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MIYAZAKI, Yoshikazu. "The National Wealth of Japan and Its Estimation". Nippon Gakushiin kiyo 49, n.º 2 (1995): 33–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2183/tja1948.49.33.
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Sadik, Ali T., e Ali A. Bolbol. "Arab External Investments: Relation to National Wealth, Estimation, and Consequences". World Development 31, n.º 11 (novembro de 2003): 1771–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2003.04.002.
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Nesterov, Leonid I. ">National wealth estimation in the USSR and the Russian federation". Europe-Asia Studies 49, n.º 8 (dezembro de 1997): 1471–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09668139708412510.
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Bach, Stefan, Andreas Thiemann e Aline Zucco. "Looking for the missing rich: tracing the top tail of the wealth distribution". International Tax and Public Finance 26, n.º 6 (8 de novembro de 2019): 1234–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10797-019-09578-1.
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AbstractWe analyse the top tail of the wealth distribution in France, Germany, and Spain using the first and second waves of the Household Finance and Consumption Survey (HFCS). Since top wealth is likely to be under-represented in household surveys, we integrate big fortunes from rich lists, estimate a Pareto distribution, and impute the missing rich. In addition to the Forbes list, we rely on national rich lists since they represent a broader base of the big fortunes in those countries. As a result, the top 1% wealth share increases notably for the three selected countries after imputing the top wealth. We find that national rich lists can improve the estimation of the Pareto coefficient in particular when the list of national USD billionaires is short.
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Levy, Brian L. "Wealth, Race, and Place: How Neighborhood (Dis)advantage From Emerging to Middle Adulthood Affects Wealth Inequality and the Racial Wealth Gap". Demography 59, n.º 1 (18 de janeiro de 2022): 293–320. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9710284.
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Abstract Do neighborhood conditions affect wealth accumulation? This study uses the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1979 cohort and a counterfactual estimation strategy to analyze the effect of prolonged exposure to neighborhood (dis)advantage from emerging adulthood through middle adulthood. Neighborhoods have sizable, plausibly causal effects on wealth, but these effects vary significantly by race/ethnicity and homeownership. White homeowners receive the largest payoff to reductions in neighborhood disadvantage. Black adults, regardless of homeownership, are doubly disadvantaged in the neighborhood–wealth relationship. They live in more-disadvantaged neighborhoods and receive little return to reductions in neighborhood disadvantage. Findings indicate that disparities in neighborhood (dis)advantage figure prominently in wealth inequality and the racial wealth gap.
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Oh, H. S., S. J. Lee, J. H. Kwo, N. Y. Jung e J. H. Cho. "An Estimation of ASL in Appraisal : Using Korea National Wealth Survey Data". Journal of Society of Korea Industrial and Systems Engineering 41, n.º 2 (30 de junho de 2018): 141–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.11627/jkise.2018.41.2.141.
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Tvaronavičienė, Manuela, e Kristina Kalašinskaitė. "WHETHER GLOBALIZATION IN FORM OF FDI ENHANCES NATIONAL WEALTH: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM LITHUANIA". Journal of Business Economics and Management 11, n.º 1 (31 de março de 2010): 5–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/jbem.2010.01.
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Presented paper aims to suggest theoretical framework, application of which would allow indicating if foreign direct investment (FDI) facilitates or hinders economic development of host country economy. Central ideas elaborated in the article are as follows. The first, necessity of cost‐benefit analysis of FDI inflow is emphasized. As state policy favourable for foreign capital means costs, instrument for benefit estimation is required. Neoclassical and industrial organization theories are being employed for FDI effects evaluation purpose. Assumption about changing effect of FDI after medium‐term period of 6–7 year passes has been raised and tested. Data of Lithuanian manufacturing branch and its three main comprising manufacturing sectors for the 1996–2007 period have been employed. Results of application of elaborated theoretical framework lead to corollary about different impact of FDI on various sectors of economy and high probability of diminishing positive initial impact after medium‐term time span passes. Santrauka Straipsnyje siūlomas originalus, teoriškai pagristas modelis, skirtas nustatyti, kaip laikui begant kinta tiesioginiu užsienio investiciju (TUI) poveikis šalies šeimininkes ekonominiam vystymuisi. Autoriai, vertindami TUI poveiki, taiko sanaudu ir naudos analizes principa. Kadangi valstybes politika, palanki užsienio investicijoms, dažniausia reiškia šalies sanaudas joms pritraukti, kyla ekonominiu instrumen‐tu, reikalingu TUI ekonominiam naudingumui ivertinti, sukūrimo problema. Jai spresti pasitelkiamos neoklasikine ir industrines organizacijos teorijos. Straipsnyje iškeliama ir tikrinama prielaida, kad TUI poveikis šalies šeimininkes ekonominiam vystymuisi pakinta po TUI atejimo praejus vidutiniam, t. y. 5–6 metu, laikotarpiui. Tirti naudojami 1996–2007 m. laikotarpio Lietuvos trijupagrindiniupramones sektoriu duomenys. Sukurto modelio taikymo rezultatai leidžia atskleisti nevienoda TUI poveiki skir‐tingiems ekonomikos sektoriams bei leidžia teigti, jog pradinis teigiamas TUI poveikis vietines ekono‐mikos vystymuisi turi tendencija mažeti po investavimo praejus 5–6 metams.
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Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Masoud Masinaei, Nima Fattahi, Yekta Rahimi, Negar Rezaei, Sina Azadnajafabad, Ali Ghanbari et al. "Current Inequities in Smoking Prevalence on District Level in Iran: A Systematic Analysis on the STEPS Survey". Journal of Research in Health Sciences 22, n.º 1 (28 de dezembro de 2021): e00540-e00540. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/jrhs.2022.75.
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Background: The prevalence of tobacco smoking and its burden on societies is not homogenous at the national and district levels. This nationwide study aimed to investigate current inequalities in the prevalence of smoking at the district level and the association of smoking behaviors with gender, wealth, education, and urbanization in Iran. Study design: A cross-sectional study. Methods: This study was conducted by analyzing the data of the STEPS survey 2016 with 30541 participants. The small-area estimation method using the Bayesian spatial hierarchical multilevel regression model was employed to generate district-level prevalence of all types of smoking by gender. The inequalities between the groups by wealth, education, and urbanization were investigated via concentration index. Results: The prevalence rates of current daily cigarette smoking were found to be at the range of 4.6-40.9 and 0-4.5 among men and women, respectively. Current daily cigarette smoking was higher in men than in women: 19.0 (95% CI: 9.5-28.7) vs 0.7 (95% CI: 0-6.9). Women with lower wealth, education, or urbanization were more likely to smoke tobacco or be exposed to secondhand smoking. On the other hand, men with higher wealth or education indices were more likely to smoke tobacco. Men with lower wealth, education, or urbanization were more likely to be exposed to secondhand smoking. Conclusion: The smoking behavior varied significantly at the district level in Iran. Gender, wealth, education, and urbanization were determinants of smoking prevalence.
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Godom, Moise. "Agriculture and Poverty Reduction in Cameroon". International Journal of Poverty, Investment and Development 2, n.º 1 (14 de maio de 2022): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.47941/ijpid.866.
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Purpose: The main objective of this study is to determine the contribution of agriculture to poverty reduction by determining the degree of extension of individual wealth in relation to the increase in agricultural added value.
Methodology: Using data from the World Bank (WDI 2020) and FOASTAT from 1980 to 2018, GDP per capita (indicator for measuring the level of development noted as GDP/H) is regressed on the added value of the agriculture in millions of dollars (AVA) and other variables such as gross national savings (GNS), added value of industries (AVI), and imports of goods and services (IGS).
Findings: The main estimation results of the multiple regression model by ordinary least squares, the overall significance of which is 5%, indicate that: i) a unit increase in agricultural value added stimulates individual wealth by 0.0594 thousand dollars; ii) a unit increase in gross national savings in turn causes an increase of 0.185 thousand dollars in GDP per capita, iii) the agricultural value added positively influences gross domestic product per capita as well as gross national savings.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Thus, for a better standard of living through the increase in GDP per capita, Cameroonian agricultural products must undergo strong transformations in order to generate added values with multiplier effects on individual incomes. Thus, the population must be encouraged to further stimulate their national savings.
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Kim, Ock-Kyung. "Estimation of adult mortality in Korea: levels, trends, and socioeconomic differentials". Journal of Biosocial Science 18, n.º 3 (julho de 1986): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193200001631x.
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SummaryData from the 1974 Korean National Fertility Survey indicate levels, trends, and socioeconomic differentials in adult mortality in the Republic of Korea. The indirect techniques of parental survival and the time location of mortality are used to estimate mortality levels and to discern time trends in adult mortality. Socioeconomic variables are considered for their relationship with levels of adult mortality. The index of household wealth (based on the ownership of modern goods, size and space of household) and education stand out as the most important differentials in adult mortality. The trend in mortality decline is most pronounced for the subgroups representing higher levels of educational attainment and greater ownership of modern goods even after adjusting for the interrelationship between these two variables.
