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Ma, Yu Bo, Sheng De Hu e Qing Ran Guo. "The Enlightenment for China by the Development of New Generation Cooperatives in North America". Advanced Materials Research 271-273 (julho de 2011): 868–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.271-273.868.
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The development of farmer cooperatives in China which was an important form that led farmers to get rich and improve the competitiveness of China's agriculture has been lag behind, in 2007, Law of Chinese Farmer Cooperatives promoted the development of cooperatives in certain extent,, but compared to a new generation of cooperatives developed in North America 1970s, whether performance or the ability of service for members were far behind. Through report the successful experience of the development of new generation cooperatives in North America and sum up the useful enlightenment which could improve the development of farmer cooperatives in China, we should promote the development of farmer cooperatives in China better and faster by specific measures implementation.
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TROUCHE, GILLES, KIRSTEN VOM BROCKE, SILVIO AGUIRRE e ZILDGHEAN CHOW. "GIVING NEW SORGHUM VARIETY OPTIONS TO RESOURCE-POOR FARMERS IN NICARAGUA THROUGH PARTICIPATORY VARIETAL SELECTION". Experimental Agriculture 45, n.º 4 (28 de agosto de 2009): 451–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447970999041x.
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SUMMARYIn the dry areas of Nicaragua, white-grain sorghum is an important subsistence crop for resource-poor farmers. From 2002 to 2007, participatory varietal selection (PVS) was implemented in three regions with the aim of identifying new varieties matching small farmers' needs. This paper describes the general approach, the partnership and the methods used to identify farmers' selection criteria (FSC), as well as the evaluation of new germplasm using the scoring method. Data analysis involved relating farmers' evaluation data to agronomic data and farmers' selection decisions (FSD), using Spearman correlations and the chi-square test. In the three regions, higher grain yield and good grain quality for making tortillas were identified as the two main FSCs for both the ‘tortillero’ and ‘millón’ sorghum types; the ranking of the other important FSC differed between the sites and the sorghum types. Our data shows that farmers' scores for earliness were highly correlated with breeder's observations while farmers' assessments of grain yield were correlated with measured yield in half the cases, depending on their knowledge of the crop. The study shows that in evaluating grain quality the farmers used several specific traits which were not considered by breeders. Overall appreciation, grain yield and grain quality were the key farmers' criteria that contributed to FSD. The PVS work enabled breeders to obtain a better understanding of farmers' criteria as well as identifying new progenitors, which should be useful for the sorghum breeding schemes in Central America in the future. Furthermore, by exploring wide genetic diversity, it was possible to release several farmer-preferred and high-performing varieties within a fairly short period.
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Batie, Sandra S. "Agriculture as the Problem: New Agendas and New Opportunities". Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 20, n.º 1 (julho de 1988): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0081305200025553.
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Agriculture was once seen as the solution to many of the nation's problems. A strong agricultural sector translated into a strong America. Kohl et al. have presented four reasons for the past public commitment to agriculture. First, the agricultural sector has had considerable political power; second, there has been a widely held perception that farmers were economically disadvantaged relative to the rest of society; third, for many decades the growth of rural economies has been dependent on healthy agricultural sectors; and, finally, information produced by colleges of agriculture has been seen as a public good worthy of support by general tax revenues.
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Calo, Adam. "The Yeoman Myth: A Troubling Foundation of the Beginning Farmer Movement". Gastronomica 20, n.º 2 (1 de maio de 2020): 12–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2020.20.2.12.
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Aging farmer demographics and declining agricultural trends provoke policy makers, farmer advocacy groups, and food system scholars to ask, “Who will do the work of farming in the future?” One response to this concern has been the rise of a “beginning farmer” narrative, where the goal of creating new farmers emerges as a key aspirational food systems reform mechanism. In this vision, young and beginning farmers will seize the transitioning lands from retiring farmers and bring with them an alternative system that is ecologically minded, open to new innovations, and socially oriented. Given the flurry of governmental, nonprofit, and private sector activity spurred by this vision, this article asks, what are the ideological drivers of the beginning farmer construct, and what are the consequences for the goals associated with a just food system transition? Invoking the concept of mythology, this article examines the character of the American beginning farmer narrative. The narrative is shown to appeal to a particular land use vision, one based on ideals of individual land ownership, single proprietor farming, neoliberal logics of change, and whiteness. In a sense, the beginning farmer movement embraces a yeoman mythology, a powerful force underwriting the American dream. The consequence of this embrace has problematic outcomes for the transformative potential of a politically engaged beginning farmer constituency. Embracing alternative imaginaries and mythologies may be a first step in forging a new farmer movement that provides equity across socially disadvantaged farmers and ranchers.
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Lassoie, J. P., W. S. Teel e K. M. Davies Jr. "Agroforestry Research and Extension Needs For Northeastern North America". Forestry Chronicle 67, n.º 3 (1 de junho de 1991): 219–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5558/tfc67219-3.
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Most farms in the Northeast include wooded areas that exist either as woodlots, plantations, or fence rows. However, the degree to which these areas support a particular farm is highly variable — some being largely ignored, others contributing significantly to the farm's economic well-being. The current economic plight and ecological problems facing the agricultural sector across North America are forcing many farmers to look for alternatives to traditional farming and forestry practices. One possibility is the greater integration of trees directly into the farming system through the adoption of various agroforestry principles and practices. Promoting the adoption of agroforestry by farmers in the Northeast, however, will require developing new research data bases and modifying current extension delivery systems. Suggestions for accomplishing both are provided in this paper based on an assessment of the potential for agroforestry in New York State. Key words: Agroforestry, tree crops, nut trees, technology transfer, Cooperative Extension, marginal lands
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Levkoe, Charles Z., e Abena Offeh-Gyimah. "Race, privilege and the exclusivity of farm internships: Ecological agricultural education and the implications for food movements". Environment and Planning E: Nature and Space 3, n.º 2 (4 de setembro de 2019): 580–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2514848619872616.
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Internships have become a prominent way of training new ecological farmers across North America. This paper interrogates the social identities of these interns asking: Who is being trained as the next generation of ecological farmers and what are the implications for food movements more broadly? Our research reveals a series of privileges associated with the ability to work for little or no remuneration and to access rural spaces where most internships are located. We argue that, while providing valuable knowledge and skills, the dominant model of ecological farm internships privileges white, middle-class young people and creates barriers to entry for racialized people, thereby limiting access to the subsequent education, training and other privileges awarded as part of the experience. In addition, this model hinders opportunities for building a more diverse ecological farming sector by reproducing a particular kind of farmer, limiting the impact of food movements.
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Coca, Estevan. "Food Procurement in Post-neoliberal Countries: Examples from South America". Agrarian South: Journal of Political Economy: A triannual Journal of Agrarian South Network and CARES 10, n.º 2 (27 de julho de 2021): 275–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/22779760211032067.
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This article analyzes public food procurement policy as one of the characteristics of post-neoliberalism in South America, whereby food produced by family farmers and peasants is purchased by the state and then donated to low-income people and public-school students. Focusing on Brazil, Ecuador, and Paraguay, the study demonstrates how such experiences partly break the control that large agri-food corporations exert in the food systems of these countries. This occurs because public food procurement has created a new market opportunity for family farmers and peasants and has also functioned as a mechanism to combat hunger and promote democratized access to good food. Moreover, such initiatives can be understood as providing a possibility to re-spatialize food by promoting closer contact between food producers and consumers.
