Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Network archaeology"
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Brughmans, Tom. "Evaluating network science in archaeology : a Roman archaeology perspective". Thesis, University of Southampton, 2014. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/371700/.
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Lewandowski, David L. "Shifting north| Social network analysis and the pithouse-to-pueblo transition in the Mogollon Highlands". Thesis, Northern Arizona University, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1595268.
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This study uses Social Network Analysis to examine the changing social networks of the Mogollon Highlands during the pithouse-to-pueblo transition. Social Network Analysis is a set of formal methods used to define and examine ties, or relationships between actors, or in the case of this study, archaeological sites. The pithouse-to-pueblo transition in the Mogollon Highlands occurred around A.D. 1000 and is characterized by the construction of above ground masonry architecture and a prevalence of Cibola White Wares. Prior to the transition to pueblo architecture, populations in the Mogollon Highlands lived in pithouses and Mimbres White Wares dominated the decorated ceramic assemblages of sites throughout the region. By defining and creating ties between archaeological sites based upon proportions of decorated wares, Social Network Analysis allows for the hypothesized networks of the Mogollon Highlands to be represented graphically and examined further statistically.
The Social Network Analysis is conducted for 50 year intervals for the period of A.D. 700-1150 in order to examine changes in the networks over time. The graphic representations of the social networks are then georeferenced in order to compare social and spatial relationships. Measurements of centrality are calculated in order to examine and identify the central nodes, or sites, within the networks. The social networks can then be contextualized through an understanding of substantive and formalist economics, and ceramic production and exchange in order to draw conclusions regarding the changing networks and their relationship to the transition to above ground pueblo architecture.
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Ervin, Jason N. "A Network-Based Method for the Analysis of Use and Function in Stone Tool Kits| Implications for Late Prehistoric Settlement Patterning in Northeast Mississippi". Thesis, Mississippi State University, 2018. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10838928.
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A network-based method is developed for analyzing use in stone tool assemblages, where ’use’ denotes the tasks for which chipped edges are suitable. Modeling chipped edges as nodes, use-wear and retouch as edge traversals, use-life trajectories of chipped edges as interconnecting paths, and ‘tools’ as subnetworks over which design tolerances are maintained on edge morphology, the method is an attempt to improve on existing models, allowing for complex, continuous change and multiple uses throughout a chipped edge’s use-life. Avoiding analogy-based categories, the method is designed to highlight rather than obscure the possibilities for use and multi-use. Potential for integration into social-learning based models of cultural evolution is considered. The metric is employed to address the widely noted paucity of lithics in Late Prehistoric contexts of the southeastern U.S. Specifically, the Lyon’s Bluff site (22OK520, Oktibbeha County, Mississippi) is shown to exhibit substantial use-capacity, suggesting that paucity does not imply divestment.
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Wienhold, Michelle. "Spatial analysis and actor-network theory : a multi-scalar analytical study of the Chumash rock art of South-Central California". Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2014. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/10714/.
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The aim of this research is to provide a more holistic approach to study Chumash rock art throughout their entire geographic region within South-Central California by applying geographic information systems (GIS), incorporating ethnohistoric and ethnographic data and utilising associated archaeological material under an Actor-Network Theory (ANT) framework. Through a review of past Chumash archaeological and rock art studies, I discuss where previous research is lacking and how that research was fragmentary due to focusing only on specific geographic areas or linguistic regions. As rock art is an artefact fixed within the terrain, I further argue it has a potential connection to the topography--particularly its relationship to Chumash landscapes and taskscapes by applying both formal and informed methodologies at multiple scales. By modifying the tenets of ANT to create a framework that uses the rock art data to define space, analyse its heterogeneity and connectivity and study its topographic entrenchment, this research conceptualises rock art’s networks. To conduct this research, I collated a large body of spatial and descriptive information for 254 rock art sites and associated archaeology. Spatial analyses were performed at multiple scales using GIS as a heuristic to conceptualise site clustering, landscape entrenchment and anisotropic movement for the collated data. While the rock art sites were used to define the multi-scalar spaces, results show that the identity of the sites change throughout space and time where rock art itself is a network and not exclusive to one specific Chumash network. Analysis of the data shows that the topographic setting entrenches the rock art and begins to represent the dynamic assembly of its heterogeneous network relations. Movement through the landscape reflects how the sites were connected or structured within their landscapes and taskscapes. Overall it reflects rock art’s interrelationships to the networked economic, social, ideological and political organisations of the Chumash and their rich ceremonial practices. Therefore, the Chumash rock art networks were as complex, dynamic, variable and heterogeneous as Chumash society and the rock art panels themselves.
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Borck, Lewis. "Lost Voices Found: An Archaeology of Contentious Politics in the Greater Southwest, A.D. 1100 - 1450". Thesis, The University of Arizona, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=10117388.
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This dissertation uses a relational approach and a contentious politics framework to examine the archaeological record. Methodologically, it merges spatial and social network analyses to promote a geosocial archaeology. Combined, the articles create a counter-narrative that highlights how environmentally focused investigations fail to explain how and why societies in the Southwest often reorganize horizontally. The first article uses geosocial networks, which I argue represent memory maps, to reveal that the socially important, and sophisticated, act of forgetting was employed by people in the Gallina region during A.D. 1100–1300. A concomitant community level, settlement pattern analysis demonstrates similarities between the arrangement of Gallina and Basketmaker-era settlements. These historically situated settlement structures, combined with acts of forgetting, were used by Gallina region residents to institute and maintain a horizontally organized social movement that was likely aimed at rejecting the hierarchical social atmosphere in the Four Corners region. The second article proposes that as ideologically charged material goods are consumed, fissures within past ideological landscapes are revealed and that these fissures can demonstrate acts of resistance in the archaeological past. It also contends that social and environmental variables need to be combined for these conflicting religious and political practices to be correctly interpreted. The third article applies many of the ideas outlined in the second article to a case study in the Greater Southwest during A.D. 1200–1450. Fractures in the ideological landscape demonstrate that the Salado Phenomenon was a religious social movement formed around, and successful because of, its populist nature. Based on variations in how the Salado ideology interacted with contemporaneous hierarchical and non-hierarchical religious and political organizations it is probable that the Salado social movement formed around desires for the open access to religious knowledge.
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Pearce, Eiluned H. "The effects of latitude on hominin social network maintenance". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c51f63d2-6c07-46ec-81c8-8942afda8598.
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Social networks have been essential throughout hominin evolution, facilitating cooperative childrearing, transmission of cultural knowledge and the sharing of information and resources. As hominins dispersed out of Africa, these networks needed to be maintained at progressively higher latitudes. The first part of this thesis explores the impact of latitude on brain organisation and the possible implications for social cognition. I hypothesise that the lower temperatures and light levels found at higher latitudes select for larger bodies and visual systems, which in turn necessitate larger somatic and visual brain areas. Using orbit size to index eye and visual cortex size, I demonstrate a robust positive relationship between absolute latitude and orbit volume in recent humans. I show that Neanderthals, who solely inhabited high latitudes, have significantly larger orbits than contemporary anatomically modern humans (AMH), who evolved in lower latitude Africa and had only relatively recently dispersed into higher latitudes. Since Neanderthals and AMH dated 27-75kya have almost identical endocranial volumes, I argue that if a greater proportion of the Neanderthal brain was required for somatic and visual processing, this would reduce the volume of neural tissue available for other functions. Since, according to the Social Brain Hypothesis, neocortex volume is positively associated with social complexity, I propose that Neanderthals might have been limited to smaller social networks than AMH. The second part of the thesis explores the challenge of maintaining social networks across greater geographic distances at higher latitudes, where high travelling costs seem to prevent whole tribes from bonding during periodic aggregations. Using a gas model I predict that at lower latitudes daily subsistence mobility allows sufficient encounters between subgroups for the tribe to maintain connectivity, whereas in (Sub)Arctic biomes additional mechanisms are required to facilitate tribal cohesion. This may explain the apparent ‘explosion’ of Upper Palaeolithic art in Europe: symbolic representations allowed social ties to be sustained in the absence of frequent face-to-face contact. Overall, this thesis demonstrates that latitude may influence both brain organisation and cultural expression and argues that both can have a substantial impact on the maintenance of hominin social networks at high latitudes.
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Ojala, Carl-Gösta. "Sámi Prehistories : The Politics of Archaeology and Identity in Northernmost Europe". Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Arkeologi, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-108857.
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Throughout the history of archaeology, the Sámi (the indigenous people in northern Norway, Sweden, Finland and the Kola Peninsula in the Russian Federation) have been conceptualized as the “Others” in relation to the national identity and (pre)history of the modern states. It is only in the last decades that a field of Sámi archaeology that studies Sámi (pre)history in its own right has emerged, parallel with an ethnic and cultural revival among Sámi groups. This dissertation investigates the notions of Sámi prehistory and archaeology, partly from a research historical perspective and partly from a more contemporary political perspective. It explores how the Sámi and ideas about the Sámi past have been represented in archaeological narratives from the early 19th century until today, as well as the development of an academic field of Sámi archaeology. The study consists of four main parts: 1) A critical examination of the conceptualization of ethnicity, nationalism and indigeneity in archaeological research. 2) A historical analysis of the representations and debates on Sámi prehistory, primarily in Sweden but also to some extent in Norway and Finland, focusing on four main themes: the origin of the Sámi people, South Sámi prehistory as a contested field of study, the development of reindeer herding, and Sámi pre-Christian religion. 3) An analysis of the study of the Sámi past in Russia, and a discussion on archaeological research and constructions of ethnicity and indigeneity in the Russian Federation and the Soviet Union. 4) An examination of the claims for greater Sámi self-determination concerning cultural heritage management and the debates on repatriation and reburial in the Nordic countries. In the dissertation, it is argued that there is a great need for discussions on the ethics and politics of archaeological research. A relational network approach is suggested as a way of opening up some of the black boxes and bounded, static entities in the representations of people in the past in the North.
