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Fedotova, Anastasia. "A Review of Raf de Bont, Nature’s Diplomats: Science, Internationalism, and Preservation, 1920–1960. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2021, 373 pp." Antropologicheskij forum 19, n.º 58 (2023): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-58-329-338.
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“Nature’s Diplomats: Science, Internationalism, and Preservation, 1920–1960” (2021) by Raf de Bont, professor at the University of Maastricht, analyzes the long-term influence of ideas formulated in the first half of the 20th century for the international movement for nature conservation. As the author proves, the early 20th century naturalists and the nongovernmental organizations that they created exercised a decisive influence on the theory and practice of the international movement for nature protection throughout the 20th century. This influence is still noticeable in the early decades of the 21st century. The book shows that the “internationalism” of early organizations for nature conservation was rather limited, the social composition was far from inclusive, and the “scientific approach” was not as self-evident and ideologically neutral as we tend to think. The most influential figures in the international nature conservation were aristocratic landowners and the upper middle classes from leading urban centers of North-Western Europe and the east coast of the United States who had been trained and actively engaged in natural history.
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Martins, Humberto, e Amélia Frazão-Moreira. "National and Natural Parks in Portugal. A brief history to understand the appropriation by the state of humanized territories". Investigaciones Regionales - Journal of Regional Research 55 (24 de abril de 2023): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.38191/iirr-jorr.23.006.
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The text examines legal frameworks in Portugal to discuss how nature conservation has been managed from a state perspective. Natural Protected Areas correspond to a desire of the political sphere to match an international environmental agenda. However, they have been implemented mainly in private properties or in baldios (communal, though not public lands). Therefore, in practical terms, a tension has been always present between the state and the communities and/or private owners since the beginning of the 20th Century with the creation of ‘forest perimeters’. The article flies over the critical turning points in Portuguese conservation policies from the seventies of the 20th Century to present-day with the recently created diploma of co-management for Protected Areas.
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Purmer, Michiel. "A landscape history of the Geul Valley: from a farmers’ Arcadia to a multifunctional landscape". Tájökológiai Lapok 17, Suppl. 1 (29 de dezembro de 2019): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.56617/tl.3569.
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This article describes the role of Natuurmonumenten, a Dutch NGO for nature conservation, in the preservation of cultural landscapes. The case study is the traditional rural landscape of the Geul River, South Limburg, The Netherlands. The Geul Valley was recognized for its natural, geological and Arcadian beauty early in the 20th century. The nature conservationists took action in the early 20th century when industrialization already threatened the area. However, it was only after the Second World War, that nature conservation societies like Natuurmonumenten (Natural Monuments Society) bought parts of the Geul Valley in order to preserve the landscape. The Arcadian argument was strong: not only did Natuurmonumenten buy the flowery meadows, but also a castle, watermills, and ancient farmsteads. All within the paradigm of the traditional landscape. In the decades following the Second World War, however, the surrounding landscape changed dramatically due to increased tourism, intensive farming, growing population, land reallocations, etc. The contrast between the nature reserves and the surrounding parts of the valley grew. Now, in the early 21st century, new challenges arise: will nature management continue to strive for the preservation of the traditional landscape, or will nature development like rewilding take place? Climate change is an important issue and the sustainability of the management of the nature reserves is under discussion. This article uses the Landscape Biography method not only to describe the history of the management of the nature reserves of Natuurmonumenten in the Geul Valley, but also to look at the role of the cultural and natural heritage of this landscape in the transitions to come. The aesthetic aspect of the landscape also referred to like the beauty of the landscape, should play a role in the ongoing debate on the future of these landscapes.
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Hronček, Pavel, Peter Urban, Bohuslava Gregorová, Vladimír Čech e Dana Tometzová. "Anthropogenically Created Alpine Pastures as Landscape Resources for the Alpine Chamois Population in the Western Carpathians Mountain Range: Ďumbier Tatras Case Study". Land 11, n.º 12 (1 de dezembro de 2022): 2177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11122177.
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This study analysed the history of anthropogenically created alpine pastures from the 15th century to the present, as landscape resources for the chamois reintroduction in the second half of the 20th century in the Western Carpathians mountain arc (Slovakia), using the example of the Ďumbier Tatras (the second highest mountain range of the arc). Analysis and reconstructions were carried out on the basis of detailed archival and field research, which showed that grazing herds in the mountain peaks from the Middle Ages to the 20th century created anthropogenically suitable and sufficiently extensive grassy habitats for the chamois reintroduction and the survival of its population. The native chamois population became extinct in the Ďumbier Tatras at the end of the last ice age (about 10,000 years ago). However, anthropogenic deforestation has once again created suitable conditions for its distribution. In the 20th century, a new factor emerged, namely nature conservation and the proclamation of a national park, which meant the end of grazing in the alpine environment and the onset of succession. In the second half of the 20th century, modern tourism became another negative factor for the relocated Alpine chamois population, from the High Tatras back to its quasi-original environment. Tourism development was related to the construction of extensive infrastructure and superstructure in the chamois habitats in the Chopok and Ďumbier massifs. At present, therefore, the preservation of these ‘anthropogenic’ habitats requires active conservation and landscape management.
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Finn, Hugh. "Regenesis: A Discourse on the Natural History of Mind and Creation in the Second Deluge". Pacific Conservation Biology 14, n.º 4 (2008): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc080230.
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The artefact that we will discuss today, a text entitled Regenesis, was written in 2025. Regenesis focuses on the response of humanity to the Second Deluge, the term used to describe the period of global environmental change that began in the 20th century and encompassed the breadth of the 21st to the 23rd centuries. The legacy of this Deluge continues to resonate into our time.
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Chernobay, Yu M. "To the history of the integrity and paradigm methodology of natural and social coevolution". Proceedings of the State Natural History Museum, n.º 35 (9 de dezembro de 2019): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36885/nzdpm.2019.35.3-14.
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The regional phenomenon of the integrity methodology and natural-social coevolution, which took place in the scientific community of Lviv at the period of the end of 19th and the beginning of 20th century, was considered. The most prominent in creating this phenomenon were: V. Pol (preservation of cultural and natural heritage), V. Didushitsky (protection of certain species through environmental protection, natural motivation of self-identity), B. Dybovsky (taxonomy and continental biogeography), J. Pachoski (phytosociology and protection of nature), Y. Nusbaum-Gilarovich (philosophical and cognitive aspects of evolution), Y.G. Pavlikovski (nature and culture, theory and practice of nature conservation, the basics of tourist management). The emergence of this phenomenon led to the genesis of a number of scientific directions on the international level.
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Nasa, Jacopo La, Greta Biale, Barbara Ferriani, Rafaela Trevisan, Maria Perla Colombini e Francesca Modugno. "Plastics in Heritage Science: Analytical Pyrolysis Techniques Applied to Objects of Design". Molecules 25, n.º 7 (8 de abril de 2020): 1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071705.
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The first synthetic polymers were introduced as constituents of everyday life, design objects, and artworks at the end of the 19th century. Since then, the history of design has been strictly connected with the 20th century evolution of plastic materials. Objects of design from the 20th century are today a precious part of the cultural heritage. They raise specific conservation issues due to the degradation processes affecting synthetic polymer-based plastics. Museums and collections dealing with the conservation of design objects and modern materials need to base their conservation strategies on compositional data that reveal the formulations of historical plastics and their decay processes. Specific and specifically optimized analytical tools are thus needed. We employed flash analytical pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and evolved gas analysis coupled with mass spectrometry (EGA-MS) to characterize “historic polymeric materials” (HIPOMS) and heritage plastics at the molecular level with high chemical detail. This approach complements non-invasive spectroscopic diagnosis whenever it fails to obtain significant or complete information on the nature and the state of preservation of the materials under study. We determined the composition of several 20th century design objects (1954–1994) from the Triennale Design Museum of Milan (Triennale Milano - Museo del Design Italiano), which for different morphological, chemical, or physical reasons were unsuitable for characterization by non-invasive spectroscopy. EGA-MS proved capable for the study of the different fractions constituting heterogeneous micro-samples and for gaining an insight into their degradation processes from the contextual interpretation of thermal and mass-spectrometric data.
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HAMILTON, REBECCA, e DAN PENNY. "Ecological history of Lachlan Nature Reserve, Centennial Park, Sydney, Australia: a palaeoecological approach to conservation". Environmental Conservation 42, n.º 1 (8 de abril de 2014): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892914000083.
