Literatura científica selecionada sobre o tema "Nature conservation – history – 20th century"
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Artigos de revistas sobre o assunto "Nature conservation – history – 20th century"
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Fedotova, Anastasia. "A Review of Raf de Bont, Nature’s Diplomats: Science, Internationalism, and Preservation, 1920–1960. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2021, 373 pp." Antropologicheskij forum 19, n.º 58 (2023): 329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31250/1815-8870-2023-19-58-329-338.
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“Nature’s Diplomats: Science, Internationalism, and Preservation, 1920–1960” (2021) by Raf de Bont, professor at the University of Maastricht, analyzes the long-term influence of ideas formulated in the first half of the 20th century for the international movement for nature conservation. As the author proves, the early 20th century naturalists and the nongovernmental organizations that they created exercised a decisive influence on the theory and practice of the international movement for nature protection throughout the 20th century. This influence is still noticeable in the early decades of the 21st century. The book shows that the “internationalism” of early organizations for nature conservation was rather limited, the social composition was far from inclusive, and the “scientific approach” was not as self-evident and ideologically neutral as we tend to think. The most influential figures in the international nature conservation were aristocratic landowners and the upper middle classes from leading urban centers of North-Western Europe and the east coast of the United States who had been trained and actively engaged in natural history.
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Martins, Humberto, e Amélia Frazão-Moreira. "National and Natural Parks in Portugal. A brief history to understand the appropriation by the state of humanized territories". Investigaciones Regionales - Journal of Regional Research 55 (24 de abril de 2023): 93–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.38191/iirr-jorr.23.006.
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The text examines legal frameworks in Portugal to discuss how nature conservation has been managed from a state perspective. Natural Protected Areas correspond to a desire of the political sphere to match an international environmental agenda. However, they have been implemented mainly in private properties or in baldios (communal, though not public lands). Therefore, in practical terms, a tension has been always present between the state and the communities and/or private owners since the beginning of the 20th Century with the creation of ‘forest perimeters’. The article flies over the critical turning points in Portuguese conservation policies from the seventies of the 20th Century to present-day with the recently created diploma of co-management for Protected Areas.
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Purmer, Michiel. "A landscape history of the Geul Valley: from a farmers’ Arcadia to a multifunctional landscape". Tájökológiai Lapok 17, Suppl. 1 (29 de dezembro de 2019): 33–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.56617/tl.3569.
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This article describes the role of Natuurmonumenten, a Dutch NGO for nature conservation, in the preservation of cultural landscapes. The case study is the traditional rural landscape of the Geul River, South Limburg, The Netherlands. The Geul Valley was recognized for its natural, geological and Arcadian beauty early in the 20th century. The nature conservationists took action in the early 20th century when industrialization already threatened the area. However, it was only after the Second World War, that nature conservation societies like Natuurmonumenten (Natural Monuments Society) bought parts of the Geul Valley in order to preserve the landscape. The Arcadian argument was strong: not only did Natuurmonumenten buy the flowery meadows, but also a castle, watermills, and ancient farmsteads. All within the paradigm of the traditional landscape. In the decades following the Second World War, however, the surrounding landscape changed dramatically due to increased tourism, intensive farming, growing population, land reallocations, etc. The contrast between the nature reserves and the surrounding parts of the valley grew. Now, in the early 21st century, new challenges arise: will nature management continue to strive for the preservation of the traditional landscape, or will nature development like rewilding take place? Climate change is an important issue and the sustainability of the management of the nature reserves is under discussion. This article uses the Landscape Biography method not only to describe the history of the management of the nature reserves of Natuurmonumenten in the Geul Valley, but also to look at the role of the cultural and natural heritage of this landscape in the transitions to come. The aesthetic aspect of the landscape also referred to like the beauty of the landscape, should play a role in the ongoing debate on the future of these landscapes.
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Hronček, Pavel, Peter Urban, Bohuslava Gregorová, Vladimír Čech e Dana Tometzová. "Anthropogenically Created Alpine Pastures as Landscape Resources for the Alpine Chamois Population in the Western Carpathians Mountain Range: Ďumbier Tatras Case Study". Land 11, n.º 12 (1 de dezembro de 2022): 2177. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land11122177.
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This study analysed the history of anthropogenically created alpine pastures from the 15th century to the present, as landscape resources for the chamois reintroduction in the second half of the 20th century in the Western Carpathians mountain arc (Slovakia), using the example of the Ďumbier Tatras (the second highest mountain range of the arc). Analysis and reconstructions were carried out on the basis of detailed archival and field research, which showed that grazing herds in the mountain peaks from the Middle Ages to the 20th century created anthropogenically suitable and sufficiently extensive grassy habitats for the chamois reintroduction and the survival of its population. The native chamois population became extinct in the Ďumbier Tatras at the end of the last ice age (about 10,000 years ago). However, anthropogenic deforestation has once again created suitable conditions for its distribution. In the 20th century, a new factor emerged, namely nature conservation and the proclamation of a national park, which meant the end of grazing in the alpine environment and the onset of succession. In the second half of the 20th century, modern tourism became another negative factor for the relocated Alpine chamois population, from the High Tatras back to its quasi-original environment. Tourism development was related to the construction of extensive infrastructure and superstructure in the chamois habitats in the Chopok and Ďumbier massifs. At present, therefore, the preservation of these ‘anthropogenic’ habitats requires active conservation and landscape management.
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Finn, Hugh. "Regenesis: A Discourse on the Natural History of Mind and Creation in the Second Deluge". Pacific Conservation Biology 14, n.º 4 (2008): 230. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc080230.
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The artefact that we will discuss today, a text entitled Regenesis, was written in 2025. Regenesis focuses on the response of humanity to the Second Deluge, the term used to describe the period of global environmental change that began in the 20th century and encompassed the breadth of the 21st to the 23rd centuries. The legacy of this Deluge continues to resonate into our time.
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Chernobay, Yu M. "To the history of the integrity and paradigm methodology of natural and social coevolution". Proceedings of the State Natural History Museum, n.º 35 (9 de dezembro de 2019): 3–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.36885/nzdpm.2019.35.3-14.
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The regional phenomenon of the integrity methodology and natural-social coevolution, which took place in the scientific community of Lviv at the period of the end of 19th and the beginning of 20th century, was considered. The most prominent in creating this phenomenon were: V. Pol (preservation of cultural and natural heritage), V. Didushitsky (protection of certain species through environmental protection, natural motivation of self-identity), B. Dybovsky (taxonomy and continental biogeography), J. Pachoski (phytosociology and protection of nature), Y. Nusbaum-Gilarovich (philosophical and cognitive aspects of evolution), Y.G. Pavlikovski (nature and culture, theory and practice of nature conservation, the basics of tourist management). The emergence of this phenomenon led to the genesis of a number of scientific directions on the international level.
