Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Neurone granulaire"
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Mortessagne, Pierre. "Characterization of the different populations of granular neurons in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus : from morphology to function". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024BORD0402.
Texto completo da fonteIn the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus, the generation of dentate granule neurons(DGNs) starts during late embryogenesis, peaks around birth and continues at low levels during adulthood. This continuous neurogenesis makes the DG a unique structure, composed of DGNs from distinct temporal origins, which form subpopulations potentially bearing unique anatomical characteristics and functional roles in hippocampal physiology. Surprisingly, this hypothesis has received limited attention. In this context, our research aimed to elucidate the morphological, electrophysiological, and behavioral characteristics of DGNs subpopulations based on their temporal origin. Building on prior findings from our team that high lighted dendritic differences between these populations, we focused on examining the features of their axons, called mossy fibers (MFs). Using sparse labeling strategies — electroporation to targetembryonically-born (E14.5) and neonatally-born (P0) DGNs, and retroviral injections foradolescent-born (P21) and adult-born (P84) DGNs — we uncovered that DGNs generated laterin life develop larger MF boutons with more filopodia, and exhibit a shorter axon initialsegment. Additionally, using the Osteocalcin-Cre and Ascl1CreERT2 mouse lines to selectivelylabel large cohorts of embryonically-born and adult-born DGNs, respectively, we found thatearlier-born neurons project further onto the CA2 compared to later-born neurons. Following these morphological findings, we further investigated the functional characteristics of temporally distinct DGNs at both the electrophysiological and behavioral levels. The electrophysiological studies revealed similar intrinsic properties between neonatally- and adult born DGNs, and higher basal transmission in neonatally-born DGNs, potentially reflecting alarger number of active sites. Finally, we examined the role of embryonic-born DGNs in socialbehavior, and showed that acute inhibition of these neurons delayed the expression of social preference. However, these functional data remain preliminary and need further investigation.Altogether, this PhD work highlights the significant impact of the birthdate of DGNs on their anatomical and potentially functional characteristics, and emphasizes the importance of considering their precise temporal origin in any structural or functional analysis of the DG
Kerloch, Thomas. "Etude du développement des neurones granulaires du gyrus denté : morphogénèse et régulation par Rnd2". Thesis, Bordeaux, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BORD0254.
Texto completo da fonteIn most areas of the brain, neurons are born during embryogenesis. In contrast, the majority of granule neurons in the dentate gyrus (DG) of the hippocampus are born postnatally and their generation continues throughout adulthood. This finding that new neurons are generated in the adult mammalian brain has opened novel avenues for brain repair and has initiated, in the last 20 years, tremendous efforts to characterize how new neurons differentiate and integrate into adult neural circuitries. However, further studies are needed to better understand the mechanisms and signaling cascades involved in this process. In this context, we focused on Rnd2, a RhoGTPase particularly enriched in the adult neurogenic DG and described as a key player in the regulation of embryonic cortical neurogenesis. We found, in vivo, that the deletion of Rnd2 specifically in adult-born hippocampal neurons decreases the survival of these cells, and in the surviving ones, leads to soma hypertrophy, increases dendritic arborization and induces mispositioning. Importantly, this deletion also increases anxiety-like behavior in mice, thus identifying Rnd2 as a critical regulator of adult newborn neuron development and function. In addition, our data show that Rnd2 does not play the same functions in granule neurons born at P0, highlighting a differential regulation of developmental and adult neurogenesis in the DG. In the same vein, we also demonstrate that perinatally-born granule neurons, especially the embryonic ones, are morphologically distinct compared with later-born neurons. Altogether, this PhD work provides new insights into the development of the different populations of granule neurons in the DG, further emphasizing the peculiarity of this brain structure
Kerjan, Géraldine. "Etude du rôle des sémaphorines et des plexines au cours du développement des neurones granulaires du cervelet". Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066572.
Texto completo da fonteTrioulier, Yaël. "Caractérisation de nouveaux acteurs de la mort des neurones granulaires de cervelet". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004GRE10195.
Texto completo da fonteMolecular actors of programmed cell death forms alternative to apoptosis are poorly understood, in particular for neurons. The death of cerebellar granule neurons (CGN) induced by potassium deprivation exhibits all the features of apoptosis The induction of the JNK signaling pathway is a crucial step for caspase activation. However, the death cascade also requires a caspase-independent pathway. In contrast to what is found in others neuronal models, autophagy does not play a role in CGN death. We have also identified Alix, a protein playing a pivotal role in multivesicular body formation, as a key mediator of CGN death. To fulfil its pro-apoptotic function, Alix recruits Alg-2 and CIN85 proteins suggesting that Alix may connect vesicular trafic and cell death
Pleau, Claire. "Etude des propriétés morpho-fonctionnelles des cellules granulaires du gyrus denté activées dans différents environnements". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019AIXM0364.
Texto completo da fonteThe dentate gyrus (DG), an input region of the hippocampal formation, plays a crucial role in learning, memory and spatial navigation. Only a small fraction of mature dentate granule cells (mDGCs) is active during behavior, while the large majority remains silent. The properties of this active subset of neurons remain poorly investigated. To determine the properties of cells recruited in different environments, we examined ex vivo the properties of activated DGCs compared to the non-activated cells from mice maintained in their home cage and trained in a virtual reality (VR) environment. Using fosGFP transgenic mice, we observed that recruited DGCs, from mice maintained in their home cage, are mature neurons displaying a striking low intrinsic excitability compared to non-recruited cells. Remarkably, activated mDGCs, from mice trained in a virtual environment displayed an “intermediate” state of excitability between DGCs activated in home cage and non-activated DGCs. In home cage mice, this hypoexcitability is partly due to a GABAA-receptor-mediated shunting inhibition that reduces the input resistance. By contrast, this shunting effect was not observed in activated DGCs of mice trained with virtual reality. Furthermore, our data reveal that activated DGCs display a shorter AIS length and an extended dendritic arbor, which is independent from the environment of their activation. In conclusion, we propose that mature dentate granule cells show different intrinsic properties depending on the behavioral context of their activation
Strappazzon, Flavie. "Mécanismes d'action d'Alix et de ses partenaires ALG-2 et PYK2 dans la survie et la mort neuronale". Grenoble 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007GRE10250.