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SUMMARYReconstructing the environmental history of protected areas permits an empirically-based assessment of the conservation values ascribed to these sites. Ideally, this long-term view can contribute to evidence-based management policy that is both ecologically ‘realistic’ and pragmatically feasible. Lachlan Nature Reserve, a protected wetland in Centennial Park, Sydney, is claimed to be the final remnant of early and pre-European swamplands that were once extensive in the area, and the site is thus considered to have indigenous cultural and natural conservation significance. This study uses palynological techniques to reconstruct vegetation communities at the Reserve from the late Holocene to the present in order to assess whether these values adequately reflect the history, character and development of the site. The findings indicate that the modern site flora is a modified Melaleuca quinquenervia low forest assemblage formed in response to aggregated anthropogenic disturbance since colonial settlement. This assemblage replaces an Epacris-dominated heath-swampland community that was extirpated in the mid-20th century. These results emphasize the value of long-term studies in contributing to a realistic management policy that explicitly reflects the normative basis of conservation, and values the influence of past land-uses on contemporary protected ecosystems.
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Gorbyk, Olena, Galyna Shevtsova, Tetyana Kashchenko, Volodymyr Starchuk, Oleksandra Yezhova e Yaroslav Starchuk. "Kyiv St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Church: Problems of Restoration And Post-War Renovation of A Unique Monument of the Neo-Gothic Style". International Journal of Conservation Science 15, SI (28 de fevereiro de 2024): 305–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36868/ijcs.2024.si.23.
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St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Church is one of the main centers of the Roman Catholic community of Ukraine, an architectural monument of national significance, a neo-Gothic building of the beginning of the 20th century, unique for Kyiv, built in the innovative for that time material of reinforced concrete and experimental structures. As a result of problematic soils, design miscalculations, destructive to the structures of the building city transport communications (vibrations from subway traffic), a catastrophic fire in the building in 2021, deterioration of the stability of the building as a result of the barbaric Russian bombing of the civilian center of Kyiv, the church building is in a critical condition, and currently is no functioning. An urgent survey and restoration is needed to prevent the church ruining. The restoration should apply new practical technological measures to correct the critical situation. This publication sheds light on the current issues of the state of the monument and presents proposals for priority measures for its preservation, highlights the role and significance of St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Church in the history of Kyiv and in the formation of stylistic architecture of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
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Hoare, Joanne. "Flight of the Huia: Ecology and Conservation of New Zealand's Frogs, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals". Pacific Conservation Biology 11, n.º 2 (2005): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc050147.
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The Huia Heteralocha acutirostris (Passerifonnes: Callaeidae) was a remarkable bird, endemic to New Zealand and famous for its sexual dimorphism in beak shape, which allowed differentiation of invertebrate resource collection by foraging pairs. Huia were once widespread throughout New Zealand, but declined rapidly following human settlement due to predation by introduced mammals, habitat loss, hunting and collecting, until their extinction in the early 20th Century. The plight of the Huia is, tragically, parallel to the stories of many of New Zealand?s endemic vertebrates, and is a fitting frontispiece for Kerry-Jane Wilson?s new book which delves into the ecological history of the New Zealand fauna.
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Chibilev, A. A. "Russian reserve management: from the past to the future". Anthropogenic Transformation of Nature, n.º 6 (2020): 6–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2410-8553-2020-6-6-16.
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The article deals with the historical background of the origin and development of conservation in Russia. The outstanding role of the Standing Environmental Commission of the Imperial Russian geographical society in the development of scientific principles for the formation of a geographical network of reserves and national parks in Russia is noted. The chronology of the main events in the history of nature conservation in our country is given. Three main directions of development of the state system of protected areas are analyzed. It is concluded that the development of a geographical network of protected areas of the USSR and Russia is one of the most significant achievements of Russian science in the 20th century.
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Mykrä, Sakari, Timo Vuorisalo e Mari Pohja-Mykrä. "A history of organized persecution and conservation of wildlife: species categorizations in Finnish legislation from medieval times to 1923". Oryx 39, n.º 3 (3 de junho de 2005): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605305000797.
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Attitudes towards wild animals are reflected through history in various categorizations of species. For example, changes in the useful-harmful dichotomy of species have affected policy decisions during the long history of organized pest persecution as well as during the much more recent rise of nature conservation. The first hunting legislation in Finland dates back more than 650 years, to times when the country belonged to the Kingdom of Sweden. From those times to the early 20th century various acts of law exhibited a marked variation in placing species into useful and harmful categories. The dichotomy seems to be based upon fundamental ecological interactions between humans and other species. We show that the varying interest in pest persecution as well as important conservation milestones have been associated with contemporary human-animal relations such as the attitudes of decision makers and laymen towards wild animals, and the public awareness of species conservation issues.
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Schoder, Angelika. "A History of Pebbles and Silt – Fluvial Sediment Transport, Hydropower and Technical Expertise at the Austrian Danube and its Tributaries". Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 18, n.º 2 (1 de agosto de 2016): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/trser-2015-0083.
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Abstract The paper investigates experts’ perceptions of hydropower, sediment regime, and their interaction in the 20th century with an environmental historical approach, based on various case studies at both the Danube River and one of its tributaries, and on a review of contemporary literature authored by engineers. Results show that questions of sediment continuity have engaged planners of hydropower plants since the advent of this technology, and decisions were at any time influenced by multiple interests (navigation, electricity demand, nature conservation). In such an intricate fluvial landscape, phenomena like reservoir sedimentation and riverbed incision can be approached as “legacies” of past technical interventions, which limit the options of current and future river management.
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Černauskienė, Aušra. "Preservation Scenarios for Post-War Concrete Architecture: The Case of Lithuania". Architecture and Urban Planning 19, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2023): 217–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aup-2023-0020.
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Abstract Post-war concrete architecture is a valuable part of the 20th-century heritage spread worldwide with specific preservation challenges. This paper analyses three possible preservation scenarios: conservation, comprehensive upgrade, and adaptive reuse based on a broad legacy of post-war concrete architecture in Lithuania and the sustainability aspect. Even though several significant concrete objects are listed, they are protected very formally, and no comprehensive preservation is applied.
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Kovshar, A. F. "Kazakhstan ornithology in the 20th and the first quarter of the 21st centuries". Trudy of the Institute of Zoology RK 2, n.º 1 (2023): 28–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.54944/tizrksq71jl8.
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The review is devoted to the development of ornithological science in the territory of present-day Kazakhstan over the last century, namely, from the expeditionary survey of the territory in the first third of the 20th century to systematic scientific research that began after 1932 with the formation of the primary academic center in Kazakhstan (later turned into the National Academy of Sciences). The history of the creation and development of the ornithological school in Kazakhstan («the School of Dolgushin»), the compilation and publication of the 5-volume ornithological summary “Birds of Kazakhstan” (1960–1974) and the subsequent formation of the main directions of ornithological research, faunistic, migratory, autecological, and environmental (foundation of protected areas, conservation of rare and endangered species, publication of Red Data books), are considered. The appearance and development of amateur ornithology and another social aspect of ornithology – the popularization of science and the objects of its study with the promotion of the protection of these objects at the boundary of the 20th and 21st centuries – are described. As weaknesses of ornithological science in Kazakhstan, there is a lack of knowledge on the study of bird communities, including their cartography; poor knowledge of the nutrition and winter ecology of birds; the lack of a general analysis of changes in landscapes of an anthropogenic nature in the second half of the 20th century and the impact of these changes on the composition of the avifauna, the number and distribution of individual bird species. Attention is drawn to the problems with the training of ornithological personnel in connection with the liquidation of the departments of zoology in the universities of the country.
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Cirtautas, Matas, Inesa Alistratovaitė-Kurtinaitienė e Dalia Dijokienė. "Lithuanian Folk Architecture Research as a Repository for the Study of Urban Form". Architecture and Urban Planning 18, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2022): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aup-2022-0001.
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Abstract Despite the increasingly global orientation of urban morphology, there still remain countries whose achievements in the field of urban form research are underrepresented. Although the attempts to study settlement form in Lithuania were rather early, the second half of the 20th century was the most productive period. The article presents context, process and findings of the folk architecture research, which became the nurturing environment for the establishment of contemporary urban form studies in Lithuania.
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Abolonkova, I. V., N. N. Sayfulloev e I. E. Dedov. "The State of Preservation of the Shakhty Rock Art Site and the Prospects of Its Conservation". Archaeology, Ethnology & Anthropology of Eurasia 50, n.º 3 (6 de outubro de 2022): 113–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.17746/1563-0110.2022.50.3.113-120.
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This article deals with the preservation of the Shakhty rock art site, discovered in the Eastern Pamirs in 1958 by the leading Central Asian Stone Age researcher V.A. Ranov. The analysis of photographs taken in the Shakhty rock shelter during the 2019 survey revealed the nature of destructive processes at the site due to environmental conditions of the Eastern Pamir highland. The article integrates the results of analysis of Ranov’s archives at the Donish Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnography of the National Academy of Sciences, Republic of Tajikistan. Thanks to Ranov’s diaries and photographs, it was possible in 2019 to assess the degree of erosion on the rock surface, and the loss of fragments of painted images over more than 60 years. Emergency areas requiring conservation efforts were identified. Principles of conservation and restoration of rock art are outlined, and an overview of techniques developed for sites of this type in the post-Soviet space in the last quarter of the 20th century is presented. State of the art conservation methods for rock art, which, in the future, can be applied for the preservation of emergency areas at Shakhty, are described. A set of measures is suggested to preserve this site.
