Artigos de revistas sobre o tema "National Task Force on Economic Education. Economic education in the schools"

Background: India is undergoing a rapid epidemiological transition with increased urbanization and socio-economic development which has resulted in a dramatic change in lifestyle, consisting of physical inactivity, diet rich in fat, sugar and salt coupled with a high level of mental stress. Obesity is one of the most common diseases worldwide and the prevalence in school aged children appears to be increasing. Thus, the present study was planned to establish an association between body mass index (BMI) with hypertension among 10-16 years children.Methods: Present longitudinal study was conducted on 350 children in private schools of District Kanpur and children 12-16yrs of age have included in the study. BMI for age charts was used to assess the obesity and blood pressure was measured by sphygmomanometer and Blood pressure values were compared to the values given by the update of 1987 task force report of the National high blood pressure Education Programme Co-ordinating Committee and children who were found prehypertensive or hypertensive were followed up after 4 weeks duration.Results: In present study the prevalence of overweight and obesity was found 4%,2% respectively. Prevalence of Pre-hypertension and hypertension was found 1.14%, 2.57% respectively and pre-hypertension and hypertension were found more in overweight and obese participants.Conclusions: Prevalence of pre-hypertension and hypertension is more among overweight and obese children. Overweight and obesity are not only risk factor for hypertension but also other diseases, so health education should regularly give about the obesity and its deleterious effects in later part of life.

Relevance of the research topic. The structural transformations of the national economy, competition intensification, and unfavourable demographic changes lead to dramatic changes in the labor market, which is characterized by a mismatch between the demand and the supply of labour and vocational qualification and educational levels as well as types of economic activity. The consequences of the full-scale military aggression of the russian federation in Ukraine weakens the potential of the labor market. Firstly, there are barriers to the free movement of production factors, including workforce. Secondly, there are losses of production facilities and infrastructure. Thirdly, as a result of forced migration, there are negative trends in employment and income. Furthermore, the structure of the labor market has changed significantly: there is an imbalance between labor supply and demand, and regional disparities in the concentration of labor resources deepens. Formulation of the problem. The stabilization of the national labor market, growth in employment, redistribution of the workforce for the post-war recovery of Ukraine's economy require the development of effective labor market management mechanisms in the context of training specialists, formation of special skills, the development of professional education system to minimize educational-professional and regional imbalances. Analysis of recent research and publications. The trends in demand and supply on the labor market, the influence of various factors on its structure are investigated by domestic (V. Antoniuk, V. Brych, V. Heiets, A. Hrishnova, L. Ilich, A. Kolot, M. Krymova, E. Libanova, A. Novikova, I. Petrova, N. Rushchyshyn, Z. Smutchak, L. Shaulska, N. Yakymova) and foreign scientists (D. Alpisbaeva, H. Andersen, G. Becker, G. Brisese, M. Kali, S. McGuinness, M. Popp, A. Robay, P. Sloan, G. Fields, R. Freeman). The results of research of educational and qualification disproportions in the labor sphere are reflected in the works of N. Azmuk, V. Twin, O. Kupets, L. Lisohor, V. Sarioglo, L. Fedunichik, who study the disproportionality of labour supply and demand in terms of the uneven distribution of workers in terms of occupations and economic activities, due to the imbalance between the available and the required levels of professional competence of employees. The development of the system of vocational and technical education as a source of formation of the labour market of vocational professions is described in the scientific developments of A. Amoshi, I. Hnibidenko, M. Dolishny, V. Kutsenko, M. Semikina, V. Shmatova and others. Selection of unexplored parts of the general problem. Despite some progress in resolving these problems, the impact of the vocational training system on the sectoral and regional disparities in the national labour market is not sufficiently investigated; as well as the risks and threats caused by the military actions in Ukraine are still not taken into account. Setting the task, the purpose of the study. The above-mentioned circumstances make it expedient to assess educational, vocational and sectoral imbalances in the labour market and identify guidelines for redressing the imbalance between labour supply and demand. Method or methodology for conducting research. In the process of research general scientific (analysis and synthesis, abstract-logical, generalization and system analysis) and special methods of studying economic phenomena and processes are used. Presentation of the main material (results of work). The paper analyses the dynamics of the labour market, indicating the steady trend towards the decrease of the number of employed population. An assessment of the structure of demand and supply in the labour market by economic activity and occupational group reveals an excess in the labour market of the economically active population, which associates itself with the following areas of the economy: agriculture, trade and vehicle repair, public administration. There is an unmet demand for workers in the manufacturing industry, transport, health, education. Among the professional groups, a large proportion of the unemployed are trade and service workers, employees and managers, and the most demanded in the labour market are skilled vocational professionals. The results of the study highlight that the current problem of the national labour market and the existing imbalance between the supply of labour and the demand for it is the mismatch between educational services of the vocational training system to the needs of the labour market, insufficient level of vocational education, imperfect state and regional order for skilled workers, lack of effective interaction between stakeholders, insufficient motivation of young people for vocational professions. Conclusion according to the article. In order to overcome the existing negative trends, it is necessary to increase vocational guidance among schoolchildren. This guidance should focus on popularization of relevant and promising professions. It should contribute to strengthening the capacity of public employment services; expand the range of services and improve their quality. Career guidance ought to strengthen the practical component of training of workers and develop the system of dual education. There should be introduction of the program “job security for young people”, initiation of the research on formation of specialties, skills and qualifications, taking into account the strategic outlook of the labour market. Social dialogue in the context of creating conditions for continuing vocational education should be created. There should be promotion of the development of small and medium-sized enterprises as well as constant content of educational programmes to meet the needs of the regional labour market and expand the competencies of skilled workers. State standards for specific occupations on a modular and competency basis should be introduced. There is a strong demand for improvement of the material and technical base of vocational schools as well as modernization of the network of educational establishments. The implementation of these directions will contribute to the formation and development of innovative human capital, restoration of the quality of the workforce, and overcoming the imbalance in the labor market. The balancing of the labor market is the main need for post-war development, and effective employment must be an integral part of post-war reconstruction social policy.

At the end of Brian Tamanaha’s instant classic, Failing Law Schools, tracing the economic forces behind exorbitant law school tuition and graduate debt and unemployment, he lays out his plan to help resolve the crisis. He would eliminate tenure, dispense with the final year of law school, rely heavily on adjuncts and apprenticeships, and loosen the ABA accreditation standards mandating “one-size-fitsall” law schools to allow the marketplace to fashion more affordable models of legal education. Some schools would remain in the traditional, three-year mode, with faculty conducting research. Others would morph into, or spring up spontaneously as, the “law school parallel . . . of vocational colleges.” Very candidly, Tamanaha explained that the “two-year law schools . . . would be dumping grounds for the middle class and the poor . . . . Few children of the rich will end up in these law schools.” He calls the plan “‘differentiated’ legal education.” Others, including Paul Campos, founder of the Inside the Law School Scam web blog and author of Don’t Go To Law School (Unless), and the ABA Task Force (“Task Force”) on the Future of Legal Education, have endorsed Tamanaha’s prescription.

Focused on the construction of innovation and entrepreneurship education ecosystem guided by “Fostering Virtue in Education,” colleges are grounding efforts in the new development stage, applying the new development philosophy, and creating a new framework of development. Under China's new era, fostering character and civic virtue is the due meaning of innovation and entrepreneurship education in higher education. Adoption of this strategic approach accelerates the transformation of economic development mode, and build an innovative country. It is also an education strategy which can improve the quality of talent training and innovation & entrepreneurship education. An important way to promote the all-round development of university students is to implement the core measures of increased employment by entrepreneurship and the full employment of graduates, which is related to the fundamental issue of “who to cultivate, how to cultivate and for whom to cultivate.” In the new era, innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities should be based on the local conditions, respond to the needs of the times, connect with the national development strategy, grasp the correct development direction, become an important force to promote the national economic development and social harmony and progress, cultivate the new force of “mass entrepreneurship and innovation” in line with the requirements of the times and the country, and realize the transformation of university functions and missions. To carry out the fundamental task of talent cultivation in universities.