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Nasa, Jacopo La, Greta Biale, Barbara Ferriani, Rafaela Trevisan, Maria Perla Colombini e Francesca Modugno. "Plastics in Heritage Science: Analytical Pyrolysis Techniques Applied to Objects of Design". Molecules 25, n.º 7 (8 de abril de 2020): 1705. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071705.
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The first synthetic polymers were introduced as constituents of everyday life, design objects, and artworks at the end of the 19th century. Since then, the history of design has been strictly connected with the 20th century evolution of plastic materials. Objects of design from the 20th century are today a precious part of the cultural heritage. They raise specific conservation issues due to the degradation processes affecting synthetic polymer-based plastics. Museums and collections dealing with the conservation of design objects and modern materials need to base their conservation strategies on compositional data that reveal the formulations of historical plastics and their decay processes. Specific and specifically optimized analytical tools are thus needed. We employed flash analytical pyrolysis coupled with gas chromatography and mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS) and evolved gas analysis coupled with mass spectrometry (EGA-MS) to characterize “historic polymeric materials” (HIPOMS) and heritage plastics at the molecular level with high chemical detail. This approach complements non-invasive spectroscopic diagnosis whenever it fails to obtain significant or complete information on the nature and the state of preservation of the materials under study. We determined the composition of several 20th century design objects (1954–1994) from the Triennale Design Museum of Milan (Triennale Milano - Museo del Design Italiano), which for different morphological, chemical, or physical reasons were unsuitable for characterization by non-invasive spectroscopy. EGA-MS proved capable for the study of the different fractions constituting heterogeneous micro-samples and for gaining an insight into their degradation processes from the contextual interpretation of thermal and mass-spectrometric data.
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HAMILTON, REBECCA, e DAN PENNY. "Ecological history of Lachlan Nature Reserve, Centennial Park, Sydney, Australia: a palaeoecological approach to conservation". Environmental Conservation 42, n.º 1 (8 de abril de 2014): 84–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892914000083.
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SUMMARYReconstructing the environmental history of protected areas permits an empirically-based assessment of the conservation values ascribed to these sites. Ideally, this long-term view can contribute to evidence-based management policy that is both ecologically ‘realistic’ and pragmatically feasible. Lachlan Nature Reserve, a protected wetland in Centennial Park, Sydney, is claimed to be the final remnant of early and pre-European swamplands that were once extensive in the area, and the site is thus considered to have indigenous cultural and natural conservation significance. This study uses palynological techniques to reconstruct vegetation communities at the Reserve from the late Holocene to the present in order to assess whether these values adequately reflect the history, character and development of the site. The findings indicate that the modern site flora is a modified Melaleuca quinquenervia low forest assemblage formed in response to aggregated anthropogenic disturbance since colonial settlement. This assemblage replaces an Epacris-dominated heath-swampland community that was extirpated in the mid-20th century. These results emphasize the value of long-term studies in contributing to a realistic management policy that explicitly reflects the normative basis of conservation, and values the influence of past land-uses on contemporary protected ecosystems.
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Gorbyk, Olena, Galyna Shevtsova, Tetyana Kashchenko, Volodymyr Starchuk, Oleksandra Yezhova e Yaroslav Starchuk. "Kyiv St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Church: Problems of Restoration And Post-War Renovation of A Unique Monument of the Neo-Gothic Style". International Journal of Conservation Science 15, SI (28 de fevereiro de 2024): 305–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.36868/ijcs.2024.si.23.
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St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Church is one of the main centers of the Roman Catholic community of Ukraine, an architectural monument of national significance, a neo-Gothic building of the beginning of the 20th century, unique for Kyiv, built in the innovative for that time material of reinforced concrete and experimental structures. As a result of problematic soils, design miscalculations, destructive to the structures of the building city transport communications (vibrations from subway traffic), a catastrophic fire in the building in 2021, deterioration of the stability of the building as a result of the barbaric Russian bombing of the civilian center of Kyiv, the church building is in a critical condition, and currently is no functioning. An urgent survey and restoration is needed to prevent the church ruining. The restoration should apply new practical technological measures to correct the critical situation. This publication sheds light on the current issues of the state of the monument and presents proposals for priority measures for its preservation, highlights the role and significance of St. Nicholas Roman Catholic Church in the history of Kyiv and in the formation of stylistic architecture of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
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Hoare, Joanne. "Flight of the Huia: Ecology and Conservation of New Zealand's Frogs, Reptiles, Birds and Mammals". Pacific Conservation Biology 11, n.º 2 (2005): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc050147.
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The Huia Heteralocha acutirostris (Passerifonnes: Callaeidae) was a remarkable bird, endemic to New Zealand and famous for its sexual dimorphism in beak shape, which allowed differentiation of invertebrate resource collection by foraging pairs. Huia were once widespread throughout New Zealand, but declined rapidly following human settlement due to predation by introduced mammals, habitat loss, hunting and collecting, until their extinction in the early 20th Century. The plight of the Huia is, tragically, parallel to the stories of many of New Zealand?s endemic vertebrates, and is a fitting frontispiece for Kerry-Jane Wilson?s new book which delves into the ecological history of the New Zealand fauna.
Teses / dissertações sobre o assunto "Nature conservation – history – 20th century"
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Clouten, Kirstin. "Architectural significance of the recent past". Virtual Press, 2001. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1214379.
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An investigation of architecturally significant buildings constructed within the last fifty years, in the Midwest and the application of preservation theories to these significant buildings, to aid in evaluation strategies and preservation implementation.Recognition of recent past construction as candidates for architecturally significant cultural resources and the application of preservation theories to these buildings make for good design and preservation practice. Part of our responsibility, as preservation professionals is to promote the preservation of significant structures, regardless of the date of construction. Since there is no established process to aid in preserving recently constructed buildings of architectural significance, it is necessary to develop strategies to assist in the evaluation process.Department of Architecture
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Sivilich, Anjanette U. "Wheeler/Portage Nike missile launch site C-47 : historic structure report". Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1175435.
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This is a historic structure report for the C-47 Nike missile launch site in Wheeler, Indiana. This report provides a description, condition assessment, and recommendation for restoration of the site since it has sustained damage from weather, fire, and vandals. The site is listed on the State Register and National Register of Historic Places and the Nike Preservation Group desires to turn the site into a Cold War museum and memorial.A history of the Cold War and development of the Nike missile systems and C-47 site provides the background of the project. Each structure and feature is described and the condition recorded. Recommendations for treatment and maintenance are provided. Suggestions are made for a phased restoration of the site to accommodate a Cold War museum. Since it is recommended the site be open to the public, issues regarding public health, safety, security, and handicap accessibility are addressed. This project does not provide a full management and preservation plan, measured HABS/HAER drawings, or a structural analysis.Department of Architecture
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Gairn, Louisa. "Aspects of modern Scottish literature and ecological thought". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/14839.