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Poeplau, Christopher, Julia Schroeder, Ed Gregorich e Irina Kurganova. "Farmers’ Perspective on Agriculture and Environmental Change in the Circumpolar North of Europe and America". Land 8, n.º 12 (9 de dezembro de 2019): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land8120190.
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Climate change may increase the importance of agriculture in the global Circumpolar North with potentially critical implications for pristine northern ecosystems and global biogeochemical cycles. With this in mind, a global online survey was conducted to understand northern agriculture and farmers’ perspective on environmental change north of 60° N. In the obtained dataset with 67 valid answers, Alaska and the Canadian territories were dominated by small-scale vegetable, herbs, hay, and flower farms; the Atlantic Islands were dominated by sheep farms; and Fennoscandia was dominated by cereal farming. In Alaska and Canada, farmers had mostly immigrated with hardly any background in farming, while farmers in Fennoscandia and on the Atlantic Islands mostly continued family traditions. Accordingly, the average time since conversion from native land was 28 ± 28 and 25 ± 12 years in Alaska and Canada, respectively, but 301 ± 291 and 255 ± 155 years on the Atlantic Islands and in Fennoscandia, respectively, revealing that American northern agriculture is expanding. Climate change was observed by 84% of all farmers, of which 67% have already started adapting their farming practices, by introducing new varieties or altering timings. Fourteen farmers reported permafrost on their land, with 50% observing more shallow permafrost on uncultivated land than on cultivated land. Cultivation might thus accelerate permafrost thawing, potentially with associated consequences for biogeochemical cycles and greenhouse gas emissions. About 87% of the surveyed farmers produced for the local market, reducing emissions of food transport. The dynamics of northern land-use change and agriculture with associated environmental changes should be closely monitored. The dataset is available for further investigations.
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Baltenweck, Isabelle, Debbie Cherney, Alan Duncan, Erin Eldermire, Edda Tandi Lwoga, Ricardo Labarta, Elizaphan James Oburu Rao, Steven Staal e Nils Teufel. "A scoping review of feed interventions and livelihoods of small-scale livestock keepers". Nature Plants 6, n.º 10 (outubro de 2020): 1242–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41477-020-00786-w.
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AbstractLivestock support the livelihoods of one billion people in Africa, Asia and Latin America, but the productivity of animals remains low, reducing the potential of the sector to support higher incomes and better nutrition. Improved livestock feeding has been identified as the most important step towards higher productivity. This scoping review assessed the evidence for the uptake of improved ruminant livestock feed options, the effect of this uptake on livestock productivity and the degree to which this improves smallholder farmer livelihoods. In total, 22,981 papers were identified, of which 73 papers were included in the final analysis after a rigorous double-blind screening review. Only papers that reported farmers’ decision to use a new feed intervention were selected, thereby excluding feeding trials and participatory feed assessments. Of the 73 papers, only 6 reported combined evidence of adoption, effect on productivity and livelihood changes. A total of 58 papers looked at adoption, 19 at productivity change and 22 at livelihood change. This scoping review highlights the gap in evidence for the adoption of new livestock feeding practices and provides recommendations to support farmers’ uptake of feed interventions.
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Bhujel, R. R., e H. G. Joshi. "Factors influencing the adoption of sustainable agricultural practices in rural regions of developing countries: a review". Food Research 8, n.º 4 (12 de julho de 2024): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.26656/fr.2017.8(4).400.
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Farmers in developing countries show low adoption rates of sustainable agricultural practices. Therefore, this review examines influential factors contributing to sustainable agricultural practices adoption among rural farmers in developing countries in Asia, Latin America, Europe, and Africa, thereby highlighting challenges and constraints. The research indicated that behavioural factors influence the participation in and adoption of sustainable agricultural practices. Farmers are often unaware of environmental issues such as climate change and need support through knowledge, technology, and training. The behavioural insights of farmers need to be incorporated for better policymaking. Therefore, urgent attention is needed to address the social, agronomic, structural, political, and technical barriers before taking up new roles in adopting sustainable agricultural practices in their agricultural systems. From a policy perspective, this review explained how current policies should be implemented and periodically amended to achieve longterm goals.
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Widdup, K. H., J. L. Ford, G. R. Cousins, D. R. Woodfield, J. R. Caradus e B. A. Barrett. "A comparison of New Zealand and overseas white clover cultivars under grazing in New Zealand". Journal of New Zealand Grasslands 77 (1 de janeiro de 2015): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2015.77.483.
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A large number of white clover cultivars bred both in New Zealand and overseas are available for use by New Zealand pastoral farmers. Unfortunately, there is little published data on the merits of many of these cultivars under grazing in New Zealand. Data from a series of trials established in the Manawatu between 1996 and 2005 containing a range of cultivars from Europe, the Mediterranean, North and South America and New Zealand were used in a meta-analysis to assess the general adaptive yield and persistence potential of these contrasting cultivar types. All trials were maintained over 2 to 4 years, and revealed significant cultivar effects. Overall, New Zealand bred cultivars showed better adaptation than overseas cultivars. However, overseas cultivars containing Mediterranean germplasm, particularly from southern France, Italy and Syria exhibited beneficial features in the trials, and many recently bred New Zealand cultivars contain germplasm from these origins. In addition to using the appropriate parent germplasm when developing cultivars, it is equally important to evaluate and select under local conditions, in competition with grass, under grazing, over multiple environments and years. New Zealand farmers may benefit from an industrywide benchmarking system for white clover cultivars, possibly by incorporation into the DairyNZ Forage Value Index. Keywords: white clover, cultivars, germplasm, local, overseas, adaptation
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Tsu, Cecilia M. "Sex, Lies, and Agriculture: Reconstructing Japanese Immigrant Gender Relations in Rural California, 1900––1913". Pacific Historical Review 78, n.º 2 (1 de maio de 2009): 171–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/phr.2009.78.2.171.
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This article argues that the conditions of Japanese immigrants' lives in rural California produced unstable gender relations and patterns of intra-ethnic conflict. Early twentieth-century inquest records of the Santa Clara County coroner reveal tensions stemming from gender imbalance, exacerbated by the difficulties of farm life, racial marginalization, and circumscribed economic opportunity. Immigrant men equated success in America and status among their compatriots with being economically viable farmers and supporting a family in America; some who could not achieve these goals resorted to violent behavior. Meanwhile, Japanese women encountered new options and freedoms in a predominantly male immigrant society but also found themselves battling new forms of aggression from their countrymen. The volatility of gender relations in this Japanese community highlights the disruptive effects of migration, as well as the process through which immigrant men and women negotiated new lives and identities in America.
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Takam Fongang, Guy Martial, Jean-François Guay e Charles Séguin. "A Composite Index Measuring Adoption of Conservation Agriculture among Maize and Soybean Farmers in Québec". Agronomy 13, n.º 3 (7 de março de 2023): 777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy13030777.