Covid 19 – living the experience As I sit at my desk at home in suburban Brisbane, following the dictates on self-isolation shared with so many around the world, I am forced to contemplate the limits of human prediction. I look out on a world which few could have predicted six months ago. My thoughts at that time were all about 2020 as a metaphor for perfect vision and a plea for it to herald a new period of clarity which would arm us in resolving the whole host of false divisions that surrounded us. False, because so many appear to be generated by the use of polarised labelling strategies which sought to categorise humans by a whole range of identities, while losing the essential humanity and individuality which we all share. This was a troublesome trend and one which seemed reminiscent of the biblical tale concerning the tower of Babel, when a single unified language was what we needed to create harmony in a globalising world. However, yesterday’s concerns have, at least for the moment, been overshadowed by a more urgent and unifying concern with humanity’s health and wellbeing. For now, this concern has created a world which we would not have recognised in 2019. We rely more than ever on our various forms of electronic media to beam instant shots of the streets of London, New York, Berlin, Paris, Hong Kong etc. These centres of our worldly activity normally characterised by hustle and bustle, are now serenely peaceful and ordered. Their magnificent buildings have become foregrounded, assuming a dignity and presence that is more commonly overshadowed by the mad ceaseless scramble of humanity all around them. From there however the cameras can jump to some of the less fortunate areas of the globe. These streets are still teeming with people in close confined areas. There is little hope here of following frequent extended hand washing practices, let alone achieving the social distance prescribed to those of us in the global North. From this desk top perspective, it has been interesting to chart the mood as the crisis has unfolded. It has moved from a slightly distant sense of superiority as the news slowly unfolded about events in remote Wuhan. The explanation that the origins were from a live market, where customs unfamiliar to our hygienic pre-packaged approach to food consumption were practised, added to this sense of separateness and exoticism surrounding the source and initial development of the virus. However, this changed to a growing sense of concern as its growth and transmission slowly began to reveal the vulnerability of all cultures to its spread. At this early stage, countries who took steps to limit travel from infected areas seemed to gain some advantage. Australia, as just one example banned flights from China and required all Chinese students coming to study in Australia to self-isolate for two weeks in a third intermediate port. It was a step that had considerable economic costs associated with it. One that was vociferously resisted at the time by the university sector increasingly dependent on the revenue generated by servicing Chinese students. But it was when the epicentre moved to northern Italy, that the entire messaging around the event began to change internationally. At this time the tone became increasingly fearful, anxious and urgent as reports of overwhelmed hospitals and mass burials began to dominate the news. Consequently, governments attracted little criticism but were rather widely supported in the action of radically closing down their countries in order to limit human interaction. The debate had become one around the choice between health and economic wellbeing. The fact that the decision has been overwhelmingly for health, has been encouraging. It has not however stopped the pressure from those who believe that economic well-being is a determinant of human well-being, questioning the decisions of politicians and the advice of public health scientists that have dominated the responses to date. At this stage, the lives versus livelihoods debate has a long way still to run. Of some particular interest has been the musings of the opinion writers who have predicted that the events of these last months will change our world forever. Some of these predictions have included the idea that rather than piling into common office spaces working remotely from home and other advantageous locations will be here to stay. Schools and universities will become centres of learning more conveniently accessed on-line rather than face to face. Many shopping centres will become redundant and goods will increasingly be delivered via collection centres or couriers direct to the home. Social distancing will impact our consumption of entertainment at common venues and lifestyle events such as dining out. At the macro level, it has been predicted that globalisation in its present form will be reversed. The pandemic has led to actions being taken at national levels and movement being controlled by the strengthening and increased control of physical borders. Tourism has ground to a halt and may not resume on its current scale or in its present form as unnecessary travel, at least across borders, will become permanently reduced. Advocates of change have pointed to some of the unpredicted benefits that have been occurring. These include a drop in air pollution: increased interaction within families; more reading undertaken by younger adults; more systematic incorporation of exercise into daily life, and; a rediscovered sense of community with many initiatives paying tribute to the health and essential services workers who have been placed at the forefront of this latest struggle with nature. Of course, for all those who point to benefits in the forced lifestyle changes we have been experiencing, there are those who would tell a contrary tale. Demonstrations in the US have led the push by those who just want things to get back to normal as quickly as possible. For this group, confinement at home creates more problems. These may be a function of the proximity of modern cramped living quarters, today’s crowded city life, dysfunctional relationships, the boredom of self-entertainment or simply the anxiety that comes with an insecure livelihood and an unclear future. Personally however, I am left with two significant questions about our future stimulated by the events that have been ushered in by 2020. The first is how is it that the world has been caught so unprepared by this pandemic? The second is to what extent do we have the ability to recalibrate our current practices and view an alternative future? In considering the first, it has been enlightening to observe the extent to which politicians have turned to scientific expertise in order to determine their actions. Terms like ‘flattening the curve’, ‘community transmission rates’, have become part of our daily lexicon as the statistical modellers advance their predictions as to how the disease will spread and impact on our health systems. The fact that scientists are presented as the acceptable and credible authority and the basis for our actions reflects a growing dependency on data and modelling that has infused our society generally. This acceptance has been used to strengthen the actions on behalf of the human lives first and foremost position. For those who pursue the livelihoods argument even bigger figures are available to be thrown about. These relate to concepts such as numbers of jobless, increase in national debt, growth in domestic violence, rise in mental illness etc. However, given that they are more clearly estimates and based on less certain assumptions and variables, they do not at this stage seem to carry the impact of the data produced by public health experts. This is not surprising but perhaps not justifiable when we consider the failure of the public health lobby to adequately prepare or forewarn us of the current crisis in the first place. Statistical predictive models are built around historical data, yet their accuracy depends upon the quality of those data. Their robustness for extrapolation to new settings for example will differ as these differ in a multitude of subtle ways from the contexts in which they were initially gathered. Our often uncritical dependence upon ‘scientific’ processes has become worrying, given that as humans, even when guided by such useful tools, we still tend to repeat mistakes or ignore warnings. At such a time it is an opportunity for us to return to the reservoir of human wisdom to be found in places such as our great literature. Works such as The Plague by Albert Camus make fascinating and educative reading for us at this time. As the writer observes Everybody knows that pestilences have a way of recurring in the world, yet somehow, we find it hard to believe in ones that crash down on our heads from a blue sky. There have been as many plagues as wars in history, yet always plagues and wars take people equally by surprise. So it is that we constantly fail to study let alone learn the lessons of history. Yet 2020 mirrors 1919, as at that time the world was reeling with the impact of the Spanish ‘Flu, which infected 500 million people and killed an estimated 50 million. This was more than the 40 million casualties of the four years of the preceding Great War. There have of course been other pestilences since then and much more recently. Is our stubborn failure to learn because we fail to value history and the knowledge of our forebears? Yet we can accept with so little question the accuracy of predictions based on numbers, even with varying and unquestioned levels of validity and reliability. As to the second question, many writers have been observing some beneficial changes in our behaviour and our environment, which have emerged in association with this sudden break in our normal patterns of activity. It has given us the excuse to reevaluate some of our practices and identify some clear benefits that have been occurring. As Australian newspaper columnist Bernard Salt observes in an article titled “the end of narcissism?” I think we’ve been re-evaluating the entire contribution/reward equation since the summer bushfires and now, with the added experience of the pandemic, we can see the shallowness of the so-called glamour professions – the celebrities, the influencers. We appreciate the selflessness of volunteer firefighters, of healthcare workers and supermarket staff. From the pandemic’s earliest days, glib forays into social media by celebrities seeking attention and yet further adulation have been met with stony disapproval. Perhaps it is best that they stay offline while our real heroes do the heavy lifting. To this sad unquestioning adherence to both scientism and narcissism, we can add and stir the framing of the climate rebellion and a myriad of familiar ‘first world’ problems which have caused dissension and disharmony in our communities. Now with an external threat on which to focus our attention, there has been a short lull in the endless bickering and petty point scoring that has characterised our western liberal democracies in the last decade. As Camus observed: The one way of making people hang together is to give ‘em a spell of the plague. So, the ceaseless din of the topics that have driven us apart has miraculously paused for at least a moment. Does this then provide a unique opportunity for us together to review our habitual postures and adopt a more conciliatory and harmonious communication style, take stock, critically evaluate and retune our approach to life – as individuals, as nations, as a species? It is not too difficult to hypothesise futures driven by the major issues that have driven us apart. Now, in our attempts to resist the virus, we have given ourselves a glimpse of some of the very things the climate change activists have wished to happen. With few planes in the air and the majority of cars off the roads, we have already witnessed clearer and cleaner air. Working at home has freed up the commuter driven traffic and left many people with more time to spend with their family. Freed from the continuing throng of tourists, cities like Venice are regenerating and cleansing themselves. This small preview of what a less travelled world might start to look like surely has some attraction. But of course, it does not come without cost. With the lack of tourism and the need to work at home, jobs and livelihoods have started to change. As with any revolution there are both winners and losers. The lockdown has distinguished starkly between essential and non-essential workers. That represents a useful starting point from which to assess what is truly of value in our way of life and what is peripheral as Salt made clear. This is a question that I would encourage readers to explore and to take forward with them through the resolution of the current situation. However, on the basis that educators are seen as providing essential services, now is the time to turn to the content of our current volume. Once again, I direct you to the truly international range of our contributors. They come from five different continents yet share a common focus on one of the most popular of shared cultural experiences – sport. Unsurprisingly three of our reviewed papers bring different insights to the world’s most widely shared sport of all – football, or as it would be more easily recognised in some parts of the globe - soccer. Leading these offerings is a comparison of fandom in Australia and China. The story presented by Knijnk highlights the rise of the fanatical supporters known as the ultras. The origin of the movement is traced to Italy, but it is one that claims allegiances now around the world. Kniijnk identifies the movement’s progression into Australia and China and, in pointing to its stance against the commercialisation of their sport by the scions of big business, argues for its deeper political significance and its commitment to the democratic ownership of sport. Reflecting the increasing availability and use of data in our modern societies, Karadog, Parim and Cene apply some of the immense data collected on and around the FIFA World Cup to the task of selecting the best team from the 2018 tournament held in Russia, a task more usually undertaken by panels of experts. Mindful of the value of using data in ways that can assist future decision making, rather than just in terms of summarising past events, they also use the statistics available to undertake a second task. The second task was the selection of the team with the greatest future potential by limiting eligibility to those at an early stage in their careers, namely younger than 28 and who arguably had still to attain their prime as well as having a longer career still ahead of them. The results for both selections confirm how membership of the wealthy European based teams holds the path to success and recognition at the global level no matter what the national origins of players might be. Thirdly, taking links between the sport and the world of finance a step further, Gomez-Martinez, Marques-Bogliani and Paule-Vianez report on an interesting study designed to test the hypothesis that sporting success within a community is reflected in positive economic outcomes for members of that community. They make a bold attempt to test their hypothesis by examining the relationship of the performance of three world leading clubs in Europe - Bayern Munich, Juventus and Paris Saint Germain and the performance of their local stock markets. Their findings make for some interesting thoughts about the significance of sport in the global economy and beyond into the political landscape of our interconnected world. Our final paper comes from Africa but for its subject matter looks to a different sport, one that rules the subcontinent of India - cricket. Norrbhai questions the traditional coaching of batting in cricket by examining the backlift techniques of the top players in the Indian Premier league. His findings suggest that even in this most traditional of sports, technique will develop and change in response to the changing context provided by the game itself. In this case the context is the short form of the game, introduced to provide faster paced entertainment in an easily consumable time span. It provides a useful reminder how in sport, techniques will not be static but will continue to evolve as the game that provides the context for the skilled performance also evolves. To conclude our pages, I must apologise that our usual book review has fallen prey to the current world disruption. In its place I would like to draw your attention to the announcement of a new publication which would make a worthy addition to the bookshelf of any international sports scholar. “Softpower, Soccer, Supremacy – The Chinese Dream” represents a unique and timely analysis of the movement of the most popular and influential game in the world – Association Football, commonly abbreviated to soccer - into the mainstream of Chinese national policy. The editorial team led by one of sports histories most recognised scholars, Professor J A Mangan, has assembled a who’s who of current scholars in sport in Asia. Together they provide a perspective that takes in, not just the Chinese view of these important current developments but also, the view of others in the geographical region. From Japan, Korea and Australia, they bring with them significant experience to not just the beautiful game, but sport in general in that dynamic and fast-growing part of the world. Particularly in the light of the European dominance identified in the Karog, Parim and Cene paper this work raises the question as to whether we can expect to see a change in the world order sooner rather than later. It remains for me to make one important acknowledgement. In my last editorial I alerted you to the sorts of decisions we as an editorial and publication team were facing with regard to ensuring the future of the journal. Debates as to how best to proceed while staying true to our vision and goals are still proceeding. However, I am pleased to acknowledge the sponsorship provided by The University of Macao for volume 42 and recognise the invaluable contribution made by ISCPES former president Walter Ho to this process. Sponsorship can provide an important input to the ongoing existence and strength of this journal and we would be interested in talking to other institutions or groups who might also be interested in supporting our work, particularly where their goals align closely with ours. May I therefore commend to you the works of our international scholars and encourage your future involvement in sharing your interest in and expertise with others in the world of comparative and international sport studies, John Saunders, Brisbane, May 2020