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WAHEEB, Mirna, Ola HASSAN, Nada MOHAMED, Ghada AHMED, Maggie KAMAL, Madonna MILAD, Madonna GEORGE e Maha ALI. "REMOVAL OF PRESSURE SENSITIVE TAPES FROM VINTAGE SILVER GELATIN PRINTS USING SELECTED GEL-BASED SYSTEMS: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY". International Journal of Conservation Science 15, n.º 1 (15 de março de 2024): 515–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.36868/ijcs.2024.01.09.
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Historical photographs play a significant role as records, documenting the various stages of the history of Egypt and reflecting our identity and social, cultural, and religious values. Silver gelatin prints were the dominant positive printing processes in the 20th century. One of the most common forms of damage found among photographic collections is tears, which may result from improper handling and misuse, inappropriate storage, disasters, and other factors. In the past, tears were mended using pressure-sensitive tapes by amateurs and conservators. Over time, these tapes caused damage to the photographic surfaces since they oxidised, forming stains that are difficult and sometimes impossible to remove. Recently, many gel-based systems have been developed for use in the conservation of different cultural and historical materials, particularly paper artifacts. The aim of this research is to evaluate the efficacy of Klucel G and agar, as gel systems that are favoured by conservation specialists, in removing pressure-sensitive tapes from the surfaces of silver gelatin prints, as well as to study their effect on the photographs themselves. Organic solvents were added to the gel systems, and invaluable old photographs were used for this study. After treatment, samples were subjected to artificial ageing at a temperature of 80°C and 65% RH. Evaluation of the selected treatments was carried out through visual inspection, microscopic examination, colorimetric measurements, and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Results showed that both gel-based systems with mixed organic solvents gave great results compared to the conventional methods in terms of tape removal. However, colour change was detected in the case of agar gel-treated samples. Agarose gel may be a more proper option.
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Sirel, Ayşe. "Reflection of Paradigm Changein Information Technology to Library Architecture: The Helsinki Oodi Library". Architecture and Urban Planning 17, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2021): 123–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aup-2021-0012.
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Abstract Since the late-20th century, there has been a transition from an industrial society to an ‘information network society’. ‘The production, organization and dissemination of knowledge’ began to change rapidly at the start of the 21st century, whereas this situation was met by the more effective search, use and evaluation of all kinds of information by library users. This work has focused on how the paradigm shift in information technology differentiates the functions and architecture of the 21st century ‘next-gen’ libraries from the traditional sort. Constituting the sample area of the study, the Oodi Library and its architectural features was examined within the context of ‘new architectural design criteria’, such as accessibility, symbolism, spatial organization, access to collections, self-study and integration, both in situ and by means of literature research. In research, it was observed that libraries need to be designed in line with new architectural design criteria, keeping the digitalization of information and integrating new information technologies in the forefront. The paradigm shift in information technology with digitalization has been the catalyst that transforms the libraries of the 21st century into centres of intellectual life, while reinforcing their role as a symbol of education, equality, transparency and civilization.
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DECKERS, B., E. KERSELAERS, H. GULINCK, B. MUYS e M. HERMY. "Long-term spatio-temporal dynamics of a hedgerow network landscape in Flanders, Belgium". Environmental Conservation 32, n.º 1 (março de 2005): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892905001840.
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Although the importance of hedgerows for sustainable agriculture and conservation of rural biodiversity is increasingly being recognized, obtaining insight into the spatial and temporal dynamics of hedgerow networks remains an important challenge for landscape ecologists, with the key factors driving changes in rural landscape structure especially deserving further attention. The present study analyses the long-term history of a hedgerow network landscape in Flanders, Belgium. A detailed reconstruction of the hedgerow network is made at five points in time, starting at the end of the 18th century until present, for 367 distinct 400 m×400 m samples. Whilst hedgerows were mainly concentrated around historical village centres and within valleys at the end of 18th century, the network expanded progressively during the 19th century. In the 20th century, the hedgerow network degraded strongly, with hedgerow density and connectivity declining and mesh-size heterogeneity and network fragmentation increasing, although the network recovered slightly during the 1990s. Different trajectories of change in hedgerow network structure were observed depending on landscape position, with both topography and village proximity significantly affecting hedgerow network dynamics. The present network structure was mainly governed by land use, with highly developed networks being predominantly associated with pasture. Three main conclusions arise from the results of this study. First, the role of land use and landscape position as basic factors steering hedgerow network dynamics at the landscape scale is demonstrated. Second, the long-term perspective of the study enabled insight into the poorly known expansion phase of hedgerow networks, linked mainly with the development of small-scale labour-intensive agriculture. Finally, the findings confirm the large-scale degradation of linear semi-natural habitats in European agricultural landscapes during most of the 20th century, and indicate that a pro-active rural policy can halt and even reverse this process.
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Khodakovsky, Evgeny V. "Wooden Church Architecture of the Russian North in the Russian Art History of the Early 21st Century". Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 11, n.º 4 (2021): 696–714. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2021.407.
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The article represents a historiographical review of publications on the wooden architecture of the Russian North, published in 2000–2010s. In these years the main perspectives of the research of the wooden church architecture of the Russian North can be distinguished as follows: the regional studies in the framework of large-scale scientific projects; studying the construction history and analysing the architectural features of specific objects, including in connection with their restoration; “rehabilitation” of the late period (19th–20th centuries) in the history of church wooden church building, which is a fundamentally new approach to this segment of the architectural heritage of the North; attracting a wide range of archival sources and gradually moving away from the speculative nature of unsubstantiated theoretical conclusions. An analytical review of publications on wooden church architecture published over the past twenty years is important not only for summing up intermediate results, but also for indicating further prospects for creating a complete panorama of wooden church building in the Russian North, which still remains unconnected and fragmentary, that is, forming from the history of individual monuments in different regions. The interaction of researchers of Russian wooden architecture with each other in the framework of long-term scientific projects is the key to successful joint work on the identification and introduction into scientific circulation of archival documents of the early period (16th–18th centuries) and conducting field surveys of preserved objects. The subsequent integration of the obtained data on chronological, quantitative and typological indicators will allow us to obtain a new objective picture of the historical development and artistic diversity of the monuments of wooden architecture of the Russian North.
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Rose, S. P. R. "Communication: from neurons to people; from present to future". Biochemical Society Transactions 31, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2003): 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bst0310159.
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From its emergence out of organic chemistry and physiology a century ago, the history of biochemistry is one of shifting research agendas. For organic chemists, the questions were those of structure and composition, while for physiologists, they were questions of function. The dynamic biochemistry of the mid-20th century centred on catalysis, energy flow and metabolism. The emergence of molecular biology (‘practising biochemistry without a licence’) introduced information in place of energy as an organizing cellular principle, but in doing so forgot dynamics. For Crick's Central Dogma, information – signals – flowed in one direction only. Now, proteomics is enabling molecular biologists to rediscover biochemistry once more. Signalling – the processes of communication across space and time – occurs at all biological levels. I will review them, and their potential future. Will the metaphor of signalling provide a new organizing principle, one that recognizes the essentially interactive nature of information flow within metabolic webs?: I discuss first, the conservation of signalling molecules at the cellular level over evolutionary time; secondly, the supracellular level of physiological signalling in multicellular organisms – hormones and neurons; thirdly, supraorganismic signalling and communication – from pheromones to speech; and finally, signalling and reception within and outside the biochemical community – how do we/can we communicate with one another and the rest of the world?
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Shi, Xinjie, Xuwen Gao e Shile Fang. "Land System Reform in Rural China: Path and Mechanism". Land 11, n.º 8 (4 de agosto de 2022): 1241. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11081241.
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Changes in land policy not only determine agricultural growth, but also have bearing on issues, such as peasants’ rights and interests, industrial development, and urbanization. On account of China’s singular history and culture, its land systems are somewhat unique. This paper analyzes the institutional changes that took place before and after 1978 to show the journey of land system reform in rural China in the 20th century. We look closely at the policy performance and drawbacks of the reform that occurred after 1978, and analyze a series of “Central First Documents” that concern rural issues. Based on this analysis, some prospective land policy reforms are predicated. We conclude that at present, rural land ownership is unlikely to be completely privatized in the short-term. Creating a new agricultural management system with special functions or a land shareholding system, could be suitable measures to overcome the disorder of the existing land policy system in China.
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Nemchynov, Ihor. "An attempt to bring out a “new breed” of people in 18th-century Russia and Russian self-identification". Sententiae 12, n.º 1 (27 de junho de 2005): 142–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.31649/sent12.01.142.