Texto completo da fonteLn an effort to uncover the molecular mechanisms underlying the function of Alix and AIg-2 in cell death, we have found that Alix and AIg-2 can Ca2+-dependently associate with caspase-8 in BHK-21 cells. We investigated the possible existence of an Alix! AIg-2-caspase-8 relationship during cerebellar granule neuron death induced in vitro byeither potassium depletion or Alix overexpression. We showed that Alix is found in a caspase-8-containing complex following K+ depletion-induced CGN apoptosis. Moreover, we demonstrated that caspase-8 functions as initiator caspase in the apoptotic pathway induced by Alix overexpression. Ln a recent work, we gained evidence that the dosure of these Ca2+ channels, which follows the shift to K5 medium,could trigger compensatory Ca2+ mobilization from intracellular stores (Strappazzon, 2007). This prompted us to tum our attention to the putative functional relevance of Alix!Alg-2-caspase-8 interaction to ER stress-induced death. Using both dividing BHK-21 cells and post-mitotic CGN exposed to the ER stressor thapsigargin, we gathered several evidence supporting the idea that Alix, like its binding partner AIg-2, is involved in ER stress-induced death, linking specifficaly two initiator caspases: caspase-8 and -9. Overall our findings suggest that Alix, through its association with AIg-2, is a key mediator of the apoptotic Ca2+ signaling machinery. We also demonstrates the role of Pyk2 in mediating the trophic effect of membrane depolarization in CGN and its possible involvement in survival via the regulation of the binding between Alix and AIg-2 through phosphorylation of Alix
Miñano, Molina Alfredo Jesús. "El 17-?-estradiol frente a la muerte apoptótica en neuronas granulares de cerebelo: efectos sobre la supervivencia y modulación de la plasticidad neuronal". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3559.
Texto completo da fonteL'apoptosi és un procés fisiològic important durant el desenvolupament del SNC mantenint la homeòstasi cel·lular. El cerebel és una de les regions del cervell en la que aquest fenomen és especialment dramàtic. Durant el desenvolupament de les neurones granulars de cerebel (CGCs) pràcticament la meitat es perden durant el procés apoptòtic. Aquest fenomen pot mimetitzar-se in vitro, a partir d'un cultiu pur d'aquestes neurones. El cultiu primari de les CGCs és un model àmpliament utilitzat per a l'estudi de l'apoptosi, induint-la per deprivació de potassi. En aquest procés es pot produir un increment en les concentracions intracel·lulars de ceramida, implicada en aquest procés de mort.
La ceramida és una molècula senyalitzadora implicada en diferents processos cel·lulars com la proliferació, senescència, diferenciació i aturada del cicle cel·lular. Durant els últims anys s'ha proposat que la ceramida podria tenir un paper més important com a regulador de la mort apoptòtica. Un dels nostres objectius va ser, mitjançant la utilització d'aquest model, caracteritzar el procés de mort apoptòtica per ceramida.
Durant els últims anys s'han acumulat evidències suggerint que la exposició a estrògens disminueix el risc i retarda el principi de malalties neurodegeneratives com l'Alzheimer i el Parkinson, així com potencien la recuperació front a danys neurològics traumàtics com la isquèmia cerebral. Aquestes hormones poden realitzar aquestes funcions implicant diferents processos com la supervivència cel·lular, respostes regeneratives, creixement axonal, potenciació de la senyal sinàptica i neurogènesi.
Els resultats de les nostres investigacions indiquen que: (1) la ceramida indueix apoptosi en CGCs activant tant la caspasa-9 com la caspasa-2; dues vies a priori paral·leles i que en aquesta mort apoptòtica, (2) la inhibició d'Akt i l'activació de les MAPK estan implicades. (3) L'estradiol (E2) no protegeix front l'apoptosi en les CGCs i l'absència d'activació d'Akt pot ser clau en aquesta falta de neuroprotecció. (4) L'absència de neuroprotecció podria deure's a que el receptor d'estrògens ER-? no interacciona amb el receptor d'IGF-I. (5) ER-? està localitzat en la membrana plasmàtica de les CGCs i media l'activació de ERK1/2 per E2. L'activació de la via clàssica de les MAPKs per E2 implica un mecanisme diferent d'acció per a E2 en el model de les CGCs. (6) L'E2 exerceix un efecte neuroprotector en les CGCs degut a les seves propietats com a molècula antioxidant. (7) L'activació de la via Src/Ras/ERK/CREB estaria relacionada amb fenòmens de plasticitat sinàptica i el manteniment de connexions entre neurones de les CGCs tot i que no seria suficient per protegir les CGCs de la mort apoptòtica.
Malgrat que l'E2 no protegeix les CGCs de la mort apoptòtica, podria tenir gran rellevància el fet de conèixer com l'E2 posa en marxa mecanismes que desencadenin fenòmens de manteniment dendrític i disminució potencial de la vulnerabilitat de les neurones front a estímuls adversos, permetent poder incidir en un futur sobre models de malalties neurodegeneratives com l'Alzheimer o processos isquèmics, on el manteniment de les connexions dendrítiques existents i la generació de noves sinapsis, a més de mantenir la seva estructura, poden ser processos clau.