The aim of this study is to investigate the data analysis of the economic concerns experienced by teachers working in educational institutions. Education is one of the indispensable elements for the development of a state. In this process, teachers also have very important duties. Teaching is a specialized profession that has undertaken the task of preparing a nation for tomorrow. In order for teachers to perform these duties, they must first educate themselves with high quality. In order for this to be achieved, it is essential that teachers are satisfied in an economic sense. It is observed that teachers in our country cannot provide their personal development at an adequate level. One of the main reasons for this state of the teaching profession is economic. Money, which is the basic means of exchange of the economy, is an important tool for people to maintain their lives and gain a place in society. Money, which is an economic value, is necessary to maintain a person's life and makes a person willing to work. The amount of salary he receives determines not only the status of the person in the institution where he works, but also his status in society. It is important for determining the economic concerns of teachers and providing solutions to these concerns. In addition, it is important to inform the authorities interested in education about the situations caused by these economic concerns. This research was conducted in order to determine the effect of economic concerns of teachers working in official schools affiliated to the Ministry of National Education on teachers' professional productivity. This study, which is a qualitative research, was conducted during the fall semester of the 2022-2023 academic year and was conducted by interviewing 10 teachers working in official schools affiliated to the Ministry of National Education located in Küçükçekmece district of Istanbul province one-on-one. Key Words: Teacher, Economic Anxiety, Professional Efficiency

The aim of this study is to evaluate the findings of the economic concerns experienced by teachers working in educational institutions. Education is one of the indispensable elements for the development of a state. In this process, teachers also have very important duties. Teaching is a specialized profession that has undertaken the task of preparing a nation for tomorrow. In order for teachers to perform these duties, they must first educate themselves with high quality. In order for this to be achieved, it is essential that teachers are satisfied in an economic sense. It is observed that teachers in our country cannot provide their personal development at an adequate level. One of the main reasons for this state of the teaching profession is economic. Money, which is the basic means of exchange of the economy, is an important tool for people to maintain their lives and gain a place in society. Money, which is an economic value, is necessary to maintain a person's life and makes a person willing to work. The amount of salary he receives determines not only the status of the person in the institution where he works, but also his status in society. It is important for determining the economic concerns of teachers and providing solutions to these concerns. In addition, it is important to inform the authorities interested in education about the situations caused by these economic concerns. This research was conducted in order to determine the effect of economic concerns of teachers working in official schools affiliated to the Ministry of National Education on teachers' professional productivity. This study, which is a qualitative research, was conducted during the fall semester of the 2022-2023 academic year and was conducted by interviewing 10 teachers working in official schools affiliated to the Ministry of National Education located in Küçükçekmece district of Istanbul province one-on-one. In this sense, within the framework of the study, what can be done to address teachers' economic concerns, what are the causes of teachers' economic concerns, how teachers' economic concerns affect the productivity of the teaching profession, what can be done to address teachers' economic concerns have been focused on. Key Words: Teacher, Economic Anxiety, Professional Efficiency