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Scholnick, Jonathan. "APPRENTICESHIP, CULTURAL TRANSMISSION AND THE EVOLUTION OF CULTURAL TRADITIONS IN HISTORIC NEW ENGLAND GRAVESTONES". Diss., The University of Arizona, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/194673.
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Cultural evolutionary models that relate spatial and temporal patterning in artifact sequences to human social learning processes and history have made many recent advances. Specifically, these models connect evolutionary forces and social leaning mechanisms along cultural pathways with expectations that can be assessed using material culture. In this dissertation, I use an historical archaeology case study of carved New England gravestones to evaluate three different aspects of cultural transmission and artifact patterns. First, I study the role of social network structure in the transmission of cultural information among carvers organized in workshops that were principally comprised of a carver and his apprentices. The results of this study suggest that the motifs reflect widespread similarity that transcends workshop organization. However, the finer grained decorative elements that make up these motifs correspond with cultural lineages of gravestone carvers. Second, I examine the relationship between the diffusion of innovations and cultural transmission mechanisms that result in spatiotemporal patterning. The spatial patterning suggests that social contagion among consumers created brief instances of wave-like diffusion from a distinct workshop, highlighting the role of consumer choice. A review of probate payments shows that gravestones were rarely purchased from distance sources, as transport costs could be prohibitive. The spatial patterning and historic record suggest that carvers also learned from other carvers creating a hierarchical diffusion process. These two populations created a feedback mechanism that leads to complex emergent phenomena, as illustrated by the rapid and widespread adoption of the cherub motif. Third, the neutral model of stylistic variation is applied to gravestone data to examine the ways that increased consumption and an expanding carving industry led to dominant decorative motifs. This study shows that neutrality can be a fleeting and transitional state between the dominance of single decorative styles. These three studies use New England gravestones to illustrate the evolutionary forces and cultural transmission mechanisms among artifact producers and consumers, which generated the stylistic patterning we observe in the archaeological record.
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Winter, Jan-Robert. "Falken från öst eller korpen från väst? : En analys av bronserade nycklar med fågelmotiv från Kyrksundet i sydvästra Finland". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Arkeologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-385903.
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This paper contains an analysis of the bronzed keys with bird motifs that were discovered during archaeological investigations between the years 1991 and 1997 at Kyrksundet, in the archipelago of southwestern Finland. Bronzed keys with bird motifs have never been found in Finland before, but similar keys have been found both in Birka and on Gotland, Sweden. The aim with this paper is firstly to analyse and compare the keys from Kyrksundet, Birka and Gotland, and their find contexts. Secondly, together with the results from the analysis, the following questions will be discussed; What is the meaning behind the bird motif, why can these keys be found at Kyrksundet, and who were the people that had these keys in their possession during the Viking Age. The symbolic aspect of the keys is a strong theme in this discussion, because the underlaying theory in this paper is that the keys most likely had both a worldly and a cosmological meaning. Earlier archaeological investigations mainly have associated these keys with the Nordic peoples and their eastern connections during the Viking Age. Reason behind this association is that the birds on the motif have been interpreted as falcons and the falcon has a relatively strong connection to the Rurik dynasty that ruled in Novgorod and Kiev. Whether the bird is a falcon or not, is however a question that will be discussed in this paper. The analysis performed in this paper, shows that the bird motif on the keys shares more similarities with a raven motif that was used on the British Isles than with the falcon motif that was used in Novgorod and Kiev. This paper will therefore include a suggestion for another perspective, where the keys might be connected to the Nordic peoples and their western connections.
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Johansson, Pär. "Makt, nätverk och mumier : En studie av Victoriamuseets egyptiska samlings skapande, den svenska egyptologin och svenskt samlande under 1800-talet". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antikens kultur, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-161342.
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This paper focuses on Swedish practices regarding the collecting and exhibiting of Egyptian cultural items at the Victoria Museum in Uppsala during the period between 1882 and 1904. It works to establish who the individuals responsible for this collection were, what their social standing were and how they were connected to each other and other foreign collecting practitioners using the actornetwork-theory and comparative studies.
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Laugerotte, Cédric. "Contribution à l'extraction et à l'exploitation d'attributs géométriques du maillage 3D de fragments archéologiques". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210896.
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Ce document porte sur l'extraction d'attributs géométriques présents sur les modèles 3D résultant de l'acquisition numérique de fragments archéologiques. Ces attributs sont ensuite exploités à des fins de classifications, de reconstructions et de remontages.Doctorat en sciences appliquées
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Crabtree, Stefani Allison. "Trade, territoriality, alliances and conflict : complexity science approaches to the archaeological record of the U.S. southwest with a case study from Languedoc, France". Thesis, Besançon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BESA1021/document.
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Ce projet utilise l’analyse de réseaux et la modélisation à base d’agents pour examiner des sujets classiquement traités mais qui peuvent maintenant être abordés, grâce aux riches données rencontrées dans le sud-ouest du Colorado et en France méridionale : comment les Gaules et les marchands méditerranéens établissaient leurs partenariats économiques, comment la violence a pu façonner le développement de niveaux divers de leadership, et comment les premiers agriculteurs interagissaient avec leur environnement. Pour écrire cette thèse composée de trois études de cas différents, deux dans le Sud-Ouest des États-Unis et un en France méridionale, nous utilisons des outils élaborés par les sciences de la complexité pour mieux aborder comment les individus de la préhistoire surmontaient les défis liés à l’acquisition de ressources. La modélisation à base d’agents et l’analyse de réseaux (sociaux et trophiques) nous permettront de décrire les processus décisionnels et d’analyser comment le partage de stratégies au sein du groupe peut entraîner une plus grande aptitude des individus à agir au sein du groupeThis project utilizes network analysis and agent-based modeling to examine long-standing questions that can only now be asked with the rich data provided in southwestern Coloradoand southern France: how Gauls and colonists established economic partnerships, how violence may have shaped the development of multiple levels of leadership, and how earlyf armers interacted with their environments. Writing a dissertation composed of three distinct case studies, two from the U.S. Southwest and one from the south of France, I use tools developed in complexity science to better address how people in the past dealt with challenges related to resource acquisition. Agent-based modeling and network analysis (both social network analysis and trophic network analysis) will allow me to characterize human decision making processes and discuss how sharing of strategies within a group can lead to greater fitness of those in the in-group
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Martínez, Fernández Jesús. "Dinámicas del poblamiento rural y del territorio en zonas del noroeste de la cuenca del Duero entre época romana y la Alta Edad Media a través de la Arqueología del Paisaje". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672471.
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La present tesi doctoral arqueològica neix de l'interès de l'estudi del territori i societat de les comunitats que van viure en el període de transició entre l'època clàssica i l'Alta Edat mitjana. La caiguda de l'Imperi Romà i la progressiva arribada de noves elits a la península Ibèrica suposarà tota una sèrie de canvis socials, econòmics i d'organització territorial que establiran en certa manera les bases sociopolítiques de l'època medieval.
Aquest projecte pretén estudiar els canvis en les dinàmiques de poblament rural entre època romana i l'Alta Edat mitjana en zones del nord-oest de la conca del Duero a través de tècniques pròpies de l'Arqueologia del Paisatge com l'anàlisi arqueomorfològic. De la mateixa manera, es pretén aprofundir en els processos de transformació social, econòmica i política que es van desenvolupar en aquest període de transició entre època clàssica i medieval, per a la qual es documenten aparentment nous patrons d'ocupació de l'espai.
El desenvolupament de la tesi incideix en diverses problemàtiques associades a aquest estudi, com el creixent interès pels processos de canvi i noves formes de gestió territorial en els últims segles del món romà, l'arqueologia dels espais agraris i dels despoblats, i finalment l'escassetat d'informació arqueològica en zones rurals especialment entre els segles *tardorromanos i altmedievals.
Els resultats mostren la pervivència d'un paisatge tradicional, un sistema de comunicacions i distribució del poblament actual que s'ha configurat i modificat en diferents períodes històrics, especialment entre els segles V i VIII n. e..La presente tesis doctoral arqueológica nace del interés del estudio del territorio y sociedad de las comunidades que vivieron en el período de transición entre la época clásica y la Alta Edad Media. La caída del Imperio Romano y la progresiva llegada de nuevas élites a la península Ibérica supondrá toda una serie de cambios sociales, económicos y de organización territorial que establecerán en cierta medida las bases sociopolíticas de la época medieval. Este proyecto pretende estudiar los cambios en las dinámicas de poblamiento rural entre época romana y la Alta Edad Media en zonas del noroeste de la cuenca del Duero a través de técnicas propias de la Arqueología del Paisaje como el análisis arqueomorfológico. Del mismo modo, se pretende profundizar en los procesos de transformación social, económica y política que se desarrollaron en este período de transición entre época clásica y medieval, para la que se documentan aparentemente nuevos patrones de ocupación del espacio. El desarrollo de la tesis incide en diversas problemáticas asociadas a este estudio, como el creciente interés por los procesos de cambio y nuevas formas de gestión territorial en los últimos siglos del mundo romano, la arqueología de los espacios agrarios y de los despoblados, y finalmente la escasez de información arqueológica en zonas rurales especialmente entre los siglos tardorromanos y altomedievales. Los resultados muestran la pervivencia de un paisaje tradicional, un sistema de comunicaciones y distribución del poblamiento actual que se ha configurado y modificado en distintos períodos históricos, en especial entre los siglos V y VIII n. e..