A lo largo del desarrollo de las enfermedades neurodegenerativas las neuronas mueren. Una de las consecuencias más comunes del desarrollo de enfermedades neurodegenerativas es la activación en la mayoría de ellas del programa de muerte celular, conocido como apoptosis. El conocimiento exhaustivo de este programa apoptótico es clave para poder abordar estrategias terapéuticas que puedan frenar el avance de estas enfermedades.
La apoptosis es un proceso fisiológico importante durante el desarrollo del SNC manteniendo la homeóstasis celular. El cerebelo es una de las regiones del cerebro en la cual este fenómeno es especialmente dramático. Durante el desarrollo de las neuronas granulares de cerebelo (CGCs) prácticamente la mitad se pierden durante el proceso apoptótico. Este fenómeno puede mimetizarse in vitro, a partir de un cultivo puro de estas neuronas. El cultivo primario de las CGCs es un modelo ampliamente utilizado para el estudio de la apoptosis, induciéndola por deprivación de potasio. En este proceso se puede producir un incremento en las concentraciones intracelulares de ceramida, implicada en este proceso de muerte.
La ceramida es una molécula señalizadora implicada en diferentes procesos celulares como la proliferación, senescencia, diferenciación y paro del ciclo celular. Durante los últimos años se ha propuesto que la ceramida podría tener un papel más importante como regulador de la muerte apoptótica. Uno de nuestros objetivos fue, mediante la utilización de este modelo, caracterizar el proceso de muerte apoptótica por ceramida.
Durante los últimos años se han acumulado evidencias sugiriendo que la exposición a estrógenos disminuye el riesgo y retrasa el principio y desarrollo de enfermedades neurodegenerativas como el Alzheimer y el Parkinson, así como potencian la recuperación frente a daños neurológicos traumáticos como la isquemia cerebral. Estas hormonas pueden desempeñar estas funciones implicando diferentes procesos como la supervivencia celular, respuestas regenerativas, crecimiento axonal, potenciación de la señal sináptica y neurogénesis.
Los resultados de nuestras investigaciones indican que: (1) la ceramida induce apoptosis en CGCs activando tanto la caspasa-9 como la caspasa-2; dos vías de muerte a priori paralelas y que en esta muerte apotótica, (2) la inhibición de Akt y la activación de las MAPKs están implicadas. (3) El estradiol (E2) no protege frente a la apoptosis en las CGCs y la ausencia de activación de Akt puede ser clave en esta falta de neuroprotección. (4) La ausencia de neuroprotección podría deberse a que el receptor de estrógenos ER-? no interacciona con el receptor de IGF-I. (5) ER-? está localizado en la membrana plasmática de las CGCs y media la activación de ERK1/2 por E2. La activación de la vía clásica de las MAPKs por E2 implica un mecanismo diferente de acción para E2 en el modelo de las CGCs. (6) El E2 ejerce un efecto neuroprotector en las CGCs debido a sus propiedades como molécula antioxidante. (7) La activación de la vía Src/Ras/ERK/CREB estaría relacionada con fenómenos de plasticidad sináptica y el matenimiento de conexiones entre neuronas de las CGCs aunque no sería suficiente para proteger las CGCs de la muerte apoptótica.
A pesar de que el E2 no protege a las CGCs de la muerte apoptótica, podría tener gran relevancia el hecho de conocer cómo el E2 pone en marcha mecanismos que desencadenan fenómenos de mantenimiento dendrítico y disminución potencial de la vulnerabilidad de las neuronas frente a estímulos adversos, permitiendo poder incidir en un futuro sobre modelos de enfermedades neurodegenerativas como el Alzheimer o procesos isquémicos, donde el mantenimiento de las conexiones dendríticas existentes y la generación de nuevas sinapsis, además de mantener su estructura, pueden ser procesos clave.
Along neurodegenerative disease development, neurons die. One of the most common consequences of the development of neurodegenerative diseases is the activation, in the majority of them, of the cellular death program, known as apoptosis. The exhaustive knowledge of apoptotic programme is a key to approach new therapeutical strategies to slow down the advance of these diseases.
Apoptosis is an important physiological process during development of CNS maintaining cellular homeostasis. Cerebellum is one of the cerebral regions in which this phenomenon is especially dramatic. During development of cerebellar granule neurons (CGNs) practically a half are removed during apoptotic process. This phenomenon is able to mimic in vitro from pure culture of these neurons. Primary cultures of CGNs are an extensively used model to study apoptosis, inducing it by potassium deprivation. In this process is able to produce an increase of intracellular concentrations of ceramide, implied in the process of cell death.
Ceramide is a signalling molecule implied in different cellular processes like proliferation, senescence, differentiation and control of cellular cycle. During the last years authors suggest ceramide with an important role like a regulator of apoptotic death. One of our objectives was, by means of using this model; characterize apoptotic death process by ceramide.
During the last years diverse accumulating evidences have suggested that estrogens exposition reduce risk and delay the onset and development of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer and Parkinson, the same way as promote recovery from neurological shocks like cerebral ischemia. These hormones are able to carry out these functions implying different processes as cellular survival, regenerative responses, axonal growth, synaptic signal potentiation and neurogenesis.