This chapter focuses on the development of young learners’ ability to communicate in a foreign language. An empirical study was carried out to determine whether, after four years of learning English as a compulsory school subject, children are ready to engage in oral interaction in a semicontrolled task and produce answers and questions in English. A convenience sample of ten-year-old children was selected from 180 participants in ELLiE2 in Poland. Six learners from one class of each of seven schools were selected on the basis of teachers’ reports to ensure equal proportions of learners with low, medium and high ability. Schools were chosen to represent different socio-economic milieux. The results of the Year Four oral test (an interactive task) showed that almost all the participating childrencould respond to questions but only half were able to ask questions. Considering generally positive attitudes to speaking activities, the results suggest that ten-year-old children are already developing their interactive skills and could benefit from more interaction-focused classroom activities. Further experimental classroom-based studies are necessary to gain better insight into potential oral achievements in this age group. The results are discussed in the context of national curriculum requirements, drawing on the Common European Framework of Reference level descriptors.

This article addresses what is currently taught about the environment in the school curriculum and explains how an economics approach can change it. A recent study in the United States provides evidence supporting the suspicions of many economists that the environmental education in schools is often flawed. The Independent Commission on Environmental Education (1997) concluded that most curriculum materials it examined lacked an emphasis on basic economic concepts. Curriculum materials would be improved by recognising the importance of economic forces. For example, markets provide incentives that influence people's environmental actions and market approaches — as opposed to government command and rule systems — foster cooperation between groups and individuals. The primary contribution of economics to environmental education is recognition of the tragedy of the commons. The tragedy of the commons states that people take better care of things they own and tend to overuse things they do not own. This simple but powerful lesson holds important meaning for environmental education. In contrast non-market solutions leave us only with solutions involving force, expense, and guilt. The author concludes by describing a middle-level curriculum published by the National Council on Economic Education, which strives to use market forces to analyse environmental problems.

Africans and the world at large share common values of humanity. Lessons learnt from the recent COVID 19 pandemic, electoral differences in Kenya ongoing war in Ukraine and natural disasters like drought show that people in the world share such problems as one person. Education has have been used to reach mankind before and after these experiences. The weight of social pandemics, economical and psychological feelings among Kenyans and other Africans call for national cohesion and healing. Cohesion has been misconstrued with democracy, cultural diversity and human rights in Kenya and other African countries. Along the same vein educational curriculum has been blamed and teachers held to task on failing to address cultural diversity and cohesion in schools. The practicability of such a curriculum still hangs on the socio-economic balances of many African counties. This paper attempts to address National Cohesion in the higher Education context using cultural diversity as a tool for strengthening school governance, community partnership. The paper also attempts to identify Challenges and workable solutions of enhancing national cohesion. The paper concludes by observing lessons learnt in social skills and national cohesion in different forums. The paper recommends in-depth studies on social skill education and pedagogy, Continuous training of African professionals on social change and improvement of education and community partnership campaigns on cohesion.

Background/Context By the year 2030, when the baby boom generation born between 1946 and 1964 will be in the retirement ages, 72% of the elderly will be non-Hispanic Whites, compared with 56% for working-age adults, and 50% for children. As the predominantly White baby boomers reach retirement, they will increasingly depend for economic support on the productive activities and civic participation of working-age adults who are members of racial and ethnic minorities and, in many cases, children of immigrants. To prepare these young people for lives as productive workers and engaged citizens, we need to pay more attention to creating conditions that will foster their educational success. The profound shift taking place in the composition of the school-age population has implications for schools. Purpose/Objective/Research Questions/Focus of Study This article presents a demographic overview of school-age children in immigrant families and compares them with their peers in native-born families. After tracing the shift in the national origins of children of immigrants that has taken place over the past century, we consider the new challenges and opportunities presented to the education system by the socioeconomic, cultural, and religious diversity of this new and growing population of students and by their presence in a growing number of suburban and rural, as well as urban, communities. Population/Participants/Subjects This research uses data from Census 2000 to study children in immigrant families who have at least one foreign-born parent compared with children in native-born families who were born in the United States to U.S.-born parents. Research Design This research is a secondary analysis of data from Census 2000. Conclusions/Recommendations Immigration is transforming the demography of America. In less than three decades, a majority of children are likely to belong to race-ethnic minorities who are Hispanic, Black, Asian, or another non-White race, mainly because of immigration and births to immigrants and their descendants. The educational success achieved by immigrant groups, and their subsequent economic productivity, is important not only to the groups themselves but also to the broad American population because these groups will compose an increasingly important segment of the U.S. labor force during the next few decades; this labor force will be supporting the predominantly White baby boom generation throughout their retirement years. As we increasingly become a nation of minorities, with no single race-ethnic group in the majority, the educational success of all children, especially the rapidly growing population of children in immigrant families, merits increasing attention from teachers, school administrators, and public officials.

This study is aimed to analyze particular problems related to economic return for West Sumateran workers who graduated higher education by using human capital investment concepts. The dataset is sourced from National Labor Force Survey for West Sumatera 2017 and contains 1798 records of those aging at least 15 years, graduating from academy, university and postgraduate schools and distributed in all main industries. The return to higher education is estimated using Mincerian framework by considering modulatory effects of college major graduated. Other worker characteristics including training and experience are used to measure earning differentials among worker. The result of this study shows that the return to higher education is significantly positive and amplified if workers graduated from certain college majors. It is also found that participating in job training and having working experience prior to current job significantly increase highly educated workers earning in West Sumatera.

In Chile, English is taught as a foreign language and its poor performance, as per the English Proficiency Index report, is a disturbing factor now that Chile is an official member of the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD). This study seeks to understand the dynamics of English language teaching by focusing on the didactics, methodologies, evaluative tools, techniques and resources commonly used in the municipal schools in the city of Talca. This case study involves a quantitative method within the characteristics of a descriptive, interpretative and correlational framework. The purposefully selected participants were fifteen teachers from four municipal schools in the city of Talca to whom an open-ended questionnaire was distributed to collect the primary data. The secondary data consisted of the Sistema de Medición de la Calidad de la educación (education quality measurement system) (SIMCE) results from 2010 to 2014 and the National Study results of the English language testing in 2017. The results show that the teaching of English as a foreign language is a difficult task because the didactics and methodologies used by the teachers are not adequate to favour students’ reaching the level of proficiency established by the Chilean Ministry of Education. The findings suggest a systematic teacher training programme and continuous focus on the teaching of the English language to enhance learners’ language proficiency.

The main purpose of thе presented article is to outline the role of the education system in the formation of human capital, the development of which is a prerequisite for the economic growth of the country. The article carries out a study of the theory of human capital as a defining component that ensures the process of development and accumulation of human capital, on which, in turn, the competitiveness of the country and its place in the world environment depend. The importance of educational resources in the creation of human capital is disclosed. The role of investments in human capital, and, in particular, in the educational process, is revealed. The relationship between the level of education and the employee’s salary is characterized. The main directions of influence of human education on the economic growth of the country are distinguished. The article specifies some recommendations that will ensure guarantees of the preservation of the education sector as a factor in the formation of high-quality human capital of the country. Education is defined as a fundamental form of investment in human capital. Lifelong education provides conditions for the formation of a qualified young worker as an individual and a professional in the chosen direction of training and further work at any enterprise. The main task of education is to provide the country with high-quality human capital for effective economic growth. Education has a positive influence on the labor market not only because it increases the competitiveness of workers, but because it accumulates potentially unoccupied young people. It is emphasized that the development of education and training contributes to solving such important tasks of socioeconomic development as accelerating the pace of economic growth, mitigating inequality in the distribution of incomes, improving the quality of the national labor force, directly reducing unemployment and preventing it in the future.