This archaeological doctoral thesis arises from the interest of the study of the territory and society of the communities that lived in the transition period between the classical period and the Early Middle Ages. The fall of the Roman Empire and the progressive arrival of new elites to the Iberian Peninsula will suppose a whole series of social, economic and territorial organization changes that will establish to a certain extent the socio-political foundations of medieval times. This project aims to study the changes in the dynamics of rural settlement patterns between Roman times and the High Middle Ages in areas of the northwest of the Duero basin through techniques of Landscape Archeology such as archeomorphological analysis. In the same way, it is intended to deepen the processes of social, economic and political transformation that took place in this period of transition between classical and medieval times, for which apparently new patterns of space occupation are documented. The development of the thesis affects various problems associated with this study, such as the growing interest in the processes of change and new forms of territorial management in the last centuries of the Roman world, the archeology of agrarian and unpopulated spaces, and finally the scarcity of archaeological information in rural areas especially between the late Roman and high medieval centuries. The results show the survival of a traditional landscape, a communication system and distribution of the current settlement that has been configured and modified in different historical periods, especially between the 5th and 8th centuries CE.
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Reichling, Conny. "Le Dr. Ernest Schneider et les gravures sur Grès de Luxembourg: étude du fonds documentaire inédit". Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209398.
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Les archives documentaires du dentiste luxembourgeois Dr. Ernest Schneider (1885-1954) constituent la base du présent travail. Ce fonds a été abordé par les sciences historiques
et sociales dans la première et par la discipline de l'archéologie rupestre dans
la seconde partie. Ces archives sont uniques au Grand-Duché dans le sens qu'il s'agit du
seul fonds archéologique contenant des documents épistolaires et iconographiques au lieu
d'artéfacts provenant de prospections. Dans un premier temps, le fonds épistolaires a été
abordé par une analyse de réseaux. Cette approche a permis de déterminer qu'il s'agit
d'un registre de contacts constitué par Schneider plutôt que d'un réseau au sens propre.
Schneider ne montre en effet aucune volonté à soigner ses contacts établis. Les réseaux de
ses alteri forment finalement la source d'informations la plus importante de Schneider :
ses contacts entament des recherches par eux-mêmes et dans leurs cercles de connaissances
afin de trouver des réponses aux requêtes du dentiste.
La seconde partie est consacré au travail archéologique effectué par Schneider de 1927
à 1954. Plus précisément les résultats publiés par Schneider en 1939 dans la monographie
Material zu einer archäologischen Felskunde des Luxemburger Landes sont revus et mis
à jour. Dans cette partie, le contenu des archives épistolaires est utilisé afin de suivre le
raisonnement scientifique de Schneider et afin de déterminer quelles hypothèses de quels
contacts sont intégrées par Schneider dans la monographie. L'influence des correspondants,
surtout des préhistoriens, est clairement déterminée dans cette partie, car Schneider attribue
la totalité des gravures aux temps pré- et protohistoriques. Lui-même qualifie son
travail de synthèse de la Pré- et Protohistoire du Grand-Duché de Luxembourg. Cette
hypothèse de datation est réfutée dans le présent travail. En effet, tenant compte du support
et de la nature des tracés gravés, les gravures figuratives ne datent pas d'au-delà de
l'époque médiévale tardive. La majorité des gravures ont très probablement été réalisées
entre le 19e et le 21e siècle, surtout lors des deux guerres mondiales lorsque les soldats
ennemis et alliés étaient stationnés dans les contrées de la région du Grès de Luxembourg.
Doctorat en Histoire, art et archéologie
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Goossens, Tim. "Nurturing Natural Gas : Conflict and Controversy of Natural Gas Extraction in the Netherlands". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för arkeologi och antik historia, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324195.
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Renault, Ingrid. "Dynamique d'occupation et zones de confins à l'époque antique : la question du territoire carnute". Thesis, Paris 4, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA040250.
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Cette étude s’intéresse aux confins de territoire de la « cité » des Carnutes durant l’Antiquité. L’espace considéréconcerne les confins est (la Beauce) et ouest (le Perche). Cet espace présente la particularité d'avoir fait l'objet derecherches archéologiques anciennes, complétées d’une part par des prospections pédestres sur desagglomérations ou des habitats et d’autre part par des analyses céramologiques. La première et la deuxièmepartie de cette étude sont consacrées à l’historiographie de la recherche et aux méthodes utilisées. Il en résulteune documentation importante présentée dans la troisième partie qui permet de mettre en avant un corpus surlequel se fonde une réflexion sur les confins de territoire. La documentation réunie est une base d’informationssur laquelle on peut construire un raisonnement. Le principal objectif de cette recherche est de réfléchir à lamanière de cerner les dynamiques de peuplement dans un confins de territoire durant l’Antiquité, en essayant decomprendre si on occupe différemment un espace de confins ou non. La quatrième partie présente une synthèsesur le peuplement aux confins des territoires de la cité carnute avec notamment une étude sur la céramiquecarnute comme possible facteur de délimitation d’une civitasThis study aims at examining the borders of Carnutes’ territory in the ancient time, especially at the east andwest sides, that is Beauce and Perche. Archaeological investigations instituted long ago have been completedwith a few archaeological surveys of urban and rural areas, and also with ceramics analysis. A historiographicstudy of the subject composes the first part; the second part aims at setting out the method that has been used tobuild up an important documentation which is presented in a third and main part. This new corpus constitutes thebase of a reflexion on dynamics of settlement and territory’s borders during Antiquity as the main objective ofthis research. That is to try to understand if one takes up the boundaries in the same way as any other place ornot. The fourth part is a synthesis on the borders settlement of the civitas of the Carnutes, including a study oncarnutes’ ceramics as a possible factor of delimitation of a civitas
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Schaepe, David M. "Pre-colonial Sto:lo-Coast Salish community organization : an archaeological study". Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/4498.
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This study integrates settlement and community archaeology in investigating pre-colonial Stó:lō-Coast Salish community organization between 2,550-100 years before present (cal B.P.). Archaeological housepits provide a basic unit of analysis and proxy for households through which community organization manifests in relationships of form and arrangement among housepit settlements in the lower Fraser River Watershed of southwestern British Columbia. This study focuses on spatial and temporal data from 11 housepit settlements (114 housepits) in the upriver portion of the broader study area (mainland Gulf of Georgia Region). These settlements were mapped and tested as part of the Fraser Valley Archaeology Project (2003-2006).
The findings of this study suggest a trajectory of continuity and change in community organization among the Stó:lō-Coast Salish over the 2,500 years preceding European colonization. Shifts between heterarchical and hierarchical forms of social organization, and corporate to network modes of relations represent societal transformations that become expressed by about 550 cal B.P. Transformations of social structure and community organization are manifest as increasing variation in housepit sizes and settlement patterns, and the development of central arrangements in both intra- and inter-settlement patterns. In the Late Period (ca. 550-100 cal. B.P.), the largest and most complex settlements in the region, including the largest housepits, develop on islands and at central places or hubs in the region’s communication system along the Fraser River. These complex sets of household relations within and between settlements represent an expansive form of community organization. Tracing this progression provides insight into the process of change among Stó:lō pithouse communities.
Societal change develops as a shift expressed first at a broad-based collective level between settlements, and then at a more discreet individual level between households. This process speaks to the development of communities formed within a complex political-economic system widely practiced throughout the region. This pattern survived the smallpox epidemic of the late 18th century and was maintained by the Stó:lō up to the Colonial Era. Administration of British assimilation policies (e.g., Indian Legislation) instituted after 1858 effectively disrupted but failed to completely replace deeply rooted expressions of Stó:lō community that developed during preceding millennia.
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Mackie, Quentin. "The archaeology of Fjordland Archipelagos : mobility networks, social practice and the built environment". Thesis, University of Southampton, 1998. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/43756/.
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Investigation of the archaeological record of hunters and gatherers has been frequently concerned with the origins of social complexity. Yet, 'social complexity' is not a straightforward variable, and the category 'complex hunter-gatherer' may create more problems than it solves. Rejection of the category does not, however, eliminate nor account for real variation in the social organisation and archaeological signatures of hunter-gatherers. Archaeological analyses of hunter-gatherer economies have frequently considered time-budgeting constraints associated with the production, storage, and redistribution of surpluses to be central. However, examination of these time constraints show that they are not necessarily a constraint upon the development of social complexity, but are an expression of the relationship between individual humans and their environment. Spatial and temporal constraints are manifested through the individual's body, and are expressed through technology, settlement pattern, and mobility practice. Some spatial approaches in archaeology, such as locational analysis, have focused on the individual monad but few have done so in a manner that adequately expresses the possibilities and constraints of the individual and individual agency. Instead, most analyses have cast the individual as either a simple optimising 'Homo economicus' making rational decisions within a neutral environment, or as subject to a highly normative culture, or both. It is argued in this thesis that reconceptualising the individual as living within a 'habitus' may be conducive to understanding some aspects of the archaeological record. In particular, conceiving of the individual - environment relationship as one of non-Cartesian mutualism leads to an appreciation of the paired importance of the mobile individual in a built environment. From this perspective, a case study from Vancouver Island on the Northwest Coast of North America is introduced. The pmedian model in a Location-Allocation analysis is applied to a network formed by transportation linkages between 238 habitation zones, created by clustering 576 archaeological sites. It is shown that centrality of place within a network matters, as the more central places are also larger sites, but this pattern only occurs at a spatial scale difficult to reconcile with deliberate optimising behaviour. It is therefore concluded that this descriptive spatial geometry is irreconcilable with any plausible underlying generative social geometry based on either normative cultural rules or deliberate optimisation. Recognition that the built environment is an interrupted process rather than a planned, finished product, allows one to avoid imposing the 'fallacy of the rule:' in this case ascribing to the inhabitants of the study area a totalised decisionset for site location and intensity of use based on the location-allocation solution sets. Instead, it is argued that the observed spatial patterning in the case study is better seen as the archaeological signature of long-term, wide-scale, practical activity of individuals within a landscape of habit. The result is the discovery of an important threshold in the spatial scale of the culturallyperceived environment. Discussion follows of the implications of this thesis for the interpretation of social complexity, for the predictive modelling of site location, for the establishment of relevant spatial units of analysis, and for such familiar spatial ecological variables as 'population density,' on the Northwest Coast and elsewhere.