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Chen, Kuo-Shing, Chien-Chiang Lee e Huolien Tsai. "Taxation of Wealthy Individuals, Inequality Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility". Sustainability 11, n.º 7 (27 de março de 2019): 1851. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11071851.
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This paper provides new evidence on reducing income (or wealth) disparity. Accurate inequality measures are important to policymakers with a concern for inequality governance and the calibration of tax policy. Our empirical findings show that block trading of securities has no significant impact on volume or amount before and after the 2015 abolition of capital gains taxation in Taiwan. Crucially, the results ultimately demonstrate complete capital gains tax redistribution failure, due to capital flight into overseas investments. Thus, tax policy cannot be the only channel to reduce these inequalities. At the national level, policymakers could build on the conclusions drawn in this paper by developing corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategies and adjusting the tax systems for wealthy people so as to achieve policy goals. Our study aims to provide the first quantitative empirical evidence recognizing significant factors among the CSR strategies pursued to strengthen the rules of inequality governance. More precisely, we have also applied both fully modified and dynamic ordinary least squares cointegration tests, as well as conical cointegration regression, to check the robustness of our estimation results.
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Akhtar, Sajjad, e Sajid Manzoor. "The Demand for Financial Assets in Pakistan". Pakistan Development Review 33, n.º 2 (1 de junho de 1994): 135–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v33i2pp.135-146.
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In recent years Pakistan has moved to liberalise its financial and capital markets. Consequently the reforms will place heavy demand on the instruments of monetary policy to regulate the working of financial markets. Interest rate policy as a component of monetary policy not only determines the allocation of resources between assets but also within each class of assets. Given the scant research on intra-asset response to intertemporal interest rate movements, the present paper fills the gap by studying the determinants of financial assets and quantifies intra-asset substitutability within a system-wide portfolio framework. Using a simplified version of Brainard and Tobin (1968) model, we explain the asset holdings in terms of wealth and interest rates. We test the model on quarterly holdings of five assets, i.e., saving and fixed deposits, khas deposits, national deposit certificates and defence saving certificates. Asset substitutability is ascertained by single equation OLS, FIML (Iterative 3SLS) and restricted FIML estimation techniques. The system-wide restricted model performs according to a priori expectations. Own interest rate effect is positive and significant in three of the four equations. Five of the six off-diagonals are negative, and three are statistically significant. Saving and fixed deposits exhibit weak complementarity. Khas deposit and national deposit certificates are strong substitutes. The model is also used to decompose the change in portfolio share due to wealth, interest rate and residual components.
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Mainardi, Fabio, Vanessa Caroline Campos, Richard Gaston Côté, Nele Kristin Silber, Roko Plestina e Imelda Angeles-Agdeppa. "Estimation of Free Sugars in the Filipino Food Composition Table and Evaluation of Population-Level Intake". Nutrients 15, n.º 6 (9 de março de 2023): 1343. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15061343.
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Recommendations to reduce intake of free sugars are included in some national dietary guidelines. However, as the content of free sugars is absent from most of the food composition tables, the adherence to such recommendations is hard to monitor. We developed a novel method to estimate the free sugar content in the Philippines food composition table, based on a data-driven algorithm that enabled automated annotation. We then used these estimates to analyze the free sugar intake of 66,016 Filipinos aged 4 years and over. The average free sugar consumption was 19 g/day, accounting for an average of 3% of the total caloric intake. Snacks and breakfast were the meals with the highest content of free sugars. Intake of free sugars, in grams per day and as % of energy, was positively associated with wealth status. The same pattern was observed for the consumption of sugar-sweetened beverages.
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Vivien, Oyibo Paul, Djeban Koffi Mouroufie Emmanuel, Anzian Kouamé Marcel e Fossou Ebi Georges. "Financial Development and Its Impact on Tax Revenue in Côte d’Ivoire". International Journal of Economics and Finance 15, n.º 9 (27 de agosto de 2023): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijef.v15n9p118.
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Increasing domestic revenue mobilization remains a challenge for many governments, generally in low-income countries and in Côte d'Ivoire in particular. This work aims to assess the effects of financial development on the mobilization of tax revenues in Côte d'Ivoire during the period 1985-2020. The Granger Causality techniques were applied to data, revealing that there is a one-way relationship between financial development and tax revenue and between export and tax revenue. The results of the estimation of the two-step cointegration model of Engle-Granger (1987) show a cointegration relationship between taxes and their variables in the long term as in the short term. The improvement of financial development and the good quality of national institutions lead to better mobilization of tax revenues. However, the contributory capacity of exports to national wealth positively and significantly influences the mobilization of income in the short term, in the long term, exports become harmful but not significant. The results reflect the non-negligible role of the quality of national institutions in the relationship between the financial sphere and the real sphere.
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Pini, Marco, e Alessandro Rinaldi. "Le attivitŕ reali e finanziarie delle famiglie: un'analisi a livello provinciale". RIVISTA DI ECONOMIA E STATISTICA DEL TERRITORIO, n.º 3 (outubro de 2009): 100–134. http://dx.doi.org/10.3280/rest2009-003005.
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- This paper has two objectives. The former is to describe the methodology for estimating household wealth at provincial level adopted by Tagliacarne Institute. In particular, it aims to explain the reasons for which estimates are restricted to real * Gli autori ringraziano il Prof. Paolo Quirino per gli utili suggerimenti forniti. Le opinioni espresse riflettono esclusivamente il pensiero degli autori e non impegnano in alcun modo la responsabilitŕ degli Istituti di appartenenza. ** Istituto di Studi e Analisi Economica - ISAE. *** Fondazione Istituto Guglielmo Tagliacarne. (bonds, shares and other equity), and technical reserves (pension funds, insurance technical reserves, etc.), concerning financial assets. The latter is to verify the reliability of the estimate by the comparison of corresponding results with other economic variables. Methods and Results It was applied a regressive model finalized to define the relation between the results of the estimation and other aggregates (employment, added value, income) calculated by the National Institute of Statistics and the above mentioned Tagliacarne Institute. The correlation was generally high and in most cases the statistical tests adopted have confirmed a close interdependence existing between provincial household wealth and respective economic variables. Conclusions Comparing theoretical data derived from the model with actual data, the discrepancies between North and South areas appear considerable. The northern provinces show actual values higher than theoretical ones (especially with regard to financial items), while the southern provinces, generally less developed, present a large proportion of real estate and, on the whole, actual values very low. The conclusion of the research is that it could be utilized for monitoring methods and results derived from the estimate.JEL: C13, D31, R20
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Zhuk, Valeriy, e Yulia Bezdushna. "Priority approaches for assessment of land assets in agriculture". Environmental Economics and Sustainable Development, n.º 7(26) (2020): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37100/2616-7689/2020/7(26)/9.
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The publication focuses on prioritizing approaches to fair (market) valuation of agricultural land in financial and statistical reporting, as a factor in pricing its market turnover and capitalization in Ukraine's national wealth. Types of land valuation that are differentiated according to the purpose, methodology and purpose of the results are generalized. The procedure of soil boning, economic, regulatory and expert monetary evaluation of land plots is described. Priorities in approaches to land valuation for different purposes have been identified. It is concluded that the income approach, in particular the method of direct capitalization of rental income, is a priority in the assessment of agricultural land. Indicators for estimation of arable land by the method of capitalization of rent income, the procedure of their calculation of the source of information that we used in the process of testing these methodological approaches on a scale of Ukraine are generalized. A methodology for valuation of agricultural land for financial reporting purposes is proposed. The mechanism of introduction of the system of sectoral land valuation system, which is formed as an industry portal and functions under the regulatory and methodological support of state regulatory institutes with the aggregation of the available and most effective valuation methods and statistical databases, is substantiated. It is concluded that such a mechanism, with appropriate tools, will facilitate the capitalization of key domestic national wealth – agricultural land and provide for the possibility of price regulation of minimum and maximum prices when opening the relevant market. The priority approach to the assessment in this mechanism identified one that provides consideration of the value and market factor and the natural fertility and economic efficiency of the Ukrainian black earth.
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Calvo, José L., Cristina Sánchez e Pedro Cortiñas. "Joint Estimation of the Characteristics and Intensity of Poverty in Spain: The Case of Imputed Rent". Economics Research International 2010 (14 de dezembro de 2010): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/854634.