The school system represents one of the most important segments for each state and society. For this reason, and for a number of other reasons, the authorities are trying to put schools under their control. Through the education of Bosnia and Herzegovina, political, economic, cultural, national and other goals of the ruling political elites were achieved. The curricula removed contents whose educational goals were in line with the interests of the Austro-Hungarian regime. The ruling elite was spreading the idea of a "three-nation nation", seeking to create a unique political, economic, educational and cultural space. Schools were given the task of developing the idea of a common fold and the idea of '' national and national unity ''. The idea, in the view of the ruling elite, could have been realized by schools, not by the army and officials. Teachers who had to respond to the '' spirit of the times '', as well as curricula and textbooks, played an important role in achieving the goals. Significant changes were made in the group of national subjects (history, geography, Serbian or Croatian language), with an emphasis on the history and geography of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, and works on Serbian, Croatian or Slovenian literature were prescribed for the school textbook. Most of the textbooks were written by authors from Croatia and Serbia, while only a small number were from Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Since 2019, a series of documents have been issued, including the National Implementation Plan for Vocational Education Reform, the Implementation Measures for Building Enterprises with Integrated Production and Education (Trial), and the Opinions on Implementing the Plan for Building High-level Vocational Schools and Specialties with Chinese Characteristics, pointing out that vocational education is an important force supporting the national strategy and local economic and social development. The Ministry of Education has piloted the integrated development of vocational education and the private economy in Wentai, carried out the project of cultivating artisans in the new era and the action of "golden blue-collar" vocational skills improvement, and encouraged vocational colleges in the region to carry out professional reform. Vocational education should also change with the development of The Times to break the barriers of narrow vocational training. Under the background of digital economy, students should be taught digital technical skills to provide vocational undergraduate level education comparable to the dominant academic model. Vocational education at the undergraduate level will deepen the integration of industry and education, strengthen the collaboration between schools and enterprises, and cultivate "quality (outstanding)" talents with digital technology skills who are qualified for new jobs and have distinct and outstanding professional abilities based on the real talent needs of enterprises, so as to help solve the problems of shortage of digital talents in enterprises and industries and insufficient digital technology skills of employees.

Poverty is the biggest problem standing in the way of economic development and political stability in the Mekong River sub-region. Multilateral poverty reduction cooperation in this sub-region has long been focused on stimulating economic growth through increased investment and foreign aid in such areas as environmental protection, health care, education, and vocational training. As a relatively new cooperative platform, the Lancang-Mekong Cooperation (LMC) mechanism has played an increasingly prominent role in sub-regional economic development and integration; and a joint task force has been set up to draw up multilateral initiatives and plans better tailored to local conditions and needs. Nonetheless, the LMC must increase its relevance and effectiveness in poverty reduction by complementing and coordinating with other existing sub-regional programs amid intensifying power competition in the broad Indo-Pacific region, while taking into account different national development philosophies as well as rising environmental and resource concerns.