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The paradigm of the interaction of "own" and "foreign", Russia and Europe defined Russian culture during the 18th-20th centuries. The utopian idea of creating a "new kind" of people, which appeared in the circle of Catherine II under the influence of European Enlightenment ideas, accurately characterizes this paradigm. The Enlightenment was a radical rejection of the traditional feudal worldview, a rejection of the old foundations of life. The author emphasizes that Catherine II and her entourage were not determined to radically change the existing social order in the spirit of enlightenment, choosing a more conservative path of "enlightenment absolutism". In addition, the project of creating a "new person" through education in isolated institutions points to the paradoxical nature of this idea and its implementation in the history of Russia.
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Kovalenko, Elena Iu. "The Beginnings of 1980s Soviet ‘Paper Architecture’ and the Circumstances of its Existence". Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 13, n.º 4 (2023): 709–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2023.406.
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History of Soviet ‘Paper Architeture’ of 1980s is mostly oral: its fragments are scattered in architecture magazines, critical articles and interviews. It seems that it has come from nowhere — this phenomenon has a very weak connection with what was going on in ‘built’ architecture. Nevertheless, Paper Architecture is a prominent part of Soviet culture of 1980s that is impossible to neglect. Conceptual architecture in the 20th century has certain regularity: to totalitarian myths of 1940s and once again as the part of the ‘Space Age’ aesthetics of 1960s. Paper Architecture wasn’t supported by ‘real’ architecture except from a very small number of projects; nevertheless it has answered the postmodernist challenge — to make architecture talk. Restoration of events chronicle may be the key to understanding the development of Paper Architecture: its duality between art and architecture, weak interest of its authors in ‘real’ building and disbanded nature of working groups can be explained by outer circumstances, not some program of the group. This article tries to connect this puzzle from recollections and events to describe the beginnings of this phenomenon.
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Cross, Graham. "From Reform to Rights: The American Culture of the Citizen Soldier and the Transformation of the Crusading Metaphor, 1917–1945". International Journal of Military History and Historiography 41, n.º 2 (30 de agosto de 2021): 208–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24683302-bja10024.
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Abstract The “crusading” imagery attached to American soldiers in the 1917–1945 period performed an important function in assigning meaning to the wars of the United States. This was the result of a complex interplay between “official” and “vernacular” culture. The doughboys of the First World War at times fought a romantic “crusade” to reform the nation, world and themselves from a morally privileged position. In the post-war era, the romantic “crusade” survived but was more in tune with the conservative corporatism of Republican administrations. By the Second World War, gi s had become the agents of a very different “crusade”. Americans now embraced statist common effort in a realist prospective vision for human rights. This fundamental change in the meaning of “crusade” attached to the experiences of American soldiers suggests a protean nature to the metaphor and problematises notions of an ideologically cohesive American “crusade” in the world during the 20th century.
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Samól, Wojciech, Szymon Kowalski, Arkadiusz Woźniakowski e Piotr Samól. "Where the Second World War in Europe Broke Out: The Landscape History of Westerplatte, Gdańsk/Danzig". Land 12, n.º 3 (2 de março de 2023): 596. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land12030596.
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The article describes the landscape history of the Westerplatte Peninsula in Gdańsk (Poland) from the 17th to the 20th century presented as a complex process of the landscape’s environmental, urban and military transformations. Westerplatte is known as the symbolic place where the Second World War in Europe broke out, and for this reason the current discourse is mainly concentrated on that period. Nonetheless, the history of Westerplatte includes many other important events involving Polish, German, Russian and even French politics over the last three centuries. Thanks to its location at the entrance of one of the main harbours on the Baltic Sea, it is cartographically the best-documented part of the Vistula river estuary. A comprehensive archival survey conducted in the Polish and German archives and cartographical analysis of over 200 selected historical maps allowed the authors to reconstruct its spatial history over three centuries. This case study of Westerplatte can be regarded as an example of the research modus operandi of a historical landscape which has been transformed multiple times. It might form the basis for establishing a new policy for its preservation, allowing a balance to be kept between fluctuations of the current historical politics and more universal requirements for the protection of tangible and intangible heritage. The article also stresses the importance of a holistic and interdisciplinary approach in the analysis of a historical landscape and the necessity of proper selection and critical verification of sources.
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Dirveiks, Ilmārs. "Unusual Transformations of Iecava Manor Barn". Architecture and Urban Planning 18, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2022): 76–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aup-2022-0008.
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Abstract The article offers a study of the oldest building of Iecava manor – a stone barn that has survived after the devastating wars of the 20th century. The history and architecture of the construction of the barn until 2020 seemed to be known. The stone building has a weathercock dated 1797, and the construction time of the building is related to it. The architectural composition of the main façade and some carefully designed details allowed to hypothesize that the architect of the Duke of Courland S. Jensen is the author of the building. A building research study in 2021 found that in the second half of the 18th century, a wooden farmhouse with a basement (or on an existing basement) was built, having a gable roof with pitched ends and timber framed gables. The main façade had a roof overhang, and perhaps this façade was painted red, imitating a brick wall with grey seams. The current appearance of the stone barn was obtained after the exterior walls of the wooden building were replaced by masonry walls. It happened in the first decades of the 19th century. The building was transformed into a masonry structure, leaving the floor beams, ceiling beams, pediments and roof structure of the old wooden building, and expanded by moving the main façade wall ~ 1 m further apart. The function of the wooden building is not clear. Previous hypotheses about a malt in the 18th century are neither denied nor confirmed. The assumption that the brewery was the only brick building in the 1786 inventory is erroneous, as the building was originally made of wood. Today, the barn is the oldest existing building in Iecava manor. This study is an example of the importance of structural thinking and knowledge of structures in architectural research. This knowledge is provided by architecture education that is different from formal analysis practiced in the art sciences.
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Savytska, Anastasia. "Catalogue of Palamocladium euchloron (Müll. Hal.) Wijk et Margad. (Hypnales, Brachytheciaceae) specimens deposited in the State Museum of Natural History NASU, Lviv, Ukraine". Catalogue of the digitized collections, deposited in the State Museum of Natural History, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 2024): 5–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36885/cdcsmnh.2024.21.
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The species Palamocladium euchloron (Müll. Hal.) Wijk et Margad. is distributed in Southern Europe (Greece), in the Caucasus, in Asia (Turkey, Iran, Turkmenistan, Pakistan, China). Findings in the Mountainous Crimea: Kirovskyi district, Agarmysh Mt. in the vicinity of the Old Crimea town, Old Crimea; Khapkhal Gorge near the Dzhur-Dzhur waterfall on the East Ulu-Uzen River, Crimean Nature Reserve, upper reaches of the Alma River; Bakhchysaraiskyi district, near the Bakhchysarai town, Sokolyne and Mashyne villages, Chufut-Kale rock . The species is scientifically significant as a relict (tertiary) one. This moss grows on the soil, on shaded limestone rocks and stones in oak and beech forests. The plant is dioecious. In the Crimea it does not form sporogonies and reproduces vegetatively. Palamocladium euchloron (Müll. Hal.) Wijk et Margad. is protected in the Crimean Nature Reserve, Khapkhalskyi hydrological reserve and the Agarmyskyi Forest landmark of nature . The species is recorded for the Staryi Krym vicinity in the work of M.P. Slobodian . The species is given in the study of fossil Pliocene bryoflora for the territory of Poland . Specimens of the Palamocladium euchloron (Müll. Hal.) Wijk et Margad., represented in the SMNH collection, were collected from the territory of the Crimean Peninsular (Bakhchysarai (Slobodian, 1969), Kirovsky district (Slobodian, 1966), Sudak town (Slobodian, 1968), Sokolyne village (Slobodian, 1969), Mashyne village (Slobodian, 1969), Golovkinskyi waterfall (Melnychuk, 1954); from the territory of Krasnodar Krai (Russia) territory were collected in Krasnaia Poliana (Lazarenko, 1937), from the territory of Azerbaijan near Novo-Alekseevka village (Окснер, 1936). The museum collection contains 14 specimens of Palamocladium euchloron (Müll. Hal.) Wijk et Margad. Two specimens are exsiccates (Institutum Botanicum nomine V.L. Komarivii Academiae Scientiarum URSS, 1961). Samples were collected by M.P. Slobodian, V.M. Melnychuk, A.S. Lazarenko, A.M. Oksner. Exsiccates were collected by I.I. Abramov and A.L. Abramova. Most specimens were collected in the second half of the 20th century. The specimens of A.S. Lazarenko and A.M. Oksner belong to the first half of the 20th century. The species has been included into the Red Data Book of Ukraine with conservation status: Rare. This article was written with the support of the National Research Foundation of Ukraine, call 2022.01 «Science for the Recovery of Ukraine in the War and Post-War Periods» the project 2022.01/0013 «Digitization of natural history collections damaged as a result of hostilities and related factors: development of protocols and implementation on the basis of the State Museum of Natural History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine». The contents of this article do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Research Foundation of Ukraine and are the sole responsibility of the State Museum of Natural History, NAS of Ukraine.