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Scholfield, Jordan Ryan. "Exploring Networks of Interaction at the Iron Age Site of Mtanye, South Western Zimbabwe". Master's thesis, Faculty of Science, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/31815.
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Networks of interaction as well as community formation have been widely researched within Southern Zambezian archaeology of the early second millennium A.D. Despite this, research into these communities is often asymmetrical with objects delegated a passive role in the formation of not only networks of interaction but also socio-material development. Further, research tends to focus on society as the source of action in these processes. Using the site of Mtanye, the aim of this study is to create a relational ontology in which agency is distributed among heterogenous entities. Moreover, this study attempts to demonstrate how networks of interaction might have shaped this community. Mtanye is a Leopard’s Kopje phase 2 site with stratified Transitional K2 (1200-1250 A.D.) and Mapungubwe (1250-1300) deposit. This site has further been placed into the wider conventional narrative as being evidence for the expansion of the Mapungubwe state. In order to recreate the networks of interaction that were present at Mtanye, Actor-Network Theory informed in part by the ethno-historical record was enlisted. The results of this study show that Mtanye has hill occupation, stone walling and access to prestige goods, characteristics conventionally not ascribed to periphery sites. Further, the results of this study suggest that it is more prudent to view the socio-material development of Mtanye, not in terms of the political or economic expansion of a hegemonic power but rather as a product of heterogeneous networks of interaction. This study may further provide a framework for understanding socio-material development and networks of interaction during the early second millennium A.D. in Southern Zambezia.
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Baker, Catherine K. "Roman Imperialism and Latin Colonization in the Central Apennines: Networks of Interaction and Exchange". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1552656991727309.
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Eddatson, Linda. "Conditions of emergence and existence of archaeology in the 19th century : the Royal Archaeological Institute, 1843-1914". Thesis, Durham University, 1999. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/4585/.
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Traditional histories of archaeology have left lacunae in understanding of both the discipline and elements within it. Using the Royal Archaeological Institute and its product, the Archaeological Journal, as a pattern site for research the archaeological paradigm is applied to history rather than vice-versa. After a short explanation of method the published membership of the Institute between 1845 and 1942 is analysed in terms of geographical distribution, social composition and occupational interest. In the process the dynamics of a will to discourse are revealed in conjunction with the areas of discourse which were problematic. The text of the Journal (1843-1914) is then analysed on the basis of format, citations, terminology, tropes and objects of discussion in order to identify any 'statements', in the Foucauldian sense, which constitute the objects of discourse. Three major phases emerge. These are characterised at one level by similarities and differences in social and cognitive topography. At another level the conditions of existence and emergence revealed in the study suggest that archaeology itself is a characteristic of the Modem episteme, intimately linked in its successive modes of exploration and interpretation of the past with the Enlightenment project and the nation state.
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Horne, Tom. "The most praiseworthy journey : Scandinavian market networks in the Viking Age". Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2014. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/5255/.
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Between AD c.860 and c.970, hundreds of thousands of silver coins (dirhams) from Central Asia reached Scandinavia, where evidence suggests adoption within market environments as commodity-money within a hacksilver currency. Although several hundred dirhams are found in hoards and as single-finds in Britain and Ireland, the extension of this ‘economic’ phenomenon here is rarely discussed due to a focus on social exchange. This bias comes from a failure to incorporate market-based network theory developed in recent Scandinavian Baltic studies on the back of that region’s dirham influx, and the excavation there of market sites like Birka, Hedeby, and Kaupang probably responsible for their further dissemination. Considered for the first time, then, this study allows an Insular dirham dataset assembled in a new database to be interpreted beyond the restrictive corpus of Viking-Age Insular exchange literature. The Baltic perspectives, centred on the nodal network role of hub markets like Hedeby in Jutland, offer the best model of how long-distance exchange operated in the period c.850-950. Accordingly, the nodal Insular Scandinavian import and export sites of Dublin and York are contextualised within the distribution of Insular dirham deposits to characterise the economic and social context of this network. Beyond the dirhams, this ‘Silver Route’ network is considered responsible for the bi-directional trade of high-value commodities between Insular Scandinavia, England, and the Baltic. Thus, a new non-numismatic database includes pieces considered to have arrived in Britain and Ireland in concert with the dirhams. This database – included in a CD alongside the dirham data – includes metrological equipment, jewellery, amber, silk, and silver of Scandinavian Baltic, Eastern European, and Central Asian origin. Like the numismatic material, the non-numismatic data support a model of network kingdoms, defined as polities based on control of nodal/hub markets and influence over the trade routes connecting them, with the latter aspect requiring royal co-operation with independent long-distance and regional traders. From this point of departure, a case is made for Ívarr and the Uí Ímair using control of Dublin and York to introduce an import and currency package to Britain and Ireland from a possible homeland in a ‘Danish Corridor’ focussed on Kaupang and Hedeby. This idea of market-centric polities is alloyed by the use of post-substantivist economic theory, which argues that nodal-market sites encouraged the social and exchange conditions where market economics and production could flourish. While it is accepted that socially-embedded exchange dominated Viking-Age Scandinavia, post-substantivism allows for the increasing import of market exchange, and it is applied to Insular Scandinavia for the first time here.
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West, Kim. "The Exhibitionary Complex : Exhibition, Apparatus, and Media from Kulturhuset to the Centre Pompidou, 1963–1977". Doctoral thesis, Södertörns högskola, Estetik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-32143.
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This dissertation traces the history of a diagram. The diagram shows four circles of gradually diminishing sizes, lodged one inside the other, like the layers of a circular or spherical body. For a group of artists, curators, architects, and activists centered around Moderna Museet in Stockholm between the mid-1960s and the mid-1970s, the diagram represented a new type of museum: a museological Information Center modeled on the computer, operating as a site for radically democratic social experiments. The four layers stood for different functions: information capture, processing, interface, storage; or, put differently: social spaces and media resources, workshop floors, exhibition facilities, collection. Through close readings of a series of exhibitions and institutional projects in Sweden, the US, and France, this dissertation follows the development of this diagram: its prehistory and formulation, its different implementations, and its direct and indirect effects. It studies Moderna Museet’s original, unrealized project for Kulturhuset in Stockholm, according to which the museum should project its dynamic energies across the city center, serving as a “catalyst for the active forces in society”. It discusses the museum’s confrontation with digital technologies in the late 1960s, through pioneering museological organizations such as the Museum Computer Network in New York. It analyzes the exhibition formats developed in correspondence with the notion of the museum as a “vast experimental laboratory” and a “broadcasting station”: the exhibition as critical information pattern, as tele-commune. And it studies the diagram’s afterlife as one of the models informing the Centre Pompidou in Paris, during that project’s early phases. The Exhibitionary Complex reads these endeavors and visions as attempts to devise a critical understanding of the exhibitionary apparatus in relation to new information environments and media systems. It sheds light on a largely forgotten aspect of the exhibitionary, museological, and cultural history of the late twentieth century, in Sweden and internationally. But it also seeks to establish new models for grasping the exhibition’s singularity and potentials as a cultural and media technological form, in relation to the emergence of new information networks, as they exert increasing control over social, cultural, and political existence.Space, Power, Ideology
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Worth, David. "Gas and grain : the conservation of networked industrial landscapes". Doctoral thesis, University of Cape Town, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28270.
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This thesis examines the networked industrial landscapes of Cape Town's nineteenth century gas supply industry, and South Africa's twentieth century grain elevator system. The thesis takes the view that, although created in very differing circumstances, both networks were explicitly constructed with the purpose of social and economic development, albeit for narrowly defined constituencies. In both cases, important component sites of these networks came to the end of their working lives during the course of this research. The Woodstock gas works has since been demolished, and the Cape Town grain elevator stands derelict. The principle question of this thesis asks whether the networks of which these sites formed an integral part, can be conserved with the purpose of future social and economic development within the broad framework of Agenda 21. Working within a methodological framework informed by the Kerr's Conservation Plan work, research was conducted which would provide a thorough understanding of the networks, allowing for an assessment of cultural significance, an awareness of issues that might affect that significance, and the formulation of policies for retention. Extensive desk-based study, archival research, and fieldwork was carried out at the Woodstock gas works, the Cape Town grain elevator, and the surviving country grain elevators that comprise the respective networks. Both the key sites were recorded during their final days of operation, with a detailed site inventory being created for the Cape Town grain elevator, together with an inventory of sites for the country elevators. It was found that the attitude to industrial heritage is changing rapidly, but that it is heavily influenced by aesthetic and economic considerations. The Woodstock gas works was demolished, and the site cleared, with very little active consideration being given to its conservation. By way of contrast, the Cape Town grain elevator, now derelict, has been the subject of a draft Conservation Plan, albeit one prepared without public participation. The process has stalled as the developer attempts to reconcile aesthetic and economic drivers with a publicly held commitment to the conservation, and marketing, of 'heritage'. The thesis concludes by proposing a new approach to dealing with networked industrial landscapes. It suggests that the surviving country elevators can not only be put to good use for the purpose of sustainable development in terms of Agenda 21, but that the network which historically links them to the Cape Town elevator could itself be re-established in the cause of social transformation.
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Koons, Michele Lorraine. "Moche Geopolitical Networks and the Dynamic Role of Licapa II, Chicama Valley, Peru". Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10539.