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Conservation agriculture (CA) has appeared in America since 1970 as an alternative practice to conventional tillage to limit soil degradation. Despite its expansion around the world, socioeconomic analyses of its adoption, as well as its impact on agricultural yields, still suffer from imperfect identification of CA adopters. The present study therefore proposes a new composite index for measuring the adoption of CA among maize and soybean farmers in the province of Québec, Canada. A model of partial adoption of CA both at parcel and farm levels is developed to build the composite index; and experts’ judgements and the Analytical Hierarchy Process are used for weight elicitation of principles of CA. Data from 144 maize and soybean farmers are also used to assess the level of adoption of CA in Québec. The new composite index improves on the measure of adoption of conservation agriculture, as it can be used to discriminate among farmers according to the level of adoption of principles of CA. Indeed, the new composite index shows that 77.08%, 21.53% and 1.39% of maize and soybean farmers, respectively, are partial adopters, full adopters and non-adopters of CA, whereas the traditional binary indicator indicates that 83.33% and 16.67% of maize and soybean farmers, respectively, are adopters and non-adopters of CA. The results also show that many maize and soybean farmers (38.89%) have shown a certain flexibility in the adoption of CA.
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Mureșan, Ioana-Andreea. "Norwegian emigration and the emergence of modernity in Norway: America letters and the cases of Knut Hamsun and Sigbjørn Obstfelder". Romanian Journal for Baltic and Nordic Studies 12, n.º 2 (15 de dezembro de 2020): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.53604/rjbns.v12i2_3.
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Norway was going through important changes in the 19th century. It was a time of disruption, when the old rural society was transformed by the growing industrialisation, by the development of transportation and the expansion of free trade, when internal migration reached its peak as farmers struggled to survive using the old ways of living that had been passed on from generations and that no longer seemed to work in the modernized world. This paper argues that, although the need for change of the old habits was at the basis of the mass exodus to the New World, migration facilitated the emergence of modernity in Norway. America letters played an important role, as they both convinced the families and friends of the emigrants to embark for America, but they also helped increase the literacy rate in the homeland. Further on, the discussion will focus on the American experience of Knut Hamsun and Sigbjørn Obstfelder, which helped them gain recognition as forerunners of modernism in Norway
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Schultz, Sally M., e Joan Hollister. "SINGLE-ENTRY ACCOUNTING IN EARLY AMERICA: THE ACCOUNTS OF THE HASBROUCK FAMILY". Accounting Historians Journal 31, n.º 1 (1 de junho de 2004): 141–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/0148-4184.31.1.141.
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The accounts of the Hasbrouck family help document how five generations adapted to economic and social change in New York's mid-Hudson River valley from the time of settlement in the New World through the Civil War era. The accounts of these farmers and merchants illuminate the role that accounting played during a period when the key information provided by the accounting system was the balance in an individual's account. Personified ledger accounts not only characterized the organizational structure in tight-knit communities, but were essential in facilitating trade during a period when the shortage of cash made asynchronous exchanges and the use of commodity money prevalent.
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Ogg, Alex G. "Expanding the Weed Science Society of America Beyond Weed Science". Weed Technology 9, n.º 2 (junho de 1995): 406–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0890037x00023575.
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The Weed Society of America (WSA) was organized in 1954. At that time, 114 scientists were identified as conducting research on weeds and their control, although only part of these scientists' time was devoted to weeds. Although “selective” herbicides were used in the late 1800s and the “sinox” or “dinitro” herbicides were fairly important from the 1930s, the discovery of the broadleaf selective phenoxy herbicides in the 1940s gave scientists and farmers an exciting new way to manage weeds and played a major role in advancing the notion that there was a need for a separate discipline of weed science. It was noted by C. J. Willard in 1954 at an address to the American Society of Agronomy (ASA) that there was an urgent need for research on weed biology and ecology and on the behavior of herbicides in plants and soils. WSA held its first meeting in January, 1956. There were 621 charter members of WSA.
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Wakefield, Dexter B., e B. Allen Talbert. "A Historical Narrative On The Impact Of The New Farmers Of America (NFA) On Selected Past Members". Journal of Agricultural Education 44, n.º 1 (março de 2003): 95–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5032/jae.2003.01095.
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Reber, Vera Blinn. "Small Farmers in the Economy: The Paraguayan Example, 1810-1865". Americas 51, n.º 4 (abril de 1995): 495–524. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1007678.
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Patterns of land ownership and availability define pre-industrial society. Land defines wealth and translates into political power and social status. Thus historians of Latin America have been interested in land usage and distribution before economic and social history came into vogue. However, the major focus has been on the hacienda, not the small holders, and the assumed model was Mexico, not Paraguay or Colombia. A series of colonial regional studies on Mexico and Peru published in the 1970s and 1980s demonstrated the variation in economic power and regional differences of the hacienda but only incidentally probed the status of small holders. The recognition of the persistence of a variety of early land patterns, including indigenous communal landholdings, however, has challenged earlier interpretations of the socioeconomic power of the hacienda. The awareness of differences of market factors and population density within regions laid the basis for new questions about ownership, land usage, labor, and the forms of internal and external community relations.
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Wilkie, Rhoda M. "‘Minilivestock’ farming: Who is farming edible insects in Europe and North America?" Journal of Sociology 54, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2018): 520–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1440783318815304.
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An innovative food sector is emerging in North America and Europe: edible insects. Eating insects is not new; farming insects for human consumption is novel. This article provides an overview of entomophagy to contextualise this upsurge in ‘minilivestock’ farming. It also charts the rise of ‘feeder’ insect farms, because their ability to mass rear invertebrates – for exotic pets, reptiles and other insectivores – is of much interest to those starting and intensifying edible insect farms. A descriptive characterisation of frontier farmers will be provided by preliminary profile findings from 17 semi-structured pilot interviews with people with varying experience of rearing feeder and/or food insects. Since conventional livestock workers were the ‘forgotten pillar’ in agricultural research, this article affords timely insights into the socio-demographic characteristics, lifestyle interests and farming experiences of ‘entopreneurs’ shaping this new ‘insect industry’.
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Carter, Michael, Rachid Laajaj e Dean Yang. "Subsidies and the African Green Revolution: Direct Effects and Social Network Spillovers of Randomized Input Subsidies in Mozambique". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics 13, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2021): 206–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/app.20190396.
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The Green Revolution, which bolstered agricultural yields and economic well-being in Asia and Latin America beginning in the 1960s, largely bypassed sub-Saharan Africa. We study the first randomized controlled trial of a government-implemented input subsidy program (ISP) in Africa intended to foment a Green Revolution. We find that this temporary subsidy for Mozambican maize farmers stimulates Green Revolution technology adoption and leads to increased maize yields. Effects of the subsidy persist in later unsubsidized years. In addition, social networks of subsidized farmers benefit from spillovers, experiencing increases in technology adoption, yields, and beliefs about the returns to the technologies. Spillovers account for the vast majority of subsidy-induced gains. ISPs alleviate informational market failures, stimulating learning about new technologies by subsidy recipients and their social networks. (JEL O13, Q12, Q16, Q18)
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Connor, Dylan Shane. "The Cream of the Crop? Geography, Networks, and Irish Migrant Selection in the Age of Mass Migration". Journal of Economic History 79, n.º 1 (março de 2019): 139–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050718000682.