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Liebherr, James K. "Hawaiian Paratachys Casey (Coleoptera, Carabidae): small beetles of sodden summits, stony streams, and stygian voids". ZooKeys 1044 (16 de junho de 2021): 229–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.1044.59674.
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Five Hawaiian species of Paratachys Casey are revised, including four newly described: Paratachys terryli from Kauai; P. perkinsi from Moloka‘i; P. haleakalae from Maui; and P. aaa from Hawai‘i Island. A lectotype is designated for the fifth Hawaiian species currently combined with Paratachys, Tachys arcanicola Blackburn, 1878 of Oahu. Hawaiian Paratachys spp. known from more than one specimen exhibit some degree of ocular polymorphism, that variation being extreme in P. terryli where individuals range in ocular development from macrophthalmic with broadly convex eyes to microphthalmic with small, flat eyes. All Hawaiian Paratachys species comprise individuals with vestigial wings, with the exception of P. terryli, where a single macropterous, macrophthalmic female complements the other 18 brachypterous specimens. Based on a transformation series of characters from the male aedeagus, the biogeographic history of Hawaiian Paratachys is consistent with progressive colonization of the Hawaiian Island chain. Three of the species do not appear to represent species of conservation concern, with P. terryli and P. haleakalae known from terrestrial deep soil, litter, and streamside microhabitats in montane wet rain forest, and the troglobitic P. aaa occupying the dark zone of numerous, recently developed lava tube caves within the Mauna Loa and Kilauea volcanic massifs. The conservation status of the other two species is much more dire, with P. arcanicola of O‘ahu not seen in nature since the early 20th Century, and P. perkinsi known only from a single specimen fortuitously collected in 1894 near sea level on Moloka‘i.
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Wolański, Paweł, Andrzej Bobiec, Bernadetta Ortyl, Iwona Makuch-Pietraś, Paweł Czarnota, Jan Ziobro, Mykola Korol, Serhii Havryliuk, Jakub Paderewski e Keith Kirby. "The importance of livestock grazing at woodland-grassland interface in the conservation of rich oakwood plant communities in temperate Europe". Biodiversity and Conservation 30, n.º 3 (27 de janeiro de 2021): 741–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10531-021-02115-9.
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AbstractTraditional husbandry fostered rich semi-open oakwood communities composed of forest and non-forest species. In the eastern Carpathian region, silvo-pastoralism was commonplace by the mid-1900s. This study aimed to determine the state of the preservation of the ecotonal character of grassland-woodland interfaces in formerly pastured cultural landscapes of SE-Polish Carpathian foothills and W-Ukrainian Ciscarpathia in the context of land-use change. In the first region, despite the long-lasting history of forest grazing amongst mainly arable land, the post-WWII collapse of husbandry and the imposed ban on forest grazing, has led to swift development of dense undergrowth and establishment of impermeable ecological woodland-open habitat barrier. As a result, former silvo-pastoral oakwoods developed the features of the Tilio-Carpinentum forest community although some forest species have not yet moved in due to their poor dispersibility. The much younger oakwoods in the Ukrainian study region are remnants of the sparsely treed grasslands, some of which had been ploughed in the mid 20th century. Their semi-open canopy structure, maintained through repetitive grass burning, contributes to the communities ecotonal character, but without regular livestock-led plant “spill-over” from the grassland, the oakwoods remain species-poor. The restoration of species-rich semi-open oak woods requires “unsealing” the forest-grassland interface, reducing the degree of canopy closure, and opening that zone up to extensive grazing—an important seed dispersal vector.
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Ramón-Cardona, José, e María Dolores Sánchez-Fernández. "From Counterculture to Intangible Heritage and Tourism Supply: Artistic Expressions in Ibiza, Spain". Land 11, n.º 1 (7 de janeiro de 2022): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11010098.
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Until the beginning of the 20th century, Ibiza was rural, developmentally lagging, and separate from the modern world. These characteristics made it attractive as a refuge for European intellectuals and artists as soon as communications with the outside world began to develop. The first significant presence of artists occurred in the 1930s, just before the Spanish Civil War. After years of war and isolation, artists returned in a larger volume and variety than before. Other regions also had artistic and countercultural communities, but Ibiza decided to use them as an element of its tourist promotions, making the hippie movement a part of its culture and history and the most internationally known element. The objective of this paper is to expose the importance of art and artists, a direct inheritance of that time, in Ibizan promotion and tourism. The authorities and entrepreneurs of the island realized the media interest they received and the importance of this media impact on developing the tourism sector. The result was that they supported artistic avant-garde and various activities derived from the hippie movement to differentiate Ibiza and make it known in Spain and abroad, creating the myth of Ibiza as an island of freedom, harmony, and nightlife (the current image of the island).
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Bachiller, C. P. "LOW COST 3D RECONSTRUCTION OF CAVE PAINTINGS FOR THE CONSERVATION OF COLOMBIAN HISTORICAL MEMORY: CASE STUDY INDIGENOUS ROCK ART OF THE SACRED PLACE “PIEDRAS DE TUNJO”". International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences XLVIII-2/W1-2022 (8 de dezembro de 2022): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/isprs-archives-xlviii-2-w1-2022-251-2022.
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Abstract. Anthropic activities are produced by constant human activity in nature which, over time, account for the different civilizations. Rock art allows through pictorial manifestations to capture these anthropic activities, which in many parts of the world are preserved as cultural heritage. Colombia, unfortunately, has an incipient development with the conservation of its cultural and intangible heritage, which has had little progress in recent times, if it is about indigenous cave paintings (Méndez-Vargas, 2019). According to history, the first settlers of the Bogotá Savannah lived in the area currently called "Las Piedras de Tunjo" considered a sacred place by the Muiscas - our ancestors. This area located in the municipality of Facatativá, and is currently constituted as one of the five archaeological parks that Colombia has, is 27 hectares and is located at a height of 2600 meters above sea level. In 1912, Rosales, seeing the spatial richness, stated that these stones should be looked at with interest and carefully cared for, because apart from the rugged beauty of the site, they witnessed important events for Colombia. The pictographs on the rock are now believed to date back more than 12,000 years. Although there are multiple images and videos of the site, this project seeks to approach the 3D reconstruction of an area of the park through SfM photogrammetry (Structure-from-Motion - Westoby, 2012) with a low-cost and easy-to-implement methodology (Santagati et al., 2017; Tavera et al., 2019) to promote historical conservation and Colombian cultural heritage in an indigenous sacred place to democratize it. This work documents different experiments and their results, of the 3D reconstruction using different data sources and software that will allow it to be an input in archeology to better understand the indigenous history of the area that was deteriorated in the 20th century.
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Dorado, María Isabel Alba. "The Landscape Question in the Work of Rosa Barba: The Landscape Project and the Abstraction of Territory". Architecture and Urban Planning 19, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2023): 175–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aup-2023-0016.
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Abstract An advocate of landscaping and landscape architecture as fundamental tools in the revitalisation of urban planning in the late 20th century, architect Rosa Barba both energised and modernised the discipline of landscape architecture in Spain by delving into previously unchartered waters and approaching landscape both from a perspective of conceptual innovation and in an effort to offer a response to the issues of the day. From a stance that was simultaneously theoretical, academic and professional, she offered a critical perspective of city, territory and landscape and envisioned new horizons for architecture and urbanism through landscaping, thereby broadening the scope of these disciplines. Her work establishes relevant, pioneering contributions to landscape design and transformation that are still relevant today. The purpose of this article is to offer, via analysis of some of her principal projects, an in-depth examination of the theoretical and disciplinary position from which she approached the landscape question and explored the possibility of improving the conceptual and technical instruments and models used for the analysis and interpretation of the same in a broad, complex manner that both offers a response to the concerns of the day and establishes a theory of landscape intervention.
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Dias-Trindade, Sara, e José António Moreira. "Technologies and Digital Competences in Portuguese Education: History of its Integration in Pedagogical Practices since the Beginning of the 20th Century". Athens Journal of Education 10, n.º 3 (12 de julho de 2023): 381–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.30958/aje.10-3-1.