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This dissertation examines Moche (A.D. 300-900) sociopolitical organization in northern Peru at the previously unexplored site of Licapa II, a mid-sized ceremonial center in the Chicama Valley. Moche’s distinct archaeological signatures, chiefly, ceramics and architecture, have long been seen as emblematic of an ethnic and political reality and defined as evidence for the first South American state although recent scholarship has begun to view Moche as a more complex mosaic of interacting settlements across a landscape. My research at Licapa II is the first study of a site of its size and kind, thus constituting a novel contribution to the paradigm shift in Moche research. My excavations, surface collections, and geophysical surveys contributed to understanding the nature of the site and the activities performed there. Licapa II consists of two pyramids (huacas), a canal, and other buildings. I show that the two major structures, Huaca A and Huaca B, are characterized by different material culture, are different in form, and date to different time periods. Huaca A has local ceramics and was mainly used before A.D. 600. Huaca B has Moche IV and V style ceramics and was in use after A.D. 600. Based on my evaluation of radiocarbon dates, the changes in buildings and ceramics seen at Licapa II around A.D. 600 also occurred throughout the Moche world and included the adoption of Moche IV ceramics and soon after, in some places, Moche V. I also show that the Moche V style likely originated in the northern Chicama Valley and spread from there circa A.D. 650. I also argue that political organization in Moche times may have been similar to colonial era organization, based on nested moieties organized around the irrigation system. Overall, in this dissertation I demonstrate that Licapa II was an independent center intimately connected to a dynamic landscape of interconnected nodes in an ever- changing and complex network of sites. Simplistic models based on the concept of large Moche states thus should be discarded.Anthropology
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Kusserow, Max. "Mer än bara mynt : En nätverksanalys av bysantinska silvermynt från 900- och 1000-tal". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Arkeologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-395593.
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In the mid-10th century there was an increase of Byzantine coins to the Baltic area alongside the shift from the eastern Islamic dirhems to a western focus on German coins. This thesis sets out to study networks around the Baltic area from a perspective of Byzantine miliaresion minted by Constantine VII and Romanus II, Nicephorus II, John I Tzimisces and Basil II. The material consists of coin finds in foremostly hoards but also some grave finds from Gotland, mainland Sweden, Denmark, Poland, Belarus, Estonia and Finland. This essay will combine the use of two different methods, first a network analysis in Pajek and then a spatial analysis in GIS. With these two methods I want to investigate what the Byzantine coins can tell us about the transition period between the import of Islamic coins and German coins. Together with the Byzantine coins I will use other materials from Gotland such as shorttwig and longbranch runes, a type of metal vessel found in graves and a type of clay vessel with a special mark on the bottom. They will highlight different aspects of the Viking age networks, with a focus on Gotland. The result showes that the import of Byzantine silver coins into the Baltic in the 10th century consists of two phases. The first phase consists of miliaresia minted by Constantine VII and Romanus II, Nicephorus II and John I Tzimisces which were probably imported through Poland. On their way through Poland they mixed with early southern German coins from Bayern and Schwaben on their way to Denmark and Gotland. With the second phase the eastern coin import temporarily gets an upswing. The coins minted by Basil II are more commonly found on Gotland and in Estonia which lead me to conclude that these could have been imported by Gotlandic individuals on their travels east.
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Carpenter, J. R. "Writing coastlines : locating narrative resonance in transatlantic communications networks". Thesis, University of the Arts London, 2015. http://ualresearchonline.arts.ac.uk/7825/.
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The term ‘writing coastlines’ implies a double meaning. The word ‘writing’ refers both to the act of writing and to that which is written. The act of writing translates aural, physical, mental and digital processes into marks, actions, utterances, and speech-acts. The intelligibility of that which is written is intertwined with both the context of its production and of its consumption. The term ‘writing coastlines’ may refer to writing about coastlines, but the coastlines themselves are also writing in so far as they are translating physical processes into marks and actions. Coastlines are the shifting terrains where land and water meet, always neither land nor water and always both. The physical processes enacted by waves and winds may result in marks and actions associated with both erosion and accretion. Writing coastlines are edges, ledges, legible lines caught in the double bind of simultaneously writing and erasing. These in-between places are liminal spaces – points of both departure and arrival, and sites of exchange. One coastline implies another, implores a far shore. The dialogue implied by this entreaty intrigues me. The coastlines of the United Kingdom and those of Atlantic Canada are separated by three and a half thousand kilometres of ocean. Yet for centuries, fishers, sailors, explorers, migrants, emigrants, merchants, messengers, messages, packets, ships, submarine cables, aeroplanes, satellite signals and wireless radio waves have attempted to bridge this distance. These comings and goings have left traces. Generations of transatlantic migrations have engendered networks of communications. As narratives of place and displacement travel across, beyond, and through these networks, they become informed by the networks’ structures and inflected with the syntax and grammar of the networks’ code languages. Writing coastlines interrogates this in-between space with a series of questions: When does leaving end and arriving begin? When does the emigrant become the immigrant? What happens between call and response? What narratives resonate in the spaces between places separated by time, distance, and ocean yet inextricably linked by generations of immigration? This thesis takes an overtly interdisciplinary approach to answering these questions. This practice-led research refers to and infers from the corpora and associated histories, institutions, theoretical frameworks, modes of production, venues, and audiences of the visual, media, performance, and literary arts, as well as from the traditionally more scientific realms of cartography, navigation, network archaeology, and creative computing. Writing Coastlines navigates the emerging and occasionally diverging theoretical terrains of electronic literature, locative narrative, media archaeology, and networked art through the methodology of performance writing pioneered at Dartington College of Art (Bergvall 1996, Hall 2008). Central to this methodology is an iterative approach to writing, which interrogates the performance of writing in and across contexts toward an extended compositional process. Writing Coastlines will contribute to a theoretical framework and methodology for the creation and dissemination of networked narrative structures for stories of place and displacement that resonate between sites, confusing and confounding boundaries between physical and digital, code and narrative, past and future, home and away. Writing Coastlines will contribute to the creation of a new narrative context from which to examine a multi-site-specific place-based identity by extending the performance writing methodology to incorporate digital literature and locative narrative practices, by producing and publicly presenting a significant body of creative and critical work, and by developing a mode of critical writing which intertwines practice with theory.
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Forward, Alice. "The ceramic evidence for economic life and networks from the 12th to 17th Century Settlement Sites in South Glamorgan". Thesis, Cardiff University, 2013. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/56805/.
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Heilen, Michael Peter. "An Archaeological Theory of Landscapes". Diss., Tucson, Arizona : University of Arizona, 2005. http://etd.library.arizona.edu/etd/GetFileServlet?file=file:///data1/pdf/etd/azu%5Fetd%5F1242%5F1%5Fm.pdf&type=application/pdf.
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Bohingamuwa, Wijerathne. "Sri Lanka and the Indian Ocean contacts : internal networks and external connections". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:0a4d5520-7bcb-458a-8935-83a131cedb95.
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This study reconceptualises Sri Lanka's external trade and interactions from the middle of the first millennium BC to the early second millennium AD. Unlike earlier analyses, mine draws on the excavated material culture from three port-cum-urban centres - Mantai, Kantharodai and Kirinda - which were linked to major urban complexes, interior resource bases and Indian Ocean maritime networks. The scale and intensity of their external trade and connectivity, crafts and industries varied greatly over time and location. My findings illustrate Sri Lanka's earliest cultural-commercial connections with India from the middle of the first millennium BC. By the beginning of the CE, islanders were trading with the Middle East and the Mediterranean in the west and Southeast Asia and China in the east. The Middle East was a particularly strong connection from about the mid-3rd century. Materials from Southeast Asia and China arrive by the late 7th/8th centuries, with the focus of external trade shifting away from the Middle East to the Far-East around the end of the 10th century, lasting until the 12th/13th centuries and beyond. My findings demonstrate that internal developments in irrigated agriculture, iron technology, crafts, industries and procurement-distribution networks were crucial for external trade and connectivity. Contrary to the traditional view, I identify local agency as an important driving force behind both internal and external trade in ancient Sri Lanka. The island's external connectivity did not depend on a single factor but was based on specific historical realities which were constantly redefined and reformulated in response to the changing dynamics within and outside Sri Lanka.
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Motz, Christopher F. "The Knowledge Networks of Workshop Construction in the Roman World". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1617107290345316.
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ABELL, NATALIE D. "The Role of Malta in Prehistoric Mediterranean Exchange Networks". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1201462840.
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Vadillo, Veronica Walker. "The fluvial cultural landscape of Angkor". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:20b045c4-3e2e-4f61-99b2-5fcd904e3cdb.
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The development of the medieval city of Angkor (802-1431 CE) in the floodplains of the Tonle Sap Lake has lead researchers to believe that Angkor made use of its extensive river network; however, little attention has been given to Angkor's relationship with its watery environment. Previous studies have presented a fragmentary view of the subject by analyzing different components in a compartmentalized way, placing the focus on nautical technology or neglecting discussion on water transport in academic works on land transport. This work aims to provide a more comprehensive study on Angkor's specific cognitive and functional traits that could be construed as a distinctive form of fluvial and cultural landscape. This is done by examining the environment, nautical technology, and the cultural biography of boats within the theoretical framework of the maritime cultural landscape and using a cross-disciplinary approach that integrates data from archaeology, iconography, history, ethnography, and environmental studies. A new topological map of Angkor's landscape of communication and transport is presented, as well as new insights on the use of boats as liminal agents for economic and political activities.
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Microys, Rion Renee. "Trade Networks and Artifact Analysis: A Comparison of Elite Households 1780-1810". W&M ScholarWorks, 1994. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539625867.