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'Aspects of Modern Scottish Literature and Ecological Thought' argues that the science and philosophy of 'ecology' has had a profound impact on Scottish literature since the mid-nineteenth century to the present day, and relates the work of successive generations of Scottish writers to concurrent developments in ecological thought and the environmental sciences. Chapter One suggests that, while Romantic ways of thinking about the natural world remained influential in nineteenth-century culture, new environmental theories provided fresh ways of perceiving the world, evident from the writings of Scottish mountaineers. Chapter Two explores the confrontation of modernity and wilderness in the fiction and travel writings of Robert Louis Stevenson, and some contemporaries such as John Muir. Chapter Three suggests that ecologically-sensitive local and global concerns, rather than 'national' ones per se, are central to the work of Hugh MacDiarmid, Lewis Grassic Gibbon and others, while Chapter Four demonstrates that post-war 'rural' writers including Nan Shepherd, Neil Gunn, Edwin Muir and George Mackay Brown, often viewed as peripheral, are actually central and of international relevance, and challenges the assumption that there is a fundamental divide between Scottish rural and urban writing. Finally, Chapter Five argues that contemporary writers John Burnside, Kathleen Jamie and Alan Warner are not only reviewing human relationships with nature, but also the role writing has to play in exploring and strengthening that relationship, helping to determine the ecological 'value' of poetry and fiction. By looking at Scottish literature through the lens of ecological thought, and engaging with international discourses of 'Ecocriticism', this thesis provides a fresh perspective in contrast to the dominant critical views of modern Scottish literature, and demonstrates that Scottish writing constitutes a heritage of ecological thought which, in this age of environmental awareness, should be recognised as not only relevant, but vital.
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Potts, Dale E. "Woods Voices, Woods Knowledge: Work and Recreation in the Popular Literature of the Northeastern Forest, 1850-1963". Fogler Library, University of Maine, 2007. http://www.library.umaine.edu/theses/pdf/PottsDE2007.pdf.
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Liston, Andrew Adams. "The ecological voice in recent German-Swiss prose". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/11287.
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This thesis seeks to investigate the ecological theme in German-Swiss prose of the last thirty years. The role of nature has understandably always been significant in Swiss literature. In a nation that has eked out its living, in such an impressive and violent landscape, there is of necessity a highly developed awareness of the environment. Furthermore, the close relationship between mankind and the environment is inherently ambiguous, with each acting alternately as curse and blessing to the other. The bond between people and geography is made all the more vital in the Alps, where existence is under the constant threat of avalanches and landslides. In light of this heightened environmental sensibility, it is unsurprising that, with the growing profile of ecological debate in general, Swiss writers should demonstrate an acute cognisance of the significance of ecological problems. The notion of an ecological voice takes the discussion further. The question is posed whether these works merely represent a reflection of societal concern for the environment, or whether literary responses may constitute solutions. This investigation therefore contributes both to literary criticism on Swiss writing and to the understanding of the role of conceptualisation in finding solutions to ecological problems. To explore and analyse these ideas, this thesis considers a representatively broad spectrum of differing responses to ecological crisis. It is not intended to be an exhaustive list of recent Swiss ‘Öko-Literatur', but instead to be an investigation of the variety of narrative strategies employed in this period of growing ecological awareness.
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Eppig, Margaret L. "Russell Lord and the Permanent Agriculture Movement: An Environmental Biography". Antioch University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=antioch1503404147197934.
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Penazzi, Leonardo. "The fellow (novel) ; and Australian historical fiction, debating the perceived past (dissertation)". University of Western Australia. School of Social and Cultural Studies, 2008. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2008.0070.
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Novel The Fellow What is knowledge? Who should own it? Why is it used? Who can use it? Is knowledge power, or is it an illusion? These are some of the questions addressed in The Fellow. At the time of Australian federation, the year 1901, while a nation is being drawn into unity, one of its primary educational institutions is being drawn into disunity when an outsider challenges the secure world of The University of Melbourne. Arriving in Melbourne after spending much of his life travelling around Australia, an old Jack-of-all-trades bushman finds his way into the inner sanctum of The University of Melbourne. Not only a man of considerable and varied skill, he is also a man who is widely read and self-educated. However, he applies his knowledge in practical ways, based on what he has experienced in the
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MacKenzie, Garry Ross. "Landscapes in modern poetry : gardens, forests, rivers, islands". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/5910.
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This thesis considers a selection of modern landscape poetry from an ecocritical perspective, arguing that this poetry demonstrates how the term landscape might be re-imagined in relation to contemporary environmental concerns. Each chapter discusses poetic responses to a different kind of landscape: gardens, forests, rivers and islands. Chapter One explores how, in the poetry of Ian Hamilton Finlay, Douglas Dunn, Louise Glück and David Harsent, gardens are culturally constructed landscapes in which ideas of self, society and environment are contemplated; I ask whether gardening provides a positive example of how people might interact with the natural world. My second chapter demonstrates that for Sorley MacLean, W.S. Merwin, Susan Stewart and Kathleen Jamie, forests are sites of memory and sustainable ‘dwelling', but that deforestation threatens both the ecology and the culture of these landscapes. Chapter Three compares river poems by Ted Hughes and Alice Oswald, considering their differing approaches to river sources, mystical immersion in nature, water pollution and poetic experimentation; I discuss how in W.S. Graham's poetry the sea provides a complex image of the phenomenal world similar to Oswald's river. The final chapter examines the extent to which islands in poetry are pastoral landscapes and environmental utopias, looking in particular at poems by Dunn, Robin Robertson, Iain Crichton Smith and Jen Hadfield. I reflect upon the potential for island poetry to embrace narratives of globalisation as well as localism, and situate the work of George Mackay Brown and Robert Alan Jamieson within this context. I engage with a range of ecocritical positions in my readings of these poets and argue that the linguistic creativity, formal inventiveness and self-reflexivity of poetry constitute a distinctive contribution to contemporary understandings of landscape and the environment.
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Fanstone, Ben Paul. "The pursuit of the 'good forest' in Kenya, c.1890-1963 : the history of the contested development of state forestry within a colonial settler state". Thesis, University of Stirling, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/25290.
