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Candipan, Jennifer. "Neighbourhood change and the neighbourhood-school gap". Urban Studies 56, n.º 15 (19 de fevereiro de 2019): 3308–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018819075.
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Few studies examine how school and neighbourhood composition in the US correspond over time, particularly in a context of neighbourhood change. As neighbourhoods diversify along racial and economic lines, do public schools also diversify or grow increasingly dissimilar from their surrounding areas? Drawing on novel data linking neighbourhoods and schools in the US in 2000 and 2010, I document: how racial composition corresponds over time between traditional public schools and the neighbourhoods they serve; how the compositional gap changes when greater school choice is available; and how the compositional gap varies between neighbourhoods experiencing various trajectories of socioeconomic change. I find an increasing mismatch in the white composition of public schools and their surrounding neighbourhoods, specifically that schools enrol fewer white students than the composition of the neighbourhood. The compositional mismatch grows the most in neighbourhoods experiencing socioeconomic ascent, particularly as the number of nearby non-neighbourhood schools increases.
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Corcoran, Jonathan, Renee Zahnow, Rebecca Wickes e John Hipp. "Neighbourhood land use features, collective efficacy and local civic actions". Urban Studies 55, n.º 11 (26 de julho de 2017): 2372–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098017717212.
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This paper explores the association between neighbourhood land use features and informal social control. More specifically, we examine the extent to which such features in combination with the socio-demographic context of the neighbourhood facilitate or impede collective efficacy and local civic actions. We achieve this through spatially integrating data from the census, topographic databases and a 2012 survey of 4132 residents from 148 neighbourhoods in Brisbane, Australia. The study creates a new classification of a neighbourhood’s physical environment by creating novel categories of land use features that depict social conduits, social holes and social wedges. Social conduits are features of the neighbourhood that facilitate interaction between individuals, social holes are land uses that create situations where there is no occupancy, and social wedges are features that carve up neighbourhoods. We find some evidence to suggest that residents’ reports of collective efficacy are higher in neighbourhoods with a greater density of social conduits. Density of social conduits is also positively associated with local civic action. However, in neighbourhoods with more greenspace, residents are less likely to engage in local civic actions.
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Permentier, Matthieu, Maarten van Ham e Gideon Bolt. "Neighbourhood Reputation and the Intention to Leave the Neighbourhood". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 41, n.º 9 (1 de janeiro de 2009): 2162–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a41262.
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Moving intentions are likely to be affected not only by whether or not residents are satisfied with their neighbourhood, but also by how they think that other city residents assess their neighbourhood: the perceived reputation of the neighbourhood. The place where one lives is a reflection of one's position in society and therefore people may want to leave neighbourhoods with a poor reputation even if they are satisfied with their residential environment. Using data from a specifically designed survey in twenty-four Dutch neighbourhoods we tested the hypothesis that, in addition to neighbourhood satisfaction, perceived neighbourhood reputations are an important predictor of the intention to leave a neighbourhood. The results show that perceived neighbourhood reputation is indeed a significant predictor of moving intentions, even after controlling for neighbourhood satisfaction and neighbourhood attachment. This finding suggests that neighbourhood regeneration policy should focus not only on improving residents' neighbourhood satisfaction, but also on improving the perceived reputation of neighbourhoods.
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Li, J., e F. Biljecki. "THE IMPLEMENTATION OF BIG DATA ANALYSIS IN REGULATING ONLINE SHORT-TERM RENTAL BUSINESS: A CASE OF AIRBNB IN BEIJING". ISPRS Annals of Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences IV-4/W9 (30 de setembro de 2019): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-annals-iv-4-w9-79-2019.
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Abstract. With the fast expansion and controversial impacts of short-term rental platforms such as Airbnb, many cities have called for regulating this new business model. This research aims to establish an approach to understand the impact of Airbnb (and similar services) through big data analysis and provide insights potentially useful for its regulation. The paper reveals how Airbnb is influencing Beijing’s neighbourhood housing prices through machine learning and GIS. Machine learning models are developed to analyse the relationship between Airbnb activities in a neighbourhood and prevailing housing prices. The model of the best fit is then used to analyse the neighbourhood price sensitivity in view of increasing Airbnb activities. The results show that the sensitivity is variable: there are neighbourhoods that are likely to be more price sensitive to Airbnb activities, but also neighbourhoods that are likely to be price robust. Finally, the paper gives policy recommendations for regulating short-term rental businesses based on neighbourhood’s price sensitivity.
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Ruther, Matt, Rebbeca Tesfai e Janice Madden. "Foreign-born population concentration and neighbourhood growth and development within US metropolitan areas". Urban Studies 55, n.º 4 (18 de outubro de 2016): 826–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016672804.
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Immigrant populations are a major driver of growth in many US metropolitan areas, and considerable research has focused on the effects of immigrant populations on neighbourhood outcomes. However, much of this research is based on data from 1990 or earlier, prior to substantial growth in the diversity of the immigrant population and to changes in immigrants’ US settlement patterns. This research uses tract-level data from the 2000 Decennial Census and the 2009–2013 American Community Survey to explore the relationship between an existing immigrant population and future changes in neighbourhood characteristics within the 100 largest US metropolitan areas. Spatial regression models are used to identify the neighbourhood features that predict future proportional growth in a neighbourhood’s foreign-born population. In addition, the associations between a neighbourhood’s initial foreign-born concentration and future neighbourhood relative income and population growth are investigated. Consistent with previous work, our results indicate that foreign-born populations of all races tend to move towards existing immigrant population clusters. All of the immigrant minority racial groups are also attracted to neighbourhoods with existing same-race US-born populations. Overall proportional population growth is positively associated with the initial presence of the white and Asian immigrant population; black and Hispanic immigrant concentrations are associated with proportional population loss. While immigrants do not contribute to neighbourhood relative income growth, a greater presence of immigrants – relative to their US-born co-racial group – is associated with lower rates of neighbourhood relative income decline.
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Saleh, Ilhamdaniah. "Measuring neighbourhood hardships and neighbourhood change between 2010-2015 in suburban neighbourhoods of Buffalo Metropolitan Area, New York". Geographica Pannonica 25, n.º 2 (2021): 102–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/gp25-30864.
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Neighbourhoods in urban and suburban areas experienced changes in terms of physical, social, economic, and demographics. Neighbourhood Hardship Index (NHI) had been used to measure neighbourhood socio-economic condition, using various census variables. Suburban neighbourhoods which underwent a change lead to stratification into striving outer suburbs and declining inner suburbs. The context of this study was suburban neighbourhoods in Buffalo Metropolitan Area (BMA), New York. This paper aimed at highlighting spatial variability of neighbourhood change in innerand outer-suburban neighbourhoods of BMA between 2010-2015. This study examined factors that significantly contribute to neighbourhood change. Also, this study examined whether there a difference in the change of neighbourhood hardship index between innerand outer-suburban neighbourhoods. Composite NHI was developed from economic, demographic, and housing variables. Neighbourhood change was measured by comparing the composite NHI 2010 with that of 2015. The findings depicted a variation of change in hardships index across suburban neighbourhoods. Neighbourhoods with higher hardship index were primarily located in inner suburbs. Policy implications call for concerted efforts to tackle the decline in the economy, education, demography to promote equity across neighbourhoods in suburban areas.
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McCormack, Gavin R., Christine Friedenreich, Lindsay McLaren, Melissa Potestio, Beverly Sandalack e Ilona Csizmadi. "Interactions between Neighbourhood Urban Form and Socioeconomic Status and Their Associations with Anthropometric Measurements in Canadian Adults". Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2017 (2017): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/5042614.
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Neighbourhood-level socioeconomic composition and built context are correlates of weight-related behaviours. We investigated the relations between objective measures of neighbourhood design and socioeconomic status (SES) and their interaction, in relation to self-reported waist circumference (WC), waist-to-hip ratio, and body mass index (BMI) in a sample of Canadian adults (n=851from 12 Calgary neighbourhoods). WC and BMI were higher among residents of disadvantaged neighbourhoods, independent of neighbourhood design (grid, warped grid, and curvilinear street patterns) and individual-level characteristics (sex, age, education, income, dog ownership, marital status, number of dependents, motor vehicle access, smoking, sleep, mental health, physical health, and past attempts to modify bodyweight). The association between neighbourhood-level SES and WC was modified by neighbourhood design; WC was higher in disadvantaged-curvilinear neighbourhoods and lower in advantaged-grid neighbourhoods. Policies making less obesogenic neighbourhoods affordable to low socioeconomic households and that improve the supportiveness for behaviours leading to healthy weight in low socioeconomic neighbourhoods are necessary.