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Käck, Jenny. "Samlingsboplatser? : En diskussion om människors möten i norr 7000 f Kr - Kr f med särskild utgångspunkt i data från Ställverksboplatsen vid Nämforsen". Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Institutionen för idé- och samhällsstudier, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-18750.
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This thesis deals with meetings between peoples during prehistoric times in the northern part of Norrland, Sweden. Particular attention is paid to the possible occurrence of more temporary meetings between people in larger groups at aggregation camps during the period ca 7000 – 0 BC. The study has had the aim of increasing our understanding of how peoples’ meetings and contact networks may have been framed. Thirteen sites that previous research has interpreted to be aggregation camps within our field of study have been analysed and interpreted. These are: Jokkmokk, Purkijaur, Nelkerim, Porsi, Lundfors, Norrfors, Överveda, Rappasundet, Hälla, Lillberget, Glösa, Sörånäset and Ställverksboplatsen (the Ställverket site). The Ställverket site at Näsåker (Nämforsen) has been the object of particular study. It has also been viewed in a broader context by analysis and interpretation of other ancient remains in the neighbouring area. I have argued that some interpretations arrived at in earlier research are problematical and that none of the thirteen sites can be said with certainty to have been an aggregation camp. Thus aggregation camps seem not usually to have been a part of the contact network in the area of study. Instead of using aggregation camps as meeting-places, the people involved seem, at certain times and places, to have maintained contact with each other by means of meetings at the base camps, notably the winter sites. These sites seem to have been rather sedentary and are positioned at fairly even distances from one another. I call this model the base camp model. Some grounds for applying the base camp model seem to exist at certain places in the inland region from the end of the Mesolithic era up to 0 BC. After that contact networks seem to change. In the coastal district it seems possible to apply it to some places from the transition between the Mesolithic – Neolithic Age up to about 2500 BC. Thereafter the picture is unclear. The study does also emphasise however that more in-depth studies are needed to strengthen the viability of the base camp model’s applicability, that there are still big gaps in the material and that much work still remains to be done in order to solve the problems of how aggregation camps can best be defined and how they can be identified archaeologically.
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Briend, Simon. "Inference of the past of random structures and other random problems". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASM013.
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Cette thèse est décomposée en trois parties disjointes. Les deux premières parties se concentrent sur des modèles de graphes aléatoires croissants de manière dynamique. Dans la première partie, nous inférons des informations sur le passé d'un graphe à partir d'une unique observation dudit graphe. Nous commençons par le problème de la recherche de racine, où l'objectif est de trouver un ensemble de confiance pour la racine. Nous proposons une méthode pour les L-dags uniformes et analysons ses performances. À notre connaissance, il s'agit de la première méthode réalisant une archéologie du graphe dans des graphes généraux. Nous étendons ensuite naturellement la question de la recherche de racine à celle de la sériation. Étant donné un instantané d'un graphe, est-il possible de récupérer son ordre complet ? Nous présentons une méthode et une garantie statistique sur sa qualité dans le cas des arbres récursifs uniformes et des arbres d'attachement préférentiel linéaire. Pour conclure la section sur l'archéologie de graphe, nous étudions un problème de broadcasting, où l'on ne tente pas de retrouver la racine du graphe mais son état. Dans de tels problèmes, la racine se voit attribuer un bit, qui est ensuite propagé de manière bruité lors de la croissance du réseau. Dans les L-dags, nous étudions un vote par majorité pour estimer le bit de la racine et identifions trois régimes, dépendants du niveau de bruit. Dans la deuxième partie, nous étudions l'arbre d'amitié aléatoire, qui est un modèle d'arbre récursif aléatoire avec redirection complète. Dans ce modèle apparaît un phénomène de rich-get-richer, mais à la différence du modèle d'attachement préférentiel celui ci découle d'un processus d'attachement local. Nous prouvons des conjectures sur la distribution des degrés, le diamètre et la structure locale. Enfin, nous plongeons dans le monde de l'apprentissage automatique théorique et de l'analyse de données. Nous étudions une approximation aléatoire de la profondeur de Tukey. La profondeur de Tukey est un outil puissant pour la visualisation des données et peut être considérée comme une extension des quantiles en dimension plus élevée (ils coïncident en dimension 1). Son calcul exact est NP-difficile, et nous étudions les performances d'une approximation aléatoire dans le cas de données échantillonnées à partir d'une distribution log-concaveThis thesis is decomposed in three disjoint parts. The first two parts delve into dynamically growing networks. In the first part, we infer information about the past from a snapshot of the graph. We start by the problem of root finding, where the goal is to find confidence set for the root. We propose a method for uniform L-dags and analyse its performance. It is, to the best of our knowledge, the first method achieving network archaeology in general graphs. Then, we naturally extend the question of root finding to the one of seriation. Given a snapshot of a graph, is it possible to retrieve its whole ordering? We present a method and statistical guarantee of its quality in the case of uniform random recursive trees and linear preferential attachment tree. To conclude the network archaeology section, we study the root bit finding problem, where one does not try to infer the position of the root but its state. In such problems, the root is assigned a bit and is then propagated through a noisy channel during network growth. In the L-dag, we study majority voting to infer the bit of the root and we identify three different regimes depending on the noise level. In the second part of this thesis, we study the so called friendship tree, which is a random recursive tree model with complete redirection. This model display emerging properties, but unlike in the preferential attachment model they stem from a local attachment rule. We prove conjectures about degree distribution, diameter and local structure. Finally, we delve into the world of theoretical machine learning and data analysis. We study a random approximation of the Tukey depth. The Tukey depth is a powerful tool for data visualization and can be thought of as an extension of quantiles in higher dimension (they coincide in dimension 1). Its exact computation is NP-hard, and we study the performances of a classical random approximation in the case of data sets sampled from log-concave distribution
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Plutniak, Sébastien. "L’opération archéologique. Sociologie historique d’une discipline aux prises avec l’automatique et les mathématiques. France, Espagne, Italie, 2e moitié du XXe siècle". Thesis, Paris, EHESS, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017EHES0045.
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La seconde moitié du XXe siècle donna lieu à un accroissement des tentatives de redéfinir en termes opérationnels divers domaines de l'activité sociale tant scientifique, militaire, administratif ou industriel. Ces tentatives tirèrent parti des innovations scientifiques et techniques de la Deuxième Guerre mondiale, puis de la généralisation de l'automatique. Cette thèse en propose une sociologie historique, menée à partir du cas particulier de l’archéologie. Ce domaine scientifique fait alors l’objet d’efforts accrus de disciplinarisation et de professionnalisation. C’est également le cas des mathématiques appliquées puis de l’informatique : cette étude porte précisément sur les rapports établis à l’intersection de ces trois domaines. En France, au cours des années 1950 et 1960, les innovations méthodologiques et conceptuelles y ont été particulièrement importantes. Pourtant, par la suite, leur réception s’est révélée relativement mineure. En archéologie, les innovations relatives aux mathématiques appliquées, à la formalisation du langage et à l’automatique n’ont pas donné lieu au développement d’une spécialité fondée sur le calcul. Cette situation contraste avec celle d’autres disciplines ou d’autres pays, et ceci alors même que les redéfinitions théoriques et méthodologiques de la « New Archaeology » anglophone se diffusaient à l’échelle internationale. La thèse explore les cas de trois entreprises collectives, menées respectivement autour de Georges Laplace, Jean-Claude Gardin et Jean Lesage, entre France, Espagne et Italie. Ces cas sont complétés par ceux d’un ensemble d’acteurs ayant été à la fois ingénieurs et archéologues. D’un point de vue général, cette étude porte sur les statuts cognitifs et sociaux des contributions méthodologiques dans l’activité scientifique. Trois modèles de relations entre spécialistes d’un domaine scientifique et spécialistes des sciences formelles sont identifiés et décrits. Les transformations entraînées par l’introduction des mathématiques et de l’automatique dans la division du travail et la distribution des formes de reconnaissance sont analysées. La réception de ces propositions méthodologiques est discutée à l’aune de différents facteurs et modèles de l’innovation scientifique. Ce sont, au final, des éclairages nouveaux sur le développement de l’archéologie de sauvetage puis préventive et sur la genèse des recours aux technologies « numériques » en sciences de l'homme qui sont proposés.L’analyse tire parti de 82 entretiens, 23 fonds d’archives et de plusieurs jeux de données bibliométriques (pré-existants ou constitués pour cette étude). En écho aux travaux pris pour objets, cette thèse entend également être une proposition et une illustration d’un usage possible de la formalisation et de l’informatique en sciences sociales. Fondées sur l’emploi d’un wiki et les principes de la programmation lettrée et de la reproductibilité des analyses, les architectures documentaire et démonstrative de cette étude font elles-mêmes l’objet d’une analyseDuring the second half of the 20th century, attempts were made to operationally redefine various social activities, including those related to science, the military, administration and industry. These attempts were aided by scientific and technical innovations developed in the Second World War, and subsequently by the increase in use of automation in various domains. This Ph.D. thesis addresses these attempts from a sociohistorical perspective, focusing on the specific case of archaeology. During this period, the domain of archaeology underwent a process of disciplinarisation and professionalisation. The same occurred in applied mathematics and then computer science: this thesis focuses on the relationships between these three domains. In France, during the 1950's and 1960's, there were significant methodological and conceptual innovations. Their subsequent scientific recognition, was, however, relatively minor. In archaeology, innovations related to applied mathematics and automatics did not lead to the emergence of an archaeological speciality based on computation. This situation was in striking contrast to what happened in other scientific domains and in archaeology in other countries, where new theoretical and methodological Anglophone definitions in ‘New Archaeology’ were spreading worldwide.This thesis explores three collective attempts to redefine the conceptual and methodological basis of archaeology, led by Georges Laplace, Jean-Claude Gardin and Jean Lesage, across France, Spain and Italy. These cases are completed by other people who had significant careers in both engineering and archaeology. In general, this thesis studies a scientific activity by investigating the cognitive and social aspects of peoples’ methodological contributions. Three models of the relationships between experts in a scientific domain and experts in an applied science (here mathematics and computing) are empirically identified and described. The effects of introducing mathematical and automation procedures on the division of labour and the distribution of recognition are analysed. The success or failure of the methodological propositions are discussed with reference to several factors and models of scientific innovation. This thesis generates new information on the development of rescue and preventive archaeology and on the use of digital technologies in human sciences.The analysis draws on 82 interviews, 23 archives and several bibliometric datasets (extracted from pre-existing databases or constructed for the purpose of this research). Mirroring the archaeological propositions under study, this research also intends to illustrate the possible use of computing and formalised procedures in social sciences. The documentation and demonstrative principles underlying this work, implemented by using Wiki, the methods of literate programming and reproducible research, are themselves analysed
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Thornton, Amara Alexandra. "British archaeologists, social networks and the emergence of a profession : the social history of British archaeology in the Eastern Mediterranean and Middle East 1870-1939". Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2011. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1318140/.