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This study aims to analyse the evolutionary context of the introduction of technology in Portuguese schools, from the beginning of the 20th century to the present day, and to identify the digital competences of Portuguese teachers at different educational levels. The analysis, qualitative and quantitative in nature, allowed us to conclude that technologies had a slow diffusion in Portuguese schools, because of the scarcity of resources and residual investment in teacher training, giving the use of technology in school a more irregular and playful character rather than truly integrated in pedagogical practices to promote the quality of learning. Although in recent years there has been still some conservatism in the use of technology, very focused on its instrumental use, there have been more practices with pedagogical intent and more focused on the active participation of students, also noting the growing importance of teacher training in this field of digital technologies, with the aim of making teachers more competent and fluent in the pedagogical use of digital. Furthermore, the study focused on the teachers' perception of their digital competences in three dimensions: the teachers' professional and pedagogical competences and the students' competences from the DigCompEdu framework and the self-assessment questionnaire of digital competences built from the same framework - DigCompEdu Check-In. The analysis of the answers obtained in this questionnaire (collected from the participation of 434 teachers of Basic and Secondary Education and 118 of Higher Education) showed that teachers need to increase their levels of digital proficiency through specific training, since they present, globally, a moderate level of digital proficiency - level B1 -Integrators- being the areas 4 - Evaluation - and 6 - Digital empowerment of students, the ones that present the greatest weaknesses. Keywords: history of education, educational technologies, Portugal, teachers' digital competences, teachers' training
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Mitrofanova, Natalia Yu. "Textile Painting by Cesare Tacchi". Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Arts 13, n.º 2 (2023): 313–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu15.2023.206.
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The work of the Italian artists of the Piazza del Popolo School is a unique period in the history of art of the 20th century. The activities of this association marked the birth of the Italian version of pop art. Despite the fact that the American and Italian pop movements existed in parallel and had similar external features, they were significantly different. These differences can be traced in the creativity of the members of the association. Cesare Tacchi was a member of this union. The path of this master represents an individual trajectory of artistic and conceptual development. One of the creative stages of Cesare Tacchi falls into the mid-sixties of the twentieth century. Experimental and innovative paintings of this time were created using industrially produced fabrics. Large-scale textile collages, in addition to being painted with enamel, pastels and felt-tip pens, also acquired a relief texture due to the furniture filler. Cesare Tacchi used a pick with nails or metal staples in accordance with the logic of the created image. That is why the artist ironically called himself “upholstery”, and called his textile collages “upholstery”. In them, we find images of artist’s friends, his own self-portraits or images made on the basis of photographs. The pattern, texture of the fabric and the softness of the emerging relief, together with the conceptual nature of the creative technique, made a great impression on the viewer and gave rise to new associations. Textiles simultaneously demonstrated the consumer culture of that time, turned from a subordinate material into a means of artistic expression, became an object of art and contributed to the emergence of a stream of new associative links, far from the consumer idea.
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Trujillo Bilbao, Felipe. "El rol de las estatalidades en la construcción de sujetos asociados a la gestión hídrica del Chile reciente". Revista de Historia y Geografía, n.º 40 (24 de junho de 2019): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.29344/07194145.40.1900.
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La historia ambiental es entendida aquí como una invitación a observar en la naturaleza indicios de las transformaciones sociotécnicas del Chile contemporáneo. Se revisan los principales hallazgos de la producción historiográfica y científico-social actual sobre la gestión de los diversos tipos de agua en Chile. Entendida ésta en su condición de material, política y biopolítica, se da cuenta de cómo ha transitado por tres estatalidades orquestadas paralelamente por distintos órganos del Estado chileno: un movimiento constante de zigzag entre la conservación, la desregulación y la tecnificación. Se defiende la propuesta de que, en el entrecruce entre medioambiente y política, está la clave para interrogar, de manera histórica, a la gestión hídrica como decidora de una serie de problemas directamente vinculados a la construcción del Chile contemporáneo y no como relegada a otros problemas clásicos, comola Reforma Agraria, para la segunda mitad del siglo XX, o los agronegocios, para fines del siglo XX, sin desconocer por ello el rol que estos procesos han tenido en la gestión hídrica del país. The Role of State Policy in the Construction of Subjects Associated with Water Management in Contemporary Chile AbstractEnvironmental history is understood here as an invitation to observe in nature indications of the sociotechnical transformations of contemporary Chile. This article looks at the main findings of current historiographic and scientific-social production on the management of different types of water in Chile. Understanding water as a political and biopolitical material, this paper looks at how it has been subject to three state policies orchestrated in parallel by different bodies of the Chilean Government: a constant zigzag movement between conservation, deregulation and technification. It defends the proposal that at the intersection of the environment and politics is the key to a historical inquiry into water management as a deciding factor for a number of problems directly related to the construction of contemporary Chile, and not relegated to other classical problems like the Agrarian Reform of the second half of the 20th century or agribusiness at the end of the 20th century, without fully disregarding the role that these processes have played in the country’s water management.Keywords: Water management, statehoods, neo-liberalization, contemporaryChile.
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Markova, Madara, e Diana Stola. "The historical development of Latvian aviation and airfield territories". Landscape architecture and art 22, n.º 22 (20 de dezembro de 2023): 129–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2023.22.13.
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In the 20th century, built airfields and airports, have significantly impacted the European landscape and environmental quality today. Territories that have lost their former function can now be considered as a stimulus for the creation of new landscapes and for urban development. The publication covers the history of Latvian aviation through time, where a total of 97 airfields have been established, which served as military, agricultural, sports, and civil aviation airfields. Scientific literature, popular scientific literature were used to gather information. For mapping was used ArcGIS. Nowadays, according to the data of the Civil Aviation Agency, 9 airfields are certified – 7 civil aviation airfields, and 2 air transportation airfields. As well as a military base of the Air Force has been established at Lielvārde airfield. Airfield’s development opportunities until now have not been researched in Latvia, this is the first study to capture resources available and development strategies.
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Krejsa, Dianna M., Sandra L. Talbot, George K. Sage, Sarah A. Sonsthagen, Thomas S. Jung, Audrey J. Magoun e Joseph A. Cook. "Dynamic landscapes in northwestern North America structured populations of wolverines (Gulo gulo)". Journal of Mammalogy 102, n.º 3 (12 de maio de 2021): 891–908. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmammal/gyab045.
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Abstract Cyclic climatic and glacial fluctuations of the Late Quaternary produced a dynamic biogeographic history for high latitudes. To refine our understanding of this history in northwestern North America, we explored geographic structure in a wide-ranging carnivore, the wolverine (Gulo gulo). We examined genetic variation in populations across mainland Alaska, coastal Southeast Alaska, and mainland western Canada using nuclear microsatellite genotypes and sequence data from the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region and Cytochrome b (Cytb) gene. Data from maternally inherited mtDNA reflect stable populations in Northwest Alaska, suggesting the region harbored wolverine populations since at least the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21 Kya), consistent with their persistence in the fossil record of Beringia. Populations in Southeast Alaska are characterized by minimal divergence, with no genetic signature of long-term refugial persistence (consistent with the lack of pre-Holocene fossil records there). The Kenai Peninsula population exhibits mixed signatures depending on marker type: mtDNA data indicate stability (i.e., historical persistence) and include a private haplotype, whereas biparentally inherited microsatellites exhibit relatively low variation and a lack of private alleles consistent with a more recent Holocene colonization of the peninsula. Our genetic work is largely consistent with the early 20th century taxonomic hypothesis that wolverines on the Kenai Peninsula belong to a distinct subspecies. Our finding of significant genetic differentiation of wolverines inhabiting the Kenai Peninsula, coupled with the peninsula’s burgeoning human population and the wolverine’s known sensitivity to anthropogenic impacts, provides valuable foundational data that can be used to inform conservation and management prescriptions for wolverines inhabiting these landscapes.
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Bara, Lelde, e Aija Ziemelniece. "Causes and consequences of cultural and historical manor landscape fragmentation in the 19th - 21st century Latvia". Landscape architecture and art 18 (7 de outubro de 2021): 69–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/j.landarchart.2021.18.07.
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In the post-war years (50s-80s of the 20th century), the legislation of the Soviet Union defined that the list of monuments to be protected by the state is deemed a political document with ideological significance. Due to this reason, the list of architectural monuments was subject to politically motivated manipulations not only during Stalin's time, but also later. The political situation after the occupation in 1940 required to adapt to the sovietization demands, didactically dividing cultural monuments into “progressive” and “bourgeois” or those unfit for socialist construction. The history of the cultural heritage protection measures has been related to politics. With the growing importance of cultural heritage in the formation of historical memory, the protection and promotion of monuments becomes an essential part of the ideology of nation states. A change in the state power means a change in the dominant political ideology, which affects the work of state institutions in the protection of cultural heritage. The research topic has an interdisciplinary nature with the intertwining of political, economic and social aspects. The cultural heritage includes the political dimension and its role in shaping national identity models. The rise of the Duchy of Courland in the first half of the 18th century made a serious contribution to the landscape of the Lielupe left bank basin in the Zemgale region. The landscape of the both historical ensembles of Svete and Vircava manors was disturbed (fragmented) by the economic and political position of the state. The basis for that was bringing new infrastructure in the nature. As a result of political, economic and social pressures, the landscapes of cultural and historical manors have, over the centuries, fragmented and transformed the use of the original structure and functional landscape. The aim of the research is to identify and emphasize the causes and consequences of the fragmentation of the cultural and historical landscape of manors.