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This is a study of the creation and evolution of state forestry within colonial Kenya in social, economic, and political terms. Spanning Kenya’s entire colonial period, it offers a chronological account of how forestry came to Kenya and grew to the extent of controlling almost two million hectares of land in the country, approximately 20 per cent of the most fertile and most populated upland (above 1,500 metres) region of central Kenya . The position of forestry within a colonial state apparatus that paradoxically sought to both ‘protect’ Africans from modernisation while exploiting them to establish Kenya as a ‘white man’s country’ is underexplored in the country’s historiography. This thesis therefore clarifies this role through an examination of the relationship between the Forest Department and its African workers, Kenya’s white settlers, and the colonial government. In essence, how each of these was engaged in a pursuit for their own idealised ‘good forest’. Kenya was the site of a strong conservationist argument for the establishment of forestry that typecast the country’s indigenous population as rapidly destroying the forests. This argument was bolstered against critics of the financial extravagance of forestry by the need to maintain and develop the forests of Kenya for the express purpose of supporting the Uganda railway. It was this argument that led the colony’s Forest Department along a path through the contradictions of colonial rule. The European settlers of Kenya are shown as being more than just a mere thorn in the side of the Forest Department, as their political power represented a very real threat to the department’s hegemony over the forests. Moreover, Kenya’s Forest Department deeply mistrusted private enterprise and constantly sought to control and limit the unsustainable exploitation of the forests. The department was seriously underfunded and understaffed until the second colonial occupation of the 1950s, a situation that resulted in a general ad hoc approach to forest policy. The department espoused the rhetoric of sustainable exploitation, but had no way of knowing whether the felling it authorised was actually sustainable, which was reflected in the underdevelopment of the sawmilling industry in Kenya. The agroforestry system, shamba, (previously unexplored in Kenya’s colonial historiography) is shown as being at the heart of forestry in Kenya and extremely significant as perhaps the most successful deployment of agroforestry by the British in colonial Africa. Shamba provided numerous opportunities to farm and receive education to landless Kikuyu in the colony, but also displayed very strong paternalistic aspects of control, with consequential African protest, as the Forest Department sought to create for itself a loyal and permanent forest workforce. Shamba was the keystone of forestry development in the 1950s, and its expansion cemented the position of forestry in Kenya as a top-down, state-centric agent of economic and social development.
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Labo, Nora. "Competing constructions of nature in early photographs of vegetation : negotiation, dissonance, subversion". Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/12807.
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While the role of photography in enforcing hegemonic ideologies has been amply studied, this thesis addresses the under-researched topic of how photography undermined dominant narratives in specific historical circumstances. I argue that, in the later part of the long nineteenth century, photographs were used to represent the natural world in contexts where their functions were uncertain and their capacities not clearly defined, and that these hesitations allowed for the expression of resistances to dominant social attitudes towards nature. I analyse how these divergences were articulated through three independent case studies, each addressing a corpus of photographs which has been marginalised in scholarly discourse. The case studies all concern photographs of vegetation. The first one discusses photographs produced around Fontainebleau during the Second French Empire, commonly understood as auxiliary materials for Barbizon painters, and argues that they were in fact autonomous representations, reflecting marginal modes of experiencing nature which resisted its prevailing construction as spectacle. The second case study examines a photographic series depicting Amazonian vegetation, published between 1900 and 1906, and shows how, in attempting to satisfy conflicting ideological demands, these photographs undermined the hierarchies enforced upon the natural world by colonial science. The third case study analyses photographs from an early twentieth-century environmentalist treatise, and demonstrates how, while the author's discourse seemingly complied with conventional attitudes towards nature, the photographs instituted an ethical stance opposed to early conservation's aesthetic focus and anthropocentrism. Throughout the case studies, I argue that the photographs were consubstantial to the emergence of these resistances; that dissenting representations stemmed from a tension between their producers' lived experience and the ideological frameworks which informed each context; and that this process engendered remarkable formal innovations, which are not usually associated to non-artistic images. I contend that radical renewals of visual expression occur in all representational contexts, as image producers adapt their tools or forge new ones according to circumstances, and that more attention must be paid to such visual innovations outside the field of artistic production.
Livros sobre o assunto "Nature conservation – history – 20th century"
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Knickerbocker, Scott. Ecopoetics: The language of nature, the nature of language. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 2012.
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Harvey, Mark W. T. A symbol of wilderness: Echo Park and the American conservation movement. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1994.
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Harvey, Mark W. T. A symbol of wilderness: Echo Park and the American conservation movement. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 2000.
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Miller, Char. Seeking the greatest good: The conservation legacy of Gifford Pinchot. Pittsburgh, Pa: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2013.
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Nash, Linda Lorraine. Inescapable ecologies: A history of environment, disease, and knowledge. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2006.
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Warren, Louis S. The hunter's game: Poachers and conservationists in twentieth-century America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1997.
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Daws, Gavan. Archipelago: The islands of Indonesia : from the nineteenth-century discoveries of Alfred Russel Wallace to the fate of forests and reefs in the twenty-first century. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999.
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Scigaj, Leonard M. Sustainable poetry: Four American ecopoets. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1999.
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David, Mazel, ed. A century of early ecocriticism. Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2001.
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1979-, James David, e Tew Philip, eds. New versions of pastoral: Post-romantic, modern, and contemporary responses to the tradition. Madison: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2009.
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Dorsch, Sebastian. "Rereading Henri Lefebvre’s La production de l’espace: Appropriation, Nature, and Time-Space in São Paulo Spatial History at the turn from the 19th to the 20th century". In Perspectives on Henri Lefebvre, editado por Jenny Bauer e Robert Fischer, 77–94. Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9783110494983-005.
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Laine, Jaana. "Chapter 2. Knowledge of Trees and Forests – Finnish Forest Research from the Nineteenth to the Twentieth Century". In Green Development or Greenwashing?, 11–30. Winwick, Cambs.: The White Horse Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/63824846758018.ch02.
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Finnish forestry and forest science reflect demands set by the state administration and the forest industry but also private forest and nature conservation organisations, and nowadays private citizens e.g., through social media. From the late nineteenth century to the 2020s, the history of forests, forest science and Finnish society consists of four main periods. During the first period – know the forests (late nineteenth century–1930s) – society needed and gained information on forests, especially on growing timber stock (the first forest inventory in the 1920s) and wood consumption (the first inventory of wood consumption in the 1930s). In addition, researchers produced knowledge for silvicultural practices and forest biology. Rationalising forestry and developing timber procurement were seen as essential during the second period – exploit the forests (1940s–1960s). Since timber removals exceeded annual growth, the state launched massive forest improvement actions. Large clear-cuttings were regenerated with conifer saplings and massive draining of bogs was enacted. As a result, society more extensively exploited and influenced the forests. During the third period – define the forests (1970s–1990s) –forests were no longer respected merely as a source of economic prosperity. Escalating disputes came about when environmental activism and public discussions challenged forestry practices. Scientific knowledge became imbricated, besides traditional forestry values, also with nature conservation, recreational and environmental values related to forests. During the 1990s, changes in forest legislation paved the way for more pluralistic values of forests. During the most recent period – discover forests’ futures (2000s–) – climate change and conflicting human-forest relationships set new demands for forestry and forest science. Forests’ importance has grown from the private and national level to the global context. Forests are respected as carbon sinks and storage, for their rich biodiversity, and as a source of mental and physical health. Forests as living entities are often recognised and new steps have been taken towards more pluralistic human-forest relationships, posthumanism and interspecies perspectives.