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In 2007 the Spanish National Institute of Statistics modified the methodological approach to the Survey of Income and Living Conditions and included an estimate of Imputed Rent. It removes one of the main criticisms of Spanish poverty studies since this variable is associated with home ownership, and because more than 80% of Spanish families are homeowners, its exclusion biased the estimates of the size of Spain's poor population and poverty intensity. We estimate a Heckman model with a selection equation in which the dependent variable is the probability of being poor, and a truncated regression to explain poverty intensity. Our findings have at least two economic policy implications: Spanish social policy against poverty should take into account geographical differences but, at the same time, should consider Imputed Rent. Without this variable efforts should concentrate in Spanish less developed regions and rural areas, but if we include it poverty increases in urban population. The article has also reveals that most retired people cannot be considered poor if we take into account wealth (imputed rent included) instead of current income (pension).
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Kvak, Mariya. "STATE TARGETED PROGRAMS AS THE BASIS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT POLICY IMPLEMENTATION IN UKRAINE". Economic Analysis, n.º 27(1) (2017): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2017.01.043.
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The role of the state targeted programs in forming the possibilities of bringing in additional sourcing of administrative process has been justified. It has been emphasized that plenty of such documents lack the effective system of monitoring and estimation of their implementation efficiency that is inconsistent with the principles and practical embodiment of Sustainable Development Conception at the national level. Attention has been drawn to the necessity of selection and taking into account in the process of development and implementation of state targeted programs the priority value of human and natural constituents of national wealth in the context of construction of the bioinformative society and entrance of the national economy on the vector of steady development, following the national interests under the conditions of world globalization and integration processes. System destructive factors that prevent effective implementation of the state targeted programs have been distinguished. The dynamics of the number of the approved state targeted programs, target and factual data of the programs fulfilment according to their types, the structure of borrowings for their implementation according to sourcing in 2015 in Ukraine have been analysed. The conceptual principles of the improvement of state targeted programs implementation in the context of strategic priorities of sustainable development in the state have been defined on the basis of foreign experience adaptation.
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Musa Abdullahi Sakanko, Sufiyanu Umma Yahaya e Salihu Abdullahi. "Financial Literacy and Financial Inclusion". Zakariya Journal of Social Science 2, n.º 1 (30 de junho de 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.59075/zjss.v2i1.227.
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The study employed the Probit regression on the National Bureau of Statistics general households survey data to appraise the effect of financial literacy on financial inclusion in Niger State. The estimation result shows that financial literacy positively and statistically influences financial inclusion options (account ownership, bank access, and credit access) in Niger state. Similarly, education status, age, and gender are determinants of financial inclusion. The study concluded that financial literacy is necessary for achieving financial inclusion. To encourage financial inclusion among youth, the government should include financial education in secondary school and tertiary to teach skills and information on how to utilize and manage financial services and products. The central bank should also mandate the financial institutions to establish customer financial advisory units to educate their clients on managing and using financial products and services available to them to create wealth, thus improving living standards.
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Kishore, Satvik, Tinku Thomas, Harshpal Sachdev, Anura V. Kurpad e Patrick Webb. "Modeling the potential impacts of improved monthly income on child stunting in India: a subnational geospatial perspective". BMJ Open 12, n.º 4 (abril de 2022): e055098. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-055098.
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ObjectivesApproximately one-third of the world’s stunted (low height-for-age) preschool-aged children live in India. The success of interventions designed to tackle stunting appears to vary by location and depth of poverty. We developed small-area estimation models to assess the potential impact of increments in household income on stunting across the country.DesignTwo nationally representative cross-sectional datasets were used: India’s National Family Health Survey 4 (2015–2016) and the 68th round of the National Sample Survey on consumer expenditure. The two datasets were combined with statistical matching. Gaussian process regressions were used to perform geospatial modelling of ‘stunting’ controlling for household wealth and other covariates.Setting and participantsThe number of children in this sample totalled 259 627. Children with implausible height-for-age z-scores (HAZs) >5 or <−5, or missing data on drinking water, sanitation facility, mother’s education, or geolocation and children not residing in mainland India were excluded, resulting in 207 695 observations for analysis.ResultsA monthly transfer of ~$7 (500 Indian rupees) per capita to every household (not targeted or conditional) was estimated to reduce stunting nationally by 3.8 percentage points on average (95% credible interval: 0.14%–10%), but with substantial variation by state. Estimated reduction in stunting varied by wealth of households, with the poorest quintile being likely to benefit the most.ConclusionImproving household income, which can be supported through cash transfers, has the potential to significantly reduce stunting in parts of India where the burdens of both stunting and poverty are high. Modelling shows that for other regions, income transfers may raise incomes and contribute to improved nutrition, but there would be a need for complementary activities for alleviating stunting. While having value for the country as a whole, impact of income gained could be variable, and underlying drivers of stunting need to be tackled through supplementary interventions.
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Suwan-Achariya, Shinasak. "LIMITATIONS OF THE SUSTAINABLE THAI FISHERIES RESOURCES MANAGEMENT MODEL". Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Geography, n.º 80-81 (2021): 8–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728-2721.2021.80-81.1.
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The article aims to examine sustainable resource management (SRM) models and provide recommendations for fisheries development based on economic rent analysis. The results of the study revealed that Thailand’s bio-economic model for sustainable resource management does not contribute to a sustainable approach to marine bio-resource management because the sustainability of the fishery economy and society is neglected. The model used does not specify the maximum economic yield (MEY) and other parameters affecting the fisheries sector development and failure to ensure the fair use of marine bio-resources and the creation of national wealth and prosperity. Therefore, the estimation method for fishery rent tax by each fishery area should be shifted to a reasonable total production and solving problems on the difference in catch costs by extracting income from excess profits through the accumulation of surplus rents in the form of a sustainable fisheries fund for the development of future fisheries economy projects.
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Muchiri, Steve. "Impact of Free/Subsidized Secondary School Education on the Likelihood of Teenage Motherhood". Demography 58, n.º 4 (5 de julho de 2021): 1401–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/00703370-9357498.
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Abstract Several countries in sub-Saharan Africa, including Kenya, have introduced free/subsidized secondary education. This paper examines the role of these free/subsidized education policies on teenage motherhood. To identify the causal effect, I exploit the timing of a national reform in Kenya that eliminated/subsidized secondary school fees using a difference-in-difference estimation design. Using the 2014 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (DHS), I estimate that the likelihood of teenage motherhood decreased by approximately 5 percentage points after the policy's implementation. This study reiterates that the teenage period is crucial in terms of developing human capital through formal schooling. In most developing countries, parents often determine and fund human capital, which makes household wealth/income a critical factor in human capital accumulation and its intergenerational process. I also highlight positive externalities from educational-centered policies, such as long-term economic growth, poverty reduction, and reduction of social welfare dependency.
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Godyń, Izabela. "A Revised Approach to Flood Damage Estimation in Flood Risk Maps and Flood Risk Management Plans, Poland". Water 13, n.º 19 (30 de setembro de 2021): 2713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w13192713.
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This article describes the determination of asset values in residential and industrial areas in Poland that can be used in the preparation of flood hazard and risk maps (FRMs) and flood risk management plans (FRMPs). In the Floods Directive’s first cycle of implementation (2010–2015), German indicators of asset value were adapted to Polish conditions. This approach was used due to the lack of national statistics necessary to determine the value of property. In this study, the asset values in residential and industrial areas were prepared on the basis of the nationwide household wealth survey conducted in 2016 by the Narodowy Bank Polski (the central bank of Poland) and other data available from Statistics Poland. The proposed approach enables the determination of asset values based on real, validated data. The obtained indicators result in higher and more realistic values of the assets of households (buildings with contents) and the assets of companies (fixed assets and stocks) operating in both residential and industrial areas. The proposed approach, as an extension in relation to the first planning cycle, has been implemented in the second cycle of FRMP preparation in Poland.
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Bobkov, Vyacheslav N., Yelena V. Odintsova e Nikolay V. Bobkov. "Relevance of Developing a National Programme to Increase Income, Reduce Poverty and Inequality". Level of Life of the Population of the Regions of Russia 16, n.º 2 (2020): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/lsprr/2020.16.2.1.
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The Object of the Study. Russian citizens. The Subject of the Study. Socioeconomic relations that lead to absolute monetary and non-monetary poverty and high socioeconomic inequality. The Purpose of the Study. Justification of the relevance and approaches to the development of a national Programme to increase real monetary income, reduce poverty and excessive inequality. The Main Theoretical and Empirical Provisions of the Article include a description of the following areas of poverty and socioeconomic inequality in Russia: 1) in monetary income and capital (wealth); 2) in current consumption of goods; 3) in the sectoral aspect; 4) in the provision of comfortable housing and access to social services; 5) in the spatial aspect; 6) in the level and quality of life of urban and rural populations; 7) in age groups; 8) in the use of digital technologies. The estimation of real monetary income, poverty and inequality was carried out based on official social standards and indicators and those developed by the authors. The excessiveness of inequality in Russia is argued. The tools for increasing real monetary incomes, reducing poverty and excessive inequality are substantiated in the framework of the author's proposals to the development of the draft national Programme "Increasing the Population's Income, Reducing Poverty and Inequality". Proposals, stages and deadlines for the implementation of this Programme have been developed, as well as its possible indicators, resource and regulatory support. In the new situation the sensitivity of society to the problems caused by poverty and high inequality is significantly aggravated, which, according to the authors, makes the need to develop a national Programme non-alternative.