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Sui, Zihao, Zhihan Zhao e Bo Dong. "Origin of the Chordate Notochord". Diversity 13, n.º 10 (25 de setembro de 2021): 462. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d13100462.
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The phylum of Chordata is defined based on the discovery of a coelom-like dorsal notochord in ascidian and amphioxus embryos. Chordata can be classified into three subphylums, Cephalochordata, Urochordata, and Vertebrata, united by the presence of a notochord at some point during development. The origin of the notochord, the signature anatomical structure of chordates, has been under debate since the publication of Alexander Kovalevsky’s work in the mid-19th century that placed ascidians close to the vertebrates on the phylogenetic tree. During the late 20th century, the development of molecular and genetic tools in biology brought about a revival of studies on the evolutionary path of notochord development. Two main hypotheses for the origin of the notochord were proposed, the de novo theory and the axochord theory. The former states that notochord has developed de novo from the mid-dorsal archenteron of a chordate ancestor with simple morphology and no central nervous system nor notochord homolog. The putative notochord along the dorsal side of the animal is proposed to take on the signal functions later from the endoderm and ectoderm. An alternative hypothesis, the axochord theory, proposes that notochord has evolved from the mid-line muscle tissue, the so-called axochord, in annelids. Structural and molecular evidence point to the midline muscle of annelids as a distant homolog of the notochord. This hypothesis thus suggests a notochord-like structure in the urbilaterian ancestor, opposed to the consensus that notochord is a chordate-specific feature. In this review, we introduce the history of the formation of these views and summarize the current understandings of embryonic development, molecular profile, and gene regulatory networks of notochord and notochord-like structures.
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Žukas, Jonas, Kostas Gaitanži e Darius Zabulionis. "Prospects of Intuitive Interaction Modeling in Automated Shape Generation". Architecture and Urban Planning 18, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2022): 10–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aup-2022-0002.
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Abstract In this article, authors discuss new possibilities for the spatial design universal aesthetic development. Creative artistic means are conditioned by the human ability to comprehend and interpret objects in a particular context. Ideas of arts and science coexistence have been relevant since antiquity. The 20th century, especially the Bauhaus movement, gave a rational basis for conjoining artistic inspiration with the parametric constraints. Contemporary digital technologies provide new possibilities to enhance human creative potential by employing scientific methods. In search of material environment evaluation reference points, it is important to establish a robust connection of human mind and physical world. Subjectivity and intersubjectivity of experiences raise issues in human perception studies, involving both phenomenal and material processes. Embodied cognition reveals itself as an intuitive experience or discovery which provides a new perspective for the creative application. The authors aim to investigate the creative opportunities of automated shape generation systems. The main issue is to find a universal application of creative process analysis. Parametric constraints offer the opportunity to use statistical tools in art practice. These constraints are based on embodied cognition capabilities. Combined methods of qualitative and quantitative evaluation help to assess the contextual relevance of the object and to determine the cultural and pragmatic effectiveness of automated design solutions. The study offers theoretical and applied cross-disciplinary research direction to discover new creative means in material environment design, including architecture and urban planning.
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Bozsik, Éva, Péter Riczu, Bernadett Gálya, János Tamás, Charles Burriel e Herman Helilmeier. "Modelling forestation alternatives". Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, n.º 63 (17 de fevereiro de 2015): 35–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/63/1832.
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Agroforestry systems are part of the history of the European Union rural landscapes, but the regional increase of size of agricultural parcels had a significant effect on European land use in the 20th century, thereby it has radically reduced the coverage of natural forest. However, this cause conflicts between interest of agricultural and forestry sectors. The agroforestry land uses could be a solution of this conflict management. One real – ecological – problem with the remnant forests and new forest plantation is the partly missing of network function without connecting ecological green corridors, the other problem is verifiability for the agroforestry payment system, monitoring the arable lands and plantations.
Remote sensing methods are currently used to supervise European Union payments. Nowadays, next to use satellite imagery the airborne hyperspectral and LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging) remote sensing technologies are becoming more widespread use for nature, environmental, forest, agriculture protection, conservation and monitoring and it is an effective tool for monitoring biomass production.
In this Hungarian case study we made a Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) to create agroforestry site selection model. The aim of model building was to ensure the continuity of ecological green corridors, maintain the appropriate land use of regional endowments. The investigation tool was the more widely used hyperspectral and airborne LiDAR remote sensing technologies which can provide appropriate data acquisition and data processing tools to build a decision support system.
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Simone Pedote, Giuseppe. "HISTORIA DE ALGUNAS DENOMINACIONES DE TURISMO EN ESPAÑA: TURISMO DEPORTIVO, TURISMO CULTURAL, TURISMO MARINERO Y TURISMO GASTRONÓMICO". Cuadernos de Turismo, n.º 51 (23 de julho de 2023): 79–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.6018/turismo.571471.
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The present study proposes to trace, analyze and describe the history of some of the most representative denominations of tourism typologies used in Spain since the beginning of the 20th century. This research is part of the research project El Léxico especializado del español contemporáneo (LEEC) undertaken by the Neolcyt team, funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation, and formed by researchers from different Spanish universities, with the aim of developing materials that will serve for the creation of a historical dictionary of the technical and scientific lexicon that is currently lacking in the Spanish language. En el presente estudio se propone rastrear, analizar y describir la historia de algunas de las denominaciones más representativas de tipologías de turismo usadas en España desde principios del siglo XX. Este trabajo forma parte del más amplio proyecto de investigación titulado El léxico especializado del español contemporáneo (LEEC) emprendido por el equipo Neolcyt, formado por investigadores e investigadoras de distintas universidades españolas y financiado por el Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación de España, con el objetivo de desarrollar materiales que servirán para la creación de un diccionario histórico del léxico técnico y científico del que carece hoy en día la lengua castellana.
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Ikemoto, Fumiko, Kosuke Sakura e Adrián Torres Astaburuaga. "The Influence of Historical Irrigation Canals on Urban Morphology in Valencia, Spain". Land 10, n.º 7 (14 de julho de 2021): 738. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10070738.
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As one of the fundamental natural resources of life, water and its management within ecosystems has always been the most crucial aspect of any settlement. Prior to urban modernization, water was sourced upstream from rivers or groundwater, supplying settlements, with the runoff being drained further downstream or to sea, creating a series of water flows; our livelihood coexisted with this series. In the rapid city growth led by modernization, due to the creation of uniform and homogeneous new urban areas, water flow became separated for each purpose and began to be specifically manipulated for, and by, human society. This study was designed as one of a series of research projects aiming to highlight the relationship between the historical hydraulic systems and the more recent urban spatial structure, with the focus on Valencia, one of the medium sized cities in Spain. Valencia is ideal as a case study due to the historical mechanisms of hydraulic systems still partially in use, such as irrigation canals in its agricultural regions and sewage canals in its urban areas. In more recent years, the ancient canals and the rivers that were neglected or buried, due to pollution and/or flooding concerns, began to regain significance in the face of the growing interest in and necessity of restructuring green spaces in the city as well as the preservation of the city’s unique identity and history, along with its remaining/evolving ecosystems. The purpose of our research is to interpret the interaction between Valencia’s urban morphology and its historical irrigation systems, particularly its waterways. The target period is from the modernization in the 20th century to their present conditions.
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Poletti, Beatrice. "‘Foreign’ Cults at Rome at the Turn of the Principate". Acta Antiqua Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 58, n.º 1-4 (dezembro de 2018): 549–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/068.2018.58.1-4.32.
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Summary Augustus' approach to cults of foreign origins has recently undergone much reconsideration. Until the late 20th century, scholars largely regarded the emperor's religious policies as deeply conservative, maintaining that Augustus was mostly preoccupied with the ‘restoration’ of ancient Italian religion and discouraged the worship of foreign gods. In the last three decades, however, scholars have identified a rather different trend, noticing, in fact, Augustus' openness towards the ‘foreign’. In this paper, I explore Augustus' position about ‘foreign’ rites that were highly popular in contemporary Rome, and specifically, the Eleusinian Mysteries, the Egyptian rites, the cult of Mater Magna, and the cult of Apollo (although, as I clarify below, the last one cannot be strictly labeled as ‘foreign’). I offer a survey of ancient literary sources – giving an interpretation of them as comprehensive as possible considering the nature of this contribution – and argue that Augustus was not only receptive of ‘foreign’ practices but was also able to shape the ‘foreign’ to his own advantage and self-promotion, transforming it into a vital feature of the new imperial reality.
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Rizun, Volodymyr. "Catalogue of Nebria picicornis (Fabricius, 1792) (Coleoptera, Carabidae) specimens deposited in the State Museum of Natural History NASU, Lviv, Ukraine". Catalogue of the digitized collections, deposited in the State Museum of Natural History, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 2024): 95–114. http://dx.doi.org/10.36885/cdcsmnh.2024.25.