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My research into the history of archaeology centres on the lives and social networks of five British archaeologists: George and Agnes Horsfield, John and Molly Crowfoot and John Garstang, and explores various themes in the development of archaeology from 1870-1939. These themes include the education of archaeologists, the development of archaeological training institutions, and the institutionalisation of archaeology at university level; the relationship between archaeology and architecture/architects in the development of departments of antiquities in the unofficial British empire; the relationship between archaeologists, art historians and artists; fundraising and patronage, and networks in the history of archaeology. Exposing the facets of the connections between archaeologists, politicians and practitioners of various disciplines broadens our understanding of how archaeological knowledge was collected. It illuminates the social historical context to archaeological work conducted by Britons abroad, specifically those archaeologists working in Egypt, the Sudan, Palestine and Transjordan. It also highlights the differences and similarities between men and women in archaeology. Using broad categories to map and highlight different kinds of connections between people, places and organisations, I examine the development of archaeology as a discipline, including a wide variety of practitioners often overlooked in traditional histories of archaeology. These connections have their roots in the social and political history of Britain and the British Empire, the context of a large proportion of late 19th and early 20th century archaeology. This research proposes that, as archaeological work, unlike many other scholarly activities, was conducted with the permission, aid and/or oversight of government officials, politicians, military officers, patrons, art historians, architects and artists - they all contributed to the development of archaeological methods and practice. The history of archaeology should reflect the complex network of organisations, transactions and personal relationships which make up the reality of archaeological work, while illuminating the historical, political and economic context in which such work took place.
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Mckendry, Erin Marie. "Interpreting Bronze Age Exchange in Sicily through Trace Element Characterization of Ceramics Utilizing Portable X-Ray Fluorescence (pXRF)". Scholar Commons, 2015. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5535.
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Throughout history and prehistory, Sicily has played a key role for maritime trade in the Mediterranean. Interactions with Sicily are attested to in research for various societies throughout the Mediterranean as early as the Neolithic. However, much of this research paints Sicilian societies as passive, focusing primarily on external groups of people in a given period and their influence on the island. By ignoring the importance of the indigenous population, current research lacks a balanced approach to investigations and subsequent conclusions. This is most evident in literature pertaining to Mycenaean interactions with Sicily during the Bronze Age. Ceramic evidence and archaeometric studies can be used to reveal the impetus and scope of these interactions.
This research addresses the nature of exchange in Bronze Age Sicily prior to Mycenaean influence. In addition, my research addresses apprehensions regarding the precision of portable X-ray fluorescence (pXRF) analysis on archaeological ceramics. Samples of Bronze Age ceramics from eight archaeological sites in southern Sicily were analyzed using non-destructive pXRF spectrometry. Multiple single spot and multi-spot analyses were conducted to assess the precision of the device and the non-destructive application of the technology on potentially heterogeneous materials. Findings show no significant difference in trace element composition levels with either method. Regional signatures of ceramic trace element compositions may be developed and used to assess existing exchange patterns in Bronze Age Sicily. Comparison of ceramic exchange patterns between the Early and Middle Bronze Age suggests that Sicilian populations had a strong local identity and were noticeably inter-connected prior to Aegean influence.
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Cloke, Christian F. "The Landscape of the Lion: Economies of Religion and Politics in the Nemean Countryside (800 B.C. to A.D. 700)". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1455208969.
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Zimmet, Sarah Helen. "To and from Places Beyond: Examining Low-Fired Coarse Earthenwares and Informal Trade Networks among Enslaved Bermudians in the 18th and 19th Centuries". W&M ScholarWorks, 2012. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539626686.
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Woodruff, Patrick T. "Etruscan Trade Networks: Understanding the Significance of Imported Materials at Remote Etruscan Settlements through Trace Element Analysis Using Non-Destructive X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry". Scholar Commons, 2014. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/5439.
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The Etruscan civilization was rich in local and interregional trade. Its exchange networks were vital in establishing relationships with other societies, importing exotic materials and goods, as well as disseminating and assimilating information. However, there is little understanding of the participation of smaller inland settlements in the act of exchange. This research answers questions pertaining to the purpose of trade within these self-sustaining communities, the reliability of identifying geographic locations of the clay used in ancient ceramics through the use of non-destructive X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry without sampling current regional clay sources, and the materiality of the ceramics being exchanged in order to establish major forms of production for each settlement. The analyses of trace elements contained within the ceramic materials previously excavated from two remote Etruscan sites (La Piana and Cetamura) can provide a greater understanding of both the trade practices of the Etruscan culture and the reliability of the sourcing methods.
Over 100 ceramics ranging from storage containers, bricks and roofing tiles, amphorae, loom weights, and tableware (including red and black gloss) from Cetamura and La Piana were selected to represent a sample base for local and non-local crafted ceramics. The artifacts were analyzed non-destructively using a Bruker Tracer III-SD portable X-ray fluorescence spectrometer (pXRF), which has been shown to be highly successful in other archaeological studies. Six trace elements (rubidium, strontium, yttrium, zirconium, niobium and thorium) of each artifact were recorded and analyzed using principal component analysis to create a comparable data set. The results confirm that while these Etruscan settlements were self-sustaining, they were still participating in long-distance exchanges.
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Abell, Natalie D. "Reconsidering a Cultural Crossroads: A Diachronic Analysis of Ceramic Production, Consumption, and Exchange Patterns at Bronze Age Ayia Irini, Kea, Greece". University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1396531428.
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Flammer, Patrik Guido. "Molecular archaeoparasitology as a novel tool for the study of trading and migration networks through history". Thesis, University of Oxford, 2014. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:642b62a8-431f-47b9-91ae-05339324cfd4.
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This project represents the first comprehensive study applying molecular and genetic methods to study historical contexts such as migration and trade based on human parasites. Using specially developed techniques, the study focused on parasites with minor symptoms which allowed the infected person to go about their daily business. The combination of state of the art techniques in archaeology, molecular methods and phylogenetic analysis enabled us to develop a novel powerful tool to study historic events. Diseases have a considerable impact on societies. Various publications indicate that human intestinal parasites are commonly found in a variety of archaeological contexts, including latrines, graves and mummies. These parasites can be detected by microscopy which focuses the work on samples which do close association to humans; widespread prevalence and the possibility for reliable microscopic diagnostics suggest that these parasites are an attractive study system for human activities. Infectious diseases have a much short generation time which offers greater opportunity to track historical events at higher resolution. Looking at a range of human parasites, their different life-cycles allowed insight into various aspects of human culture, comparing different origins of the samples allows an estimation of the epidemiological burden of ancient populations. Application of a parallel sequencing approach (MiSeq) enabled building a comprehensive database of sequences from various archaeological sites dating as far back as 3630 BCE. Indepth phylogenetic analysis reveals patterns in the genetic signatures of both coding and non-coding genetic regions, taking various levels of selective pressure into account. This project has produced the oldest pathogen sequence and the most comprehensive database of ancient pathogen sequences.
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Chevalier, Solène. "La mer vue de la terre : la côte tyrrhénienne orientale (1600-500 av.n.è.)". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEP054.