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Rahman, Md Mahabubur, Tasnim Ara, M. H. Hasib Mahmud Khan Aninda, Alam Nurul e M. Moinuddin Haider. "Rural–urban differentials in the influences of individual and geospatial preparedness on institutional childbirth: a cross-sectional study in Bangladesh". BMJ Open 12, n.º 9 (setembro de 2022): e060718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2021-060718.
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ObjectiveThis study aims to explore the rural–urban differentials in the influences of individual and geospatial preparedness on institutional childbirth in Bangladesh. A related aim of this paper is to derive estimates to measure geospatial preparedness for institutional births, through statistical modelling, when no data are available for measuring this areal indicator.Design, settings and participantsThe paper used data from a large-scale nationally representative Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey 2019. The analytical sample included 9203 currently married women of reproductive age who had a live birth in the 2 years preceding the survey.MethodsMixed effect logistic regression models were employed to explore the rural–urban differentials in influences of individual and geospatial preparedness on institutional childbirth. The district-level random effect estimation was done to measure geospatial preparedness. The conditional autoregressive model was used to examine the association of geospatial preparedness with areal variation in institutional births.ResultsIn rural settings, women who gave birth to a female newborn were 18% less likely to have facility births compared with women who gave birth to a male newborn. Also, women from households in the highest wealth quintile were twice as likely to have facility births compared with those from households in the poorest wealth quintile. In contrast, in urban areas, facility births did not vary by sex of the fetus or by households’ socioeconomic status. The geospatial preparedness explained 8% and 9% of the variability in institutional births in rural and urban areas, respectively. Geospatial mapping revealed low preparedness in the hill tracts. Findings identified geospatial preparedness as a potential source of areal variation in facility births.ConclusionFindings suggest improving district-level preparedness and developing differential programme strategies for urban and rural areas to increase the national prevalence and more equitable use of institutional childbirth in Bangladesh.
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Mohanty, Sanjay K., Dipti Govil, Rajesh K. Chauhan, Rockli Kim e S. V. Subramanian. "Estimates of Poverty and Inequality in the Districts of India, 2011–2012". Journal of Development Policy and Practice 1, n.º 2 (28 de junho de 2016): 142–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2455133316642338.
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Though the Census of India and large-scale demographic surveys have bridged the data gap on key demographic and health parameters, estimates on poverty and inequality remain deficient for the districts of India. The estimates on poverty and inequality indices across the states of India conceal large variations among districts. We use an innovative approach to provide consumption-based estimates of poverty and inequality indices in the districts of India by pooling the 66th and 68th rounds of consumption expenditure carried out by the National Sample Survey. The new official poverty line of 2009–2010 and 2011–2012 as recommended by the Rangarajan Committee and adopted by the Government of India is used in the estimation of poverty. A set of poverty and inequality indices, the poverty head count ratio, poverty gap square, the Gini index, Theil index and mean log deviation (MLD) are used to estimate poverty and inequality indices for 623 of the 640 districts in India. Estimates of poverty are obtained by pooling the estimates of 2009-10 and 2011-12. Results suggest wide variations in the level, depth and incidence of poverty among the districts of India irrespective of size, stage and governance in the states. The pattern of inequality is different from that of poverty; it is higher in districts with a higher level of development. Estimates of poverty are consistently correlated with wealth index, agricultural labour and female literacy. Among various factors, the fertility level, wealth index and the proportion of agricultural worker are significant predictors of poverty. Based on the findings, we suggest to increase the sample size to estimate consumption poverty in every alternate quinquennial survey and undertake a special round of survey in multidimensional poverty. Districts ranked low in poverty head count ratio should be accorded high priority in planning and program implementation.
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STANTON, CYNTHIA, ANN K. BLANC, TREVOR CROFT e YOONJOUNG CHOI. "SKILLED CARE AT BIRTH IN THE DEVELOPING WORLD: PROGRESS TO DATE AND STRATEGIES FOR EXPANDING COVERAGE". Journal of Biosocial Science 39, n.º 1 (8 de março de 2006): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932006001271.
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Skilled attendance at delivery is one of the key indicators to reflect progress toward the Millennium Development Goal of improving maternal health. This paper assesses global progress in the use of skilled attendants at delivery and identifies factors that could assist in achieving Millennium Development Goals for maternal health. National data covering a substantial proportion of all developing country births were used for the estimation of trends and key differentials in skilled assistance at delivery. Between 1990 and 2000, the percentage of births with a skilled attendant increased from 45% to 54% in developing countries, primarily as a result of an increasing use of doctors. A substantial proportion of antenatal care users do not deliver with a skilled attendant. Delivery care use among antenatal care users is highly correlated with wealth. Women aged 35 and above, who are at greatest risk of maternal death, are the least likely to receive professional delivery care. Births in mid-level facilities appear to be a strategy that has been overlooked. More effective strategies are needed to promote skilled attendance at birth during antenatal care, particularly among poor women. Specific interventions are also needed to encourage older and high parity mothers to seek professional care at delivery.
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Jahanpour, Ola Farid, Jim Todd, Henry Mwambi, Elphas Luchemo Okango e Michael J. Mahande. "Trends of Exclusive Breastfeeding Practices and Its Determinants in Tanzania from 1999 to 2016". International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, n.º 20 (10 de outubro de 2023): 6904. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20206904.
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Introduction: The benefits of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) are widely reported. However, it is crucial to examine potential disparities in EBF practices across different regions of a country. Our study uses Tanzania demographic and health survey data to report on the trends of EBF across regions from 1999 to 2016, the patterns of the practice based on geographical location and socioeconomic status, and explores its determinants across the years. Methods: Descriptive statistics were used to establish the trends of EBF by geographical location and wealth quintile. A generalized linear mixed model was developed to incorporate both infant and maternal attributes as fixed covariates while considering enumeration areas and regions as clusters. The fitted model facilitated the estimation of EBF proportions at a regional level and identified key determinants influencing EBF practices across the survey periods. Moreover, we designed breastfeeding maps, visually depicting the performance of different regions throughout the surveys. Results: Across the various survey rounds, a notable regional variation in EBF practices was observed, with coastal regions generally exhibiting lower adherence to the practice. There was a linear trend between EBF and geographical residence (p < 0.05) and socioeconomic standing (p < 0.05) across the survey periods. Rural-dwelling women and those from the least affluent backgrounds consistently showcased a higher proportion of EBF. The prevalence of EBF declined as infants aged (p < 0.001), a trend consistent across all survey waves. The associations between maternal attributes and EBF practices displayed temporal variations. Furthermore, a correlation between exclusive breastfeeding and attributes linked to both regional disparities and enumeration areas was observed. The intra-cluster correlation ranged from 18% to 41.5% at the regional level and from 40% to 58.5% at the enumeration area level. Conclusions: While Tanzania’s progress in EBF practices is laudable, regional disparities persist, demanding targeted interventions. Sustaining achievements while addressing wealth-based disparities and the decline in EBF with infant age is vital. The study highlights the need for broad national strategies and localized investigations to understand and enhance EBF practices across different regions and socioeconomic contexts.
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Zhao, Xizhi, Bailang Yu, Yan Liu, Zuoqi Chen, Qiaoxuan Li, Congxiao Wang e Jianping Wu. "Estimation of Poverty Using Random Forest Regression with Multi-Source Data: A Case Study in Bangladesh". Remote Sensing 11, n.º 4 (13 de fevereiro de 2019): 375. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs11040375.
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Spatially explicit and reliable data on poverty is critical for both policy makers and researchers. However, such data remain scarce particularly in developing countries. Current research is limited in using environmental data from different sources in isolation to estimate poverty despite the fact that poverty is a complex phenomenon which cannot be quantified either theoretically or practically by one single data type. This study proposes a random forest regression (RFR) model to estimate poverty at 10 km × 10 km spatial resolution by combining features extracted from multiple data sources, including the National Polar-orbiting Partnership Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (NPP-VIIRS) Day/Night Band (DNB) nighttime light (NTL) data, Google satellite imagery, land cover map, road map and division headquarter location data. The household wealth index (WI) drawn from the Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) program was used to reflect poverty level. We trained the RFR model using data in Bangladesh and applied the model to both Bangladesh and Nepal to evaluate the model’s accuracy. The results show that the R2 between the actual and estimated WI in Bangladesh is 0.70, indicating a good predictive power of our model in WI estimation. The R2 between actual and estimated WI of 0.61 in Nepal also indicates a good generalization ability of the model. Furthermore, a negative correlation is observed between the district average WI and the poverty head count ratio (HCR) in Bangladesh with the Pearson Correlation Coefficient of -0.6. Using Gini importance, we identify that proximity to urban areas is the most important variable to explain poverty which contribute to 37.9% of the explanatory power. Compared to the study that used NTL and Google satellite imagery in isolation to estimate poverty, our method increases the accuracy of estimation. Given that the data we use are globally and publicly available, the methodology reported in this study would also be applicable in other countries or regions to estimate the extent of poverty.