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With more than 30 million people moving to North America during the Age of Mass Migration (1850–1913), governments feared that Europe was losing its most talented workers. Using new data from Ireland in the early twentieth century, I provide evidence to the contrary, showing that the sons of farmers and illiterate men were more likely to emigrate than their literate and skilled counterparts. Emigration rates were highest in poorer farming communities with stronger migrant networks. I constructed these data using new name-based techniques to follow people over time and to measure chain migration from origin communities to the United States.
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TERRY, JENNIFER. "“Breathing the Air of a World So New”: Rewriting the Landscape of America in Toni Morrison's A Mercy". Journal of American Studies 48, n.º 1 (10 de abril de 2013): 127–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021875813000686.
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This article explores Toni Morrison's preoccupation with, and reimagining of, the landscape of the so-called New World. Drawing on scholarship that has investigated dominant discourses about freedom, bounty, and possibility located within the Americas, it identifies various counternarratives in Morrison's fiction, tracing these through the earlier Song of Solomon (1977), Tar Baby (1981), and Beloved (1987), but primarily arguing for their centrality to A Mercy (2008). The mapping of seventeenth-century North America in the author's ninth novel both exposes colonial relations to place and probes African American experiences of the natural world. In particular, A Mercy is found to recalibrate definitions of “wilderness” with a sharpened sensitivity to the position of women and the racially othered within them. The dynamic between the perspectives towards the environment of Anglo-Dutch farmer and trader Jacob Vaark and Native American orphan and servant Lina, is examined, as well as the slave girl Florens's formative encounters in American space. Bringing together diverse narrative views, A Mercy is shown to trouble hegemonic settler and masculinist notions of the New World and, especially through Florens's voicing, shape an alternative engagement with landscape. The article goes some way towards meeting recent calls for attention to the intersections between postcolonial approaches and ecocriticism.
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Findlater, Kieran M., Milind Kandlikar, Terre Satterfield e Simon D. Donner. "Weather and Climate Variability May Be Poor Proxies for Climate Change in Farmer Risk Perceptions". Weather, Climate, and Society 11, n.º 4 (5 de agosto de 2019): 697–711. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-19-0040.1.
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Abstract Despite long-standing assertions that climate change creates new risk management challenges, the climate change adaptation literature persists in assuming, both implicitly and explicitly, that weather and climate variability are suitable proxies for climate change in evaluating farmers’ risk perceptions and predicting their adaptive responses. This assumption persists in part because there is surprisingly little empirical evidence either way, although case studies suggest that there may be important differences. Here, we use a national survey of South Africa’s commercial grain farmers (n = 389)—similar to their peers in higher-income countries (e.g., North America, Europe, Australia), but without subsidies—to show that they treat weather and climate change risks quite differently. We find that their perceptions of climate change risks are distinct from and, in many regards, oppositional to their perceptions of weather risks. While there seems to be a temporal element to this distinction (i.e., differing concern for short-term vs long-term risks), there are other differences that are better understood in terms of normalcy (i.e., normal vs abnormal relative to historical climate) and permanency (i.e., temporary vs permanent changes). We also find an interaction effect of education and political identity on concern for climate change that is at odds with the well-publicized cultural cognition thesis based on surveys of the American public. Overall, studies that use weather and climate variability as unqualified proxies for climate change are likely to mislead researchers and policymakers about how farmers perceive, interpret, and respond to climate change stimuli.
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Reid, Judson, Derek Simmonds e Elizabeth Newbold. "Wholesale produce auctions and regional food systems: The case of Seneca produce auction". Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 34, n.º 03 (26 de março de 2018): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170518000133.
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AbstractProduce auctions are local aggregation points that facilitate access for small-scale fruit, flower and vegetable farmers to wholesale buyers from a broader geography. Buyers purchase lots from multiple farmers to fulfill wholesale demand and then retail the product to the consumers. Sales are held multiple times per week to create a consistent supply for buyers and a regular market for the farmers. With over 70 produce auctions located in eastern North America, this is a growing trend of intermediated markets. Currently, there are six active produce auctions in New York State, with two more in planning stages. Produce auctions have a positive economic impact on the communities in which they are located, as well as on those who sell and/or buy at the auction. Community values inherent to these populations contribute to the success of produce auctions as an intermediated market. As the auction market channel continues to grow, buyer and consumer education on the benefits of local auctions is important. As these auctions are based in horse-and-buggy communities, extension education needs to be tailored to Amish and Mennonite populations. Auction houses, as well as farmers, will need to stay current with federal food safety regulations and market-based requirements to remain competitive.
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Harris, P. M. G. "Inflation and Deflation in Early America, 1634–1860: Patterns of Change in the British American Economy". Social Science History 20, n.º 4 (1996): 469–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200017533.
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For more than six decades recurrent efforts have been made to establish the trends of early American prices. Following the lead of Arthur Harrison Cole and other members of the International Scientific Committee on Price History, who foresaw the need for worldwide evidence on prices as an essential foundation of economic and historical analysis, scholars began to develop series for major market centers such as Philadelphia, New York, Charleston, Boston, New Orleans, and Cincinnati (Warren et al. 1932; Taylor 1932a, 1932b; Bezanson et al. 1935, 1936; Cole 1938; Berry 1943; Bezanson et al. 1951). Modern refinements of these largely wholesale and urban price indexes for the years before the Civil War have yielded reliable long-term insights against which to interpret basic issues of American economic growth (U.S. Congress 1959–60; David and Solar 1977). Meanwhile, researchers focusing on the evolution of particular parts of the country or on the economic milieus of specific organizations have felt the need to determine local price movements for the historical contexts that interest them. To do so, they have used evidence from the accounts of merchants and farmers (Rothenberg 1979; Adams 1986, 1992), from probate inventories (Anderson 1975; Main 1985), and from the records of public institutions as diverse as the Philadelphia almshouse and Harvard College (Smith 1990; Foster 1962). John J. McCusker (1991, forthcoming) has contributed an overview of the key elements of this literature and has constructed from selected series a deflator that can be used to compare American economic values over time between 1700 and now.
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HAMILTON, SHANE. "Crop Insurance and the New Deal Roots of Agricultural Financialization in the United States". Enterprise & Society 21, n.º 3 (4 de fevereiro de 2020): 648–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eso.2019.43.
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A range of private and public institutions emerged in the United States in the years before and after the Great Depression to help farmers confront the inherent uncertainty of agricultural production and marketing. This included a government-owned and operated insurance enterprise offering “all-risk” coverage to American farmers beginning in 1938. Crop insurance, initially developed as a social insurance program, was beset by pervasive problems of adverse selection and moral hazard. As managers and policy makers responded to those problems from the 1940s on, they reshaped federal crop insurance in ways that increasingly made the scheme a lever of financialization, a means of disciplining individual farmers to think of farming in abstract terms of risk management. Crop insurance became intertwined with important changes in the economic context of agriculture by the 1960s, including the emergence of the “technological treadmill,” permanently embedding financialized risk management into the political economy of American agriculture.
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Sillah, Mohammed Bassiru. "Islam in the United States of America". American Journal of Islam and Society 17, n.º 1 (1 de abril de 2000): 111–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.35632/ajis.v17i1.2078.