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La côte tyrrhénienne orientale occupe une place centrale dans les dynamiques d’échanges méditerranéennes. Entre 1600 et 500 av. n. è. environ, elle est occupée par des communautés solidement structurées culturellement, parmi lesquelles les Étrusques, les populations latines, les Grecs d’Occident et les communautés italiques. L’adoption d’une chronologie étendue, qui court sur plus d’un millénaire, vise à mettre en lumière les phénomènes de continuité et de ruptures dans les réseaux de communication et dans les processus d’implantation en milieu littoral. En effet, cette étude entend détailler les processus à l’œuvre dans la construction de l’espace côtier tyrrhénien, en s’attachant aux notions de choix, d’attrait, de rejet ou d’indifférence qui ont joué dans les dynamiques d’implantation sur le littoral. En établissant des schémas de référence et en étudiant la matérialité des implantations côtières, cette analyse propose donc une synthèse inédite sur les processus qui ont amené à l’occupation du littoral dès l’âge du Bronze moyen, à la mise en valeur des ressources naturelles côtières et à la création de réseaux de communication complexes, maritimes, terrestres et fluviaux. Cette étude est motivée par le fait que le littoral tyrrhénien oriental, constamment évoqué dans les travaux antérieurs, n’a jamais été étudié pour ce qu’il représente, c’est-à-dire un espace d’interface entre le domaine marin et l’espace terrestre. L’exemple le plus frappant est celui des ports préromains, qui forment les points nodaux où les réseaux maritimes entrent en contact avec les structures territoriales terrestres, et qui n’ont fait l’objet que de rares études. Ce désintérêt pour les conditions concrètes des échanges maritimes amène une véritable méconnaissance de ces points de relâche, pourtant au cœur des trafics tyrrhéniens archaïques. En appréhendant la construction de l’espace littoral tyrrhénien par le biais des réseaux qui structurent les systèmes côtiers péninsulaires et insulaires, plusieurs caractéristiques émergent, parmi lesquelles la difficulté rencontrée dans les études passées pour corréler une vision maritime et une vision terrestre des interactions. Il ressort de cette nouvelle analyse que le littoral est essentiellement tourné vers la terre, situé au cœur des relations entre des systèmes locaux et régionaux. L’arrière-plan de l’étude du littoral tyrrhénien oriental est donc prioritairement terrien et non maritime, puisque les activités côtières émanent de systèmes terrestres et que les espaces portuaires forment les débouchés maritimes de tout un arrière-pays. En se situant dans la lignée des travaux réalisés ces quarante dernières années, qui ont permis à une véritable archéologie du paysage de se développer, cette thèse adopte donc un prisme nouveau qui, sans contredire les assertions passées, modifie l’appréhension traditionnelle du littoralThe Eastern Tyrrhenian coast held a central position in Mediterranean trade dynamics. Between circa 1600 and 500 BC, this territory was inhabited by culturally well-defined communities, namely the Etruscans, Latin and Italic populations, and Western Greeks. In adopting a broad chronological framework covering over a millennium, this thesis aims to shed light on continuity and interruption phenomena within communication networks as well as in coastal settlement processes. These latter mechanisms are indeed perceptible through notions of appeal, rejection and indifference that weighed in occupation choices of the Tyrrhenian littoral. By establishing reference templates and studying the materiality of coastal dwellings, this analysis offers an innovative synthesis of regional settlement dynamics as early as the Middle Bronze Age, with a particular emphasis on the exploitation of natural resources and the emergence of complex maritime, land and fluvial networks. Though the Eastern Tyrrhenian coast has been repeatedly mentioned in previous publications all lack a core feature regarding its coastlines and its characteristics as an interface between sea and land. Pre-Roman ports constitute a striking example; even though they are considered as crucial meeting points of maritime and land-based networks, they are barely known and studied. Past research has thus had a hard time associating maritime and land-based communication networks and has overlooked the actual parameters of maritime exchanges, leading to a poor understanding of harbors and port activities, however central they are to Archaic Tyrrhenian trades. By addressing the construction of Tyrrhenian coastal territories through the prism of networks, several insular and peninsular systems appear. Recent analysis reveals that coastal territories turn their focus towards inland networks, meaning that seaside activities emanate essentially from local and regional systems. The backdrop to Eastern Tyrrhenian coastal studies is therefore land-based above all and not maritime. This thesis positions itself within the continuity of the past forty years of research that has helped to develop a landscape archaeology framework while adopting a new prism and revising the traditional approach to the littoral without challenging past assertions
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Thomelius, Samuel. "Kommunikationens landskap : En studie av kommunikation i två gotländska socknar". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Arkeologi, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-324729.
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In this paper, two parishes on Gotland have been the focus for intense study regarding the organisation and formation of local communications networks. The parishes of Buttle and Fröjel have been studied to see if it is possible to say anything about local communication during the 6th century, a task that earlier research has shown to be difficult. The parishes represent two different types of landscapes, one costal and one inland. The paper has also asked questions about how the development and quality of the roads and communications networks have changed over time. It also discuss how the topographical- and cultural landscape has influenced the organisation of the communications network. The following questions are asked in this paper; 1. How was local communication (communications between the farmstead, its economic resources and its connections to the larger communications network) in the parishes organised? 2. What can be said about the communications networks development and quality through time? 3. How was the topographical- and cultural landscape organisation connected to the communications network? The main methodology used in the paper is the retrogressive methodology used to recreate a possible 6th century communications network. This methodology utilises and studies the relationship between the earliest known communications network, registered in the 18th century maps, together with Iron Age sites registered, in the FMIS database, as well as topographical and geological maps to recreate a possible 6th century communications network. The analysis shows that it is hard to grasp the local communications during the 6th century. The local communications only emerge when the local roads merge with the regional ones. In many cases, the local roads were probably not much more than paths in the edges of the fields or only identified by the use of known landmarks. The investigation also shows that the regional (and local) roads were situated closer to the 6th century settlements than previously thought. It is also shown that the development of the road network has steadily lead to a more refined and rationalised network. The largest changes can be related to the 19th century laga skifte and to the later introduction of motor vehicles. Before the 19th century the situation is quite stable, only some minor changes during the 18th century can be seen until you reach the beginning of the middle ages. The major changes probably relate to changes in the landscape organisation in relation to the introduction of Christianity. However, it might also relate to the expansion of cultivated land and the resulting changes of settlement patterns. The investigation also shows that the topographical landscape on Gotland provides little hindrance for the organisation of the landscape. Instead, it feels very much like an artificial landscape where borders and organisation are created by humans, rather than by natural landscape formations. The borders in this case are created by the use of graves and their location in the landscape.
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Olsson, Henrik. "Gotländska centralplatser under bronsåldern". Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Arkeologi, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-385923.
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Dulanto, Jalh. "Puerto Nuevo: Long distance exchange networks during the first half of the first Millenium B.C.E". Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2015. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/113461.
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In this article we present the results of the first season of excavations undertaken by the Paracas Archaeological Project at the Puerto Nuevo Archaeological Site. We focus on the stratigraphy and occupational history of the site, the radiocarbon dating ofthese occupations we have been able to identify this point, the pottery styles associated to these occupations, and the remains ofplants and animals consumed at the site. We finish with some ideas about the importance of our findings to the reconstructionof the long distance exchange networks of the first half of the first millennium B.C.E, and the role these networks played in the important political and economic changes that took place in the Central Andes during that time.En este artículo, presentamos los resultados de la primera temporada de excavaciones del Proyecto de Investigaciones Arqueológicas Paracas, llevada a cabo en el sitio arqueológico de Puerto Nuevo. Nos concentramos en la estratigrafía e historia ocupacional delsitio, el fechado radiocarbónico de las ocupaciones definidas hasta el momento, los estilos de vasijas de cerámica asociada a dichas ocupaciones, y los restos de fauna y flora explotada y consumida en el sitio. Finalmente, terminaremos con algunas reflexiones yespeculaciones sobre la importancia de nuestros hallazgos en la reconstrucción de las redes de intercambio a larga distancia de laprimera mitad del primer milenio antes de nuestra era, y el rol que estas jugaron en los cambios políticos y económicos tan importantes que ocurrieron en los Andes Centrales durante este período.
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Gomez, Norberto Jr. "The Art of Perl: How a Scripting Language (inter)Activated the World Wide Web". VCU Scholars Compass, 2013. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/472.
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In 1987, computer programmer and linguist Larry Wall authored the general-purpose, high-level, interpreted, dynamic Unix scripting language, Perl. Borrowing features from C and awk, Perl was originally intended as a scripting language for text-processing. However, with the rising popularity of the Internet and the advent of Tim Berners-Lee’s World Wide Web (Web), in the 1990s, Perl soon became the glue-language for the Internet, due in large part to its relationship to the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) and the Common Gateway Interface (CGI). Perl was the go-to language for on the fly program writing and coding, gaining accolades from the likes of publisher Tim O’Reilly and hackers alike. Perl became a favorite language of amateur Web users, whom net artist Olia Lialina calls barbarians, or the indigenous. These users authored everything from database scripts to social spaces like chatrooms and bulletin boards. Perl, while largely ignored today, played a fundamental role in facilitating those social spaces and interactions of Web 1.0, or what I refer to as a Perl-net. Thus, Perl informed today’s more ubiquitous digital culture, referred to as Web 2.0, and the social web. This project examines Perl’s origin which is predicated on postmodern theories, such as deconstructionism and multiculturalism. Perl’s formal features are differentiated from those of others, like Java. In order to defend Perl’s status as an inherently cultural online tool, this project also analyzes many instances of cultural artifacts: script programs, chatrooms, code poetry, webpages, and net art. This cultural analysis is guided by the work of contemporary media archaeologists: Lialina and Dragan Espenschied, Erkki Huhtamo and Jussi Parikka. Lastly, the present state of digital culture is analyzed in an effort to re-consider the Perl scripting language as a relevant, critical computer language, capable of aiding in deprogramming the contemporary user.
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Eklund, Markus. "Changing Agriculture : Stable isotope analysis of charred cereals from Iron Age Öland". Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Arkeologiska forskningslaboratoriet, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-170733.
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The Middle Iron Age on Öland (around 200-550 AD) is often regarded as a prosperous period witha wealth based on animal husbandry. In this study charred cereals from several Iron Age sites atÖland are studied to answer questions about prehistoric diet and agricultural practices. Themethod used is stable isotope analysis of carbon and nitrogen in the cereals, and one further aim ofthe study is to evaluate this method. The results suggest that there is little need for pre-treatment ofcereals before isotope analysis. Most of the grains analyzed were hulled barley and in all sites thereare indications of intensive manuring, as would be expected in permanent field agriculture. Thering forts of the period may here have been places where an agricultural surplus was gathered.Concerning human diet, the isotope values indicate cereals may have been an important part.Crops may also have been used to feed the livestock, possibly with secondary products like straws,and likely to a different extent in different animal species. Finally, the sites from the Middle IronAge all appears to have been abandoned. Heavy dependence on animal manure may havedecreased the resilience of agriculture, making it more vulnerable to unexpected changes, forexample the climate downturn after 536 AD.Sandby Borg