It was the Canadian philosopher Marshall McLuhan who first introduced the term ‘global village’ into the lexicon, almost fifty years ago. He was referring to the phenomenon of global interconnectedness of which we are all too aware today. At that time, we were witnessing the world just opening up. In 1946, British Airways had commenced a twice weekly service from London to New York. The flight involved one or two touch downs en-route and took a scheduled 19 hours and 45 minutes. By the time McLuhan had published his book “Understanding media; the extensions of man”, there were regular services by jet around the globe. London to Sydney was travelled in just under 35 hours. Moving forward to a time immediately pre-covid, there were over 30 non-stop flights a day in each direction between London and New York. The travel time from London to Sydney had been cut by a third, to slightly under 22 hours, with just one touchdown en-route. The world has well and truly ‘opened up’. No place is unreachable by regular services. But that is just one part of the picture. In 1962, the very first live television pictures were transmitted across the Atlantic, via satellite. It was a time when sports’ fans would tune in besides a crackling radio set to hear commentary of their favourite game relayed from the other side of the world. Today of course, not only can we watch a live telecast of the Olympic Games in the comfort of our own homes wherever the games are being held, but we can pick up a telephone and talk face to face with friends and relatives in real time, wherever they may be in the world. To today’s generation – generation Z – this does not seem in the least bit remarkable. Indeed, they have been nicknamed ‘the connected generation’ precisely because such a degree of human interconnectedness no longer seems worth commenting on. The media technology and the transport advances that underpin this level of connectedness, have become taken for granted assumptions to them. This is why the global events of 2020 and the associated public health related reactions, have proved to be so remarkable to them. It is mass travel and the closeness and variety of human contact in day-to-day interactions, that have provided the breeding ground for the pandemic. Consequently, moving around and sharing close proximity with many strangers, have been the activities that have had to be curbed, as the initial primary means to manage the spread of the virus. This has caused hardship to many, either through the loss of a job and the associated income or, the lengthy enforced separation from family and friends – for the many who find themselves living and working far removed from their original home. McLuhan’s powerful metaphor was ahead of its time. His thoughts were centred around media and electronic communications well prior to the notion of a ‘physical’ pandemic, which today has provided an equally potent image of how all of our fortunes have become intertwined, no matter where we sit in the world. Yet it is this event which seems paradoxically to have for the first time forced us to consider more closely the path of progress pursued over the last half century. It is as if we are experiencing for the first time the unleashing of powerful and competing forces, which are both centripetal and centrifugal. On the one hand we are in a world where we have a World Health Organisation. This is a body which has acted as a global force, first declaring the pandemic and subsequently acting in response to it as a part of its brief for international public health. It has brought the world’s scientists and global health professionals together to accelerate the research and development process and develop new norms and standards to contain the spread of the coronavirus pandemic and help care for those affected. At the same time, we have been witnessing nations retreating from each other and closing their borders in order to restrict the interaction of their citizens with those from other nations around the world. We have perceived that danger and risk are increased by international travel and human to human interaction. As a result, increasingly communication has been carried out from the safety and comfort of one’s own home, with electronic media taking the place of personal interaction in the real world. The change to the media dominated world, foreseen by McLuhan a half century ago, has been hastened and consolidated by the threats posed by Covid 19. Real time interactions can be conducted more safely and more economically by means of the global reach of the internet and the ever-enhanced technologies that are being offered to facilitate that. Yet at a geopolitical level prior to Covid 19, the processes of globalism and nationalism were already being recognised as competing forces. In many countries, tensions have emerged between those who are benefitting from the opportunities presented by the development of free trade between countries and those who are invested in more traditional ventures, set in their own nations and communities. The emerging beneficiaries have become characterised as the global elites. Their demographic profile is one associated with youth, education and progressive social ideas. However, they are counter-balanced by those who, rather than opportunities, have experienced threats from the disruptions and turbulence around them. Among the ideas challenged, have been the expected certainties of employment, social values and the security with which many grew up. Industries which have been the lifeblood of their communities are facing extinction and even the security of housing and a roof over the heads of self and family may be under threat. In such circumstances, some people may see waves of new immigrants, technology, and changing social values as being tides which need to be turned back. Their profile is characterised by a demographic less equipped to face such changes - the more mature, less well educated and less mobile. Yet this tension appears to be creating something more than just the latest version of the generational divide. The recent clashes between Republicans and Democrats in the US have provided a very potent example of these societal stresses. The US has itself exported some of these arenas of conflict to the rest of the world. Black lives Matter and #Me too, are social movements with their foundation in the US which have found their way far beyond the immediate contexts which gave them birth. In the different national settings where these various tensions have emerged, they have been characterised through labels such as left and right, progressive and traditional, the ‘haves’ versus the ‘have nots’ etc. Yet common to all of this growing competitiveness between ideologies and values is a common thread. The common thread lies in the notion of competition itself. It finds itself expressed most potently in the spread and adoption of ideas based on what has been termed the neoliberal values of the free market. These values have become ingrained in the language and concepts we employ every day. Thus, everything has a price and ultimately the price can be represented by a dollar value. We see this process of commodification around us on a daily basis. Sports studies’ scholars have long drawn attention to its continuing growth in the world of sport, especially in situations when it overwhelms the human characteristics of the athletes who are at the very heart of sport. When the dollar value of the athlete and their performance becomes more important than the individual and the game, then we find ourselves at the heart of some of the core problems reported today. It is at the point where sport changes from an experience, where the athletes develop themselves and become more complete persons experiencing positive and enriching interactions with fellow athletes, to an environment where young athletes experience stress and mental and physical ill health as result of their experiences. Those who are supremely talented (and lucky?) are rewarded with fabulous riches. Others can find themselves cast out on the scrap heap as a result of an unfair selection process or just the misfortune of injury. Sport as always, has proved to be a mirror of life in reflecting this process in the world at large, highlighting the heights that can be climbed by the fortunate as well as the depths that can be plumbed by the ill-fated. Advocates of the free-market approach will point to the opportunities it can offer. Figures can show that in a period of capitalist organised economies, there has been an unprecedented reduction in the amount of poverty in the world. Despite rapid growth in populations, there has been some extraordinary progress in lifting people out of extreme poverty. Between 1990 and 2010, the numbers in poverty fell by half as a share of the total population in developing countries, from 43% to 21%—a reduction of almost 1 billion people (The Economist Leader, June 1st, 2013). Nonetheless the critics of capitalism will continue to point to an increasing gap between the haves and don’t haves and specifically a decline in the ‘middle classes’, which have for so long provided the backbone of stable democratic societies. This delicate balance between retreating into our own boundaries as a means to manage the pandemic and resuming open borders to prevent economic damage to those whose businesses and employment depend upon the continuing movement of people and goods, is one which is being agonised over at this time in liberal democratic societies around the world. The experience of the pandemic has varied between countries, not solely because of the strategies adopted by politicians, but also because of the current health systems and varying social and economic conditions of life in different parts of the world. For many of us, the crises and social disturbances noted above have been played out on our television screens and websites. Increasingly it seems that we have been consuming our life experiences in a world dominated by our screens and sheltered from the real messiness of life. Meanwhile, in those countries with a choice, the debate has been between public health concerns and economic health concerns. Some have argued that the two are not totally independent of each other, while others have argued that the extent to which they are seen as interrelated lies in the extent to which life’s values have themselves become commodified. Others have pointed to the mental health problems experienced by people of all ages as a result of being confined for long periods of time within limited spaces and experiencing few chances to meet with others outside their immediate household. Still others have experienced different conditions – such as the chance to work from home in a comfortable environment and be freed from the drudgery of commuting in crowded traffic or public transport. So, at a national/communal level as well as at an individual level, this international crisis has exposed people to different decisions. It has offered, for many, a chance to recalibrate their lives. Those who have the resources, are leaving the confines of the big capital cities and seeking a healthier and less turbulent existence in quieter urban centres. For those of us in what can be loosely termed ‘an information industry’, today’s work practices are already an age away from what they were in pre-pandemic times. Yet again, a clear split is evident. The notion of ‘essential industries’ has been reclassified. The delivery of goods, the facilitation of necessary purchase such as food; these and other tasks have acquired a new significance which has enhanced the value of those who deliver these services. However, for those whose tasks can be handled via the internet or offloaded to other anonymous beings a readjustment of a different kind is occurring. So to the future - for those who have suffered ill-health and lost loved ones, the pandemic only reinforces the human priority. Health and well-being trumps economic health and wealth where choices can be made. The closeness of human contact has been reinforced by the tales of families who have been deprived of the touch of their loved ones, many of whom still don’t know when that opportunity will be offered again. When writing our editorial, a year ago, I little expected to be still pursuing a Covid related theme today. Yet where once we were expecting to look back on this time as a minor hiccough, with normal service being resumed sometime last year, it has not turned out to be that way. Rather, it seems that we have been offered a major reset opportunity in the way in which we continue to progress our future as humans. The question is, will we be bold enough to see the opportunity and embrace a healthier more equitable more locally responsible lifestyle or, will we revert to a style of ‘progress’ where powerful countries, organisations and individuals continue to amass increased amounts of wealth and influence and become increasingly less responsive to the needs of individuals in the throng below. Of course, any retreat from globalisation as it has evolved to date, will involve disruption of a different kind, which will inevitably lead to pain for some. It seems inevitable that any change and consequent progress is going to involve winners and losers. Already airline companies and the travel industry are putting pressure on governments to “get back to normal” i.e. where things were previously. Yet, in the shadow of widespread support for climate activism and the extinction rebellion movement, reports have emerged that since the lockdowns air pollution has dropped dramatically around the world – a finding that clearly offers benefits to all our population. In a similar vein the impossibility of overseas air travel in Australia has resulted in a major increase in local tourism, where more inhabitants are discovering the pleasures of their own nation. The transfer of their tourist and holiday dollars from overseas to local tourist providers has produced at one level a traditional zero-sum outcome, but it has also been accompanied by a growing appreciation of local citizens for the wonders of their own land and understanding of the lives of their fellow citizens as well as massive savings in foregone air travel. Continuing to define life in terms of competition for limited resources will inevitably result in an ever-continuing run of zero-sum games. Looking beyond the prism of competition and personal reward has the potential to add to what Michael Sandel (2020) has termed ‘the common good’. Does the possibility of a reset, offer the opportunity to recalibrate our views of effort and reward to go beyond a dollar value and include this important dimension? How has sport been experiencing the pandemic and are there chances for a reset here? An opinion piece from Peter Horton in this edition, has highlighted the growing disconnect of professional sport at the highest level from the communities that gave them birth. Is this just another example of the outcome of unrestrained commodification? Professional sport has suffered in the pandemic with the cancelling of fixtures and the enforced absence of crowds. Yet it has shown remarkable resilience. Sport science staff may have been reduced alongside all the auxiliary workers who go to make up the total support staff on match days and other times. Crowds have been absent, but the game has gone on. Players have still been able to play and receive the support they have become used to from trainers, physiotherapists and analysts, although for the moment there may be fewer of them. Fans have had to rely on electronic media to watch their favourites in action– but perhaps that has just encouraged the continuing spread of support now possible through technology which is no longer dependent on personal attendance through the turnstile. Perhaps for those committed to the watching of live sport in the outdoors, this might offer a chance for more attention to be paid to sport at local and community levels. Might the local villagers be encouraged to interrelate with their hometown heroes, rather than the million-dollar entertainers brought in from afar by the big city clubs? To return to the village analogy and the tensions between global and local, could it be that the social structure of the village has become maladapted to the reality of globalisation? If we wish to retain the traditional values of village life, is returning to our village a necessary strategy? If, however we see that today the benefits and advantages lie in functioning as one single global community, then perhaps we need to do some serious thinking as to how that community can function more effectively for all of its members and not just its ‘elites’. As indicated earlier, sport has always been a reflection of our society. Whichever way our communities decide to progress, sport will have a place at their heart and sport scholars will have a place in critically reflecting the nature of the society we are building. It is on such a note that I am pleased to introduce the content of volume 43:1 to you. We start with a reminder from Hoyoon Jung of the importance of considering the richness provided by a deep analysis of context, when attempting to evaluate and compare outcomes for similar events. He examines the concept of nation building through sport, an outcome that has been frequently attributed to the conduct of successful events. In particular, he examines this outcome in the context of the experiences of South Africa and Brazil as hosts of world sporting events. The mega sporting event that both shared was the FIFA world cup, in 2010 and 2014 respectively. Additional information could be gained by looking backwards to the 1995 Rugby World Cup in the case of South Africa and forward to the 2016 Olympics with regard to Brazil. Differentiating the settings in terms of timing as well as in the makeup of the respective local cultures, has led Jung to conclude that a successful outcome for nation building proved possible in the case of South Africa. However, different settings, both economically and socially, made it impossible for Brazil to replicate the South African experience. From a globally oriented perspective to a more local one, our second paper by Rafal Gotowski and Marta Anna Zurawak examines the growth and development, with regard to both participation and performance, of a more localised activity in Poland - the Nordic walking marathon. Their analysis showed that this is a locally relevant activity that is meeting the health-related exercise needs of an increasing number of people in the middle and later years, including women. It is proving particularly beneficial as an activity due to its ability to offer a high level of intensity while reducing the impact - particularly on the knees. The article by Petr Vlček, Richard Bailey, Jana Vašíčková XXABSTRACT Claude Scheuer is also concerned with health promoting physical activity. Their focus however is on how the necessary habit of regular and relevant physical activity is currently being introduced to the younger generation in European schools through the various physical education curricula. They conclude that physical education lessons, as they are currently being conducted, are not providing the needed 50% minimum threshold of moderate to vigorous physical activity. They go further, to suggest that in reality, depending on the physical education curriculum to provide the necessary quantum of activity within the child’s week, is going to be a flawed vision, given the instructional and other objectives they are also expected to achieve. They suggest implementing instead an ‘Active Schools’ concept, where the PE lessons are augmented by other school-based contexts within a whole school programme of health enhancing physical activity for children. Finally, we step back to the global and international context and the current Pandemic. Eric Burhaein, Nevzt Demirci, Carla Cristina Vieira Lourenco, Zsolt Nemeth and Diajeng Tyas Pinru Phytanza have collaborated as a concerned group of physical educators to provide an important international position statement which addresses the role which structured and systematic physical activity should assume in the current crisis. This edition then concludes with two brief contributions. The first is an opinion piece by Peter Horton which provides a professional and scholarly reaction to the recent attempt by a group of European football club owners to challenge the global football community and establish a self-governing and exclusive European Super League. It is an event that has created great alarm and consternation in the world of football. Horton reflects the outrage expressed by that community and concludes: While recognising the benefits accruing from well managed professionalism, the essential conflict between the values of sport and the values of market capitalism will continue to simmer below the surface wherever sport is commodified rather than practised for more ‘intrinsic’ reasons. We conclude however on a more celebratory note. We are pleased to acknowledge the recognition achieved by one of the members of our International Review Board. The career and achievements of Professor John Wang – a local ‘scholar’- have been recognised in his being appointed as the foundation E.W. Barker Professor in Physical Education and Sport at the Nanyang Technological University. This is a well-deserved honour and one that reflects the growing stature of the Singapore Physical Education and Sports Science community within the world of International Sport Studies. John Saunders Brisbane, June 2021