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Chiero, Vekutulu, e K. C. Das. "ESTIMATION OF INFANT MORTALITY AND UNDER-FIVE MORTALITY BY PLACE OF RESIDENCE AND RELIGION AND ITS PREDICTIVE FACTORS IN NORTHEAST INDIA". International Journal of Advanced Research 8, n.º 10 (31 de outubro de 2020): 830–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/11907.
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Background: Infant mortality rate (IMR) and under five mortality rates (UFMR) are the sensitive indicators to assess health status and indicators of overall progress of a country. In India, IMR and UFMR is relatively high, and is unable to achieve the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) by 2015. Northeastern states of India depict a captivating trend in child mortality according to the report of NFHS-4 (2015-16). Therefore, the objective of this study is to estimate infant and under five mortality by place of residence and religion. In addition, to determine the factors affecting infant and under-five death. Data and Methods: This study utilizes data of National Family Health Survey (NFHS-4). Eight northeastern states and 37,167 children under-five years were included in the analysis. Synthetic cohort probability method was used to calculate IMR and UFMR. To find the nature of the association between infant and under five death with selected socioeconomic characteristics, Bivariate analysis, and Binary logistic regression were used. Result: Study revealed that children in rural areas has higher risk of infant and under five mortality. Muslims has the highest IMR and UFMR i.e. 52 and 56 per 1000 live births respectively. Adjusted odds ratio shows that wealth index, size of child, sex of child, caesarean-section delivery has impact on infant and under five death at 95% CI and p-value (<=0.05). However, in contrary with existing literature, adjusted odds ratio shows that there is negative association between age of mother, mother education, place of delivery with infant and under five death at 95% CI and p-value (<=0.05).
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Imandojemu, Alemu Kingsley, Desmond Uareime Imonikhe, Nathaniel Toyosi Akinlosotu e Aina Jamiu Babatunde. "HEALTH CARE EXPENDITURE AND ECONOMIC GROWTH IN NIGERIA: AN EMPIRICAL APPRAISAL OF THE NEXUS". International Journal of New Economics and Social Sciences 12, n.º 2 (31 de dezembro de 2020): 69–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.6882.
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A nation’s wealth is often described in terms of their physical stock of capital per time for the promotion of economic growth. One of such physical stock of capital is a healthy labour force. Therefore, this study investigated the relationship between health expenditure and economic growth in Nigeria from 1985 to 2019. To determine this, annual time series data was collected from various issues of the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN) statistical bulletin and the World Development Indicator (WDI). Stationarity, long run relationship, equation estimation and causality were determined using the Augmented Dickey Fuller (ADF), Johansen-Cointegration, Parsimonious Error Correction Mechanism (ECM) and Pairwise Granger Causality test respectively. The result showed that a long run relationship exist among the variables while the ECM showed that in event of a disequilibrium, the system would restore itself to equilibrium at an adjustment speed of approximately 85.5percent. The result uncovered that current and past percentage of health expenditure in total expenditure (PHETE), government final consumption expenditure (GFCE), and labour force participation (LABF) all had direct impact on national growth (real GDP per capita) while current and past number of infant deaths (NUFD) had inverse relationship with national growth. Result further showed that there exists a unidirectional causality running from NUFD to RGDPPC; from GFCE to RGDPPC; from LABF to RGDPPC, from NUFD to PHETE, from LABF to PHETE, from NUFD to GFCE and from NUFD to LABF. It was recommended that the federal government through the Ministry of Health should endeavour to encourage private-public partnership in the building of quality health infrastructure such as hospitals with state of art facilities in localities where standard health care centres are not accessible to working citizens.
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O’Riordan, Alexander C. "Technology and welfare". Digital Policy Studies 1, n.º 1 (10 de maio de 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.36615/dps.v1i1.1251.
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The relationship between technology and individual welfare is not well understood, and as we progress into a future in which technology invades almost every aspect of life, the importance of this relationship must be recognised and an improved understanding reached. In this study, we attempt to lay a foundation for such an understanding. Using an approach based on Sen’s theory of Capabilities and the South African National Income Dynamic Survey (NIDS), it estimates the effects of the ownership of technological assets on self-reported measures of well-being, both subjective and objective. Any empirical analysis of this relationship needs to control for several confounding factors. The estimation procedure employed is based on a dynamic panel approach, one that is capable of controlling for individual effects, as well as potential sources of endogeneity such as reverse causality. The results indicate that there is a statistically significant relationship between changes in the composition and value of one’s technological asset portfolio and measures of social and economic well-being. Specifically, they show that increased ownership of technological assets improves one’s overall life satisfaction and health status, but has little effect on one’s positivity about the future. This study has found evidence that technology can improve lives when controlling for confounders such as increased wealth and status. Future work can improve upon this by better understanding the dynamics of this relationship, and disaggregating further by type of technology.
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Yahaya, Sufiyanu Umma. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC EFFECTS OF FINANCIAL LITERACY ON FINANCIAL INCLUSION OF WOMEN IN NIGER STATE, NIGERIA". GUSAU JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS AND DEVELOPMENT STUDIES 3, n.º 1 (30 de agosto de 2023): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.57233/gujeds.v3i1.19.
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This paper aims to contribute to the existing body of knowledge on the socio-economic effect of financial literacy on the financial inclusion of women. By shedding light on the importance of financial literacy and the barriers women face, policymakers, financial institutions, and organizations can develop targeted strategies and interventions to promote women's financial inclusion, ultimately leading to improved socio-economic outcomes and gender equality. This study employed the probit regression on the National Bureau of Statistics general households’ survey data to appraise the effect of financial literacy on financial inclusion of women in Niger State. The estimation result shows that financial literacy positively and statistically influences financial inclusion options (cash at hand, purchasing power, account ownership, bank access, and credit access) in Niger state. Similarly, education status, age, and gender are determinants of financial inclusion. The study concluded that financial literacy is essential for achieving financial inclusion among women. To encourage financial inclusion among women, the study recommends that the government should initiate programs that will train women and also include financial literacy education at secondary or tertiary level to teach skills and information on how to utilize and manage financial services and products. The Central Bank should also mandate that the financial institutions to establish customer financial advisory units to educate their clients on managing and using financial products and services available to them to create wealth, thus improving living standards
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Hazarika, Bhabesh. "Public Spending, Governance, and Mortality Probability in the Indian Subnational: A Two-Level Random Intercept Analysis". Journal of Developing Areas 57, n.º 4 (setembro de 2023): 55–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/jda.2023.a908646.
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ABSTRACT: One of the most fundamental yet unresolved health policy issues is whether public expenditure on healthcare leads to improved health outcomes. Given that health reflects one of the critical aspects of human capital, having implications for economic growth and other development goals, there has been enormous advocacy towards investing significantly in the health systems across the countries to improve the overall health status. However, the effect of public spending on health outcomes remains inconclusive. The present paper analyses the impact of public health spending on mortality probability, taking into account the role of governance while treating public spending as an endogenous variable. The study uses individual level data from the National Family Health Survey (NFHS) Round 5 and a few state-level characteristics. For estimation purpose, it uses a two-level mixed effect model to capture the benefit incidence of public spending on Individual mortality probability. The findings reveal that public spending has a significant but differential impact on mortality across the Indian States, whereas the quality of governance is found to be a mediator. Given a level of public spending, States with better government effectiveness and rule of law can translate public health spending more effectively in reducing mortality at the individual level. The study also found heterogeneous mortality status across gender, location of stay, wealth status, and age groups with a differential impact of public spending across gender, wealth, and age groups. The variation in average distance of mortality probability level in each state from the overall mean mortality probability indicates that the states are very different in terms of health challenges that they are facing. The policy options call for state-specific health interventions to reduce the mortality rather than one-size-fits-all health policies. There needs to more unconditional grants/transfers from the Union Government to the States so that states will be able to tailor policy responses to address the unique challenges faced by the respective states. At the same time, states need to adopt output-based conditions with greater flexibility to deliver services and greater accountability to improve transparency, governance quality, and implementation capacity.
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Ogunro, Toluwalope, e Luqman Afolabi. "Evaluation of access to electricity and the socioeconomic effects in rural and urban expanses of Nigeria". International Journal of Social Economics 49, n.º 1 (11 de novembro de 2021): 124–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijse-09-2020-0662.