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Although Islam is the youngest of the three Abrahamic religions, it bas succeededin making breakthroughs in all comers of the globe. Today, it is thefastest growing religion in the world. and its presence has become a recognizedfact in rich industrialized nations like the United States. In the book underreview, Professor Sulayman Nyang examines the arrival and development ofIslam in America and asserts that it will stand permanently side-by-side withChristianity and Judaism and that these religions will co-exist peacefully.In the first chapter. the author tells the story of the African Muslim slaves inNorth America. The discovery of the New World by Columbus resulted in thetransplantation of millions of African slaves to work in the plantations of whitesettler farmers. A large number of slaves were captured in West Africa - aregion where Islam had already become firmly rooted. However, the nature of slavery itself (as it was practiced in America) and the separation of the childrenfrom their Muslim parents impeded the take-off process of Islam in America.These were also critical times for the African Muslim slaves, as they were notallowed to practice their religion freely. This lack of religious tolerance forcedmany of the slaves to convert to Christianity, which was the faith of their "masters."The author also mentions the wave of Muslim immigrants that occurredduring the frrst quarter of the twentieth century and involved people from theMiddle East, North Africa, southern and central Asia, and southern and centralEurope. Some of these immigrants returned home after the war, but manydecided to stay in the United States in order to pursue the American Dream.The next turning point for Islam was the Islamic Revolution, which broke outin Iran in 1979 and had a very strong impact in the United States due to thecountry's close alliance with the ousted Shah ...
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Pahnke, Anthony Robert. "The Political Economy of Learning in Agrarian Contention". Contention 11, n.º 2 (1 de dezembro de 2023): 57–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3167/cont.2023.110204.
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Abstract This article explains how an interracial alliance that promotes a radical restructuring of agriculture, featuring African American small-scale producers, farmers of Euro-American descent, Latino farmworkers, and Indigenous people, has come into existence. As I argue, this coalition formed due to changes in international political economy and within transnational activist networks. Specifically, the implementation of neoliberal international trade deals beginning in the 1970s disrupted farmers’ livelihoods in the Global North and South. It drove migrants from countries such as Mexico and Guatemala to the United States with their experiences of agrarian reform, and it saw US farmers simultaneously begin to engage farmers of color in new and important ways. The transnational activist networks that facilitated visits and meetings subsequently provided opportunities for activists to learn from one another and have new experiences, which, as I explore, led people from diverse backgrounds to agree on various principles and forge a common vision.
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Abbas, Abbas. "Description of the American Community of John Steinbeck’s Adventure in Novel Travels with Charley in Search of America 1960s". PIONEER: Journal of Language and Literature 12, n.º 2 (31 de dezembro de 2020): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.36841/pioneer.v12i2.738.
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This article aims at describing the social life of the American people in several places that made the adventures of John Steinbeck as the author of the novel Travels with Charley in Search of America around the 1960s. American people’s lives are a part of world civilizations that literary readers need to know. This adventure was preceded by an author’s trip in New York City, then to California, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Maine, New Jersey, Saint Lawrence, Quebec, Niagara Falls, Ohio, Chicago, Illinois, Michigan, North Dakota, the Rocky Mountains, Washington, the West Coast, Oregon, Arizona, New Mexico, Texas, New Orleans, Salinas, and again ended in New York. In processing research data, the writer uses one of the methods of literary research, namely the Dynamic Structural Approach which emphasizes the study of the intrinsic elements of literary work and the involvement of the author in his work. The intrinsic elements emphasized in this study are the physical and social settings. The research data were obtained from the results of a literature study which were then explained descriptively. The writer found a number of descriptions of the social life of the American people in the 1960s, namely the life of the city, the situation of the inland people, and ethnic discrimination. The people of the city are busy taking care of their profession and competing for careers, inland people living naturally without competing ambitions, and black African Americans have not enjoyed the progress achieved by the Americans. The description of American society related to the fictional story is divided by region, namely east, north, middle, west, and south. The social condition in the eastern region is dominated by beaches and mountains, and is engaged in business, commerce, industry, and agriculture. The comfortable landscape in the northern region spends the people time as breeders and farmers. The natural condition in the middle region of American is very suitable for agriculture, plantations, and animal husbandry. Many people in the western American region facing the Pacific Ocean become fishermen. The natural conditions from the plains and valleys to the hills make the southern region suitable for plantation land.
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Dimmick, Frederica R. "Creative Farmers of the Northeast: A New View of Indian Maize Horticulture". North American Archaeologist 15, n.º 3 (janeiro de 1995): 235–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/we41-b24p-396e-frkq.
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Native American maize horticulture in New England has long been studied but often has not been viewed as part of an ongoing process of domestication. This process can be viewed as consisting of the four basic activities of perception of differences, selection for improved varieties, maintenance of genotypes, and dispersal of improved varieties. Information on maize horticulture from Native American informants and the ethnohistoric and archaeological records of the region has been analyzed for placement within these domestication activities. In New England, there is evidence that native peoples actively sought to improve maize and its production to suit their needs during the Contact and Early Historic periods. Native horticulturists developed maize varieties adapted to the New England climate and their maize technology allowed the long-term use of the same locations. Information from the sources of this study has been viewed in light of various theoretical models regarding the domestication of corn.
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Loewen, Royden. "Ethnic Farmers and the “Outside” World: Mennonites in Manitoba and Nebraska, 1874-1900". Victoria 1990 1, n.º 1 (9 de fevereiro de 2006): 195–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/031016ar.
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Abstract Historians have suggested that two types of farmers settled on the Canadian prairie; one was the commercially oriented Anglo-Canadian farmer, the other was the European ethnic group settler bent on transplanting an “Old World” way of life on the periphery of mainstream society. These latter settlements — comprised of Ukrainians, German-Catholics, French-Canadians, Doukhobors, and Mennonites — have been described as isolated “ethnic islands in a Canadian sea”. This essay, however, argues that even the Mennonites or rural, sectarian, immigrant communities were not dependent on geographical isolation or a transplanted subsistence agriculture. It suggests that their aims were to reproduce their ethnic communities with financial resources derived from a judicious interaction with the marketplace and an adaption of agricultural practices to a new physical environment. It counters the impression that, while Anglo-Canadian farmers adapted quickly to the exigencies of their environments, ethnic farmers like the Mennonites transplanted their traditional ways without change. The essay focuses on the experience of a small but representative Mennonite immigrant group, the “Kleine Gemeinde”, who settled in both the East Reserve, Manitoba, and in Jefferson County, Nebraska in 1874. The writings of these farmers and the parallel Canadian and American public record suggest that these ethnic farmers adapted quickly to their new environments. New climates, labour conditions, and markets brought changes to their crop selections, levels of mechanization, and cultivation practices. The East Reserve farms were relatively small, mixed operations but, it is argued, that rather than suggesting a peasant existence, these facts point to rational market choices in a relatively primitive Manitoba economy. Changes that these Mennonite farmers made during their first generation in Canada reflect the development of Manitoba's economy. A comparison of East Reserve with its sister settlement in Nebraska indicates that, between 1874 and 1900, the two communities diverged significantly in their farming practices. That divergence reflected differences in the economy and physiography of Manitoba and Nebraska. More important than cultural predispositions in shaping their agriculture was the Mennonites' willingness to adapt to a new climate and cultivate a sustained relationship with the markets of the “outside world”.