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Airgood-Obrycki, Whitney. "Suburban status and neighbourhood change". Urban Studies 56, n.º 14 (30 de janeiro de 2019): 2935–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098018811724.
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This article examines suburban neighbourhood trajectories from 1970 to 2010 in the 100 most populous metropolitan areas in the US within the context of discussions around suburban decline and reinvestment. A weighted composite index of neighbourhood change indicators was used to identify the relative status of urban and suburban neighbourhoods. Index values were ranked by metropolitan area, and neighbourhoods were assigned to a corresponding quartile. The quartiles formed a status trajectory sequence, categorised as Reduced, Reduced with recovery, Stable or Improved. Neighbourhood trajectories were compared across city and suburb as well as across prewar, postwar, and modern suburban types. Despite increased discussion around suburban decline and suburban poverty, suburban neighbourhoods maintained a higher status than the city, were more likely to recover from reduced status and had higher frequencies of status improvement. The majority of suburban neighbourhoods occupied the highest status ranking in all decades. Stability was the most common trajectory for suburbs, and stable suburban neighbourhoods were higher status than stable urban neighbourhoods. The findings highlight geographies of neighbourhood inequalities and contribute to our understanding of regional and suburban neighbourhood change dynamics.
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Zhang, Qi, Zhenhua Zheng, Dezhi Kang, Ying Zhou, Yifeng Zhang e Xu Zhang. "Prioritizing Neighbourhood Amenities to Enhance Neighbourhood Satisfaction: A Case Study in Wuhan, China". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, n.º 4 (16 de fevereiro de 2023): 3528. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043528.
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In China, the improvement in amenities has been often criticized for not addressing the priorities of residents’ demand due to over-standardised, top–down practices and the misallocation of resources. Previous studies have investigated how people’s wellbeing or quality of life is associated with neighbourhood attributes. However, very few have researched how identifying and prioritizing the improvement in neighbourhood amenities could significantly enhance neighbourhood satisfaction. Therefore, this paper investigated the residents’ perception on the neighbourhood amenities in Wuhan, China, and explored the application of the Kano–IPA model for prioritizing the improvement in amenities in both commodity-housing and traditional danwei neighbourhoods. Firstly, total 5100 valid questionnaires were distributed through street face-to-face surveying to solicit the residents’ perceptions of the usage and satisfaction of amenities in different neighbourhoods. Then, various statistical techniques, including descriptive, logistical regression modelling were adopted to analyse the general characteristics and significant associations of amenities’ usage and demand. Lastly, an age-friendly strategy for the improvement in amenities in old neighbourhoods was proposed by referring to the widely applied Kano–IPA marketing model. The results showed that there is no significant difference in the usage frequency of amenities among different neighbourhoods. However, significant differences of associations between residents’ perception on amenities and neighbourhood satisfaction were identified among different groups of residents. To demonstrate prioritizing neighbourhood amenities in double-aging neighbourhoods, basic, excitement, and performance factors fitting age-friendly scenarios were determined and categorized. This research can provide a reference for allocating financial budgets and determining schedules to improve neighbourhood amenities. It also showcased the variances of residents’ demands and the provision of public goods among different neighbourhoods in urban China. Similar studies can be expected in addressing different scenarios that challenges emerged, such as suburban or resettled neighbourhoods where low-income residents generally live.
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Hincks, Stephen. "Deprived neighbourhoods in transition: Divergent pathways of change in the Greater Manchester city-region". Urban Studies 54, n.º 4 (29 de setembro de 2016): 1038–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098015619142.
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Many studies of neighbourhood change adopt a ‘bookend’ mode of analysis in which a baseline year is identified for a chosen outcome variable from which the magnitude of change is calculated to a determined endpoint typically over bi-decadal or decadal timeframes. However, this mode of analysis smoothes away short-run change patterns and neighbourhood dynamics. The implications of this practice could be far reaching if it is accepted that as neighbourhoods change they are liable to cross a threshold and transition from one state to another in the short- as well as longer-term. In a case study of deprived neighbourhoods in the Greater Manchester city-region, this paper aims to contribute to neighbourhood change debates in two ways. The first is by isolating transition pathways for individual neighbourhoods using annual change data. The second is by testing the thesis that the more deprived a neighbourhood is, the more likely it is to respond with greater volatility to short-run shocks when compared with less-deprived neighbourhoods. Four indicators collected annually between 2001 and 2010 are used to develop a typology of neighbourhood change and a subsequent typology of neighbourhood transition. The analysis exposed 260 different transition pathways that deprived neighbourhoods followed over the study period. Multinomial logistic regression was then used to determine the odds of a neighbourhood undergoing transition along a specific pathway owing to its level of deprivation. The model revealed that the most deprived neighbourhoods were likely to follow more volatile transition pathways compared with the less-deprived neighbourhoods especially during periods of economic difficulty.
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Filion, Pierre, e Karen Hammond. "Neighbourhood Land Use and Performance: The Evolution of Neighbourhood Morphology over the 20th Century". Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 30, n.º 2 (abril de 2003): 271–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b12844.
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To what extent does the evolution of 20th-century residential area planning and development reflect the profound changes that have affected society over this period? How much was this evolution shaped by successive planning models formulated over the last century? The paper reports on an analysis of the land-use patterns of four neighbourhoods developed at different times over the 20th century. Data originate from field surveys and a systematic measurement of the land uses of the study areas. Findings paint a mixed picture. They show that some societal changes (rising affluence for example) have affected neighbourhood morphology, whereas others (such as cultural diversification) have left few traces. A comparison of different land-use features identifies both the advantages and downsides of each neighbourhood's morphology. It becomes difficult in this light to perceive the evolution of neighbourhood planning as a linear progression towards improved land-use efficiency and quality of life.
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Kwarteng, Jamila L., Amy J. Schulz, Graciela B. Mentz, Barbara A. Israel, Trina R. Shanks e Denise White Perkins. "NEIGHBOURHOOD POVERTY, PERCEIVED DISCRIMINATION AND CENTRAL ADIPOSITY IN THE USA: INDEPENDENT ASSOCIATIONS IN A REPEATED MEASURES ANALYSIS". Journal of Biosocial Science 48, n.º 6 (30 de maio de 2016): 709–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932016000225.
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SummaryThis study examines the independent effects of neighbourhood context (i.e. neighbourhood poverty) and exposure to perceived discrimination in shaping risk of obesity over time. Weighted three-level hierarchical linear regression models for a continuous outcome were used to assess the independent effects of neighbourhood poverty and perceived discrimination on obesity over time in a sample of 157 non-Hispanic Black, non-Hispanic White and Hispanic adults in Detroit, USA, in 2002/2003 and 2007/2008. Independent associations were found between neighbourhood poverty and perceived discrimination with central adiposity over time. Residents of neighbourhoods with high concentrations of poverty were more likely to show increases in central adiposity compared with those in neighbourhoods with lower concentrations of poverty. In models adjusted for BMI, neighbourhood poverty at baseline was associated with a greater change in central adiposity among participants who lived in neighbourhoods in the second (B=3.79, p=0.025) and third (B=3.73, p=0.024) poverty quartiles, compared with those in the lowest poverty neighbourhoods. The results from models that included both neighbourhood poverty and perceived discrimination showed that both were associated with increased risk of increased central adiposity over time. Residents of neighbourhoods in the second (B=9.58, p<0.001), third (B=8.25, p=0.004) and fourth (B=7.66, p=0.030) quartiles of poverty were more likely to show greater increases in central adiposity over time, compared with those in the lowest poverty quartile, with mean discrimination at baseline independently and positively associated with increases in central adiposity over time (B=2.36, p=0.020). The results suggest that neighbourhood poverty and perceived discrimination are independently associated with a heightened risk of increase in central adiposity over time. Efforts to address persistent disparities in central adiposity in the USA should include strategies to reduce high concentrations of neighbourhood poverty as well as discrimination.
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de Almeida Célio, Fabiano, Amélia Augusta de Lima Friche, M. Zane Jennings, Amanda Cristina de Souza Andrade, Cesar Coelho Xavier, Fernando Proietti, Claudia J. Coulton e Waleska Teixeira Caiaffa. "Contextual characteristics associated with the perceived neighbourhood scale in a cross-sectional study in a large urban centre in Brazil". BMJ Open 8, n.º 8 (agosto de 2018): e021445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2017-021445.