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PurposeRecently, multidimensional aspects of poverty has been increasingly focused on which includes education, economy and health, while access to modern energy such as stable electricity is also one of the possible solution; thus, this article aims to divulge the relation between access to electricity and progression in socioeconomic status in urban and rural areas of Nigeria in an attempt to propose a sustainable framework for access to electricity.Design/methodology/approachDemographic and health survey data are collected using four categories of model of questionnaires. A standard questionnaire was designed to gather information on features of the household's dwelling element and attributes of visitors and usual residents between the 2018 period. Biomarker questionnaire was used to gather biomarker data on men, women and children. Logistic model estimation technique was employed to estimate the socioeconomic factors affecting access to electricity in Nigeria.FindingsThese studies discovered that there are diverse set of factors affecting access to electricity in Nigeria especially in the rural areas. However, respondent residing in rural areas are still largely deprived access to electricity; most importantly, households with no access to electricity are more likely to use self-generating sets as revealed. Additionally, empirical findings indicated that the higher the level of your education and wealth, the higher the likelihood of having access to electricity in Nigeria. These factors included political will to connect the rural areas to the national grid, development of other infrastructures in those deprived areas and others.Practical implicationsThe problem confronting access to electricity in Nigeria has three components. The first is the significance of those deprived access to electricity in the rural areas and the physical resources needed to connect them to the national grid. The second is the political willingness of the government to have equitable distribution of public goods evenly between rural and urban areas especially on electricity access which will go a long way in reducing poverty in Nigeria. The third is lack of robust national development plans and strategy to tackle the problems facing electricity access in Nigeria.Social implicationsAs the rate of socioeconomic status/development increases, access to electricity is anticipated to rise up in Nigeria.Originality/valueThe findings can be used by the policy makers to address problems facing access to electricity in Nigeria.
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Barras, Hélène, Alessandro Hering, Andrey Martynov, Pascal-Andreas Noti, Urs Germann e Olivia Martius. "Experiences with >50,000 Crowdsourced Hail Reports in Switzerland". Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 100, n.º 8 (agosto de 2019): 1429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-18-0090.1.
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AbstractCrowdsourcing is an observational method that has gained increasing popularity in recent years. In hail research, crowdsourced reports bridge the gap between heuristically defined radar hail algorithms, which are automatic and spatially and temporally widespread, and hail sensors, which provide precise hail measurements at fewer locations. We report on experiences with and first results from a hail size reporting function in the app of the Swiss National Weather Service. App users can report the presence and size of hail by choosing a predefined size category. Since May 2015, the app has gathered >50,000 hail reports from the Swiss population. This is an unprecedented wealth of data on the presence and approximate size of hail on the ground. The reports are filtered automatically for plausibility. The filters require a minimum radar reflectivity value in a neighborhood of a report, remove duplicate reports and obviously artificial patterns, and limit the time difference between the event and the report submission time. Except for the largest size category, the filters seem to be successful. After filtering, 48% of all reports remain, which we compare against two operationally used radar hail detection and size estimation algorithms, probability of hail (POH) and maximum expected severe hail size (MESHS). The comparison suggests that POH and MESHS are defined too restrictively and that some hail events are missed by the algorithms. Although there is significant variability between size categories, we found a positive correlation between the reported hail size and the radar-based size estimates.
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Theodore Ntenkeh, Bougema, e Evina Anchi Ofeh. "The Influence of Household Endowment on Settlement Choices in Cameroon". JOURNAL OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL ASSOCIATION OF TANZANIA 43, n.º 1 (30 de junho de 2023): 78–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.56279/jgat.v43i1.271.
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Household endowment has become a strong determinant of settlement choices. In spite of this trend, a quantitative assessment of the association between household endowment and settlement choices for policy implication is negligible in Cameroon. This paper seeks to bridge this gap by providing evidence on the extent to which household endowment influences settlement choices in Cameroon, using data from Cameroon’s 2011 Demographic and Health Survey, supplemented with a multiple indicators cluster survey. The survey used a national sample of 14,214 households, with sub-samples of 15,426 women and 7,191 men. Three questionnaires were used to collect information for the survey: a household questionnaire, an individual women’s questionnaire, and an individual men’s questionnaire. Choice of settlement was the dependent variable; with urban settlement being the base category. The independent variables included income level measured as wealth index, educational attainment, occupation and other demographic factors. Data was analysed quantitatively using Stata 14 and the binary probit estimation technique. The results indicated that educational attainment, income, gender, age of head of household and household size had a positive influence on the likelihood of urban settlement choices; while marital status and occupations had a negative effect on the likelihood of urban settlement choices. Based on these results, it is recommended that the government should enhance the potentials of rural areas to make them more attractive for settlement, a situation which will reduce urban population pressure and attract rural development. Besides, the government should construct social infrastructures and amenities in the rural areas to hearten household choice of rural settlement.
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Hadidi, Hamza, Rodrigo Hontoria, Salah Salah, Fatima Arshad, Ismihan A. Uddin, Qaseem Ashemi, Ishana Maini e Ali Moinuddin. "P-143 SHIFTING THE FOCUS FROM EXPOSURE TO SOCIOECONOMIC STATUS IN OCCUPATIONAL EPIDEMIOLOGY: A PROTOCOL OF A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK FOR A SOCIOECONOMIC RISK MATRIX". Occupational Medicine 74, Supplement_1 (1 de julho de 2024): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/occmed/kqae023.0650.
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Abstract Introduction Job exposure matrices (JEM) often neglect upstream socioeconomic variables and assume the exposure epidemiology lens. We propose a conceptual framework utilizing education, wealth, and healthcare access as primary indicators of occupational cardiorespiratory risk. This protocol encompasses key socioeconomic status (SES) predictors to produce a Socioeconomic Risk Matrix (SRM). Methods Prioritizing utilization in cohort studies, data will be obtained from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. A random forest regression assigns each SRM variable a weighting according to its likelihood of impacting risk. Each variable contributes an ordinal risk level, where a 3-way matrix produces a 0 to 1 risk score. Relative risk of COPD will be estimated based on SRM risk quartiles using multinomial logistic regression. Results Using SRM as an interdisciplinary approach to occupational epidemiology identifies the magnitude of socioeconomic variables’ impact on occupational disease risk. We expect SRM to allow for expanded data utilization within and between occupational groups/clusters. Discussion This approach may indicate a necessity for analyzing additional SRM variables individually and inter-relatedly to support their associative impact on occupational, cardiorespiratory health outcomes. Remodelling SRM’s risk scoring structure may expose interactions between socioeconomic and lifestyle factors in the context of occupational exposure, providing a multidimensional approach to occupational risk estimation. The SRM lacks direct reproducibility, as different cohort samples reflect diverse SES combinations, however this orients future studies in occupational health to an SES-centric approach over traditional exposure-centric investigations. Conclusion SRM may act as a primer for improved SES matrices, incorporating variance in workplace and geo-cultural factors where relevant.
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Kossivi Soviadan, Mawussi, Zaneta Kubik, Anselm Anibueze Enete e Chukwuemeka Uzoma Okoye. "Assessing the adoption rates of improved technology in traditional poultry farming: Evidence from rural Togo". African Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics 17, n.º 3 (30 de setembro de 2022): 206–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.53936/afjare.2022.17(3).14.
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The adoption of improved agricultural technologies is known to significantly improve incomes, create more wealth, alleviate poverty and contribute to rural development in many developing countries. The Government of Togo, through the National Programme for Agricultural Investment and Food Security (PNIASAN) and the Agricultural Sector Support Project (PASA), and with financial support from the World Bank and help from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), provides assistance to smallholder farmers in improved technology adoption in traditional poultry farming (ITTPF) for wealth creation, food security and poverty alleviation. However, for any technology or emerging agricultural practices, awareness and exposure are necessary conditions for their adoption. And because these two factors are not distributed randomly in the population of potential adopters, not taking them into account will lead to estimates of population adoption rates that are not informative of the true demand for the technology, and to inconsistent estimates of the parameters of the adoption model. In this study, we evaluate the adoption rates of ITTPF among farmers in Togo. Data was collected from 400 farmers in 2014, prior to the introduction of ITTPF, and again five years later. This data was then analysed using inverse propensity score weighting and parametric estimation of adoption regression models. The results of the estimates indicate that the average treatment effect (𝐴𝑇𝐸), which represents the mean potential adoption rate of the population, is 57%, the average treatment effect on the treated (𝐴𝑇𝐸𝑇), which represents the mean potential adoption rate in the exposed subpopulation, is 60%, the population mean joint exposure and adoption rate (𝐽𝐸𝐴) is 13%, and the population selection bias (𝑃𝑆𝐵) is 3%. The sample adoption rate (𝐽𝐸𝐴) implies a population adoption gap of -47% due to a lack of exposure and adoption by a sufficient size of the population. The 𝑃𝑆𝐵 is insignificant and indicates that all the sampled farmers had an almost equal opportunity of adopting ITTPF. The study reveals that the sample adoption rate does not consistently estimate the true population adoption rate. Hence, controlling for non-exposure and selection biases is a perquisite to acquiring consistent estimates of ITTPF adoption rates. The findings indicate a relatively high supply-demand gap for ITTPF that justifies investment in its further dissemination and adoption in Togo for optimal positive impact on potential outcomes and the welfare of farmers.