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Brewer, Rosemary, e Alan Cocker. "The ‘New Way’ of Shopping: Farmers Trading Company Catalogues 1909 – 1938." Back Story Journal of New Zealand Art, Media & Design History, n.º 3 (1 de dezembro de 2017): 87–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.24135/backstory.vi3.30.
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In August this year Australasian retailers were informed of an approaching “Death Star”1. The American online retail giant Amazon announced plans to open its first major Australian warehouse, what it called a ‘fulfillment centre’, in suburban Melbourne. In New Zealand retailers were reported as being “spooked by the ‘Amazon Effect’” according to researchers at Massey University2 who found that business confidence had fallen since 2016 and the global online retailer was being cited as the main reason for uncertainty. With the opening of the Australian warehouse it was estimated that Amazon could build a business with annual sales of $915 million in this country in just five years.3 Over a century ago the New Zealand retail industry was shaken by another 'retail revolution', the mail order catalogue.
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Arcury, Thomas. "Occupational Injury Prevention Knowledge and Behavior of African-American Farmers". Human Organization 56, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 1997): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/humo.56.2.u8223648u8823262.
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This study uses data from in-depth and focus group interviews conducted with African-American farmers residing in four southern states (Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, Tennessee) to discuss the occupational prevention knowledge and behaviors found among these farmers, and to identify the major occupational health risks of which they are not aware. These African-American farmers have substantial knowledge about occupational injury prevention. Prevention knowledge and behaviors among these farmers are organized into several themes, including general prevention behaviors, and specific actions related to machinery, chemicals and livestock. Significant gaps also remain in their prevention knowledge in the operation of equipment, precautions needed in working with animals, and avoiding hazards in the built and natural environments. These farmers acknowledge disregarding some safety rules. They have not implemented some preventive procedures because they do not want to change old habits or because they cannot pay for new equipment.
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Gremillion, Kristen J. "Early Agricultural Diet in Eastern North America: Evidence from Two Kentucky Rockshelters". American Antiquity 61, n.º 3 (julho de 1996): 520–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281838.
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Systematic quantitative analysis of desiccated human paleofeces from two rockshelters in eastern Kentucky has yielded new evidence for early agricultural diet in eastern North America. Results indicate that native cultigens (including sumpweed, sunflower, and chenopod) were sometimes significant dietary constituents as early as ca. 1000 B.C., at least a millennium before agricultural economies became widespread across the region. However, variability in the quantity and frequency of cultigen remains suggests a dietary role that was somewhat limited compared to the practices of later Woodland period farmers. The predictions of foraging theory suggest that the utilization of cultigens would have been most advantageous in spring and summer (when many other foods were scarce) or in years of poor production by nut-bearing trees. The causal link between food storage and the development of food production in eastern Kentucky receives some empirical support and warrants further investigation.
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Cunfer, Geoff. "Manure Matters on the Great Plains Frontier". Journal of Interdisciplinary History 34, n.º 4 (abril de 2004): 539–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/002219504773512534.
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American farmers followed a long-term sequence of clearing land, farming it for several decades, and then abandoning it in favor of new land elsewhere. For 300 years, farmers moved across the continent until they reached the Great Plains, and the end of the frontier, in the 1870s. Fertility and crop yields declined for fifty years by the 1930s, an agricultural crisis was looming. Only the adoption of synthetic fertilizer after World War II allowed farmers to continue annual cropping.
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Acevedo-Siaca, Liana, e Peter D. Goldsmith. "Soy-Maize Crop Rotations in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Literature Review". International Journal of Agronomy 2020 (27 de agosto de 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8833872.
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Empirical evidence shows complementarity between maize and soybean as a sustained agricultural system across North and South America as well as Eastern Europe. The potential application to sub-Saharan Africa motivates this literature review. Maize is one of the most important crops on the African subcontinent, accounting for over half of daily caloric intake in some regions. However, continuous cropping of maize has led to extensive degradation of soil and decrease in crop productivity and endangers household food and nutritional security. The cultivation of soybean holds great promise in improving agricultural systems in sub-Saharan Africa. Introducing soy into rotation with maize is a method to diversify diets, better nutritional status, reduce abiotic and biotic stresses, and improve soil fertility, while enhancing crop productivity and generating more income for farmers. However, limited access to extension services and other sources of technical support constrains adoption of the more complex rotation cropping system involving a new crop, soybean. Rotating soybean with maize too challenges farmers as there is not a specific prescription that can guide farmers operating across Africa’s diverse agroecological environments. Finally, soybean is an input-intensive crop requiring significant investment at planting, which may not allow small holders with limited resources and no access to credit.
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Barlow, K. Renee. "Predicting Maize Agriculture among the Fremont: An Economic Comparison of Farming and Foraging in the American Southwest". American Antiquity 67, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2002): 65–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2694877.
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Variation in the costs and benefits of maize agriculture relative to local foraging opportunities structured variation in the relative intensity of agricultural strategies pursued by prehistoric peoples in the American Southwest. The material remains of Fremont farmers and horticulturists, long identified as the "northern periphery" of Southwestern archaeological traditions, are examined as a case representing extreme intersite variation in the economic importance of farming. New data quantifying the energetic gains associated with maize agriculture in Latin America are compared to caloric return rates for hunting and collecting indigenous foods. These data suggest that prehistoric maize farming was economically comparable to many local wild plants, but that intensive farming practices were most similar to very low-ranked seeds. The model predicts a continuum of pre-historic strategies that included horticulture within a system of indigenous resource collection and high residential mobility at one end, and at the other sedentary farmers heavily invested in agricultural activities with residences maintained near fields during a significant portion of the growing season. Differences in agricultural strategies should have been strongly influenced by the effects of local ecology on the marginal gains for time spent in maize fields and the abundance of key, high-ranked wild foods, not harvest yields per se. Increasing agricultural investments are expected with decreasing opportunities to collect higher-ranked foods, while decreases in time spent farming are expected only with increases in alternative economic opportunities.
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Clarke, Sally. "New Deal Regulation and the Revolution in American Farm Productivity. A Case Study of the Diffusion of the Tractor in the Corn Ielt, 1920–1940". Journal of Economic History 51, n.º 1 (março de 1991): 101–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022050700038389.
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Based on the cost savings of tractors relative to horses, nearly twice as many farmers in the Corn Belt should have invested in tractors as actually did so in the 1920s. During the Great Depression, however, the proportion of farmers owning tractors jumped from 25 to 40 percent. I argue that financial barriers explain farmers' reluctance to buy this expensive invention during the 1920s, while two New Deal regulatory agencies altered farmers' investment climate and spurred the adoption of capital equipment.
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Stein, Judith. "Whiteness and United States History: An Assessment". International Labor and Working-Class History 60 (outubro de 2001): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0147547901004379.