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IntroductionHealth outcomes have been associated with physical and social characteristics of neighbourhoods, but little is known about the relationship between contextual factors and perceived neighbourhood scale.ObjectiveTo identify the contextual factors associated with self-perceived neighbourhood scale.MethodsWe analysed data from a cross-sectional population-based study in Belo Horizonte, Brazil, that took place in 2008–2009. The dependent variable was perceived neighbourhood, encoded as an ordinal scale based on a brief description of the concept of the neighbourhood, and two independent scales relating distance, expressed in terms of geography and time. Street connectivity, demographic density and residents’ perceptions of the neighbourhoods’ physical and social environment were used as contextual predictors. Individual characteristics were used as covariates. Multilevel ordinal logistic regression models estimated the association between perceived neighbourhood scale and contextual characteristics.ResultsResidents that perceive better walkability (OR 2.96; 95% CI 1.29 to 3.82) and high amounts of violence (OR 1.35; 95% CI 1.12 to 1.62) perceived their neighbourhoods to be larger, even after adjusting for individual characteristics.ConclusionThere are contextual factors that are associated with self-perceived neighbourhood scale. Careful definition of neighbourhood scale is a key factor in improving the results of eco-epidemiological studies. Although these findings must be further explored in other studies, these results can contribute to a better understanding of an appropriate choice of neighbourhood scale, especially for cities in Latin America.
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Zhang, Qi, Esther Hiu-Kwan Yung e Edwin Hon-Wan Chan. "Meshing Sustainability with Satisfaction: An Investigation of Residents’ Perceptions in Three Different Neighbourhoods in Chengdu, China". Land 10, n.º 11 (22 de novembro de 2021): 1280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10111280.
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Can sustainability and liveability be simultaneously pursued at the neighbourhood level? Adopting neighbourhood satisfaction as a proxy to indicate liveability at the neighbourhood scale, this paper investigated how the residential subjective perception of sustainability factors interacted with neighbourhood satisfaction in the context of three different neighbourhoods in Chengdu, China. This began with a comprehensive literature review to construct the neighbourhood sustainability framework. Then, a total of 510 cross-sectional questionnaire surveys was conducted in Chengdu. Logistic regression was employed to investigate significant associations. The findings revealed that the ‘sense and habit of energy saving’ is the only sustainability factor that is negatively associated with neighbourhood satisfaction in commodity-housing neighbourhood. Compared with intangible factors, tangible or physical sustainability factors are more likely to contribute to improving neighbourhood satisfaction and suppressing moving intention. The study also evidenced the contextual differences of significant associations among danwei, resettlement, and commodity-housing neighbourhoods coexisting in transitional China. This calls for adaptive and contextual rather than standardized, top-down strategies for developing sustainable neighbourhood planning to simultaneously promote sustainability and liveability in Chengdu, China. Finally, a specific contextual framework was provided as policy implications for developing local and adaptive solutions.
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Youssef, Karim. "Single Access Neighbourhoods and Neighbourhood Cohesion". Critical Housing Analysis 2, n.º 2 (2015): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.13060/23362839.2015.3.2.236.
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Silver, Daniel, e Thiago H. Silva. "A Markov model of urban evolution: Neighbourhood change as a complex process". PLOS ONE 16, n.º 1 (15 de janeiro de 2021): e0245357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245357.
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This paper seeks to advance neighbourhood change research and complexity theories of cities by developing and exploring a Markov model of socio-spatial neighbourhood evolution in Toronto, Canada. First, we classify Toronto neighbourhoods into distinct groups using established geodemographic segmentation techniques, a relatively novel application in this geographic setting. Extending previous studies, we pursue a hierarchical approach to classifying neighbourhoods that situates many neighbourhood types within the city’s broader structure. Our hierarchical approach is able to incorporate a richer set of types than most past research and allows us to study how neighbourhoods’ positions within this hierarchy shape their trajectories of change. Second, we use Markov models to identify generative processes that produce patterns of change in the city’s distribution of neighbourhood types. Moreover, we add a spatial component to the Markov process to uncover the extent to which change in one type of neighbourhood depends on the character of nearby neighbourhoods. In contrast to the few studies that have explored Markov models in this research tradition, we validate the model’s predictive power. Third, we demonstrate how to use such models in theoretical scenarios considering the impact on the city’s predicted evolutionary trajectory when existing probabilities of neighbourhood transitions or distributions of neighbourhood types would hypothetically change. Markov models of transition patterns prove to be highly accurate in predicting the final distribution of neighbourhood types. Counterfactual scenarios empirically demonstrate urban complexity: small initial changes reverberate throughout the system, and unfold differently depending on their initial geographic distribution. These scenarios show the value of complexity as a framework for interpreting data and guiding scenario-based planning exercises.
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Miltenburg, Emily M., e Tom WG van der Meer. "Lingering neighbourhood effects: A framework to account for residential histories and temporal dynamics". Urban Studies 55, n.º 1 (25 de abril de 2016): 151–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016639012.
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The large and growing body of neighbourhood effect studies has almost exclusively neglected individuals’ particular residential histories. Yet, former residential neighbourhoods are likely to have lingering effects beyond those of the current one and are dependent on exposure times and number of moves. This paper tests to what extent this blind spot induced a misestimation of neighbourhood effects for individuals with differential residential histories. Ultimately, we develop a methodological framework for studying the temporal dynamics of neighbourhood effects, capable of dealing with residential histories (moving behaviour, the passage of time and temporal exposure to different neighbourhoods). We apply cross-classified multi-level models (residents nested in current and former neighbourhoods) to analyse longitudinal individual-level population data from Dutch Statistics, covering fine-grained measures of residential histories. Our systematic comparison to conventional models reveals the necessity of including a temporal dimension: our models reveal an overestimation of the effect of the current neighbourhood by 16–30%, and an underestimation of the total body of neighbourhood effects by at least 13–24%. Our results show that neighbourhood effects are lingering, long-lasting and structural and also cannot be confined to a single point in time.
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Ghani, Fatima, Jerome N. Rachele, Venurs HY Loh, Simon Washington e Gavin Turrell. "Do Differences in Social Environments Explain Gender Differences in Recreational Walking across Neighbourhoods?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, n.º 11 (4 de junho de 2019): 1980. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16111980.
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Within a city, gender differences in walking for recreation (WfR) vary significantly across neighbourhoods, although the reasons remain unknown. This cross-sectional study investigated the contribution of the social environment (SE) to explaining such variation, using 2009 data from the How Areas in Brisbane Influence healTh and AcTivity (HABITAT) study, including 7866 residents aged 42–67 years within 200 neighbourhoods in Brisbane, Australia (72.6% response rate). The analytical sample comprised 200 neighbourhoods and 6643 participants (mean 33 per neighbourhood, range 8–99, 95% CI 30.6–35.8). Self-reported weekly minutes of WfR were categorised into 0 and 1–840 mins. The SE was conceptualised through neighbourhood-level perceptions of social cohesion, incivilities and safety from crime. Analyses included multilevel binomial logistic regression with gender as main predictor, adjusting for age, socioeconomic position, residential self-selection and neighbourhood disadvantage. On average, women walked more for recreation than men prior to adjustment for covariates. Gender differences in WfR varied significantly across neighbourhoods, and the magnitude of the variation for women was twice that of men. The SE did not explain neighbourhood differences in the gender–WfR relationship, nor the between-neighbourhood variation in WfR for men or women. Neighbourhood-level factors seem to influence the WfR of men and women differently, with women being more sensitive to their environment, although Brisbane’s SE did not seem such a factor.
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Gibbons, Joseph, Michael S. Barton e Timothy T. Reling. "Do gentrifying neighbourhoods have less community? Evidence from Philadelphia". Urban Studies 57, n.º 6 (19 de março de 2019): 1143–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098019829331.
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One of the more detrimental effects of gentrification is the potential for a decreased sense of neighbourhood community. Systematic analysis of the effect of gentrification on communities has been limited. This study investigated how an individual’s sense of connection to neighbourhood community, as measured by trust, belongingness and sense of cooperation, was influenced by their residence in a gentrifying neighbourhood. We utilised hierarchical linear models with individual data from the 2014/2015 Public Health Management Corporation’s Southeastern Pennsylvania Household Health Survey and neighbourhood data from the 2000 Decennial Census and 2010–2014 American Community Survey. We find that gentrification overall has a negative relation with neighbourhood community, but this relationship varied by the racial/ethnic turnover underlying the changes taking place in these neighbourhoods. Specifically, we find that gentrification marked by increases in Whites and decreases in non-Whites had no measurable relation with neighbourhood community; that gentrification marked by increases in non-Whites alone had a positive effect on neighbourhood community for Black and Hispanic residents; and that gentrifying neighbourhoods which experienced an increase in both Whites and non-Whites had a negative overall relation with neighbourhood community.