This article examines the philosophical aspects of the social and political components of the campaign to eliminate adult illiteracy in the 20s-30s of the 20th century. The philosophy of actions of the Bolshevik Party to overcome mass illiteracy and increase the educational level of the population included a large-scale cultural and educational campaign in 1919-1921, which in history was called “elimination of illiteracy.”With the signing of the decree of the Council of People’s Commissars dated December 26, 1919 “On the elimination of illiteracy among the population of the RSFSR”, and later the order of the Council of People’s Commissariat of the USSR dated May 21, 1921 “On the fight against illiteracy”, the organization of literacy training for the adult population became one of the most important directions in the work of the Soviet authorities. Education became compulsory for all citizens aged 8 to 50. The largest number of illiterates was in the national outskirts. In particular, the elimination of illiteracy in Ukrainian lands was organized by the Main Political and Educational Committee of the republic under the People’s Commissariat of Education, where the All-Ukrainian Emergency Commission for Combating Illiteracy was created. Therefore, according to the authors of the article, the philosophical aspect of the campaign to eliminate illiteracy was, first of all, of a social nature, since the illiteracy of the main mass of the population was considered by the intelligentsia as the most important problem, the solution of which was a necessary condition for the progressive development of a socialist society. The development of the economy and industry, as well as the change in the forms and methods of management, led to an increase in the need for qualified workers, specialists and literate people in general. Such workers produce more and work faster, easily accept new ideas and innovations, and demonstrate greater efficiency and responsibility. It was in the 1920s and 1930s that the Soviet campaign to eliminate illiteracy had its own characteristics. It was not only large-scale and rapid, but it was also culturally, socially and ideologically connected to the general changes taking place in society at that time. The philosophy of combating illiteracy and low literacy was a component of the state’s social policy and was aimed at raising the cultural level of the population, and became one of the priority areas of activity of the party and the Soviet government. In the course of the campaign to eliminate illiteracy in the 1920s and 1930s, we identified several key features of the process: 1) the main goal of the campaign was to create a new type of society with the dominant position of the party bureaucracy, which led to a high level of politicization. 2) the use of forced tempos and rigid methods is caused by the style of implementation of mass projects, which involved the active participation of public organizations, militarization, the class nature of administrative tools and mass. 3) as a result of overcoming illiteracy, the first step was taken towards achieving a real level of world culture for the main mass of the population. At the end of the 1920s, the need to solve the problem of mass illiteracy of the population of the Soviet state was realized by all party, social and public organizations. From this moment, the illiteracy of the majority of the population begins to be considered not only as a social, but also as a political, class problem. The problem of eliminating illiteracy became especially acute in connection with the beginning of forced industrialization of the country and forced collectivization of agriculture. The country desperately needed skilled workers for industry and agriculture. And for this it was necessary to give at least a minimum of knowledge to the workers. Thus, the fight against illiteracy gradually became a component of the cultural revolution and began to acquire a more political character. Mastering literacy has become a tool for mastering political literacy. The brainwashing of peasants and workers and, above all, of the intelligentsia took on more and more expressive forms and scales. This was manifested in the fact that enthusiastic public figures had to pass a test of political loyalty in order to spread various schools and circles of political literacy. The transformation of the fight against illiteracy into a component of the cultural revolution was supposed to lead to full state control over the process of eliminating illiteracy. So, we believe that in the period from the 20s and 30s of the 20th century, the elimination of illiteracy among adult workers and peasants was declared the most important condition for their involvement in the construction of socialism. And thanks to this, the campaign became a kind of foundation for the further development of public education and the basis of cultural and economic progress of the builders of the socialist society. However, against the background of the general context of Bolshevik policy, this campaign was one of the parts of the revolutionary transformations of the Soviet government, which was reflected in the methods and forms of its implementation and in the main results. Eliminating illiteracy was an important priority an important task of the Soviet authorities, and not only a social issue.