Results of ours investigation shows that: (1) ceramide induce apoptosis in CGNs activating as caspase-9 as caspase-2; two death pathways beforehand parallels and that in this apoptotic death, (2) inhibition of Akt and activation of MAPKs are implicated. (3) Estradiol (E2) does not protect from apoptosis in CGNs and the absence of Akt activation can be key in this absence of neuroprotection. (4) The absence of neuroprotection could be due to estrogen receptor ER-? does not interact with IGF-IR. (5) ER-? is located in plasmatic membrane of the CGNs and mediates the ERK1/2 activation by E2. Activation of classic pathway MAPKs by E2 implies a different action mechanism to E2 in CGNs model. (6) E2 exerts a neuroprotective effect in CGNs due to proprieties as an antioxidant molecule. (7) Activation of Src/Ras/ERK/CREB pathway would be related with phenomena of synaptic plasticity and the maintenance of connexions between neurons of CGNs although it would not be enough to protect CGNs of apoptotic death.
In spite of E2 does not protect CGNs from apoptotic death, it could have great relevance the fact of known how E2 switch on mechanisms that triggers phenomena of dendrite maintenance and potential decrease of vulnerability of neurons in front of adverse stimuli, making possible to influence in the future on neurodegenerative disease models as Alzheimer or ischemic processes, where the maintenance of dendrite connexions existing and generating news, moreover of maintenance of structure can be key processes.
Grignon, Sylvain. "La culture de neurones granulaires du cervelet comme modele d'etude de la pharmacologie cellulaire du lithium (doctorat : neurosciences)". Aix-Marseille 2, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX20657.
Texto completo da fonteLandeira, Bruna Soares. "Elimina??o de neur?nios infragranulares afeta a especifica??o de neur?nios granulares e supragranulares do c?rtex cerebral em desenvolvimento". PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM NEUROCI?NCIAS, 2017. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/23364.
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O c?rtex cerebral de mam?feros ? histologicamente organizado em diferentes camadas de neur?nios excitat?rios que possuem diversos padr?es de conex?o com alvos corticais e subcorticais. Durante o desenvolvimento, essas camadas corticais se estabelecem sequencialmente atrav?s de uma intrincada combina??o de especifica??o neuronal e migra??o em um padr?o radial conhecida como ?de dentro para fora?: neur?nios infragranulares s?o gerados primeiro do que os neur?nios granulares e supragranulares. Nas ?ltimas d?cadas, diversos genes codificando fatores de transcri??o envolvidos na especifica??o de neur?nios destinados a diferentes camadas corticais foram identificados. Todavia, a influ?ncia dos neur?nios infragranulares sobre a especifica??o das coortes neuronais subsequentes permanece pouco entendida. Para investigar os poss?veis efeitos da abla??o de neur?nios infragranulares sobre a especifica??o de neur?nios supragranulares, n?s induzimos a morte seletiva de neur?nios corticais das camadas V e VI antes da gera??o dos neur?nios destinados ?s camadas II-IV. Nossos dados revelam que um dia ap?s a abla??o, progenitores continuaram a gerar neur?nios destinados a camada VI que expressam o fator de transcri??o TBR1, enquanto praticamente nenhum neur?nio expressando TBR1 foi gerado na mesma etapa do desenvolvimento em controles com a mesma idade. Curiosamente, alguns neur?nios TBR1-positivos gerados ap?s a abla??o de neur?nios infragranulares se estabeleceram em camadas corticais superficiais, como esperado para neur?nios supragranulares gerados neste est?gio, sugerindo que a migra??o de neur?nios corticais pode ser controlada independentemente da sua especifica??o molecular. Al?m disso, n?s observamos um aumento em neur?nios de camada V que expressam CTIP2 e neur?nios calosos que expressam SATB2 ? custa da diminui??o neur?nios de camada IV em animais P0. Quando estes animais se tornam adultos jovens (P30) o aumento de neur?nios SATB2 e CTIP2 n?o existe mais, todavia encontramos esses neur?nios distribu?dos de forma diferente na ?rea somatossensorial dos animais que sofreram abla??o. Experimentos in vitro revelaram que a organiza??o citoarquitet?nica laminar do c?rtex ? necess?ria para gerar novamente os neur?nios TBR1+ que foram eliminados anteriormente. Al?m disso, experimentos in vitro indicam que em condi??o de baixa densidade celular os neur?nios tem seu fen?tipo alterado, expressando v?rios fatores de transcri??o ao mesmo tempo. Em conjunto, nossos dados indicam a exist?ncia de um mecanismo regulat?rio entre neur?nios infragranulares e progenitores envolvidos na gera??o de neur?nios supragranulares e/ou entre neur?nios infragranulares e neur?nios p?s-mit?ticos gerados em seguida. Este mecanismo poderia ajudar a controlar o n?mero de neur?nios em diferentes camadas e contribuir para o estabelecimento de diferentes ?reas corticais.
The cerebral cortex of mammals is histologically organized into in different layers of excitatory neurons that have distinct patterns of connections with cortical or subcortical targets. During development, these cortical layers are sequentially established through an intricate combination of neuronal specification and migration in a radial pattern known as "inside-out": deep-layer neurons are generated prior to upper-layer neurons. In the last few decades, several genes encoding transcription factors involved in the specification of neurons destined to different cortical layers have been identified. However, the influence of early-generated neurons in to the specification of subsequent neuronal cohorts remains unclear. To investigate the possible effects early born neurons ablation on the specification of late born neurons, we induced the selective death of cortical neurons from layers V and VI neurons before the generation of neurons destined to layers II, III and IV. Our data shows that oneday after ablation, progenitors resumed generation of layer VI neurons expressing the transcription factor TBR1, whereas virtually no TBR1-expressing neuron was generated at the same developmental stage in age-matched controls. Interestingly, many TBR1-positive neurons generated after deep-layer ablation settled within superficial cortical layers, as expected for upper-layer neurons generated at that stage, suggesting that migration post-mitotic neurons is independent of fate-specification. Furthermore, we observed an increase in layer V neurons expressing CTIP2 and cortico-cortical neurons expressing SATB2 at the expense of layer IV neurons in P0 animals. When these animals became young adults (P30) the increase os SATB2 and CTIP2 neurons is no longer observed, however these neurons are distributed in a different way in somatosensory areas from ablated animals. In vitro experiments show that the laminar cytoarchitectural organization of the cortex is necessary to regenerate the previously deleted TBR1 + neurons. In addition, in vitro experiments indicate that in a condition of low cell density the neurons phnotype is altered, they express several transcription factors at the same time. Together, our data indicate the existence of feedback mechanism either from early-generated neurons to progenitors involved in the generation of upper-layer neurons or from deep-layer neurons to postmitotic neurons generated subsequently. This mechanism could help to control the number of neurons in different layers and contribute to the establishment of different cortical areas.