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Mutch, Carol Anne. "Not a Subject but an End-Goal". In Handbook of Research on Education for Participative Citizenship and Global Prosperity, 67–88. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-7110-0.ch003.
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This chapter discusses the status of citizenship education across three periods of New Zealand history. Each period is characterized by the competing educational debates of the day. The first period (Indigenous vs. Colonial, circa 1200AD-early 1900s) describes the contestation over land, citizenship, and education between the indigenous Māori and their British colonizers. Early in the 20th century, the traditional colonial form of schooling is challenged by a liberal progressive approach (Traditional Conservative vs. Liberal Progressive, 1900s-1970s). With the economic downturn of the 1970s the third era begins (New Right vs. Liberal Left, 1970s-present). In each period of history, the nature and status of education for citizenship has been a subject of debate with the outcome in the hands of the dominant ideology of the time. The tensions have not yet been resolved and while education for citizenship has always been an end-goal, it has never reached the status of a compulsory subject.
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Kuryłowicz, Michał. "Dramat doświadczeń modernizacyjnych, czyli historia Rosji w ujęciu Nikołaja Rozowa". In Młoda Rosja: Pozasystemowe formy kultury, 81–95. Ksiegarnia Akademicka Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/9788383680217.06.
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At least since the 19th century when the idea of a nation-state began to gain momentum in Europe, a properly constructed historical narrative became the focus of attention of the rulers. By its nature, it remained doubly systemic. On the one hand, it was supposed to speak on behalf of the system of state power: specific political forces aimed at consolidating or maintaining power. On the other hand, it was to remain a systemic historical lecture which logically combines individual historical moments, constructing and at the same time completing the whole. The difficult 20th century brought the popularization of alternative (anti-system) historical interpretations, created either from the perspective of groups hitherto excluded from exercising power, or from the point of view of contestants of the nationalist idea, which got contaminated in the meantime by its totalitarian version. From today’s perspective, both proposals form two opposite poles of the same systemic way of thinking about the past. They are also perfectly visible in contemporary Russia in the form of an unequal rivalry between two currents: the conservative one, affirming Russia’s imperial past, supported by the current rulers, and the liberal one, inspired by opponents of authoritarianism and at the same time critical of the country’s superpower or even totalitarian past. The article analyses the concept of Nikolai Rozov, which seems to be an alternative proposal to the aforementioned “major” historical narratives. The Siberian historian, driven by discussions on the uniformity of teaching history in Russia (one textbook, historical standard), inspired as he is by the rich instrumentation of the theory of cycles, avoids defining them as development cycles in relation to the history of Russia. The analysis of his texts is intended to see whether Rozov’s concept actually breaks the known interpretation patterns in relation to Russian history, and whether the free discussion about the past he proposes allows for the deconstruction of the systemic nature of the historical lecture.
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Zamiara, Krystyna. "Jerzy Giedymin – From the Logic of Science to the Theoretical History of Science". In Polish Philosophers of Science and Nature in the 20th Century, 173–81. BRILL, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004457799_022.
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Collins, James P., e Martha L. Crump. "New Approaches to Doing Science and Conservation". In Extinction In Our Times, 175–83. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195316940.003.0008.
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Abstract Late in the 20th century, the historical and modern forces that cause population declines and extinctions converged on amphibian species in ways that accelerated population and species losses in frogs and salamanders. As mentioned in chapter 1, recent analyses by Kim Roelants and colleagues at the Vrije Universiteit Brussel and by Malcolm McCallum at Texas A&M University reached similar conclusions using different methods: The late 20th century extinction rate for amphibians is between 200 and 2700 times greater than the extinction rate for the class Amphibia over the last 350 million years. The fact that amphibians disappeared in protected areas such as nature reserves, which by definition humans “reserve” for protecting species and conserving biodiversity, drew the world’s attention to the general importance of explaining these losses, because they signaled that habitat restrictions alone could not protect amphibians, or, probably, other organisms. Cornelia Dean, a reporter for the New York Times, wrote: “Conservation organizations that work to preserve biologically rich landscapes are confronting a painful realization: In an era of climate change, many of their efforts may be insufficient or beside the point.” At least for amphibians, “conservation as usual” was not working, which raised the general question: What constitutes a nature reserve at the start of the 21st century? In some cases, a reserve of last resort is a zoo, aquarium, or other conservation facility—but more about that possibility in the next chapter.
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Kern, Donald J. "The History and Philosophical Changes of the Environmental Reform Movement". In Building STEM Skills Through Environmental Education, 14–48. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2711-5.ch002.
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This chapter is an account that provides a chronology of the philosophical evolution of the human viewpoint from the perspective of the apex species on the planet. The gradual change from unrelenting growth and production towards one that embraces conservation, resource management, and the protection of populations from the consequences of rapid technological development came to a inflection point in the mid-20th century that resulted in a revised outlook on mankind's obligations to current populations, including other species, future generations, and Earth as a whole. The chapter will highlight the effects of the Industrial Revolution, expansionism, and the exploitation and mismanagement of resources from overuse and overharvesting of Earth's ecosystems. These practices led to tragedies that shifted the paradigm to environmental responsibility and accountability in the 20th century.
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Nadel, Meryl. "Natural Environment as Refuge, Nurturer, Catalyst". In Not Just Play, 3–13. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190496548.003.0001.
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“Natural Environment as Refuge, Nurturer, Catalyst” places the notion of the summer camp in the broader context of societal ideas about people and nature, helping lay the groundwork for the social work profession’s involvement. Selected key events, concepts, and people impacting Americans’ view of the natural environment are highlighted. During the 19th century, as the United States became increasingly urban, writers and visual artists introduced Americans to the virtues of country life for health benefits, solace, and renewal. In the early 20th century, adherents of the conservation, back-to-nature, and antimodernism movements reacted to industrialization and urbanization. John Dewey and Jane Addams are referenced. Since the mid-20th century, a number of thinkers—scientists, historians, theologians, journalists—have turned their attention to issues related to people and the environment. Increasingly, social workers have examined the physical and natural environments as necessary components for understanding people holistically.
