessary to refrain from easy evaluations of the ongoing processes and to focus on accurately describing, analyzing and interpreting them as a new and relatively unknown part of the expanding literary field.
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SIM, STUART. "Recent literary criticism". Critical Quarterly 29, n.º 3 (setembro de 1987): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8705.1987.tb00098.x.
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Mullins, G. A. "Atrocity, Literature, Criticism". American Literary History 23, n.º 1 (10 de dezembro de 2010): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/alh/ajq084.
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Bell, R. "Autobiography and Literary Criticism". Modern Language Quarterly 46, n.º 2 (1 de janeiro de 1985): 191–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00267929-46-2-191.
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Theado, Matt. "Beat Generation Literary Criticism". Contemporary Literature 45, n.º 4 (2004): 747–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cli.2005.0010.
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Devitt, Ryan. "Toward a Foucauldian Literary Criticism". Poetics Today 42, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 2021): 471–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03335372-9356809.
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Abstract The article argues for the renewed relevance of Foucault's early essays on literature, written throughout the 1960s, given a return to anthropological reflection in so much literary theory today (especially through affect theory and “new” phenomenologies—both of which rely on older categories supplied by psychoanalysis). On one hand, Foucault reminds us of all the “warped and twisted forms of reflection” that arise from anthropological thought, with its assumptions regarding the “unthought” and the hidden structures of sense and perception. This same Foucault, on the other hand, is deeply engaged with literature; his writings on a range of authors—from Homer and Cervantes, to Friedrich Hölderlin and the Marquis de Sade, to Georges Bataille and Maurice Blanchot—constitute nothing less than an oeuvre. And yet, despite proposals to move beyond Foucauldian critique and its orthodoxy in literary studies today, hardly anything has been thought or said about this body of work in which Foucault, as David Carroll points out, “has the most to say about literature and language.” This lacuna is all the more surprising, since Foucault's early essays offer a rich and fruitful understanding of the being of literature as more than a limpid reflection of the body. In his reading of Bataille and Blanchot in particular, Foucault offers a unique vision of literature that is neither suspicious nor negative but that, in connection with his well-known critique of finitude, culminates in a hopeful call for openness.
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Chris Ajibade, Adetuyi,. "Thematic Preoccupation of Nigerian Literature: A Critical Approach". English Linguistics Research 6, n.º 3 (4 de setembro de 2017): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/elr.v6n3p22.
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Nigerian literature takes "matter" from the realities of Nigerian living conditions and value systems in the past and present. In the Nigerian society the writer, be it a novelist, dramatist or poet is a sensitive "questioner" and reformer; as all literature in a way is criticism of the human condition obtainable in the society it mirrors. The writer often cannot help exposing the bad and the ugly in man and society. Thus much of Nigerian literature is a deploration of the harsh and inhuman condition in which the majority of Nigerians live in i.e. poverty, misery, political oppression, economic exploitation, excesses of the affluent, liquidation of humane Nigerian traditional values, and all forms of injustices which seem to be the lot of a large majority in most Nigerian societies.In drama, novel, poetry or short - story, the writer's dialogue with his physical and human environment comes out as a mirror in which his people and society can see what they look like. Every image painted by a skillful artist is expressed or put into writing / print, becomes public property and leaves itself open for evaluation by those who read and understand the language and expression. There is therefore a need to identify the thematic preoccupation of Nigeria literature which is the focus of this paper with a view to identifying their peculiarities with textual references.
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Said, Edward W. "Literary Criticism and Politics?" Philosophy and Literature 44, n.º 2 (2020): 395–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/phl.2020.0029.
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Falola, Toyin. "Nigerian Translingualism: Negotiation and Desirability of Language in Nigerian Literature". Yoruba Studies Review 7, n.º 1 (26 de julho de 2022): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/ysr.v7i1.131429.
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The power to communicate effectively and the politics of language were over the years intertwined, compelling writers used foreign languages to reach a wider audience, make sense of our world, describe different worlds, and create other experiences. Translingualism is also like a bridge for readers who cannot speak an author’s native language. The adoption of literary translingualism is a knotted discourse, but the texts of Wole Soyinka, Amos Tutuola, Chinua Achebe, Ben Okri, and Chimamanda Adichie reviewed to examine this loosely defined term. This essay dissects the essence of literary translingualism in inspecting individual attempts to adhere to linguistic differences, reviewing how selected writers have shown the necessity for translingualism in their work.
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Naji, Mustafa Majeed, e Khaled Farag Badawi. "The Correlation Between Literature and Its Function". Journal of AlMaarif University College 33, n.º 2 (30 de abril de 2022): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.51345/.v33i2.503.g266.
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Criticism is considered a motivating factor, whatever its nature. It sheds light on creativity and makes it free of impurities. It analyzes the artwork, sifters its content, evaluates what is good, and extracts what is bad, thus providing arguments and proofs, so it is a positive correlation between criticism and creativity, whether poetry or prose. As criticism in its development through the literary ages was present accompanying the creative process, understanding literary genres, including criticism, generates many key elements that govern the literary text.