Lagier, Samuel. "L' inhibition dans le bulbe olfactif de rongeur : du recepteur GABAergique aux oscillations du réseau neuronal". Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066573.
Texto completo da fonteMezghani-Abdelmoula, Sana. "Etude histobiochimique et électrophysiologique de la cytotoxicité de Pseudomonas fluorescens sur les neurones granulaires cérébelleux de rat". Rouen, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004ROUES041.
Texto completo da fonteBarneda, Zahonero Bruna. "BMP-6 i NMDA com a moduladors de la supervivència de les neurones granulars de cerebel: mecanismes implicats". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3622.
Texto completo da fonteLes BMPs tenen un paper important en la regulació de la diferenciació de les CGCs i se'ls hi ha atribuït efectes anti-apoptòtics en diferents sistemes. En aquest treball ens varem plantejar l'estudi de les BMPs com a possibles factors tròfics per les CGCs. BMP-6 protegeix les CGCs en front de K5 en estadis madurs del cultiu, mentre que BMP-2 i BMP-7 no. Les BMPs senyalitzen a traves de tetràmers de receptors tipus I i II i l'activació d'aquests promou l'activació i translocació al nucli de les proteïnes Smads. La maquinària de resposta a les BMPs s'expressa en les CGCs in vitro. Tot i així, no detectarem diferències en l'estat d'activació de les Smads en les diferents condicions testades. La supervivència d'aquestes neurones s'ha relacionat principalment a l'activació de tres vies de cinases com són la PI3K-Akt, la via de MEK/ERK i la de JNK. Varem estudiar el grau d'activació d'aquestes en K5 i la possible modulació pel tractament amb BMP-6. Mentre que el tractament amb BMP-6 no produeix diferències en l'activació de les vies PI3K-Akt i JNK, sí que indueix una forta activació a temps curts de la via MEK/ERK quan es compara amb K5. Mitjançant l'ús d'inhibidors de la via hem observat com aquesta és la principal mediadora de l'efecte de BMP-6. En aprofundir en la senyalització que es desencadena per sota l'activació de MEK/ERK hem identificat a CREB com a factor de transcripció involucrat en l'efecte. La seva activació resulta en la regulació a l'alça dels nivells de la proteïna anti-apoptòtica Bcl-2 que resulta en la inhibició de l'activació de la caspasa-3 per K5 i la reducció dels nuclis apoptótics. Per altre banda, en la recerca del nexe d'unió entre l'activació del receptor i l'activació de la via MEK/ERK també hem descrit com BMP-6 és capaç d'activar a Rap-1 deixant la porta oberta a la participació d'aquesta proteïna G monomèrica en l'efecte de BMP-6. Així doncs, les nostres dades suggereixen un paper nou de BMP-6 com a factor tròfic en el desenvolupament de les CGCs i que realitzaria aquesta funció a través de l'activació de la via MEK/ERK/CREB.
El tractament amb NMDA promou la supervivència de les CGCs en cultiu. Estudis previs en el nostre laboratori i en altres han relacionat l'activació de la via de PI3K-Akt i la inhibició de JNK amb l'efecte protector del NMDA. L'activació o inhibició de vies de cinases cursa en la modulació de l'activitat de factors de transcripció que resulta en canvis en el transcriptoma. Així, varem estudiar els canvis en l'expressió gènica induïts pel tractament amb NMDA.. Varem observar una inducció de gens corresponents a programes de desenvolupament neuronal, neurogènesi i anti-apoptosi. Mitjançant estudi comparatiu amb el treball de Zhang i cols. obtinguérem una llista de candidats a mediar l'efecte del NMDA: atf3, bdnf, cdp, Crem, Fos, Homer1, Nfil3, Pcsk1, Plagl1, Rem2, Snf1lk, vgf i NR4A1-3(Nur77, Nurr1 i NOR-1). Tot i que tots ells presentaven funcions relacionables amb supervivència cel·lular, ens varem centrar en l'estudi dels membres de la família de NR4a pel seu paper desconegut en el desenvolupament del cerebel. Encara que l'expressió dels missatgers de Nur77, Nurr1 i NOR-1 es correspon amb les dades del array, a nivell proteic només Nurr1 presenta una pujada en els seus nivells després del tractament amb NMDA. La reducció dels nivells de Nurr1 mitjançant shRNA resulta en una reducció de l'efecte de NMDA. Tanmateix, hem descrit que CREB és el responsable de la inducció de Nurr1 en resposta a NMDA i que la reducció en l'efecte del NMDA en presència del shRNA de Nurr1 ve acompanyat per una reducció en els nivells de BDNF. A més a més, Nurr1 i BDNF presenten un patró d'expressió correlatiu en el cerebel durant els dies postnatals que s'atribueixen a la migració de les CGCs des de la EGL a la IGL. Donant força a Nurr1 com a mediador de l'efecte supervivència de l'estimulació del NMDAR durant el desenvolupament del cerebel.