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Ezcurra, Exequiel, e Luis Bourillón. "Ecological Conservation". In Island Biogeography in the Sea of Cortés II. Oxford University Press, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195133462.003.0023.
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In 1973, George Lindsay, one of Baja California’s most eminent botanists, visited the islands of the Sea of Cortés together with Charles Lindbergh, Joseph Wood Krutch, and Kenneth Bechtel. Lindbergh, one of the most celebrated popular heroes of the twentieth century, had become by that time a committed conservationist, interested in the preservation of whales and in the conservation of nature at large. Joseph Wood Krutch, a naturalist, had written The Forgotten Peninsula, one of the first natural history descriptions of Baja California. George Lindsay had helped organize a series of scientific explorations into the Sea of Cortés and the peninsula of Baja California, first from the San Diego Natural History Museum, and later from the California Academy of Sciences (Banks 1962a,b; Lindsay 1962, 1964, 1966, 1970; Wiggins 1962). Kenneth Bechtel, a philanthropist from San Francisco, had given financial support to the Audubon Society in the 1950s and 1960s to study the sea bird rookery at Isla Rasa, which had been decreed a protected area by the Mexican government in 1962. Bechtel was interested in showing the Sea of Cortés to people who might be aroused by its astounding natural beauty and who might help to protect it. For this purpose, he organized the trip and invited Lindbergh to visit the region. The group flew a chartered Catalina flying-boat that allowed them to get to small and remote islands. They landed in the water and then piloted up to the beach so they could have shade under the wing. They visited many of the islands, starting from Consag north of Bahía de los Ángeles, and ending up in Espíritu Santo, east of the Bay of La Paz. It was a wonderful and memorable trip. Two or three months later, both Lindbergh and Lindsay traveled to Mexico City to watch the Mexican premiere of a documentary film on the Sea of Cortés by the California Academy of Sciences that Kenneth Bechtel had sponsored (see chap. 1). Taking advantage of the opportunity, and also of his immense popularity, Charles Lindbergh requested to see the president of Mexico, Luis Echeverría.
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Rashkow, Ezra. "Human Endangerment Discourse". In The Nature of Endangerment in India, 19—C1.N2. Oxford University PressOxford, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192868527.003.0002.
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Abstract The chapter presents a broad, global, overview of the emergence of the concepts of endangerment and extinction with reference to indigenous peoples and the environment. It argues that long before there was even scientific awareness that non-human species could become extinct, there was a growing acknowledgement that cultures coming into contact with Europeans in the age of empire were vanishing; by the early nineteenth century, while the phenomenon of species extinction was still disputed, the extinction of so-called primitive races was widely accepted. And by the late nineteenth century, the fates of those offensively labelled ‘wild tribes’ and ‘wild animals’ were frequently and explicitly linked in colonial discourse. Studying the history of this racist, imperialist analogy reveals that postcolonial era conservation efforts have roots in, and are often guilty of repeating, the colonial past. Tracing the interwoven tropes of human and wildlife endangerment from their colonial manifestations through to their postcolonial reverberations, clear connections between contemporary agendas and long repudiated positions emerge, particularly in the burgeoning field of biocultural diversity conservation.
Trabalhos de conferências sobre o assunto "Nature conservation – history – 20th century"
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Ceravolo, R. "Condition Assessment, Monitoring and Preservation of Some Iconic Concrete Structures of the 20th Century". In IABSE Symposium, Wroclaw 2020: Synergy of Culture and Civil Engineering – History and Challenges. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/wroclaw.2020.0054.
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<p>Great architects and structural engineers such as Berg (1870-1947), Maillart (1872-1940), Freyssinet (1879- 1962), Torroja (1899 -1961), Nervi (1891-1979), Candela (1910-1997), Isler (1926-2009) and many others have designed recognized works of art in their discipline. They conceived extraordinary concrete spatial structures, that are located mostly in Europe and represent a unique legacy. It is important to raise awareness of this heritage, define the criteria for preserving it and begin the process of its renovation and rehabilitation.</p> <p>While concrete has become a 20th century emblem, much of the world’s heritage from this period is unrecognized or undervalued, and therefore it is at risk and in need of analysis and protection. Innovative technologies and solutions are needed that contribute to the successful reuse of modern concrete built heritage. Indeed, such structures are plagued by significant deterioration and most of them are in urgent need of retrofitting and/or radical refurbishment. In other words, there is a need to bring some of these buildings back to life, while respecting the spirit of their original characters, through new technologies for long-term conservation that can maintain an adequate level of structural performance. Achieving this goal would produce substantial economic impacts through activities such as restoration, maintenance, and cultural industry.</p> <p>The keynote lecture, more specifically, focuses on the condition assessment, monitoring and preservation of 20th century architectural heritage characterized by a complex spatial structural design. The service life of civil and cultural heritage concrete spatial structures is typically thought to range from 10 to 200 years, but in practice the service environment plays a pivotal role in sustained durability. Indeed, the collapse of Polcevera Viaduct in Genoa has raised strong concerns on the durability of concrete structures conceived at that time. The scientific community has once again underlined the important role played by maintenance and continuous structural health monitoring in avoiding these disastrous events. In order to demonstrate a correct approach to condition monitoring of concrete spatial buildings and bridges, some important experiences are described that were recently obtained at the Polytechnic of Turin on the structural analysis, seismic vulnerability and condition assessment for iconic 20th century heritage buildings.</p>
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Torres Rosario, Sharyan Dairys, e Lourdes Royo Naranjo. "Interactive Dissemination of 20th Century Tourist Heritage: Integration of ICTfor an Immersive Experience through Interior Design in Puerto Rico". In HEDIT 2024 - International Congress for Heritage Digital Technologies and Tourism Management. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/hedit2024.2024.17714.
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Interior design in built cultural heritage has undergone a significant evolution in the late twentieth century, going from being contemplative goods of history to elements that require aesthetic, functional and technological adaptation for their conservation and commercial and institutional use. For its part, contemporary architecture is influenced by the development and integration of digital technologies in its processes, which drives a transformation in this field. While in the field of architectural heritage, the importance of disseminating and promoting these assets is highlighted. The dissemination of the architectural and touristic heritage of the 20th century has become a fundamental aspect of the preservation and promotion of cultural heritage. Today, tourism plays a crucial role in the dissemination of this heritage, being the undisputed protagonist in the dissemination of cultural activities and the reception of the public. It has become an essential tool to make known the architectural, historical and cultural richness of different places, attracting local and foreign visitors. Puerto Rico, an island in the Caribbean with a rich cultural heritage history that has witnessed the emergence of the sun and beach tourism phenomenon, and as a result of this, a participant in the development of the hotel industry of the time, allows us to study its hotel architectural heritage developed in the twentieth century and that certainly contributes to the historical reconstruction of them today. It will be the basis for the development of a proposal for the use of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) for the dissemination of the architectural heritage of tourism in the twentieth century to society. This research proposes the use of Revit 2024 for the planimetry survey and Twinmotion 2023 software for 3D modelling and historical representation of the Normandie Hotel in Old San Juan. With the purpose of developing a digital historical archive for a possible informative proposal in the Google Arts & Cultue platform, promoting the historical diffusion of the architectural heritage in the visitors of the building and society in general.