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Coenen, Ad, Pieter-Paul Verhaeghe e Bart Van de Putte. "Should I stay or should I go? The association between upward socio-economic neighbourhood change and moving propensities". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 50, n.º 2 (23 de novembro de 2017): 370–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x17740896.
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Previous research on gentrification almost exclusively focussed on either the gentrifiers or those who are displaced. Those who manage to avoid displacement remain understudied. To shed new light on these original inhabitants, we link upward change in low-income neighbourhoods, measured by the changing socio-economic composition of the neighbourhood, to the propensity to move based on dissatisfaction with the neighbourhood or the home of both lower- or middle-educated people and higher-educated people living in these neighbourhoods. We perform binary logistic multi-level analyses on the Liveability Monitor of Ghent (N = 1037), a midsized city in Belgium. We find that upward neighbourhood change is associated with a higher propensity to move based on dissatisfaction with the home for both the lower- and higher-educated original inhabitants. Focusing on dissatisfaction with the neighbourhood, we find no association between moving propensities and the neighbourhood someone lives in. We therefore conclude that it is not the evaluation of the neighbourhood but the evaluation of one's own house in an improving neighbourhood that is associated with higher moving propensities, for both higher and lower educated respondents. Displacement pressures based on rising housing prices might lead to these moving propensities, but it seems likely that there are other factors at play too, like, e.g. life cycle mobility. We therefore also conclude that both lower- and higher-educated inhabitants of improving neighbourhoods deserve academic attention.
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Nguyen, Thuy Ha, Simon Götz, Katharina Kreffter, Stefanie Lisak-Wahl, Nico Dragano e Simone Weyers. "Neighbourhood deprivation and obesity among 5656 pre-school children—findings from mandatory school enrollment examinations". European Journal of Pediatrics 180, n.º 6 (11 de fevereiro de 2021): 1947–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00431-021-03988-2.
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AbstractThe risk of child obesity is strongly related to socioeconomic factors such as individual socioeconomic position (SEP) and neighbourhood deprivation. The present study analyses whether the relationship between neighbourhood deprivation and child obesity differs by child’s individual SEP. Data from 5656 children (5–7 years) from the mandatory school enrollment examinations of the pre-school cohorts 2017/2018 in Düsseldorf were analysed. Obesity was determined by the age- and gender-specific body mass index (BMI); neighbourhood deprivation by using the socio-spatial degree of deprivation of the children’s residential addresses; and individual SEP by the level of parental education. Using Poisson regression, we estimated prevalence ratios (PR with 95% confidence interval (CI)) of child obesity by neighbourhood deprivation and parental education. Interactions between neighbourhood deprivation and parental education were tested. The prevalence of child obesity increases with the degree of neighbourhood deprivation. Compared to children living in low deprivation neighbourhoods, the proportion of obese children was twice as high in high deprivation neighbourhoods (PR=2.02; CI=1.46–2.78). Likewise, children from families with medium and low education have twice the risk for obesity compared to children with high parental education (PR=2.05; CI=1.46–2.78). The relationship between neighbourhood deprivation and child obesity was significantly moderated by parental education; it was stronger for higher parental education than for medium and low parental education (p<.001).Conclusion: Our findings suggest that children from deprived neighbourhoods and families with lower education have a higher risk for child obesity. The identification of particularly deprived neighbourhoods with structural interventions in combination with the strengthening of parental health literacy seems reasonable. What is Known:• Studies show that children from disadvantaged neighbourhoods are more frequently obese. What is New:• The relationship between neighbourhood deprivation and child obesity is significantly moderated by parental education. It is stronger for children with higher parental education than for children with medium and low parental education.
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Barton, Tina. "Conditions for economic prosperity: transforming residential neighbourhoods". Papers in Canadian Economic Development 17 (16 de setembro de 2017): 23–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/pced.v17i0.77.
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In every city there are stories of neighbourhood successes and failures. Why do some neighbourhoods excel at attracting and sustaining economic activity, whereas others fail? What conditions would best assist a neighbourhood in enhancing its economic prosperity? This paper examines the connection between transit-oriented development and economic impact, with a comparison of bus versus light-rail transit implications. “Complete streets” and mixed-use models of development, evolving lifestyle preferences, and related opportunities for community economic development are explored. Communities, municipalities and neighbourhood business associations can draw upon these models, practices and strategic considerations to guide their planning for future economic success.Keywords: Suburban economic development, neighbourhood revitalization, transit-oriented development, mixed-use neighbourhoods, community placemaking
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Vogel, Matt, Evelien M. Hoeben e Wim Bernasco. "Nearby Neighbourhood Influences on Adolescent Offending". British Journal of Criminology 61, n.º 1 (13 de outubro de 2020): 228–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azaa069.
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Abstract This study extends recent research on the spatial dynamics of neighbourhood disadvantage and youth offending. Data include self-reported offences from 794 Dutch adolescents and the socio-economic status in their residential neighbourhood and the surrounding community. The findings reveal that youth engage in the highest levels of offending when they reside in disadvantaged neighbourhoods surrounded by neighbourhoods characterized by relative affluence. This spatial pattern is attributable to greater temptations to offend, reduced parental monitoring, and more frequent involvement in unstructured activities among youths who live in close proximity to neighbourhoods more affluent than their own. This study highlights the importance of criminogenic opportunities and parental monitoring for understanding the spatial dynamics of neighbourhood disadvantage on offending.
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Oudin Åström, Daniel, Jan Sundquist e Kristina Sundquist. "Differences in declining mortality rates due to coronary heart disease by neighbourhood deprivation". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 72, n.º 4 (12 de janeiro de 2018): 314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2017-210105.
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BackgroundCardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of death in most industrialised countries, including those in Europe. The mortality rates due to coronary heart disease (CHD), one of the most serious CVD conditions, have been decreasing in most European countries during the last decades. However, whether the trends over time in CHD mortality rates differ depending on neighbourhood deprivation has rarely been investigated.MethodsFor each year of the study period, 1988–2012, in Sweden, age-standardised mortality rates were calculated for three different types of neighbourhoods, characterised by a Neighbourhood Deprivation Index. Joinpoint regression was used to investigate potential changes in age-standardised mortality rates by neighbourhood deprivation and over time.ResultsOver the study period, age-standardised mortality rates due to CHD were consistently the highest in the deprived neighbourhoods and the lowest in the affluent neighbourhoods. We observed a statistically significant overall decline, ranging from 67% to 59%, in the age-standardised CHD mortality rates for each level of neighbourhood deprivation. Furthermore, the decline for the affluent neighbourhoods was significantly higher compared with the decline in the deprived neighbourhoods.ConclusionAge-standardised CHD mortality rates decreased significantly in Sweden between 1988 and 2012. This decline was more pronounced in the affluent neighbourhoods, which indicates that the improvements in prevention and treatment of CHD have not benefited individuals residing in deprived neighbourhoods to an equal extent. Knowledge of time trends in CHD mortality by level of neighbourhood deprivation may help guide decision-makers in the development of appropriate healthcare policies for deprived neighbourhoods.
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Zhu, Tianke, Jian Jin e Xigang Zhu. "China’s “Embedded Neoliberal” Home-Based Elderly Care? A State-Organised System of Neighbourhood Governance". Sustainability 13, n.º 24 (8 de dezembro de 2021): 13568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132413568.
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Embedding the program of elderly care into community-based service system seems to imply that China is reorganising capacities of neighbourhood governance. The program, created by transformation of neighbourhood governance, represented the state government’s frustration with the institutional embodiment of neoliberalism. However, stimulating neighbourhood organisations in elderly care service through involvement of market instruments demonstrated the neoliberal approach. In this study, we provided a research framework in the context of embedded neoliberalism to explore the dilemma of neighbourhood governance in China. By interviewing 100 elderly people in five neighbourhoods in Nanjing, China, we examined the home-based elderly care (HEC) model to analyse the changes in socio-spatial relationships of neighbourhoods. We argued that the state-organised system of market instruments as a form of neighbourhood system weaken the spontaneity of elderly residents in developing social capitals. Moreover, the emerging program is struggling to operate because the devolution of conservative governance capacity from the state to the neighbourhood does not provide resources, leading to the restrained market provision. Thus, this transformation of neighbourhood governance can only be effective if there is a clear complementarity relationship between the role of state and market instruments. The attention of further studies on neighbourhood governance needs to re-examine the reciprocal relationships in the context of declining neoliberalism.
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Li, Si-ming, Sanqin Mao e Huimin Du. "Residential mobility and neighbourhood attachment in Guangzhou, China". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 51, n.º 3 (4 de outubro de 2018): 761–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x18804828.