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The species Nebria picicornis (Fabricius, 1792) belongs to the genus, distributed in the Palaearctic, Middle East and North Africa, and represented by more than 500 described species (Catalogue of Life, 2023). In Ukraine, the genus is represented by 9 species. Nebria picicornis (Fabricius, 1792) has been recorded from thefollowing localities in Ukraine: outskirts of Sambir town, Spas village (Nowicki, 1858), the Eastern Beskydy up to Chornohora range (Nowicki, 1864), Ivano-Frankivsk city at the Bystrytsia river, in the river silt deposits (Łomnicki, 1886), beech forest zone of the Carpathians (Nowicki, 1873), Galicia, Bukovyna, Podilska gubernias , Zelemianka river, Bolekhiv town , NR «Gorgany» , foothill and lowland areas of the Carpathians: Ciscarpathian Upland, Beskydy massif, Gorgany massif, Pokutsko-Bukovynski Carpathians, Krasna range, as well as the Klavdievo village near Kyiv city, 10.V.1976 р., 2 spec., V.G. Dolin (IZU) , the Carpathians (including the Ciscarpathian Upland with foothills above 300 m a.s.l.), Right-Bank Polissia (mixed forest zone), Broadleaf Forest Zone (including the Ciscarpathian Upland, but with foothills of the Carpathians up to 300 m a.s.l. and Male Polissia) . Nebria picicornis (Fabricius, 1792) is distributed in the mountains and foothills of Central Europe and the northern part of southern Europe (Burakowski et al., 1973). In Ukraine it is found in the belts of oak and beech forests and lives along the banks of rivers and streams . There are 34 specimens of Nebria picicornis (Fabricius, 1792) in the collection of the State Museum of Natural History NASU, Lviv. The beetles were collected by Łomnicki M., Polianskyi S., Stöckl A., Susulovskyi A.S., Rizun V.B. Most of them were collected in the second half of the 19th century and the first half of the 20th century, a number of individuals – in recent decades. Three specimens (Inventory numbers: E2.19.01.08.02//17, Digital record number: SMNH010749, Data Centre “Biodiversity of Ukraine”: ID 58124; Inventory numbers: E2.19.01.08.02//18, Digital record number: SMNH010750, Data Centre “Biodiversity of Ukraine”: ID 58125; Inventory numbers: E2.19.01.08.02//19, Digital record number: SMNH010751, Data Centre “Biodiversity of Ukraine”: ID 58126) most probably were mentioned in the work by M. Łomniсki (Łomnicki M. Muzeum imienia Dzieduszyckich we Lwowe. Dział I. Zoologiczny oddział zwierząt bezkręgowych. IV. Chrząszcze, czyli Tęgoskrzydłe (Coleoptera). – Lwów, 1886. – 308 s.). In general, the collection contains specimens, collected from Ukraine: Lvivska, Ivano-Frankivska, Chernivetska, Zakarpatska provinces, and from Poland. Some part of the presented material was collected in nature conservation areas of Ukraine: the Nature Reserve «Gorgany», National Nature Parks «Boikivshchyna», «Carpathian» and «Hutsulshchyna». This article was written with the support of the National Research Foundation of Ukraine, call 2022.01 «Science for the Recovery of Ukraine in the War and Post-War Periods» the project 2022.01/0013 «Digitization of natural history collections damaged as a result of hostilities and related factors: development of protocols and implementation on the basis of the State Museum of Natural History of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine». The contents of this article do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Research Foundation of Ukraine and are the sole responsibility of the State Museum of Natural History, NAS of Ukraine.
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Kirzhaeva, Vera, e Oleg Osovsky. "Lessons of the Past for the Present and Future of Russian Education: The Attempt of Historico-philosophical Analysis (Reflections on the Book by V.V. Serbinenko and I.V. Grebeshev “Educational Projects in the History of Russian Philosophy”)". Voprosy Filosofii, n.º 6 (julho de 2024): 94–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21146/0042-8744-2024-6-94-105.
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Reflecting on the book by V. Serbinenko and I. Grebeshev devoted to philosophical-educational projects in Russia and Russian abroad [Serbinenko, Grebeshev 2022], the authors pay special attention to the significance of this philosophical experience for the fate of Russian education in today’s conditions. At the same time, it seems fundamental that the book focuses on the forms and nature, episodes of philosophical reflection of the 19th – early 20th centuries thinkers. The authors agree with the position of V. Serbinenko and I. Grebeshev, and point to the adequacy of interpretation of the practices that emerged in the Russian intellectual space of the 19th century. Among them there are the declaration of traditional conservative values of education and upbringing by the Slavophiles, the preservation and development of the philosophical foundations of pedagogy in Orthodox academies at the time of persecution of philosophy at universities. The authors point out the ambiguous position of K. Pobedonostsev, who combined loyalty to the principles of conservatism and orientation towards the best achievements of European education in his views on school education. Their consideration of the philosophical and pedagogical views of L. Tolstoy and V. Rozanov is also of notable interest. The most important role in the formation of the modern view of education and upbringing is assigned to S. Hessen and V. Zenkovsky, two outstanding philosophers and educators of the 20th century. S. Hessen’s “Fundamentals of Pedagogy” is considered as a new word in the theory and practice of Russian pedagogy, still retaining its relevance as a philosophical and educational project. It built all levels of education into a unified system considering it as an integral part of the world cultural landscape. However, according to the authors, the point of view of V. Zenkovsky, who gave a new understanding of the “hierarchical structure of the child’s soul” and the psychology of childhood through the prism of Christian anthropology, is closer to V. Serbinenko and I. Grebeshev. Highly appreciating the book, the authors make a number of critical remarks, supplementing its factography with some episodes to confirm the validity of the book conclusions.
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Rošker, Jana S. "Modernizing the Philosophy of Creative Creativity". Asian Studies 8, n.º 3 (22 de setembro de 2020): 141–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4312/as.2020.8.3.141-160.
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Fang Dongmei (1899–1977) is among the most influential Chinese philosophers who lived and worked in Taiwan during the second half of the 20th century. The present article aims to clarify his view on the basic nature of the human Self. This assessment is more multifaceted than it seems at a first glimpse, for Fang’s philosophy is also more complex than it seems. As a member of the so-called neo-conservative streams of thought, he criticized the Western-type modernization and aimed to revive the holistic onto-epistemology of classical Confucianism. On the other hand, he highlighted the importance of its basic paradigm which underlay the Confucian discourses from their very beginning, i.e. since the Book of Changes, namely the principle of creative creativity (shengshengbuxi 生生不息). The alleged contradiction between his advocating of holism and creativity, has been reflected in the apparent dichotomy between the social and relational essence of the Confucian Moral Self on the one side, and individual uniqueness on the other. The paper aims to show that both seeming contradictions are actually parts of the same theoretical principle defining the complementary interactions of binary oppositions.
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Khaminov, Dmitry V. "The system of general and higher education in the Russian Empire: Principles and directions of public policy, regulation, and governing bodies (a historical and legal aspect)". Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, n.º 474 (2022): 285–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/15617793/474/31.
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The system of educational institutions of general and higher education, governing bodies, regulation by law of the educational sphere, and, in general, the directions of state educational policy are the most important sphere of any state. From this point of view, this study examines the history of the development of the educational sphere in the Russian Empire and analyzes the main stages and changes that took place in public policy, administration and regulation by law of these processes. Given the wide variety of groups of educational institutions in the country in the 18th - early 20th centuries, this work only considers issues related to the system of general and higher educational institutions, that is, institutions implementing primary public education, male and female secondary education, and universities. In this aspect, the author analyzes the guiding principles of organizing education at the central level - in institutions belonging to the Ministry of Public Education, because it was they who served, first of all, the goals of training a subject of the Russian Empire “in general”, as a basic element of the entire state and the system of public relations. Using the structural-functional and problem-chronological approaches, the author distinguished three periods (with internal stages) based on a general analysis of state policy in approaches to education and, as a consequence, analyzing the corresponding system of educational institutions, governing bodies and normative regulation of the educational sphere. The author concludes that the educational policy directly depended on the ideological views and directions of the domestic policy of the monarchs and the elite of Russia. In the system of organization and management of education, there was a constant struggle between two tendencies: liberal transformations (the beginning of the 19th century, the years of the Great Reforms and the short period of the bourgeois-democratic republic of the Provisional Government) and conservative-protective transformations (tendencies characteristic of a longer period of time throughout the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century) The first tendency was characterized by the all-class nature of education, the elimination of class restrictions, the autonomy of university management, etc. The second trend was characterized by the establishment of class barriers in order to restrict access to education (and therefore, in the future, to public service, to social elevators, etc.) of the lower strata of the country's population, the limitation of the autonomy of universities, the acquisition of a higher level of education by subjects who were considered as a support of the monarchical regime - by landowners, officials, the military, etc.