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Juárez Ruiz, Lidia A., e Sofía del Pozo C. "Building rehabilitation proposal from a sustainable and solidary approach". In IABSE Symposium, Guimarães 2019: Towards a Resilient Built Environment Risk and Asset Management. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/guimaraes.2019.0338.
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<p>Oaxaca State (Mexico) has great tangible and intangible wealth. Its history includes buildings dated from the Spanish crown conquest in the XVI century. Its architecture is considered a monumental wealth, in spite of the damages caused by earthquakes along its history. In this work the social - educational approach has been considered as part of the frame of work to preserve and to rehabilitate the built heritage. We present a case study in San Jeronimo Taviche. In this town, as in others, the built patrimony has been lost due to lack of valuation of this patrimony, and lack of economic resources for its conservation and maintenance. The "white house" is a building built at the beginning of the 20th century with traditional systems. It was realized the topographic and architectural survey and a social participative diagnostic. The participative methodologies allow the involved people to be a part of the diagnosis and of the proposal of solution, with which at medium period we hope to achieve the appropriation of the project. With the social and educational approach, the capacities of the people become stronger for the conservation of their patrimony and for the search of resources of financial support for its rehabilitation as a Community Development Center.</p>
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O’Rourke, Timothy, Nicole Sully e Steve Chaddock. "From Rambling to Elevated Walkways: Piecemeal Planning Histories in National Parks". In The 39th Annual Conference of the Society of Architectural Historians Australia and New Zealand. PLACE NAME: SAHANZ, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55939/a5034pmvqv.
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From the late nineteenth century, ramblers, trampers and bushwalkers have been instrumental in the creation of national parks. Their advocacy combined interests in nature conservation with recreational pursuits, heralding the two competing and often contradictory purposes of national park estates. In Australia, protected wilderness areas were invariably repositories of sacred sites linked by networks of walking pads across landscapes shaped by millennia of Indigenous occupation. From the mid-twentieth century, new infrastructure was required in national parks to cater for the growth in tourism. In Australia, the state-based system of “national” parks resulted in an uneven approach to both the creation of protected areas and the design of infrastructure for the hosts and guests. This approach was in marked contrast to the United States, where the Mission 66 program – approved by Congress in 1955 – resulted in a decade-long programme of expenditure on infrastructure that established the reputation of their national park system, and ensured a systematic national approach. This paper examines the piecemeal history of planning for bushwalkers in Australian national parks through a comparison of competing interests – the minimal needs of the self-sufficient rambler with infrastructure that caters for diverse tourism experiences. Australian case studies illustrate a contested but changing approach to planning for pedestrians in protected areas, from the making of tracks by volunteers and depression-era work gangs to elevated walks through forest canopies. A historical analysis highlights the changing attitudes to tourism and conservation challenges, now informed by greater knowledge of ecology and the belated recognition of Indigenous ownership and pre-colonial land management regimes. Threats to the biodiversity in protected areas suggest that a planning approach, which combines multiple disciplines and interests, will increasingly elevate both the bushwalker and tourist in their experience of nature.
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Versaci, Antonella, Alessio Cardaci e Luca Renato Fauzia. "Il progetto della conoscenza per la conservazione e il restauro del castello aragonese di Piazza Armerina". In FORTMED2024 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Valencia: Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2024.2024.17973.
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The castle of Piazza Armerina in Sicily is a historic landmark that dates to the second half of the 14th century. It was erected by King Martin I, likely on a preexisting Franciscan monastery. The history of the manor is incomplete, particularly until it was converted into a prison in the early 19th century. This function, which lasted until the 60s of the 20th century, involved several changes in its original layout. Further abandonment has led to a gradual decline and to important instability phenomena. The purchase by private individuals in 2017 renewed interest in the monument and launched a new phase of study aimed at its conservation and enhancement. The methodological path carried out made it possible to analytically illustrate the state of conservation of the structure. The new cognitive framework also allowed to identify elements that were useful for the formulation of re-configurative hypotheses. In 2019, the owner of the property made the decision to undertake the restoration of the exterior walls. The intervention – which partially enjoyed the tax benefits deriving from the Façade Bonus established by the 2020 Italian Budget Law – has not yet been completed and is suspended pending the recovery of the sums necessary for the continuation of the works. However, the opportunity offered by this program was certainly advantageous, making it possible to start an unavoidable conservation activity. This tax measure, which draws inspiration from the French Malraux law (1962) has favoured the recovery of several historical buildings in Italy, but the timing imposed by the financing and the difficulties aroused for the sale of tax credits, have created a series of setbacks and dangers for the correct carrying out of the activities on which this paper focuses.
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Rodríguez Cantalapiedra, Pedro. "Rigour, methodology and use, success in heritage conservation: The tower of the St. Mary Magdalene`s church." In HERITAGE2022 International Conference on Vernacular Heritage: Culture, People and Sustainability. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/heritage2022.2022.15610.
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The church of Santa María Magdalena of Matapozuelos (Valladolid) from the sixteenth century, made of Mudejar masonry brickwork combines late Gothic with Renaissance elements, is a Cultural Interest Asset. Its prominent tower is the object of this project. It was proposed the tower is restored to its original monumental value and condition, giving it a new life. The most significant change has been the installation of a fixed staircase extending the existing one to access the bell tower and upper levels, allowing controlled access for visitors and creating a more open and bright interior space, giving it a more functional sense, without losing the permeability of the bell tower. The research begins with the previous studies: historical, archaeological, petrological, photogrammetric and architectural, justifying the action theoretically. This led to the use of traditional methods and materials from the surrounding area in order to preserve the vernacular heritage: the tejar brickwork, the wood in the floorboards and woodwork (specifically elm wood), the vault cladding and the lime rendering of the walls, are highlighted. The problems were identified by classifying them according to their degree of complexity and a project diagnosis was made that served to take the necessary measures for their restoration. Three levels of intervention are established according to their volume of affection, three action groups are proposed according to the nature of the objective to fulfil, and three actions are qualified according to the contribution to the building to be preserved: repair, replacement or addition. This time of methodological study makes us achieve an exhaustive knowledge and a sensory closeness to the building, which makes us "feel it inside": History in architecture is important when it becomes blood. (Ignazio Gardella. Verona 1991. Conference: "My first 90 years in Architecture").