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Korovina, О. V., e S. V. Voloshyna. "THEORETICAL APPROACHES TO HUMAN CAPITAL COMPETITIVENESS ASSESSMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT". Visnyk of Donetsk National University of Economics and Trade named after Mykhailo Tugan-Baranovsky, n.º 1 (72) 2020 (2020): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.33274/2079-4819-2020-72-1-75-82.
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Objective. The objective of the article is theoretical research of the strategic approaches to assess the competitiveness of the human capital of the enterprise and methods of assessing it in strategic management. Methods. The methods of analysis, synthesis, abstraction and logical generalization are used in the research to compare methodological approaches to assessing the competitiveness of an enterprise s human capital and strategies for ensuring the competitive advantage of human capital. Results. The article describes the substantive characteristics of the concept of «human capital». Human capital is the most important resource of an enterprise that creates wealth, accomplishes all the tasks of the enterprise and gives it the opportunity to develop and gain profits. The study develops the definitions of human capital which means various knowledge and skills that are used to meet a person's personal needs and national well-being as a whole. The peculiarities of ensuring human capital competitiveness are considered. These include the ability to create new products, new technologies through the acquisition of new knowledge and competencies through additional training, social benefits, employee motivation and others. Sources of human capital financing have been identified. They include public institutions, own and other sources of financing. The components for estimation of human capital competitiveness are analyzed, which gives the basis for formation of a complex ofparameters of estimation of competitiveness of human capital of the enterprise. The factors that determine the competitiveness of human capital are investigated. This can then be used to conduct a factor analysis of ensuring the competitiveness of human capital. The methods of human capital competitiveness evaluation, in particular in strategic management and their characteristics, are considered. It is determined that each method has its own peculiarities and advantages. The simplest method of assessing the competitiveness of human capital is the method of scoring using benchmarking. In the context of strategic management, it is advisable to use matrix methods with a set of estimation parameters, which will allow to consider in detail the impact of each parameter to ensure the competitiveness of the human capital of the enterprise. The choice of the method depends on the strategic goal of the company, the conditions of market development, the positions of supply and demand assessment and the availability of key valuation parameters. Obtaining the results of assessing the competitiveness of human capital will allow to formulate or choose a strategy for ensuring competitive advantages, taking into account the requirements for the HR strategy and organizational environment.
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Aiyedogbon, John O., Awujola Abayomi e Ngozi J. Okoroike. "Impact of Capital Market Development on Industrial Sector Output in Nigeria: 1986-2022". International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VIII, n.º II (2024): 341–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2024.802024.
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The ideal situation for any growing economy, especially one as diversely poised as Nigeria, is to have a thriving industrial sector. This sector is traditionally seen as an indispensable engine of growth, a crucial antidote to the challenges of unemployment, and a potent creator of wealth. Regrettably, the current state of the manufacturing sector in Nigeria falls significantly short of this ideal. Recent statistics indicate that the industrial sector’s contribution to GDP remains suboptimal, with the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) reporting a decline in industrial growth despite several policy measures aimed at enhancing its growth. This research sought to investigate the impact of capital market development on the growth of industrial sector in Nigeria between 1986 and 2022 with the aid of ARDL estimation technique. The findings revealed that Stock Market Capitalization had a significant and positive impact on industrial sector growth, suggesting that as market capitalization increased, the industrial sector flourished. In the same vein, Turnover Ratio, which is the value of traded shares divided by market capitalization, was found to enhance industrial sector growth positively and significantly. These positive relationships underscored the pivotal role the capital market plays in boosting the industrial sector by mobilizing and channeling resources efficiently. However, the All-Share Index exhibited a negative relationship with the industrial sector growth, indicating that while general market sentiment might be positive, it might not always translate to growth in the industrial sector. Based on these findings, the paper recommended promoting public listings and private investments as a strategy to enhance the growth potential of the industrial sector. Furthermore, improving trading platforms, ensuring market transparency, and reducing transactional costs were emphasized to leverage the benefits of a high turnover ratio. For the negative aspects found with All-Share Index, policymakers were advised to address these components to ensure holistic development of both the capital market and the industrial sector.
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González-Campo, Carlos Hernán. "Editorial". Cuadernos de Administración 35, n.º 63 (27 de março de 2019): 1–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.25100/cdea.v35i63.7703.
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This issue becomes a new opportunity for the national and international scientific community to judge the outcome of each of these proposals. In 2019, we will be celebrating 43 years of publishing and hope that you will continue to accompany us as readers and collaborators of our scientific journal “Cuadernos de Administración”. The content of each of these eight articles is the sole responsibility of their authors.In this issue, the first article is entitled “Critical Success Factors in Implementing IT in MSMEs”, presents the results of a quantitative study that sought to determine the critical success factors that influence the level of implementation of information technologies within micro and small businesses in the region of northeastern Mexico. “Knowledge management from the organizational culture in call centers in Manizales”, is the title of the second article, which shows the results of a descriptive and correlational qualitative research on knowledge management in BPO companies in the city of Manizales, Colombia. The third article “Cultural hybridization in three Colombian indigenous productive organizations” is a qualitative research in three IPOs of the Nasa ethnic group in Colombia; in the end, it presents the results and conclusions of the research process and also some limits of thereto. “Mud, value and welfare. An economic estimation of the impact in the Anchicayá river basin”, is the fourth article in this issue of the journal Cuadernos de Administración; its authors present their economic assessment of the environmental impact in projects implemented in territories of the Colombian Pacific Coast.The fifth article is called “Effect of trading on the profitability and solvency of Colombian banks”, which discusses the business models adopted by Colombian banking. With the analysis of data panel, they study the effect of diversification of Colombian commercial banks’ revenues on profitability and financial solvency, between 2005 and 2014. “Real Returns of Private Pension Funds in Colombia” is the title of the sixth article, related to the performance of the private pension system in Colombia, Individual Benefit Plans Covered by Pooled Contributions, where the returns generated by daily transactions of pension funds from 1995 to December 2016 are analyzed from a database. The authors use the methodology established by the Financial Superintendence of Colombia (SFC) to calculate returns, determining the net profitability of explicit administration costs that the affiliate must bear and adjustment for inflation. The following article is the result of a literature review related to family businesses and socio-emotional wealth, entitled “Diversification of the family business in emerging countries from the perspective of socio-emotional wealth”. The authors identify the relevant aspects studied in relation to the diversification of the family business. The reflection is aimed at establishing the influence that family objectives exert on business decision-making.“The instruments of public policy. A transdisciplinary look”, is the title of the last article in this issue. The authors present the systematization of public policy instruments, disciplines such as public law, public sector economics and political science, especially public policy.The publication of the number 63 of Cuadernos de Administración by the Faculty of Administration Sciences of the Universidad del Valle, allows us to continue consolidating ourselves as a means of disseminating scientific knowledge in our field. Since the first issue in 1976, we have tried to publish, on a continuous basis, different types of scientific research articles, of review or reflection, by national and international authors who have relied on us to spread their knowledge. To each and every one of them, to our authors, to our arbitrators, to the members of the Editorial and Scientific Committees, but especially to you, our readers, we want to thank you for allowing us to continue generating through digitization a greater impact on the sciences of administration.
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Luo, Chuliang, e Guoqiang Chen. "Re-estimating national wealth inequality with incorporating the rich lists in China". China Economic Quarterly International 1, n.º 4 (dezembro de 2021): 295–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ceqi.2021.11.001.
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Barros, Aluisio J. D., Fernando C. Wehrmeister, Leonardo Zanini Ferreira, Luis Paulo Vidaletti, Ahmad Reza Hosseinpoor e Cesar G. Victora. "Are the poorest poor being left behind? Estimating global inequalities in reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health". BMJ Global Health 5, n.º 1 (janeiro de 2020): e002229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-002229.
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IntroductionWealth-related inequalities in reproductive, maternal, neonatal and child health have been widely studied by dividing the population into quintiles. We present a comprehensive analysis of wealth inequalities for the composite coverage index (CCI) using national health surveys carried out since 2010, using wealth deciles and absolute income estimates as stratification variables, and show how these new approaches expand on traditional equity analyses.Methods83 low-income and middle-income countries were studied. The CCI is a combined measure of coverage with eight key reproductive, maternal, newborn and child health interventions. It was disaggregated by wealth deciles for visual inspection of inequalities, and the slope index of inequality (SII) was estimated. The correlation between coverage in the extreme deciles and SII was assessed. Finally, we used multilevel models to examine how the CCI varies according to the estimated absolute income for each wealth quintile in the surveys.ResultsThe analyses of coverage by wealth deciles and by absolute income show that inequality is mostly driven by coverage among the poor, which is much more variable than coverage among the rich across countries. Regardless of national coverage, in 61 of the countries, the wealthiest decile achieved 70% or higher CCI coverage. Well-performing countries were particularly effective in achieving high coverage among the poor. In contrast, underperforming countries failed to reach the poorest, despite reaching the better-off.ConclusionThere are huge inequalities between the richest and the poorest women and children in most countries. These inequalities are strongly driven by low coverage among the poorest given the wealthiest groups achieve high coverage irrespective of where they live, overcoming any barriers that are an impediment to others. Countries that ‘punched above their weight’ in coverage, given their level of absolute wealth, were those that best managed to reach their poorest women and children.