Cerebellar granule neurons (CGCs) are generated in the external granule layer (EGL) and they differentiate and migrate trough the molecular layer to form the internal granule layer (IGL) during the postnatal development of the cerebellum. During its maturation they need trophic support to survive. Otherwise, they die by apoptosis. That situation that occurs in vivo can be mimicked in a culture of CGCs. These neurons are sensitive to extracellular potassium concentrations and they die by apoptosis when they are exposed to low potassium concentrations (5 mM KCl, K5). In contrast, the presence in the media of molecules that have been described to participate in hte maintenance of these neurons in vivo like IGF-1, BDNF, PACAP, glutamatergic stimulation with the agonist NMDA or depolarizing concentrations of potassium promote the survival of CGCs during the days in vitro.
BMPs have an important role in the regulation of CGCs differentiation and they have been described to promote survival against some pro-apoptotic paradigms. In these work we planned to study the eventual effect of BMPs on CGCs survival. BMP-6 protects from K5 induced apoptosis while BMP-2 and -7 do not. We analyzed the presence of the cannonical signaling machinery associated to BMPs in the CGCs in vitro and we observed that all the elements where expressed. However, they do not participate in BMP-6 effect as we do not observe an increase in the nuclear localization of smads in presence of BMP-6. The survival of CGCs have been closely related with the activation status of some signaling pathways like JNK, PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK. In order to see if they where involved in BMP-6 effect we analyzed their activation. We didn't detect any difference in the JNK and PI3K/Akt pathways in presence or absence of BMP-6. By contrast MEK/ERK pathway was activated in BMP-6 treated cells. We Took in advance of inhibitors to determine the participation in BMP-6 effect and we observed that BMP-6 was mediate by MEK/ERK pathway. We went further in the study of the signaling involved in BMP-6 effect and we have described that CREB is downstream of MEK/ERK pathway activation and that its activation promotes an increase in Bcl-2 levels that results in the inhibition of caspase-3 induced activation of K5 and the reduction of apoptotic nuclei. Moreover, we show that Rap-1 can be a good candidate to be mediating MEK/ERK activation after BMP-6 treatment. Taking together, our data suggest that BMP-6 could be participating in CGCs maintenance during their development in vivo an that this function would be performed by the activation of MEK/ERK/CREB pathway.
NMDA treatment promotes CGCs survival in culture. Previous studies in our laboratory have related the activation of PI3K/Akt and the inhibition of JNK with NMDA protective effect. The activation and inhibition of these pathways results in changes in the activation status of transcription factors that promote changes in the transcriptome. In order to analyze the expression changes after NMDA treatment we performed an array with the Genechip® Rat genome 230 Affymetrix platform. We found an enrichment of neuronal development, neurogenesis and anti-apoptotic programs. Moreover, we performed a comparative analysis with the work of Zhang and cols (Zhang et al., 2007) and we obtained a list o f candidates to mediate NMDA effect: atf3, bdnf, cdp, Crem, Fos, Homer1, Nfil3, Pcsk1, Plagl1, Rem2, Snf1lk, vgf i NR4A1-3(Nur77, Nurr1 i NOR-1). All of them are involved in cellular processes that could be related to CGCs survival. However, we focused our attention in Nr4a subfamily members as their role in cerebellum development haven't been explored. We detected the increase in the expression of Nur77, Nurr1 i NOR-1, although only Nurr1 protein levels were increased in presence of NMDA. Reduction of Nurr1 levels by shRNA revealed its participation in NMDA neuroprotection. Additionally, we described that Nurr1, regulated by CREB in NMDA treated cells, promotes an increase in BDNF levels to develop its function in NMDA effect. We also performed a translation to the in vivo situation and as a first approach we studied the expression of Nurr1 and BDNF in the cerebellum during the postnatal development. Both proteins present a similar kinetic and they are induced in the time that is believed to be when CGCs migrate from the EGL to the IGL. In conclusion, this is the first time that Nurr1 have been described as a mediator of NMDA neuroprotection and our results suggest that this situation could be also occurring in vivo.
Vaudry, David. "Contribution à l'étude des effets neurotrophiques du pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) sur les cellules granulaires au cours du développement du cervelet de rat". Rouen, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000ROUES044.
Texto completo da fonteMasgrau, Juanola Roser. "Activació de la fosfolipasa C per receptors acoblats a proteïnes G en cultius de neurones granulars de cerebel. Paper modulador del calci". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/3620.
Texto completo da fonteLe, Dréau Gwenvaël. "NOV/CCN3 et système nerveux central : étude du rôle de NOV/CCN3 dans les précurseurs de neurones granulaires et des astrocytes". Paris 6, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA066063.
Texto completo da fonteDidier, Michel. "Rôle du récepteur NMDA dans le développement des cellules granulaires du cervelet en culture primaire : approche pharmaco-moléculaire". Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20045.
Texto completo da fonteDíaz, Rudas José Rafael. "Histomorfometría de la capa granular órbitofrontal murina sometida a administración crónica de bebidas alcohólicas adulteradas". Bachelor's thesis, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 2015. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12672/4143.
Texto completo da fonteTesis
Bou-Rouphaël, Johnny. "A new role for Barhl1 in a cerebellar germinative zone as inhibitor of T-cell factors transcriptional activity". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS009.