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Wholesale redevelopment, suburbanization and increased population mobility in recent decades have brought significant social and spatial changes to urban neighbourhoods in Chinese cities, not least the subjective feelings of residents about their neighbourhoods. While there is a substantial literature on urban restructuring and migration at different geographical scales, relatively little is known about how feelings such as neighbourhood attachment are conditioned upon residential mobility and neighbourhood change in Chinese cities. To address this deficiency in the literature, multi-level models are employed to explore the extent to which residential mobility affects three different dimensions of neighbourhood attachment based on a large-scale household survey conducted in Guangzhou in 2012. The findings show that mobility experience and neighbourhood-related factors exert discernible influences on the attitudes towards the neighbourhood. Specifically, while people staying in reform/work-unit housing compounds tend to have better knowledge of their neighbours, those moving from reform/work-unit compounds to commodity housing estates exhibits greater involvements in the affairs of the new neighbourhood. The built environment, population size and frequency of population turnovers of the neighbourhood underpin residents’ attachment to it.
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Karacor, Elif Kutay, e Gozde Parlar. "Conceptual Model of the Relationship Between Neighbourhood Attachment, Collective Efficacy and Open Space Quality". Open House International 42, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 2017): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-02-2017-b0010.
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The decline in neighbourhoods resulting from globalization and technology, which trigger high rise buildings, has been discussed by several disciplines. Changes in life styles destroy not only traditional neighbourhoods but also open spaces. This situation leads to a decrease in both collective efficacy and neighbourhood attachment. Place attachment would play an important role in overcoming fear of crime and low security perception, which are the most substantial social problems of today's cities. Therefore, it is important that urban designers, architects and landscape architects develop design policies that contribute to place attachment. The aim of this study is to develop models that explain neighbourhood attachment by collective efficacy, open space quality and socio-demographic variables. Kuzguncuk neighbourhood was chosen as a study area because of its unique character, socio-cultural diversity and the collective power that is due to the various social groups in the neighbourhood. This study seeks to answer the following question: Do open space quality, collective efficacy and socio-demographic factors predict neighbourhood attachment? We examined whether attachment to a neighborhood is associated with collective power and perception of open space quality by inhabitants. Therefore, neighbourhood attachment and its predictors were studied in this specific neighbour-hood. Face to face interviews were conducted with 313 inhabitants using a stratified sampling method. Descriptive statistics and hierarchical linear modelling analyses were used to predict neighbourhood attachment. We found that collective efficacy, open space quality, place of birth and length of residence were predictors of neighbourhood attachment. Therefore, to prevent social problems, such as fear of crime, low security perception, loneliness and segregation, policy makers, designers, planners and social scientists should focus on neighbourhoods that have small communities. In conclusion, the quality perception of open spaces should be considered to increase neighbourhood attachment, and inhabitants should be encouraged to use public spaces in which social ties can develop.
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van Minde, Minke R. C., Marlou L. A. de Kroon, Meertien K. Sijpkens, Hein Raat, Eric A. P. Steegers e Loes C. M. Bertens. "Associations between Socio-Economic Status and Unfavorable Social Indicators of Child Wellbeing; a Neighbourhood Level Data Design". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, n.º 23 (1 de dezembro de 2021): 12661. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph182312661.
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Background: Living in deprivation is related to ill health. Differences in health outcomes between neighbourhoods may be attributed to neighbourhood socio-economic status (SES). Additional to differences in health, neighbourhood differences in child wellbeing could also be attributed to neighbourhood SES. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the association between neighbourhood deprivation, and social indicators of child wellbeing. Methods: Aggregated data from 3565 neighbourhoods in 390 municipalities in the Netherlands were eligible for analysis. Neighbourhood SES scores and neighbourhood data on social indicators of child wellbeing were used to perform repeated measurements, with one year measurement intervals, over a period of 11 years. Linear mixed models were used to estimate the associations between SES score and the proportion of unfavorable social indicators of child wellbeing. Results: After adjustment for year, population size, and clustering within neighbourhoods and within a municipality, neighbourhood SES was inversely associated with the proportion of ‘children living in families on welfare’ (estimates with two cubic splines: −3.59 [CI: −3.99; −3.19], and −3.00 [CI: −3.33; −2.67]), ‘delinquent youth’ (estimate −0.26 [CI: −0.30; −0.23]) and ‘unemployed youth’ (estimates with four cubic splines: −0.41 [CI: −0.57; −0.25], −0.58 [CI: −0.73; −0.43], −1.35 [−1.70; −1.01], and −0.96 [1.24; −0.70]). Conclusions: In this study using repeated measurements, a lower neighbourhood SES was significantly associated with a higher prevalence of unfavorable social indicators of child wellbeing. This contributes to the body of evidence that neighbourhood SES is strongly related to child health and a child’s ability to reach its full potential in later life. Future studies should consist of larger longitudinal datasets, potentially across countries, and should attempt to take the interpersonal variation into account with more individual-level data on SES and outcomes.
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Boyle, Michael H., Katholiki Georgiades, Laura Duncan, Li Wang e Jinette Comeau. "Poverty, Neighbourhood Antisocial Behaviour, and Children’s Mental Health Problems: Findings from the 2014 Ontario Child Health Study". Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 64, n.º 4 (abril de 2019): 285–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0706743719830027.
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Objectives: To determine if levels of neighbourhood poverty and neighbourhood antisocial behaviour modify associations between household poverty and child and youth mental health problems. Methods: Data come from the 2014 Ontario Child Health Study—a provincially representative survey of 6537 families with 10,802 four- to 17-year-olds. Multivariate multilevel modelling was used to test if neighbourhood poverty and antisocial behaviour interact with household poverty to modify associations with children’s externalizing and internalizing problems based on parent assessments of children (4- to 17-year-olds) and self-assessments of youth (12- to 17-year-olds). Results: Based on parent assessments, neighbourhood poverty, and antisocial behaviour modified associations between household poverty and children’s mental health problems. Among children living in households below the poverty line, levels of mental health problems were 1) lower when living in neighbourhoods with higher concentrations of poverty and 2) higher when living in neighbourhoods with more antisocial behaviour. These associations were stronger for externalizing versus internalizing problems when conditional on antisocial behaviour and generalized only to youth-assessed externalizing problems. Conclusion: The lower levels of externalizing problems reported among children living in poor households in low-income neighbourhoods identify potential challenges with integrating poorer households into more affluent neighbourhoods. More important, children living in poor households located in neighbourhoods exhibiting more antisocial behaviour are at dramatically higher risk for mental health problems. Reducing levels of neighbourhood antisocial behaviour could have large mental health benefits, particularly among poor children.
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Suarez, Cesar, Trisalyn Nelson e Karen Laberee. "Cosine: A Tool for Constraining Spatial Neighbourhoods in Marine Environments". GEOMATICA 69, n.º 1 (março de 2015): 95–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.5623/cig2015-107.
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Spatial analysis methods used for detecting, interpolating, or predicting local patterns in geographic data require delineating a neighbourhood to define the extent of the spatial interaction. Certain spatial analysis methods, such as interpolation, have implemented the concept of directionality and barriers. However, not all approaches take into consideration geographic or environmental constraints such as impassable mountain ranges, road networks, or coastlines. Specifically, complex marine landscapes and coastlines pose problematic neighbourhood definitions for standard neighbourhood matrices used in the spatial analysis of marine environments. Here, we offer a new approach to constraining spatial neighbourhoods when conducting geographical analysis in marine environments. We developed methods and open source software (COnstraining SpatIal NEighbourhoods—COSINE) for modifying spatial neighbourhoods, and demonstrate their utility with a marine study of oil spills. The COSINE graphical user interface allows users to modify the most common standard spatial neighbourhood definitions such as fixed distance, inverse distance and k-nearest neighbour.
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Jagroep, Warsha, Jane M. Cramm, Semiha Denktaș e Anna P. Nieboer. "Age-friendly neighbourhoods and physical activity of older Surinamese individuals in Rotterdam, the Netherlands". PLOS ONE 17, n.º 1 (27 de janeiro de 2022): e0261998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0261998.
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Background Age-friendly neighbourhoods seem to promote physical activity among older individuals. Physical activity is especially important for chronically ill individuals. In the Netherlands, older Surinamese individuals are more likely to have chronic diseases than are their native Dutch counterparts. This study examined relationships of neighbourhood characteristics with physical activity among older Surinamese individuals in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Methods Of 2749 potential participants, 697 (25%) community-dwelling older (age ≥ 70 years) Surinamese individuals living in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, completed a questionnaire on personal and neighbourhood characteristics between March and June 2020. Correlation and multilevel regression analyses were performed to identify associations between missing neighbourhood characteristics for ageing in place and physical activity. Results Scores for the neighbourhood domains communication and information (r = -0.099, p ≤ 0.05), community support and health services (r = -0.139, p ≤ 0.001), and respect and social inclusion (r = -0.141, p ≤ 0.001), correlated negatively with participants’ PA. In the multilevel analysis, overall missing neighbourhood characteristics to age in place scores were associated negatively with physical activity (p ≤ 0.05). Conclusion This study showed the importance of age-friendly neighbourhoods for physical activity among older Surinamese individuals in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. Our findings suggest that the neighbourhood plays an important role in supporting older individuals’ leading of physically active lifestyles. Further research is needed to support the development of interventions to create age-friendly neighbourhoods.