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Vandenbergh, Alex. "Terra Cotta Flat Arches: A Historic Modern-Day Challenge". In IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis. Zurich, Switzerland: International Association for Bridge and Structural Engineering (IABSE), 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2749/newyork.2019.2542.
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<p>At the turn of the 20th century, terra cotta flat arches (TCFA’s) were a popular floor system in steel framed buildings for industrial and office construction in the United States. These arches were lighter but just as fireproof as standard brick arches, and were designed empirically using proprietary allowable load tables, which were based mostly on load testing.</p><p>In the 21st century, the proprietary nature of the TCFA makes evaluating these systems problematic for the modern engineer, architect, and contractor. Renovations of buildings with TCFA floor assemblies typically will have new penetrations as well as altered loading conditions from its original construction.</p><p>It is important for all parties involved in the design and construction process of a renovation to understand the history, mechanisms, and limitations of TCFAs in order to have a successful renovation from both a design and a cost perspective. Conversely, renovating a building without the proper knowledge or experience with the existing materials can lead to change orders, time overruns, and most importantly life safety risks.</p><p>This paper is a summary of a presentation given by the same author to the Association for Preservation Technology (APT) conference in September, 2018. A more in-depth paper by the same author and colleagues Derek Trelstad and Rebecca Buntrock will appear as an article in the APT Bulletin in 2019.</p>
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Blagojević, Anita, e Marijana Majnarić. "THE ‘’GREEN’’ CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF CROATIA AND THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT AS A PROTECTOR OF THE RIGHT TO A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT". In International Scientific Conference “Digitalization and Green Transformation of the EU“. Faculty of Law, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.25234/eclic/27442.
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Unlike the “pioneer” constitutions, which contained guarantees of personal and political rights in their provisions, newer constitutions, or constitutions of the 20th century, began to guarantee social and economic rights in their provisions, and among them soon appeared the right to a healthy environment. Similar to the constitutions of other new democracies, the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia belongs to the ranks of environmentally conscious constitutions. The right to a healthy environment was part of the Constitution of the Socialist Republic of Croatia from 1974, and after the establishment of the independent and sovereign Republic of Croatia, it became part of the Constitution of 1990. In Croatia, since the very beginning of independence, the conservation of nature and the human environment have been included in the category of the highest values of the constitutional order (Article 3), which represent the foundation for the interpretation of the Constitution. In the part of the Constitution that refers to human rights and fundamental freedoms, we find provisions on restrictions of entrepreneurial freedom and property rights in order to protect nature, the environment and human health, then on special protection of the state to all things and goods of special ecological significance. It is also clearly prescribed that everyone has the right to a healthy life, and that the state has a certain responsibility for environmental protection. The Constitutional Court takes care of the protection of constitutionality and the protection of environmental rights. The aim of this paper is to analyze how the constitutions of the new democracies relate to environmental protection, whether the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia is really a “green” Constitution, and based on the analysis of the previous practice of the Constitutional Court in environmental cases, reach a conclusion about the approach and the role of the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Croatia as a protector of the right to healthy environment.
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Ismail, Mohamed A., e Caitlin T. Mueller. "Low-Carbon Concrete Construction: The Past, Present, and Future of Concrete Design in India". In 2020 ACSA Fall Conference. ACSA Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.aia.fallintercarbon.20.23.
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The concrete frame gave freedom to the design of the interior and eliminated the need for external load-bearing walls. Today, due to rapid urbanization and constrained urban space, the concrete frame has become the ubiquitous system of construction in growing cities. As a result, steel-reinforced concrete frames dominate the skylines of Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs) like India. Consequently, the mounting use of concrete in India has garnered concern for the ecological impacts of construction. This suggests an opportunity to reduce the carbon emissions associated with concrete construction through efficient concrete construction, building more with less. Importantly, India has a rich history of efficient concrete architecture that utilized material efficiency when material costs constrained the cost of construction. These designers cultivated a spirit of structural expression and a command of physical forces that informed a new architectural idiom for Modern India. Today, the generally risk-averse nature of development has pushed concrete construction towards standardized typologies of monolithic construction and repeated modules for ease of construction. From a structural mechanics point of view, though, these modular systems of prismatic slabs, beams, and columns, are mate- rially inefficient. In response to the demand for materially efficient concrete construction, this paper looks back at the work of novel designers in India and presents a potential application of their ideas to future urban construction in both India and beyond. The scope of this paper is the use of reinforced concrete as a structural material from the early 20th century up until today. Several key structures and designers will be highlighted for their contributions to concrete architecture’s history before concluding with a proposal for the future of concrete design in LEDC cities. Applying an understanding of concrete mechanics and digital structural design, this research explores structural systems suited to the constraints of Indian construction.
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Baró Zarzo, José Luis, e Jovita Cortijo Ruiz. "Architecture and Music around the Alhambra. Reminiscences of a dreamlike world: La Puerta del Vino (Debussy)". In 3rd Valencia International Biennial of Research in Architecture, VIBRArch. València: Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/vibrarch2022.2022.15464.
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Orientalism, as a variant of exoticism in the Romantic period, adopted a series of topics linked to distant countries and oriental cultures, including Spanish lands, especially Andalusian. This phenomenon was especially prolific in the world of the arts around the Alhambra, «doubly romantic for its medieval and oriental origin» (Raquejo, 1989).Alhambrism was developed by traveling writers in the early 19th century, eager for suggestive scenarios in which to recreate their poems and stories. Later it spread to the plastic arts, with painters such as François Antoine Bossuet, John Frederick Lewis, David Roberts, Gustave Doré or Jenaro Pérez Villaamil. In the case of architecture, Alhambrism was nourished by parallel sources. On the one hand, the awakening to the conservation of the Alhambra as a monument witness to a dreamy period in the history of Spain, and the first interventions by Rafael Contreras, still under babbling and unscientific criteria. On the other hand, the impulse to decorativism through the seminal studies of Owen Jones and Jules Goury, convinced that «in the Alhambra the exemplary paradigm of the most perfect ornamental and chromatic system of all historical styles had existed was hidden» (Villafranca).Music also found fertile ground for creativity in the Alhambra between the mid-19th and early 20th centuries, within the nationalist romantic movement. However, it was mainly the Spanish composers who chose the Alhambra to reflect the national identity: Tárrega, Turina, Albéniz, Bretón, De Monasterio, to which we should add a Debussy influenced by Falla.The communication aims ultimately to investigate through analysis the musical resources used by the last-mentioned composer, Claude Debussy, to evoke with sounds the architecture and the sensual atmosphere of the Alhambra in one of the most representative works of Alhambrism in music: La Puerta del Vino (The Wine Gate).