Texto completo da fonteThe human cerebellum hosts more than 50% of all brain neurons. Cerebellar granule neurons are the smallest and most abundant neurons. atonal homologue 1 (Atoh1)-expressing granule neuron progenitors (GNPs) emerge from the upper rhombic lip (URL), a germinative zone located in the cerebellar primordium and displaying features of a niche of neural stem cells. GNPs proliferate, migrate, and differentiate to settle into the internal granule layer. These processes are tightly regulated by a number of transcription factors and signaling pathways. T-Cell Factor/Lymphoid Enhancer-binding Factor (Tcf/Lef) are transcriptional effectors acting downstream of Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Although Tcf is transcriptionally active in the URL, neither its function(s) nor its developmental regulator(s) have been addressed in this area. The transcription factor BarH-like 1 (Barhl1) is expressed in committed GNPs located in areas devoid of Tcf transcriptional activity. The aims of this thesis were to investigate the functions of Tcf and of Barhl1 as regulators of GNPs development using amphibian as experimental model. The data presented in this work encompass a thorough analysis of the spatial and temporal expressions of key markers involved in GNP development in amphibian, and an investigation of Barhl1 and Tcf functions in this developmental process. Our gain and loss of function experiments, together with the transcriptomic analysis of Barhl1 depletion in the rhombomere 1 validate a key role for Tcf as a transcriptional activator of atoh1 and as an inducer of the URL territory, and for Barhl1 as a developmental inhibitor of Tcf activity allowing GNPs to exit the URL. We identified key genes inhibited by Barhl1 and involved in the maintenance of URL germinative zone
Kalia, Lokeshvar Nath. "An investigation of the behaviour of the granular layer of the cerebellum using neuronal and network models". Thesis, Imperial College London, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.312830.
Texto completo da fonteMuller, Yves. "Le controle de la formation, de la différenciation et de la mort programmée des neurones du cervelet par l'hormone thyroi͏̈dienne et les neurotrophines". Montpellier 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997MON1T033.
Texto completo da fonteBARTHEL, FABRICE. "Application d'une nouvelle technique de transfert de genes a l'etude des regulations genetiques par l'ampc dans les neurones de la couche granulaire du cervelet de rat en culture primaire". Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993STR13142.
Texto completo da fonteArtinian, Julien. "Propriétés de codage des cellules granulaires du gyrus denté dans un modèle d' épilepsie du lobe temporal". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4076/document.
Texto completo da fonteThe dentate gyrus plays a major role at the gate of the hippocampus, filtering incoming information from the entorhinal cortex. A fundamental coding property of dentate granule cells (DGCs) is their sparse firing. Indeed, they behave as a coincidence detector due to the fast kinetics of excitatory synaptic events restricting integration of afferent inputs to a narrow time window. In temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE), the hippocampus displays important coding alterations that may play a role in cognitive impairments described in patients and animal models. However, the cellular mechanisms remain poorly understood. In animal models of TLE and human patients, neuronal tissue undergoes major reorganization; some neurons die whereas others, which are severed in their inputs or outputs, sprout and form novel aberrant connections. This phenomenon, called reactive plasticity, is well documented in the dentate gyrus where DGC axons (the mossy fibres) sprout and create a powerful excitatory network between DGCs. We recently showed that in addition to the axonal rewiring, recurrent mossy fibres convert the nature of glutamatergic transmission in the dentate gyrus because they operate via long-lasting kainate receptor (KAR)-mediated EPSPs (EPSPKA) not present in the naive condition
Busto, Germain. "Bases cellulaires et moléculaires de l’apprentissage et de la mémorisation dans le bulbe olfactif de souris". Thesis, Lyon 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LYO10086.
Texto completo da fonteMy research was about cellular and molecular mechanisms implicated in olfactory learning and memory in the adult mouse olfactory bulb (OB). The OB is the first relay of olfactory information in the central nervous system. At this level, phenomenon of local plasticity could be involved in the conservation of a memory trace associated with learning process. First, I evaluated in the granule cell layer, the consequences of an olfactory associative learning on the IEG Zif268 odour-induced expression. Mice with a prior behavioural experience with the odour do not show increase in Zif268 expression. However, the specific odour-induced Zif268 expression pattern is modified by learning. Then, I isolated using laser capture microdissection activated cell populations of the granule cell layer, based on Zif268 expression patterns, after an olfactory associative learning. In those regions, I studied gene expression at a large scale. I found that neurotrophine pathway was modulated during the early phase of learning process whereas molecular actors of LTP are modulated during the consolidation phase. Finally, I showed that Zif268 knock-out mice exhibit associative learning and memory deficits. Those mice also present deficits to discriminate between closely related odorants. Those results indicate that acquisition by odorant of a behavioural meaning during olfactory learning modify odorant processing at the level of OB. Moreover we identified candidate genes that could be implicated in the cellular modifications
Moura, Daniela Maria de Sousa. "Altera??es na linhagem celular e organiza??o neuronal do giro denteado em dois modelos animais de epilepsia". PROGRAMA DE P?S-GRADUA??O EM NEUROCI?NCIAS, 2017. https://repositorio.ufrn.br/jspui/handle/123456789/24155.