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Choo, Suzanne S. "Globalizing Literature Pedagogy: Applying Cosmopolitan Ethical Criticism to the Teaching of Literature". Harvard Educational Review 87, n.º 3 (1 de setembro de 2017): 335–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17763/1943-5045-87.3.335.
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With global risks such as terrorism, fundamentalism, and xenophobia permeating our everyday consciousness, there is a pressing need for educators to cultivate in their students a cosmopolitan hospitality toward multiple and marginalized others in the world. Yet, despite growing interest in ethics among literary scholars, theorizations of ethical criticism are predominantly observed among scholars working in university settings rather than at high schools, and major scholarly texts on ethical criticism focus on literary texts that provoke ethical responses rather than on pedagogical strategies. In this essay, Suzanne Choo aims to address these two gaps by arguing that cosmopolitan ethical criticism should be a core feature of literature pedagogy in schools and by describing its potential for developing students as global ethical thinkers. The article situates cosmopolitan ethical criticism by distinguishing it from two other disciplinary practices, aesthetic criticism and didactic ethical criticism. It goes on to describe what cosmopolitan ethical criticism may look like in the classroom by examining pedagogical approaches to teaching literature employed by four high school teachers in Australia, Singapore, and the United States.
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Mitrovic, Nemanja. "Ethics and literature: Levinas and literary criticism". Filozofija i drustvo 33, n.º 3 (2022): 632–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/fid2203632m.
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The question posed by this text is: can we use Levinasian ethics in the field of literary studies? In order to provide the answer, Levinas?s attitude toward art will need to be analyzed. His work contains numerous scattered remarks about literature and other arts, but the most explicit statement on the relationship between art and ethics can be found in his essay ?Reality and Its Shadow?. Since Levinas?s view on art in this essay is predominantly negative, it poses a significant problem for the application of his theory in the field of literary studies. In order to overcome this difficulty, I use Blanchot?s reworking of Levinasian ethics, and open the possibility of a different relation between literature and ethics than the one originally suggested by Levinas.
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Griswold, Jerome. "1986 Children's Literature Association Literary Criticism Award". Children's Literature Association Quarterly 1986, n.º 1 (1986): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/chq.1986.0017.
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Caserta, Ernesto G. "Review: Essays on Literature and Literary Criticism". Forum Italicum: A Journal of Italian Studies 26, n.º 2 (setembro de 1992): 416–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001458589202600219.
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Trexler, Adam, e Adeline Johns-Putra. "Climate change in literature and literary criticism". Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 2, n.º 2 (24 de fevereiro de 2011): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/wcc.105.
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Goodblatt, C. "From Practical Criticism to the Practice of Literary Criticism". Poetics Today 24, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 2003): 207–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/03335372-24-2-207.
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Kuang, Xiuli, e Chen'bei Yang. "Archetypal Literary Criticism and Structuralism". Философия и культура, n.º 5 (maio de 2023): 87–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0757.2023.5.40083.
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The study of literature from the point of view of the search for archetypal images and the study of artistic creativity from the standpoint of structuralism are two important trends. Both of these trends have emerged in the contexts of different scientific paradigms. The origin of archetypal criticism is associated with the figure of Herman Northrop Fry, and the basis of archetypal criticism is psychology, namely the concept of psychoanalysis, founded by Sigmund Freud and Carl Gustav Jung. While the origin of structuralism is associated with linguistics and the name of Ferdinand de Saussure, who first began to consider language as a system of signs in which each element defines other elements and is itself determined by them. With all the difference in origin, in general, both theories do not contradict each other - on the contrary, they complement each other. Archetypal literary criticism and structuralist theory of art have deep internal theoretical connections in several ways: both theories look for repetitive elements in literature, both consider literature as a space of memory about the past. Archetypal literary criticism and the structuralist theory of art direct the appeal to the psychology of man as the creator of works of art. Both directions are also largely based on the idea of binary oppositions: within the framework of the archetypal criticism of the pair, many archetypes are grouped into pairs, whereas within the framework of structuralism, the idea of structure itself is based on elementary concepts opposed to each other; finally, both methods have been criticized for the same shortcomings, such as the denial of author subjectivity and the denial of human progress. This article attempts to show that the theory of archetypes in literature and the structuralist theory of art complement each other, and how exactly this complementarity is achieved.
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Aziz, Abd, e M. Imam Sofyan Yahya. "KRITIK INTRINSIKALITAS DAN EKSTRINSIKALITAS SASTRA MODERN DALAM KAJIAN SASTRA ARAB MODERN". Mumtaz: Jurnal Studi Al-Qur'an dan Keislaman 3, n.º 1 (21 de outubro de 2019): 23–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36671/mumtaz.v3i1.31.
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In the practice of literary criticism, including Arabic literature, there are two approaches in evaluating literary works, namely the intrinsic approach and the extrinsic approach. The intrinsic approach bases itself on the objective value of literary works itself without connecting with other sciences, or approaches that seek to see literary works objectively with the propositions of linguistics and literary aesthetics. From this approach was born a flow of semiotic literary criticism and structural literary criticism. Meanwhile, the extrinsic approach uses certain scientific measures in evaluating literary works. The extrinsic approach to literary criticism seeks to see literary works from the viewpoint of disciplines outside of literature. This approach gave birth to sociological literary criticism, psychological literary criticism, archaeological literary criticism, moral literary criticism, philosophical literary criticism, and others.