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Scholarly interest in “whiteness,” white racial identity, and the social construction of race in general has grown dramatically over the past decade. ILWCH decided to examine whiteness because we thought that the body of work associated with the idea had not been critically assessed. Although David Brody correctly notes that the first book to use the idea was Alexander Saxton's The Rise and Fall of the White Republic: Class Politics and Mass Culture in Nineteenth-Century America (New York, 1990), David R. Roediger's The Wages of Whiteness: Race and the Making of the American Working Class (New York, 1991), a study about antebellum Irish workers, class, and blackface in the United States, popularized the notion among historians. Subsequently, Roediger and others have used the concept to analyze the consciousness and behavior of other groups of workers and immigrants. Whiteness has not populated every nook and cranny of the history of the United States. The geography of whiteness studies has been uneven. Take the field of Southern history. With several exceptions, whiteness scholarship has not challenged more established approaches. No one questions James Oakes's contention in The Rule Race: A History of American Slaveholders (New York, 1982), that Southern planters conceived of themselves as a “ruling race.” But debates about the planters center on whether they were capitalists, lords, or farmers, not their racial identity. And debates about white Andrew Carnegie have not involved his whiteness.
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Palumbo, Galvao, Nicoletto, Sambo e Barcaccia. "Diversity Analysis of Sweet Potato Genetic Resources Using Morphological and Qualitative Traits and Molecular Markers". Genes 10, n.º 11 (24 de outubro de 2019): 840. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes10110840.
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The European Union (EU) market for sweet potatoes has increased by 100% over the last five years, and sweet potato cultivation in southern European countries is a new opportunity for the EU to exploit and introduce new genotypes. In view of this demand, the origins of the principal Italian sweet potato clones, compared with a core collection of genotypes from Central and Southern America, were investigated for the first time. This was accomplished by combining a genetic analysis, exploiting 14 hypervariable microsatellite markers, with morphological and chemical measurements based on 16 parameters. From the molecular analyses, Italian accessions were determined to be genetically very similar to the South American germplasm, but they were sub-clustered into two groups. This finding was subsequently confirmed by the morphological and chemical measurements. Moreover, the analysis of the genetic structure of the population suggested that one of the two groups of Italian genotypes may have descended from one of the South American accessions, as predicted on the basis of the shared morphological characteristics and molecular fingerprints. Overall, the combination of two different characterization methods, genetic markers and agronomic traits, was effective in differentiating or clustering the sweet potato genotypes, in agreement with their geographical origin or phenotypic descriptors. This information could be exploited by both breeders and farmers to detect and protect commercial varieties, and hence for traceability purposes.
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Prufer, Keith M., Mark Robinson e Douglas J. Kennett. "TERMINAL PLEISTOCENE THROUGH MIDDLE HOLOCENE OCCUPATIONS IN SOUTHEASTERN MESOAMERICA: LINKING ECOLOGY AND CULTURE IN THE CONTEXT OF NEOTROPICAL FORAGERS AND EARLY FARMERS". Ancient Mesoamerica 32, n.º 3 (2021): 439–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956536121000195.
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AbstractData from rock shelters in southern Belize show evidence of tool making, hunting, and aquatic resource exploitation by 10,500 cal b.c.; the shelters functioned as mortuary sites between 7600 and 2000 cal b.c. Early Holocene contexts contain stemmed and barbed bifaces as part of a tradition found broadly throughout the neotropics. After around 6000 cal b.c., bifacial tools largely disappear from the record, likely reflecting a shift to increasing reliance on plant foods, around the same time that the earliest domesticates appear in the archaeological record in the neotropics. We suggest that people living in southern Belize maintained close ties with neighbors to the south during the Early Holocene, but lagged behind in innovating new crops and farming technologies during the Middle Holocene. Maize farming in Belize intensified between 2750–2050 cal b.c. as maize became a dietary staple, 1000–1300 years later than in South America. Overall, we argue from multiple lines of data that the Neotropics of Central and South America were an area of shared information and technologies that heavily influenced cultural developments in southeastern Mesoamerica during the Early and Middle Holocene.
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Cardina, John. "Fields of Change, A New Crop of American Farmers Finds Alternatives to Pesticides". Journal of Environmental Quality 28, n.º 4 (julho de 1999): 1385–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1999.00472425002800040051x.
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Savchenko, M., V. Kulyavets e Yu Burlak. "Problems and prospects of Ukraines economic cooperation with the countries of the north american free trade zone". Galic'kij ekonomičnij visnik 74, n.º 1 (2022): 187–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/galicianvisnyk_tntu2022.01.187.
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The paper considers the theoretical foundations of international economic integration. There were certain features of process of economic integration in North America on the way of creation of free trade zone between the USA, Canada, and Mexico. The structural analysis of NAFTA and certain further prospects of development of relations of the North American countries was also conducted with Ukraine in the conditions of integration in a world economy. The methods of scientific research that were used to achieve the goal and to solve the tasks of the article are the following: systematic structural analysis of economic processes, the method of quantitative and qualitative comparisons, regression analysis The scientific novelty of the obtained results is the study of the prospects of trade and economic cooperation between Ukraine and North America. As a result of the study, it was determined that global challenges hinder the development of trade and economic cooperation between countries. For Ukraine, which has been influenced by geopolitical challenges, the development of partnership with the countries of North America, recognized global economy leaders, is essential in terms of realizing national interests and defending state sovereignty. To determine the reasons for the instability of export growth to North America, the article conducted a correlation-regression analysis and determined the degree of dependence of exports on changes in gross domestic product. The results of the regression analysis confirmed the hypothesis of a significant dependence of Ukraine's GDP and domestic exports to NAFTA countries. The regression equation is determined, according to which to forecast the prospects of trade and economic cooperation between NAFTA and Ukraine, a forecast of exports from Ukraine to North America using the method of time series analysis. It was determined that the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) is not fundamentally different from the previous one, but it can create new opportunities, for example, for workers and farmers in the United States, and new difficulties for Canada and Mexico. This agreement tightens labor standards and protection of intellectual property rights, especially in Mexico, thus, probably decreasing the attractiveness of Mexican economy to foreign investors, that is likely to reduce the U.S. investment in Mexico. Thus, Canada and Mexico are expected to receive less benefit from the USMCA for their economies than the United States.
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Edelman, Marc. "Transnational Peasant Politics in Central America". Latin American Research Review 33, n.º 3 (1998): 49–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0023879100038425.
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Since the late 1980s, peasants throughout Central America have begun to coordinate political and economic strategy. Agriculturalists from the five republics that constituted “la patria grande” of Spanish Central America (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica) as well as representatives from Panama and Belize have founded regional organizations that meet to compare experiences with free-market policies, share new technologies, develop sources of finance, and create channels for marketing their products abroad. They have also established a presence in the increasingly distant arenas where decisions are made that affect their livelihood. Small-farmer organizations now lobby at the United Nations, the World Bank, the International Monetary Fund, the European Union, and regional summit meetings. Central American campesinos have attended numerous regional gatherings of agriculture ministers and presidents, as well as events like the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro, the 1995 Western Hemisphere Presidents' Summit in Miami, the 1995 World Summit for Social Development in Copenhagen, and the 1996 Food Security Summit in Rome.
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Owens, Geoffrey Ross. "‘We are not farmers’: Dilemmas and prospects of residential suburban cultivators in contemporary Dar es Salaam, Tanzania". Journal of Modern African Studies 54, n.º 3 (28 de julho de 2016): 443–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x16000392.