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As c?lulas granulares do hipocampo s?o um dos poucos tipos de neur?nios gerados no sistema nervoso central de mam?feros adultos. O modelo atual de neurog?nese no hipocampo adulto assume que c?lulas tronco neurais (CTN) geram progenitores com potencial restrito ? gera??o de neur?nios ou astr?citos. Est?mulos ambientais e condi??es patol?gicas podem alterar a progress?o da linhagem, modulando a prolifera??o, diferencia??o, sobreviv?ncia e integra??o sin?ptica dos neur?nios gerados. Por exemplo, a Epilepsia do Lobo Temporal mesial (ELT), a forma mais comum de epilepsia em adultos, est? associada a altera??es na taxa de neurog?nese hipocampal adulta. Neste trabalho, n?s utilizamos dois modelos experimentais de ELT para avaliar os efeitos de um insulto epileptog?nico (i.e., status epilepticus, SE) sobre a linhagem e amadurecimento celular no giro denteado adulto. Atrav?s da t?cnica de fate-mapping utilizando animais Dcx-CreERT2/CAG-CAT-GFP, n?s acompanhamos o destino de c?lulas que apresentavam o promotor do gene doublecortin (DCX) ativado antes ou depois da inje??o intrahipocampal dos agentes convulsivantes ?cido ca?nico ou pilocarpina. Desta forma, pudemos avaliar o efeito destas drogas sobre progenitores e neur?nios imaturos DCX+ gerados antes ou ap?s o tratamento. Em ambos os modelos, foram observados um aumento de neurog?nese e altera??es no posicionamento e morfologia de c?lulas granulares, conforme descri??es pr?vias na literatura. Altera??es neuronais, tais como localiza??o ect?pica e presen?a de dendritos basais, foram observadas tanto em c?lulas geradas antes quanto ap?s a indu??o do SE, embora com frequ?ncias distintas. No entanto, apenas no hipocampo ipsilateral ? inje??o de ?cido ca?nico n?s observamos dispers?o da camada granular e morte neuronal em CA1 e CA3, apesar da atividade parox?stica epil?ptica ocorrer em ambos os hipocampos. Surpreendentemente, o aumento da neurog?nese em animais que receberam ?cido ca?nico foi restrito ao hipocampo contralateral, enquanto no lado ipsilateral foi observado um significativo aumento na gera??o de astr?citos a partir dos progenitores DCX+. Al?m disso, tamb?m observamos neste modelo a presen?a de c?lulas com morfologia e marcadores de CTNs, sugerindo que progenitores DCX+ poderiam regredir para estados mais primitivos na linhagem celular do hipocampo adulto. O aumento da astrogliog?nese no lado ipsilateral ? inje??o de ?cido ca?nico foi associado a uma degenera??o de interneur?nios parvalbumina (PV)+ no hipocampo, sugerindo que a atividade gaba?rgica poderia estar contribuindo para o redirecionamento da linhagem celular. Em conjunto, nossos dados indicam que a linhagem celular no giro denteado n?o ? unidirecional e irrevers?vel, e que o aumento da atividade el?trica neuronal induzida por ?cido ca?nico e pilocarpina t?m efeitos diferentes sobre a diferencia??o celular e destino fenot?pico dos progenitores e neur?nios nessa regi?o. Esses resultados imp?em a necessidade de revermos o modelo atual de neurog?nese hipocampal adulta e tamb?m indicam que diferentes modelos animais de epilepsia produzem altera??es celulares distintas no hipocampo adulto e, portanto, poderiam representar diferentes graus/est?gios da patologia.
The granular cells of the hippocampus are one of the few types of neurons generated in the central nervous system of adult mammals. The current model of neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus assumes that neural stem cells (NSCs) give rise to progenitors restricted to the generation of neurons or astrocytes. Environmental stimuli and pathological conditions can alter the lineage progression, modulating cell proliferation, differentiation, survival and synaptic integration of newly generated neurons. For example, mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy (TLE), the most common form of epilepsy in adults, is associated with changes in the rate of adult hippocampal neurogenesis. In this work, we used two experimental TLE models to evaluate the effects of an epileptogenic insult (i.e., status epilepticus, SE) on the cell lineage and neuronal maturation in the adult dentate gyrus. Using Dcx-CreERT2 / CAG-CAT-GFP animals, we fate mapped the fate of cells expressing the doublecortin gene (DCX) either before or after intrahippocampal injection of the convulsive agents kainic acid or pilocarpine. In this way, we could evaluate the effect of these drugs on DCX+ progenitors and immature neurons generated before or after treatment. In both models, we observed an increase in neurogenesis and changes in the positioning and morphology of granular cells, according to previous descriptions in the literature. Neuronal aberrations, such as ectopic localization and presence of basal dendrites, were observed both in cells generated before and after induction of SE, albeit at different frequencies. However, only in the hippocampus ipsilateral to the injection of kainic acid we observed granule cell dispersion and neuronal death in CA1 and CA3, although the paroxysmal epileptic activity occurred in both hippocampi. Surprisingly, the increase in neurogenesis in animals that received kainic acid was restricted to the contralateral hippocampus, whereas on the ipsilateral side a significant increase in astrocyte generation was observed within the DCX+ progenitor lineage. In addition, we also observed the presence of cells with NSC hallmarks, suggesting that DCX+ progenitors could regress to more primitive states in the adult hippocampal cell lineage. The increased astrogliogenesis on the ipsilateral side to the injection of kainic acid was associated with a degeneration of parvalbumin (PV)+ interneurons in the hippocampus, suggesting that GABAergic activity could be contributing to the rerouting of the DCX+ progenitor cell lineage. Taken together, our data indicates that the cell lineage in the dentate gyrus is neither unidirectional nor irreversible, and that the increased neuronal electrical activity induced by kainic acid and pilocarpine have different effects on cell differentiation, as well as on the fate of progenitors and neurons in that region. These results highlight the need to review the current model of adult hippocampal neurogenesis and also indicate that different animal models of epilepsy produce distinct cellular alterations in the adult hippocampus and could therefore represent different degrees / stages of the pathology.
Čurilla, Matej. "Neuronové sítě a hrubé množiny". Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta informačních technologií, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-264945.
Texto completo da fonteBRUNO, FRANCESCO. "Morphofunctional impairment of neuronal and glial cells in the developing cerebellum of a mouse model of Niemann-Pick type C1 disease". Doctoral thesis, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/986527.
Texto completo da fonte