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Ismail, Ismail, Tatik Maryatut Tasnimah e Ridwan Ritonga. "Kritik Sastra Arab pada Masa Yunani". JURNAL Al-AZHAR INDONESIA SERI HUMANIORA 9, n.º 1 (27 de março de 2024): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36722/sh.v9i1.2747.
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<p><strong>The purpose of this study is to examine the development of literary criticism in the Greek period. The data collection method used in this study is the literature review method. The researcher will search all data related to this study and record the data. The approach used in this study is a historical approach where researchers look for stories related to the history of the development of Arabic literary criticism in the Greek period. From the results of this research can be found out about the understanding and classification of Arabic literary criticism. In addition, this study provides information on Arabic literary criticism in Greek times, Greek influence on Arab criticism through reading, and criticism of orientalist books in the context of Greek influence. In literary criticism, the task of teaching literature with the support of literary theory is literary criticism, especially oral literary criticism, using works of literary criticism to explain abstract literary theories.</strong></p><p><em><strong>Keywords</strong> - Criticism, Arabic Literature, Greek.</em></p>
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Govorukhina, Yuliya A., e Yuliya N. Dmitrieva. "Literary forecast genre in modern criticism". International Journal “Speech Genres” 30, n.º 2 (25 de maio de 2021): 136–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/2311-0740-2021-2-30-136-143.
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The article deals with the problem of the genre, which is studied in the theoretical-critical and historical-literary aspects. The results of the comparative typological analysis of texts containing judgments about the future of literature give ground to talk about the literary forecast as an independent genre and thus update the existing classifications. The genre carriers are the topic, problems, tasks of the critic, as well as the structure of the text, the image of the literature. The future of literature as the main theme of forecasting determines the procedure for specific critical world modeling. Tasks of the critic are to offer scenarios for the development of literature; evaluate contemporary literature from the perspective of the future. The structure of literary forecasts includes reflection on the task; finding of a “fulcrum”, allowing to create the image of the future; a picture of the future (or the present in the future perspective); the ending. Critics verbalize fear of forecasting. The fears of critics are connected not only with the uncertainty of the future as a subject of comprehension, but with the unacceptability of the status of a prophet, which is being outlived at the turn of the XX–XXI centuries on the wave of postmodernism and the crisis of literary centrism. Creating images of the future, critics draw on the figure of the reader, their requests, life in its socio-cultural dynamics, unfinished tendencies. The genre analysis is supplemented by a study of the content of literary forecasts, which allows to get an idea of literary critical thinking at the turn of the XX–XXI centuries, the diagnoses which criticism gives to the modern literature. Criticism of the turn of the XX–XXI centuries demonstrates an enduring trauma from the loss of its former status (of both criticism and literature), from the loss of the position of intellectual prose and poetry. This perceived “lack” in the present defines the picture of the future.
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Hailiyati, Nia. "The terms of contemporary Arabic literary criticism". Alfaz (Arabic Literatures for Academic Zealots) 6, n.º 01 (3 de outubro de 2018): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.32678/alfaz.vol6.iss01.1095.
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This study discusses the use of developed terms of literary criticism in the Arab. literature always experiences renewal in terms of science because literary criticism is a cultural product that often interacts with the conditions of the surrounding world, one of which is the terms of literary criticism which is the criterion in its use, so that raises the question, what are the terms of the Arabic literary criticism that are developing now? the purpose of this study is to find out the terms of literary criticism that developed in contemporary times as balancing the transformation of the ever expanding world of external literature. The method used in this research is library research, which is by collecting library data related to terms in Arabic literature. The finding in this study is that in contemporary Arabic literature there are three phenomenal terms, first the inner experience of poets (writers), the second organic unity and the theme in literary works, the third form of poetry.
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Kozhina, Svetlana. "The Czech literature criticism during Normalization". Slavic Almanac, n.º 3-4 (2018): 409–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.31168/2073-5731.2018.3-4.6.02.
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The article dwells upon the influence of the official critics of Czechoslovakia on the literary process during Normalization. The phenomena in literary critics publications, typical for 1970–1980s, and actions of some critics (J. Hájek, H. Hrzalová, V. Dostál, J. Rybák, P. Belíček and others) are analyzed.
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Kataev, V. B. "Problems of Applied Literary Criticism". Russian Studies in Literature 35, n.º 1 (dezembro de 1998): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/rsl1061-1975350157.
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Yadav, A. "Literature, Fictiveness, and Postcolonial Criticism". Novel: A Forum on Fiction 43, n.º 1 (1 de março de 2010): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00295132-2009-081.
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Gross, David S., e Vincent B. Leitch. "Cultural Criticism, Literary Theory, Poststructuralism". World Literature Today 68, n.º 1 (1994): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/40150110.
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Gillespie, G. "The Implications of Literary Criticism". Comparative Literature 65, n.º 2 (1 de março de 2013): 242–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00104124-2143192.
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