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Fleurbaey, M. "Beyond GDP: The Quest for a Measure of Social Welfare. Part I". Voprosy Ekonomiki, n.º 2 (20 de fevereiro de 2012): 67–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2012-2-67-93.
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The first part of the paper is devoted to the monetary indicators of social welfare. It is shown which methods of quantitative estimating the aggregate wealth and well-being are available in the modern economic theory apart from the traditional GDP measure. The limitations of the methods are also discussed. The author shows which measures of welfare are adequate in the dynamic context: he considers the problems of intertemporal welfare analysis using the Net National Product (NNP) for the sustainability policy and in the context of concern for well-being of the future generations.
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Glaeser, Edward L., e Joshua D. Gottlieb. "The Wealth of Cities: Agglomeration Economies and Spatial Equilibrium in the United States". Journal of Economic Literature 47, n.º 4 (1 de dezembro de 2009): 983–1028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.47.4.983.
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Empirical research on cities starts with a spatial equilibrium condition: workers and firms are assumed to be indifferent across space. This condition implies that research on cities is different from research on countries, and that work on places within countries needs to consider population, income, and housing prices simultaneously. Housing supply elasticity will determine whether urban success reveals itself in the form of more people or higher incomes. Urban economists generally accept the existence of agglomeration economies, which exist when productivity rises with density, but estimating the magnitude of those economies is difficult. Some manufacturing firms cluster to reduce the costs of moving goods, but this force no longer appears to be important in driving urban success. Instead, modern cities are far more dependent on the role that density can play in speeding the flow of ideas. Finally, urban economics has some insights to offer related topics such as growth theory, national income accounts, public economics, and housing prices. (JEL R11, R23, R31, R32)
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Owens, Joshua H., Lindsay Rotblatt, Jacob Fiala e Michael Marsiske. "1 Quantifying the Role of Social Determinants of Health in Racial Disparities". Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society 29, s1 (novembro de 2023): 869–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135561772301072x.
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Objective:In the United States, Black individuals have suffered from 300 years of racism, bias, segregation and have been systematically and intentionally denied opportunities to accrue wealth. These disadvantages have resulted in disparities in health outcomes. Over the last decade there has been a growing interest in examining social determinants of health as upstream factors that lead to downstream health disparities. It is of vital importance to quantify the contribution of SDH factors to racial disparities in order to inform policy and social justice initiatives. This demonstration project uses years of education and white matter hyperintensities (WMH) to illustrate two methods of quantifying the role of a SDH in producing health disparities.Participants and Methods:The current study is a secondary data analysis of baseline data from a subset of the National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center database with neuroimaging data collected from 2002-2019. Participants were 997 cognitively diverse, Black and White (10.4% Black) individuals, aged 60-94 (mean=73.86, 56.5% female), mean education of 15.18 years (range= 0-23, SD=3.55). First, mediation, was conducted in the SEM framework using the R package lavaan. Black/White race was the independent variable, education was the mediator, WMH volume was the dependent variable, and age/sex were the covariates. Bootstrapped standard errors were calculated using 1000 iterations. The indirect effect was then divided by the total effect to determine the proportion of the total effect attributable to education. Second, a population attributable fraction (PAF) or the expected reduction in WMH if we eliminated low education and structural racism for which Black serves as a proxy was calculated. Two logistic regressions with dichotomous (median split) WMH as the dependent variable, first with low (less than high school) versus high education, and second with Black/White race added as predictors. Age/sex were covariates. PAF of education, and then of Black/White race controlling for education were obtained. Subsequently, a combined PAF was calculated.Results:In the lavaan model, the total effect of Black/White race on WMH was not significant (B=.040, se=.113, p=.246); however, Black/White race significantly predicted education (B= -.108, se=.390, p=.001) and education significantly predicted WMH burden (B=-.084, se=.008, p=.002). This resulted in a significant indirect effect (effect=.009, se=.014, p=.032). 22.6 % of the relationship between Black/White race and WMH was mediated by education. In the logistic models, the PAF of education was 5.3% and the additional PAF of Black/White race was 2.7%. The combined PAF of Black race and low education was 7.8%.Conclusions:From our mediation we can conclude that 22.6% of the relationship between Black/White race and WMH volume is explained by education. Our PAF analysis suggests that we could reduce 7.8% of the cases with high WMH burden if we eliminated low education and the structural racism for which Black serves as a proxy. This is an under estimation of the role that education and structural racism play in WMH burden due to our positively selected sample and crude measure of education. However, these methods can help researchers quantify the contribution of SDH to disparities in older adulthood and provide targets for policy change.
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Wegenast, Tim, Arpita Asha Khanna e Gerald Schneider. "The Micro-Foundations of the Resource Curse: Mineral Ownership and Local Economic Well-Being in Sub-Saharan Africa". International Studies Quarterly 64, n.º 3 (15 de junho de 2020): 530–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqaa033.
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Abstract The quantitative evidence on whether extractive industries generate economic wealth at the local level is far from conclusive. In line with recent studies highlighting the moderating role of institutions and governance structures in the resource–development nexus, we argue that the effect of mining on local economic well-being is largely driven by different control rights regimes. We claim that domestic mineral production stimulates local income more than internationally controlled extraction, since national mining companies promote more backward economic linkages and have higher incentives to engage in local capacity building. To test our micro-level arguments, we combine information on districts’ economic well-being as well as individual's assessments of their personal economic situation with our own dataset on the control rights of copper, gold, and diamond mines. Relying on these data, we perform district- and individual-level analyses of sub-Saharan Africa covering the period from 1997 to 2015. Our instrumental variable estimations and fixed effects models show that the presence of domestic mining companies is associated with increased local wealth. Multinational firms, by contrast, are linked to increased regional unemployment. They largely fail to promote subnational economic well-being.
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Yu, Bo, Ying Dong, Fang Chen e Yu Wang. "Economy Estimation of Mainland China at County-Level Based on Landsat Images and Multi-Task Deep Learning Framework". Photogrammetric Engineering & Remote Sensing 86, n.º 2 (1 de fevereiro de 2020): 99–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.14358/pers.86.2.99.
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The social-economic statistics collected from local governments are the main access for the central government to achieve national economic circumstance, especially for China. However, the statistics of almost 10% of national counties are missing or inconsistent due to the statistical caliber change in the wave of urbanization during economic development. Some researchers proposed to apply a night luminosity product to solve such issue. However, it lacks the ability to distinguish between the wealthy populations with a dense distribution and the less developed places. In this paper, the publicly available daytime Landsat images are used to estimate economic statistics. An end-to-end multi-task deep learning framework is constructed to estimate the county-level economy of Mainland China and the overall accuracy of this model achieves higher than 85%. The experiments show that our model provides a potential strategy to make up for the missing statistics and examines the reliability of the statistics collected for the central government.
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Flores, Thaynã Ramos, Rosália Garcia Neves, Caroline dos Santos Costa e Andrea Wendt. "Time evolution of advice on healthy habits in Brazilians with hypertension and diabetes: National Health Survey". Ciência & Saúde Coletiva 28, n.º 2 (fevereiro de 2023): 459. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1413-81232023282.12322022.
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Abstract To evaluate time evolution of receiving advice on healthy habits among Brazilians with hypertension and diabetes mellitus. Cross-sectional study with data from the 2013 and 2019 National Health Survey. We used linear regression weighted by least squares of variance to verify time evolution of the outcome estimating the annual percentage change (APC) presented according to sex, skin color, age group, and quintiles of wealth index. The analytical sample in 2013 was 11,129 individuals with hypertension and 3,182 individuals with diabetes, and in 2019 19,107 individuals with hypertension and 6,317 individuals with diabetes. For those with hypertension, there were statistically significant reductions in receiving advice for not smoking (APC: -1.49), not drinking excessive alcoholic beverages (APC: -1.48), ingesting less salt (APC: -0.56), and for all healthy habits (APC: -1.17). For those with diabetes, statistically significant reductions were observed only for not smoking (APC: -1.13) and not drinking excessive alcoholic beverages (APC: -1.11). The results suggest a reduction in all types of advice on healthy habits evaluated for hypertension and diabetes, with greater magnitude among individuals belonging to the richest quintiles.