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ABSTRACTToday, a majority of citizens of Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, participate in suburban and exurban growth and development much like urbanites throughout the world. Unlike the garden suburbs of North America or Europe, Dar es Salaam's suburban residents often engage in multiple income-generating activities, the most common and conspicuous of which are cultivation and animal husbandry. The presence of urban farming has suggested that Dar es Salaam's residents represent peasants incrementally transitioning to urban life. This article however, contends that everything from the varieties of cultivation, access to land and water, to the definition of what it means to be a farmer is shaped by decentralised private interests controlling access to land and resources in suburban neighbourhoods. The varieties of cultivation and animal husbandry instead reflect socioeconomic class distinctions emerging from a new suburban political economy, enabling a clearer perspective on the prospects of cultivators as these suburban districts transform.
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Altman, Ida. "Spanish Hidalgos and America: The Ovandos of Cáceres". Americas 43, n.º 3 (janeiro de 1987): 323–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1006767.
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The image of the lone and footloose venturer, all but penniless, striking out for the Indies seeking immediate enrichment, has long since given way to a more balanced picture of the Spanish settlers of the New World in the sixteenth century. This revised picture suggests that the Spanish emigrants had their origins principally in a wide middle sector of social and occupational groups, ranging from hidalgos below the level of the high nobility, professionals and officials, to artisans and tradespeople of all sorts, farmers, and an impressive number of “servants.” One component of the earlier image of Spanish emigrants—the down-on-his lick hidalgo whose pride and sense of honor propelled him to the Indies in hope of improving his fortunes—survived the transition to the revised idea now accepted, his reputation somewhat rehabilitated but his presence undeniable. Stereotypes notwithstanding, the image of the cadet sons of hidalgo families and of relatively poor hidalgos going off to the Indies has considerable basis in fact; it is a reflection of the realities of Spanish family and social structure that sent the same type of individual into religious orders, universities, or the army. But while a basic truth gave rise to the longstanding cliche, we still know relatively little of what lies behind it—nor, for that matter, do we know very much about the hidalgos and provincial nobility of Spain, the sector (as opposed to the high titled nobility) that entered into the Indies venture in the sixteenth century in some numbers.
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Cholette, Susan. "Addressing the greenhouse gas emissions associated with food distribution: a case study of Californian farmers' markets". ECONOMIA AGRO-ALIMENTARE, n.º 3 (março de 2012): 145–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/ecag2011-003009.
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American consumers' growing taste for locally produced food has resulted in the proliferation of farmers' markets in the U.S. While benefits abound, the very success of these markets has created an inefficient network; farmers drive long distances with small cargos multiple times each week. Not only does this increase costs, but on a per unit basis, the energy usage and resultant greenhouse gas emissions associated with supplying farmers' markets can be greater than those associated with the equivalent supermarket distribution. In this case study, we investigate the outbound journey of food from a farm to a farmers' market and compare it to corresponding conventional journeys, finding farmers' market distribution indeed produces greater emissions. We then model Northern California's farmers' market network, solving a mixed integer transportation problem to quantify the aggregate distance travelled. We next insert a consolidation center. Farmers can transport goods either directly to the market or to this center for aggregation with other farmers' offerings. Solving the new model shows that significant savings are possible. While admittedly rife with implementation barriers, such a solution could allow small farmers to profit from economies of scale while still retaining their independence and preserving the diversity of the markets. We view this study as a first step towards reworking the system to enable consumers and producers alike to enjoy the benefits of farmers' markets while reducing costs and greenhouse gas emissions.
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Levidow, Les. "Territorialising Local Food Systems for an Agroecological Transition in Latin America". Land 12, n.º 8 (10 de agosto de 2023): 1577. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12081577.
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An agroecological transition can enhance resilience by several means, e.g., managing ecological relationships through agroecosystems, enhancing farmers’ knowledge of natural resources, recycling those resources, maintaining biodiversity, and thus, flexibly adapting to environmental stresses. However, the hegemonic agri-food system has been continuing its capitalist transition, thereby undermining agroecological methods and deterritorialising social bonds. Facing this pervasive threat, an agroecological transition needs a greater convergence between agroecological production and a solidarity economy (economia solidaria or EcoSol in Latin America). Their convergence can be called EcoSol-agroecology, based on short food supply chains (called circuitos cortos there). These efforts develop territorial markets, generate more stable livelihoods, and thus keep producers on the land. In our study, each research team collaborated with an EcoSol-agroecology network to develop Participatory Action Research methods. The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted their circuitos cortos, stimulating creative adaptations or alternatives, alongside demands for policy support measures. These networks have regionally territorialised local initiatives, while also confronting obstacles from the hegemonic system. Although socioecological resilience often means a system’s capacity to bounce back, here it has meant bouncing forwards through new opportunities for solidaristic livelihoods and bonds. EcoSol-agroecology networks, agri-extensionists, and researchers have jointly developed such counter-hegemonic strategies, as illustrated by the case studies here.
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Roberts, Anna M., Matthew J. Helmers e Ian R. P. Fillery. "The adoptability of perennial-based farming systems for hydrologic and salinity control in dryland farming systems in Australia and the United States of America". Crop and Pasture Science 60, n.º 1 (2009): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp08164.
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Dryland salinity and water quality problems occur in the Great Plains and cornbelt regions of the United States of America (USA) and southern Australia due to the replacement of native perennial systems by annual species. We outline the hydrological effects of selected farming systems in both countries and review progress towards development of new perennial systems with potential to reduce dryland salinity effects. In Australia, development and large-scale trialling are further advanced than in the USA. In both countries there are usually insufficient benefits to farmers to adopt perennials at the scale needed to reduce environmental effects. Perennials are generally more complex to manage and, for successful adoption, greater skills are often required than to manage annuals. Experience from the Conservation Reserve Program in the USA to encourage conversion of cropland to perennials indicates that the scale of landscape change achieved (in the order of 5%) is still low. Lessons learnt in both countries from experiences include: (1) careful thought as to where perennials are most needed (targeting); (2) plant development programs targeted at key environments; (3) involvement of farmers in research at the outset to ensure that systems developed are profitable and adoptable; (4) the need for a trialling and learning program; (5) appropriate choice of policy tools to maximise environmental outcomes.
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Garro-Monge, Giovanni. "Crop and food development through modern biotechnology techniques in Central America Development of food crops through the use of modern biotechnology techniques in Central America". Revista Tecnología en Marcha 29, n.º 5 (6 de abril de 2016): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18845/tm.v29i5.2517.
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<p class="p1">In the last decade, the adoption of Genetically Modified Crops (GMC) has increased in scale worldwide. The total area planted with biotechnological crops reached 365 million acres in 2010, while the number of farmers around the world who decided to produce crops with this technology increased as well. </p><p class="p1">At a regional level there have been different responses from government agencies, which have formulated rules and regulations in keeping with the realities of these countries. In Central America, the countries that are most involved in the development and cultivation of food biotechnology techniques are Guatemala (papaya), Honduras (beans and maize), and Costa Rica (cotton, soybean and pineapple). At a global level, the latter two were among the 29 countries with the most GMO crops in 2010. Some countries of the region have also implemented governmental regulatory structures through technical committees on Biosafety. </p><p class="p1">The most important characteristics of these crops in terms of trade continue to be the provision of herbicide tolerance or pest resistance. However, the introduction of new modified products with good prospects in the market is also noteworthy. </p><p class="p1">These experiences with cultivation and Biosafety regulation at a regional level could lead to successful and progressive development of agricultural and food biotechnologies in the near future. </p>