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Eijgermans, Diana G. M., Mirte Boelens, Joost Oude Groeniger, Wim H. M. van der Zanden, Pauline W. Jansen, Hein Raat e Wilma Jansen. "Role of neighbourhood social characteristics in children’s use of mental health services between ages 9 and 13 years: a population-based cohort study in the Netherlands". BMJ Open 12, n.º 4 (abril de 2022): e057376. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-057376.
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ObjectivesThis study aims to investigate the association of neighbourhood socioeconomic status (SES) and social cohesion (SC) within the neighbourhood with mental health service use in children, independent of individual-level characteristics and mental health problems.Design, setting and participantsA longitudinal analysis was done using data from the Generation R Study, a prospective, population-based cohort of children born in Rotterdam, the Netherlands. These data were linked to the Neighbourhood Profile, containing registry and survey data on residents of Rotterdam. Data of 3403 children (mean age: 13.6 years, SD: 0.4) were used to study the associations between neighbourhood SES, SC (SC belonging and SC relations) and mental health service use, adjusted for mental health problems and sociodemographic characteristics.Outcome measuresMental health service use was reported by the accompanying parent at the research centre using the question: ‘Did your child visit a psychologist or psychiatrist between 9 and 13 years old?’.ResultsMental health services were used by 524 (15.4%) children between ages 9 and 13 years. No significant differences in mental health service use between neighbourhoods were identified (median OR: 1.07 (p=0.50)). The neighbourhood social characteristics were associated with mental health service use, but only when adjusted for each other. Children living in neighbourhoods with a low SES (OR 0.57 (95% CI 0.32 to 1.00)) or high SC belonging (OR 0.79 (95% CI 0.64 to 0.96)) were less likely to use services compared with children in a high SES or low SC belonging neighbourhood. SC relations was not associated with mental health service use.ConclusionsOur findings indicate that children living in high SES neighbourhoods or in neighbourhoods where people feel less sense of belonging are more likely to use mental health services. As these associations were only present when studied jointly, more research is warranted on the complex associations of neighbourhood factors with children’s mental health service use.
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Johnston, Ron, Carol Propper, Rebecca Sarker, Kelvyn Jones, Anne Bolster e Simon Burgess. "Neighbourhood Social Capital and Neighbourhood Effects". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 37, n.º 8 (agosto de 2005): 1443–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a37222.
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Recent research has provided very strong circumstantial evidence of the existence of neighbourhood effects in voting patterns at recent UK general elections. The usual reason adduced to account for these spatial variations is the neighbourhood effect. This hypothesises that people are influenced in their decisionmaking and behavioural patterns by their neighbours, with interpersonal conversation being the main means of transmitting such influence. Although there is an increasing body of evidence showing the impact of such conversations—that people who talk together, vote together—relatively little of this has grounded the geography of such conversations in the individuals' local neighbourhoods. Those who interact locally should show more evidence of ‘neighbourhood-effect-like’ patterns than those who do not. To inquire whether this is indeed so, this paper extends recent work on voting patterns in the United Kingdom by investigating the behaviour of individuals with different levels of participation in their local milieux—what we define below as neighbourhood social capital.
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Kemppainen, Teemu, e Perttu Saarsalmi. "Perceived social disorder in suburban housing estates in the Helsinki region: a contextual analysis". Finnish Journal of Social Research 8 (15 de dezembro de 2015): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.51815/fjsr.110732.
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Deindustrialisation has severely hit Finnish suburban housing estates of the 1960s and 1970s, and socio-economic differences between neighbourhoods have increased. The social disorganisation theory suggests that neighbourhood disadvantage is a risk factor for problems related to social order. This article compares perceptions of social disorder in suburban housing estates compared to other kinds of neighbourhood. Perceived social disorder appears to be most common in the suburban housing estates built in the 1960s and 1970s, somewhat less common in other high-rise neighbourhoods, and clearly least common in low-rise areas. Neighbourhood disadvantage predicts perceived social disorder, which partly explains these differences.
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Burns, Victoria F., Jean-Pierre Lavoie e Damaris Rose. "Revisiting the Role of Neighbourhood Change in Social Exclusion and Inclusion of Older People". Journal of Aging Research 2012 (2012): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/148287.
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Objective. To explore how older people who are “aging in place” are affected when the urban neighbourhoods in which they are aging are themselves undergoing socioeconomic and demographic change.Methods. A qualitative case study was conducted in two contrasting neighbourhoods in Montréal (Québec, Canada), the analysis drawing on concepts of social exclusion and attachment.Results. Participants express variable levels of attachment to neighbourhood. Gentrification triggered processes of social exclusion among older adults: loss of social spaces dedicated to older people led to social disconnectedness, invisibility, and loss of political influence on neighbourhood planning. Conversely, certain changes in a disadvantaged neighbourhood fostered their social inclusion.Conclusion. This study thus highlights the importance of examining the impacts of neighbourhood change when exploring the dynamics of aging in place and when considering interventions to maintain quality of life of those concerned.
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Corte, Stefan De, Peter Raymaekers, Karen Thaens e Brecht Vandekerckhove. "Intra-Urban Migrations and Deprived Neighbourhoods in Flanders and Brussels". Open House International 30, n.º 3 (1 de setembro de 2005): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2005-b0004.
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This paper analyses migrations at neighbourhood level in relation to the persistence of deprived neighbourhoods. The research is based on a sample of deprived neighbourhoods located in the inner-cities of Brussels and six Flemish cities. Their migration pattern was analysed and compared to a sample of middle-class neighbourhoods which are also located in the inner city. More than one million migration movements covering a period of 14 years (1986-1999) were analysed according to age, nationality and family composition. This was the first time that data of this kind were available for research in Belgium. The main findings hint at a migration pattern that perpetuates deprived neighbourhoods. Residents of these neighbourhoods move more often and over a shorter distance then their counterparts in the reference neighbourhoods. Residents of a deprived neighbourhood also tend to move to another deprived neighbourhood. A clear difference is noted between the Belgian population and migrant groups such as Moroccans and Turks. Groups that are weaker from a socio-economic perspective tend to stay much more within the circuit of deprived neighbour-hoods, hereby perpetuating their existence. We also noted that once their economic situation has improved, the strongest households move out of the neighbourhood, leaving the rest of the population ‘trapped‘ behind. The article closes with a set of policy recommendations.
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Hand, Carri, Debbie Laliberte Rudman, Suzanne Huot, Rachael Pack e Jason Gilliland. "Enacting agency: exploring how older adults shape their neighbourhoods". Ageing and Society 40, n.º 3 (17 de setembro de 2018): 565–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x18001150.
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AbstractWithin research on ageing in neighbourhoods, older adults are often positioned as impacted by neighbourhood features; their impact on neighbourhoods is less often considered. Drawing on a study exploring how person and place transact to shape older adults’ social connectedness, inclusion and engagement in neighbourhoods, this paper explores how older adults take action in efforts to create neighbourhoods that meet individual and collective needs and wants. We drew on ethnographic and community-based participatory approaches and employed qualitative and geospatial methods with 14 older adults in two neighbourhoods. Analysis identified three themes that described the ways that older adults enact agency at the neighbourhood level: being present and inviting casual social interaction, helping others and taking community action. The participants appeared to contribute to a collective sense of connectedness and creation of social spaces doing everyday neighbourhood activities and interacting with others. Shared territories in which others were present seemed to support such interactions. Participants also helped others in a variety of ways, often relating to gaps in services and support, becoming neighbourhood-based supports for other seniors. Finally, participants contributed to change at the community level, such as engaging politically, patronising local businesses and making improvements in public places. Study findings suggest the potential benefits of collaborating with older adults to create and maintain liveable neighbourhoods.
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Hedman, Lina, e Maarten Van Ham. "Three Generations of Intergenerational Transmission of Neighbourhood Context". Social Inclusion 9, n.º 2 (13 de maio de 2021): 129–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/si.v9i2.3730.
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The literature on intergenerational contextual mobility has shown that neighbourhood status is partly ‘inherited’ from parents by children. Children who spend their childhood in deprived neighbourhoods are more likely to live in such neighbourhoods as adults. It has been suggested that such transmission of neighbourhood status is also relevant from a multiple generation perspective. To our knowledge, however, this has only been confirmed by simulations and not by empirical research. This study uses actual empirical data covering the entire Swedish population over a 25-year period, to investigate intergenerational similarities in neighbourhood status for three generations of Swedish women. The findings suggest that the neighbourhood environments of Swedish women are correlated with the neighbourhood statuses of their mothers and, to some extent, grandmothers. These results are robust over two different analytical strategies—comparing the neighbourhood status of the three generations at roughly similar ages and at the same point in time—and two different spatial scales. We argue that the finding of such effects in (relatively egalitarian) Sweden implies that similar, and possibly stronger, patterns are likely to exist in other countries as well.
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Eshruq Labin, Ahlam, Saqer Sqour, Abdelmajeed Rjoub, Rami Al Shawabkeh e Safa Al Husban. "Sustainable Neighbourhood Evaluation Criteria -Design and Urban Values (Case study: Neighbourhoods from Al-Mafraq, Jordan)". Journal of Sustainable Architecture and Civil Engineering 31, n.º 2 (26 de outubro de 2022): 21–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.sace.31.2.30953.
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A sustainable neighbourhood is critical in preserving the environment for future generations, as various societies are suffering from increasing reliance on vehicles and low social interaction. This study aims to compare two neighbourhoods in terms of implementing the sustainable neighbourhood criteria. This study is based on eight sustainable neighbourhood evaluation criteria related to design and urban values are: regional issues, compacted form, mixed land-use, connectivity, pedestrian-oriented building, public sphere of the neighbourhood, relationship with transit, and walkability. University District and Jordan Villa Compound newly developed residential neighbourhoods located in Al-Mafraq city in Jordan were chosen as a case study to evaluate the sustainable neighbourhood criteria. The primary and secondary data were obtained from various resources, including; previous studies that related to the topic, site surveys and personal interviews. The results show that The University District is more sustainable and walkable than the Jordan villa compound; due to several reasons as the grid pattern of planning and the high population density. The importance of this study comes from implementing the sustainable neighbourhood evaluation criteria to develop communities to become more sustainable and walkable.
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Clark, William A. V., Marinus C. Deurloo e Frans M. Dieleman. "Residential Mobility and Neighbourhood Careers". Open House International 30, n.º 3 (1 de setembro de 2005): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-03-2005-b0003.
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Residential mobility is the process by which households attempt to harmonize their housing needs with their housing consumption. However, since houses are geographically inseparable from their neighbourhoods, when households move they also change their locations and their neighbourhoods. This paper examines how households make relative selections when they move between improving their housing consumption and improving the quality of their neigh-bourhoods. We found that households gain in both housing quality and neighbourhood quality, and in many cases, maintain the same housing quality, but gain in neighbourhood quality.
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Arribas-Bel, Daniel, e Jessie Bakens. "Spatial dynamics of cultural diversity in the Netherlands". Environment and Planning B: Urban Analytics and City Science 45, n.º 6 (6 de julho de 2018): 1142–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399808318783748.
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In this paper, we analyse the spatial dimension of changing ethnic diversity at the neighbourhood level. Drawing from recent work on income convergence, we characterise the evolution of population diversity in the Netherlands over space. Our analysis is structured over three dimensions, which allow us to find clear spatial patterns in how cultural diversity changes at the neighbourhood level. Globally, we use directional statistics to visualise techniques of exploratory data analysis, finding a clear trend towards ‘spatially integrated change’: a situation where the trajectory of ethnic change in a neighbourhood is closely related to that in adjacent neighbourhoods. When we zoom into the local level, a visualisation of recent measures of local concordance allows us to document a high degree of spatial heterogeneity in how the overall change is distributed over space. Finally, to further explore the nature and characteristics of neighbourhoods that experience the largest amount of change, we develop a spatial, multilevel model. Our results show that the largest cities, as well as those at the boundaries with Belgium and Germany, with the most diverse neighbourhoods, have large clusters of stable neighbourhood diversity over time, while concentrations of high dynamic areas are nearby these largest cities. The analysis shows that neighbourhood diversity spatially ‘spills over’, gradually expanding outside traditionally diverse areas.
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Nieuwenhuis, Jaap, Pieter Hooimeijer, Maarten van Ham e Wim Meeus. "Neighbourhood immigrant concentration effects on migrant and native youth’s educational commitments, an enquiry into personality differences". Urban Studies 54, n.º 10 (31 de março de 2016): 2285–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098016640693.
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In the literature examining neighbourhood effects on educational outcomes, the socialisation mechanism is usually investigated by looking at the association between neighbourhood characteristics and educational attainment. The step in between, that adolescents actually internalise educational norms held by residents, is often assumed. We attempt to fill this gap by looking at how the internalisation of educational norms (commitments) is influenced by neighbourhoods’ immigrant concentration. We investigate this process for both migrant and native youth, as both groups might be influenced differently by immigrant concentrations. To test our hypothesis we used longitudinal panel data with five waves (N = 4255), combined with between-within models which control for a large portion of potential selection bias. These models have an advantage over naïve OLS models in that they predict the effect of change in neighbourhood characteristics on change in educational commitment, and therefore offer a more dynamic approach to modelling neighbourhood effects. Our results show that living in neighbourhoods with higher proportions of immigrants increases the educational commitments of migrant youth compared to living in neighbourhoods with lower proportions. Besides, we find that adolescents with a resilient personality experience less influence of the neighbourhood context on educational commitments than do adolescents with non-resilient personalities.
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Liu, Yuxi, Huanting Liu, Qin Chen, Junhui Xiao e Chonghua Wan. "The Association of Perceived Neighbourhood Environment and Subjective Wellbeing in Migrant Older Adults: A Cross-Sectional Study Using Canonical Correlation Analysis". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, n.º 5 (23 de fevereiro de 2023): 4021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054021.
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Existing studies often focus on the impact of the neighbourhood environment on the subjective wellbeing (SWB) of the residents. Very few studies explore the impacts of the neighbourhood environment on migrant older adults. This study was conducted to investigate the correlations between perceived neighbourhood environment (PNE) and SWB among migrant older adults. A cross-sectional design was adopted. Data were collected from 470 migrant older adults in Dongguan, China. General characteristics, levels of SWB, and PNE were collected via a self-reported questionnaire. Canonical correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between PNE and SWB. These variables accounted for 44.1% and 53.0% of the variance, respectively. Neighbourhood relations, neighbourhood trust, and similar values in social cohesion made the most important contributions correlated with positive emotion and positive experience. A link between SWB and walkable neighbourhoods characterized by opportunities and facilities for physical activities with other people walking or exercising in their community, is positively associated with positive emotions. Our findings suggest that migrant older adults have a good walkable environment and social cohesion in neighbourhoods positively correlated with their subjective wellbeing. Therefore, the government should provide a more robust activity space for neighbourhoods and build an inclusive community for older adults.
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Prokop, Frank P. "Neighbourhood lattices – a poset approach to topological spaces". Bulletin of the Australian Mathematical Society 39, n.º 1 (fevereiro de 1989): 31–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0004972700027969.
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In this paper neighbourhood lattices are developed as a generalisation of topological spaces in order to examine to what extent the concepts of “openness”, “closedness”, and “continuity” defined in topological spaces depend on the lattice structure of P(X), the power set of X.A general pre-neighbourhood system, which satisfies the poset analogues of the neighbourhood system of points in a topological space, is defined on an ∧-semi-lattice, and is used to define open elements. Neighbourhood systems, which satisfy the poset analogues of the neighbourhood system of sets in a topological space, are introduced and it is shown that it is the conditionally complete atomistic structure of P(X) which determines the extension of pre-neighbourhoods of points to the neighbourhoods of sets.The duals of pre-neighbourhood systems are used to generate closed elements in an arbitrary lattice, independently of closure operators or complementation. These dual systems then form the backdrop for a brief discussion of the relationship between preneighbourhood systems, topological closure operators, algebraic closure operators, and Čech closure operators.Continuity is defined for functions between neighbourhood lattices, and it is proved that a function f: X → Y between topological spaces is continuous if and only if corresponding direct image function between the neighbourhood lattices P(X) and P(Y) is continuous in the neighbourhood sense. Further, it is shown that the algebraic character of continuity, that is, the non-convergence aspects, depends only on the properites of pre-neighbourhood systems. This observation leads to a discussion of the continuity properties of residuated mappings. Finally, the topological properties of normality and regularity are characterised in terms of the continuity properties of the closure operator on a topological space.
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Hosler, Akiko S., e Jamie R. Kammer. "Trends of fruit and vegetable availability in neighbourhoods in Albany, NY, USA, 2003–2012". Public Health Nutrition 18, n.º 3 (31 de março de 2014): 562–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980014000391.
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AbstractObjectiveTo investigate a 9-year trend of fresh fruit and vegetable availability and factors associated with the net availability change in two contrasting neighbourhoods.DesignLongitudinal design. Data were collected in 2003, 2009 and 2012 through in-store observations. Fresh fruit and vegetable availability was presented by weight-adjusted counts of stores having designated varieties per 10 000 population.SettingA low-income minority neighbourhood and an adjacent middle-income racially mixed neighbourhood in Albany, NY, USA. These neighbourhoods became sites of fresh produce interventions after baseline data were collected.SubjectsA total of 111, 128 and 146 eligible food stores in respective years.ResultsFresh fruit availability (two or more varieties) increased in both neighbourhoods. Inventory expansion of existing stores and the convenience store intervention contributed to the significant increase (P for trend=0·04) of fresh fruit availability in the minority neighbourhood. Although not statistically significant (P>0·05), the availability of two or more dark-coloured fresh vegetables also increased in the mixed neighbourhood, but declined slightly in the minority neighbourhood. The secular (non-intervention) fresh vegetable availability rate ratio by neighbourhood reached 3·0 in 2012 (P<0·01). The net decline of fresh vegetable availability in the minority neighbourhood was primarily attributed to inventory reduction of existing stores.ConclusionsLongitudinal observations revealed narrowed neighbourhood disparities of fresh fruit availability and widened gaps of fresh vegetable availability. Inventory shifts of existing stores impacted the net availability change more profoundly than store opening or closing in the minority neighbourhood. Findings support increasing the programme capacity of the convenience store intervention to address the fresh vegetable disparity.
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Jivraj, Stephen. "Modelling Socioeconomic Neighbourhood Change due to Internal Migration in England". Urban Studies 49, n.º 16 (13 de junho de 2012): 3565–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098012446990.
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In England, deprived neighbourhoods were the focus of a number of policy initiatives constructed by the previous Labour government. The evaluations of these programmes and other earlier interventions have shown that attempts to improve neighbourhood socioeconomic outcomes might be affected by people selectively moving in and out of targeted areas. Nonetheless, there is very little evidence that provides an appreciation of this effect. This paper examines the effect of internal migration on the concentration of low-income families in neighbourhoods in England during 2002–07 using a multilevel growth curve model. Explanatory variables in the model include the regional area and district type of a neighbourhood as well as whether the neighbourhood is ranked within the 20 per cent most deprived in England. The findings suggest that deprived neighbourhoods increase their concentration of poor families at a faster rate than all other neighbourhoods. However, the increase is marginal.
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Van Dijk, Hanna M., Jane M. Cramm e Anna P. Nieboer. "Social cohesion as perceived by community-dwelling older people: the role of individual and neighbourhood characteristics". International Journal of Ageing and Later Life 8, n.º 2 (23 de janeiro de 2014): 9–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ijal.1652-8670.13210.
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Social cohesion in neighbourhoods is critical to supporting the rising number of community-dwelling older people. Our aim was thus to identify individual and neighbourhood characteristics influencing social cohesion among older people. We employed a cross-sectional study of 945 (66% response rate) community-dwelling older residents (70+ ) in Rotterdam. To account for the hierarchical structure of the study design, we fitted a hierarchical random-effects model comprising 804 older people (level 1) nested in 72 neighbourhoods (level 2). Multilevel analyses showed that both individual (age, ethnic background, years of residence, income and self-rated health) and neighbourhood characteristics (neighbourhood security) affect social cohesion among community-dwelling older people. Results suggest that policy makers should consider such factors in promoting social cohesion among community-dwelling older people. Policies aimed at improving neighbourhood security may lead to higher levels of social cohesion.
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Goldstein, Rise B., Awapuhi K. Lee, Denise L. Haynie, Jeremy W. Luk, Brian J. Fairman, Danping Liu, Jacob S. Jeffers, Bruce G. Simons-Morton e Stephen E. Gilman. "Neighbourhood disadvantage and depressive symptoms among adolescents followed into emerging adulthood". Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 73, n.º 7 (30 de março de 2019): 590–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2018-212004.
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BackgroundResidents of disadvantaged neighbourhoods report higher levels of depressive symptoms; however, few studies have employed prospective designs during adolescence, when depression tends to emerge. We examined associations of neighbourhood social fragmentation, income inequality and median household income with depressive symptoms in a nationally representative survey of adolescents.MethodsThe NEXT Generation Health Study enrolled 10th-grade students from 81 US high schools in the 2009–2010 school year. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Modified Depression Scale (wave 1) and the paediatric Patient-Reported Outcome Measurement Information System (waves 2–6). Neighbourhood characteristics at waves 1, 3, 4, and 5 were measured at the census tract level using geolinked data from the American Community Survey 5-year estimates. We used linear mixed models to relate neighbourhood disadvantage to depressive symptoms controlling for neighbourhood and individual sociodemographic factors.ResultsNone of the models demonstrated evidence for associations of social fragmentation, income inequality or median household income with depressive symptoms.ConclusionDespite the prospective design, repeated measures and nationally representative sample, we detected no association between neighbourhood disadvantage and depressive symptoms. This association may not exist or may be too small to detect in a geographically dispersed sample. Given the public health significance of neighbourhood effects, future research should examine the developmental timing of neighbourhood effects across a wider range of ages than in the current sample, consider both objective and subjective measures of neighbourhood conditions, and use spatially informative techniques that account for conditions of nearby neighbourhoods.
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Kingsbury, M., J. B. Kirkbride, S. E. McMartin, M. E. Wickham, M. Weeks e I. Colman. "Trajectories of childhood neighbourhood cohesion and adolescent mental health: evidence from a national Canadian cohort". Psychological Medicine 45, n.º 15 (14 de julho de 2015): 3239–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291715001245.
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BackgroundThe objective of this study was to examine associations between trajectories of childhood neighbourhood social cohesion and adolescent mental health and behaviour.MethodThis study used data from the National Longitudinal Survey of Children and Youth, a nationally representative sample of Canadian children. The sample included 5577 children aged 0–3 years in 1994–1995, prospectively followed until age 12–15 years. Parental perceived neighbourhood cohesion was assessed every 2 years. Latent growth class modelling was used to identify trajectories of neighbourhood cohesion. Mental health and behavioural outcomes were self-reported at age 12–15 years. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between neighbourhood cohesion trajectories and outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders.ResultsFive distinct trajectories were identified: ‘stable low’ (4.2%); ‘moderate increasing’ (9.1%); ‘stable moderate’ (68.5%); ‘high falling’ (8.9%); and ‘stable high’ (9.3%). Relative to those living in stable moderately cohesive neighbourhoods, those in stable low cohesive neighbourhoods were more likely to experience symptoms of anxiety/depression [odds ratio (OR) = 1.73, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–2.90] and engage in indirect aggression (OR = 1.62, 95% CI 1.07–2.45). Those with improvements in neighbourhood cohesion had significantly lower odds of hyperactivity (OR = 0.67, 95% CI 0.46–0.98) and indirect aggression (OR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.49–0.96). In contrast, those with a decline in neighbourhood cohesion had increased odds of hyperactivity (OR = 1.67, 95% CI 1.21–2.29). Those in highly cohesive neighbourhoods in early childhood were more likely to engage in prosocial behaviour (‘high falling’: OR = 1.93, 95% CI 1.38–2.69; ‘stable high’: OR = 1.89, 95% CI 1.35–2.63).ConclusionsThese results suggest that neighbourhood cohesion in childhood may have time-sensitive effects on several domains of adolescent mental health and behaviour.
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Davies, Jonathan S., e Madeleine Pill. "Hollowing Out Neighbourhood Governance? Rescaling Revitalisation in Baltimore and Bristol". Urban Studies 49, n.º 10 (10 de novembro de 2011): 2199–217. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0042098011422576.
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The neighbourhood has been a prominent terrain for revitalisation in recent times, and also for studies by scholars debating the significance of networked governance as the means of public service co-ordination, democratic voice or social control. This study of the governance of neighbourhoods in Baltimore and Bristol suggests that there may be a need to rethink these perspectives, as Bristol begins to converge with Baltimore on the terrain of exclusionary city governance, neighbourhood disinvestment and self-help. If the study is representative, it may point to a retreat from neighbourhood governance and the possibility that, in the era of austerity, economically ‘unviable’ neighbourhoods face abandonment.