Many of the new states that emerged or reconstituted themselves after the First World War used declarations of independence or preliminary constitutions, or both, as organic law until the adoption of a permanent constitution. The majority of those documents did not address the civil and political rights of citizens (e.g. Germany, Ireland) or did so very briefly (e.g. Austria, Czechoslovakia, Georgia, Latvia). Estonia stood out by having a whole chapter dedicated to civil rights in its preliminary constitution. The Preliminary Constitution of Estonia (valitsemise ajutine kord) was adopted by the Constituent Assembly (Asutav Kogu) on 4 June 1919, only six weeks after the Assembly first convened on 23 April 1919. The Constituent Assembly was elected and worked on the Preliminary Constitution at the time of the War of Independence between Estonia and Soviet Russia. Strong left-wing sentiment in the country’s society was reflected in the composition of the Assembly: social democrats held 41 seats, the Labour Party (tööerakond) held 30 seats, and Socialist-Revolutionaries (esseerid) held seven seats, together accounting for 65 per cent of the total 120 seats. The centrist People’s Party (rahvaerakond) led by the journalist and renowned politician Jaan Tõnisson had 25 seats, the centre-right Rural League (maaliit) led by another prominent politician and lawyer Konstantin Päts had only seven seats, the Christian People’s Party had five seats, three seats belonged to representatives of the German minority, and one seat went to the Russian minority. Similar proportions were reflected in the 15-member Constitution Committee that was elected on 24 April 1919. The first draft of the Preliminary Constitution, and of the Civil Rights Chapter as part of it, was allegedly prepared by a young legal scholar named Jüri Uluots. Uluots was a member of the Special Committee that was already convened by the Provisional Government in March of 1919 before the election of the Constituent Assembly. The Special Committee was composed of eight lawyers, each of whom was appointed by one of the major political parties. It was assigned the task to provide first drafts of the provisional and permanent constitutions. The Committee fulfilled only the first task. Due to disagreements in the Special Committee, the draft Preliminary Constitution was submitted to the Assembly without the Civil Rights Chapter. The Constituent Assembly processed the Preliminary Constitution Bill very quickly. The Assembly and its committees worked six days a week. It took about three weeks for the Constitution Committee to modify the Bill and submit it to the plenary session of the Assembly on 18 May 1919. The plenary session read the Bill three times and adopted it on 4 June 1919. The Preliminary Constitution entered into force on 9 July 1919 and was in force until 21 December 1920, when Estonia’s first Constitution entered into full force. The Committee spent considerable time on discussing the Civil Rights Chapter. Although concerns were expressed that the Committee was losing time with such discussions and suggestions were made to develop the chapter later as part of the permanent Constitution, the majority of the Committee deemed it important to also address civil rights in the Bill. Uluots, who had been elected to the Assembly as a candidate of the Rural League and was also a member of the Committee, submitted his draft Civil Rights Chapter to the Committee. Four out of eight sections in the Uluots draft found their way into the Chapter. These included equality before the law, civil and political rights and freedoms, and extraordinary restrictions. Sections regarding the right to participate in politics and the duty to obey the law (including military duty and the duty to pay taxes) were rejected at the plenary session, and the section regarding the right to private property was already omitted by the Committee. Also, the Committee preferred the social security provision proposed by the leader of the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, the schoolmaster Hans Kruus, to the one included in the Uluots draft. The Committee added a new provision concerning education and rejected the right to choose occupations and engage in business proposed by a People’s Party member, the military officer Karl Einbund, and a provision entitling citizens to bring criminal charges against corrupt officials proposed by the social democrat, lawyer and journalist Johan Jans. The first section of the Uluots draft declared all citizens equal before the law. Disputes arouse over the second sentence of the provision. Uluots had proposed that all property and other rights relating to social ranks (the privileges of the nobility) should be abolished. The social democrats (Jans, the writer Karl Ast and others) demanded that privileges and titles should be abolished immediately. Their more moderate opponents (Uluots, Tõnisson, Westholm and others) feared that this would create a legal vacuum in property, inheritance and matrimonial rights. The majority of the Assembly supported the more radical approach and declared that there are no privileges and titles relating to ranks in Estonia. The law implementing the abolition was adopted a year later, in June of 1920. The school headmaster Jakob Westholm, a member of the People’s Party, and Villem Ernits, a social democrat, proposed that the Committee should include a provision concerning education. Their original proposal was scaled back by omitting the duration of mandatory elementary education and by deleting the right to free secondary and university education for talented students. The Preliminary Constitution eventually stipulated (§ 5) that education is compulsory for school age children and is free in elementary schools, and that every citizen is entitled to education in his/her mother tongue. The Committee combined civil and political rights, which were originally in two separate provisions in the Uluots draft, into one section (§ 6) stipulating that the inviolability of the person and home, secrecy of correspondence, freedom of conscience, religion, expression, language, press, assembly, association, and movement can only be restricted in accordance with the law. There were no disputes over the provision in the Committee or at the plenary session. The Committee preferred the proposal made by Kruus as the basis for further discussions on social security: “Every citizen will be guaranteed a decent standard of living according to which every citizen will have the right to receive the goods and support necessary for the satisfaction of his/her basic needs before less urgent needs of other citizens are satisfied. For that purpose, citizens must be guaranteed the obtaining of employment, the protection of motherhood and work safety, and necessary state support in the case of youth, old age, work disability and accidents.” While the last part of Kruus’ proposal was similar to Uluots’ draft and the term “decent standard of living” resembled the German menschenwürdiges Dasein (later adopted in Article 151 of the Weimar Constitution), the origin of the middle part of the provision remains unclear. The social security provision was by far the most extensively debated provision of the Chapter. The main issue was the state’s ability to fulfil its promises and whether social security should take the form of direct allowances or mandatory insurance.Views diverged even within the same parliamentary groups. The Committee replaced “will be guaranteed” with the less imperative “must be guaranteed in accordance with the law”. As a compromise, it deleted the middle part guaranteeing satisfaction of basic needs since it was deemed ‘too communist’ for many members. The plenary session supported adding the right to acquire land for cultivation and dwelling in the second sentence of the provision (§ 7) just before the adoption of the Bill. The last section in the Chapter (§ 8) provided that extraordinary restrictions of the rights and freedoms of citizens and the imposition of burdens come into force in the event of the proclamation of a state of emergency on the basis and within the limits of the corresponding laws. In the course of the discussions led by the lawyer and member of the Labour Party, Lui Olesk, the Committee turned the original general limitations clause into an emergency powers clause resembling similar provisions in the Russian Constitution of 1906 (Article 83) and the Austrian Basic Law on the General Rights of Nationals of 1867 (Article 20). Uluots urged the Committee to include protection of private property in the Bill as a safeguard against tyranny. The provision caused long and heated debates on the limits to nationalisation of private property, especially the principle of fair compensation. The provision was rejected by the majority of both the Committee and the plenary session. In anticipation of land reform, the deputies did not want to narrow down legal options for the expropriation of large estates owned mostly by the German nobility. After their defeat on the protection of private property, the right-wing members wished to protect freedom to choose an occupation and engage in business, trade, industry and agriculture. The majority refused again, arguing that during the war, there had been too much profiteering, and speculators do not deserve protection, and also that the government should have free hands to regulate industry. Without any long deliberations, the Committee also rejected the proposal to allow citizens to sue civil servants in criminal courts. Jans defended his proposal by pointing out the high level of corruption among officials and the need to provide the people with a means for self-defence. His opponents argued that Estonia had already set up administrative courts in February of 1919, providing citizens with an avenue for challenging the corrupt practices of officials. Committee and Assembly members also discussed the legal nature of the fundamental rights and freedoms included in the Bill. Some social democrats deemed it important to craft the provisions as guarantees that citizens can enforce against the state (Jans), but the majority deemed the provisions as political guidance for the legislator. Supporters of the latter view were afraid that direct enforceability of the Civil Rights Chapter would saddle the government with an unsurmountable economic burden. The state’s only directly binding obligation was probably the right to free elementary education.

Summary: Pedagogical life in Kosovo and Metohija took place under specific and unsettled political, economic and cultural conditions. However, starting from the point of view that the education system in Kosovo and Metohija was conditioned by the great inherited cultural and educational backwardness and the ethnic diversity of the population, the efforts of the educational policy are focused both on the development of the school network, the improvement of education, literacy, school education, as well as on drawing out the population from centuries of cultural and educational backwardness. Starting from this point of view, the basic task and content of the work is dedicated to the treatment of the problems of schooling and education in Peć and its surroundings from its beginning until 1907, which mainly related to a limited number of Serbian schools and education that was one-sided in its content. The emphasis was on a more detailed analysis of teaching work, attendance, number of pupils, teaching staff, conditions in which the educational process was carried out. The subject of the research is to open up many life questions, both questions about the development of education, and about the development of this region, which is somewhat neglected. One of the subjects of the research was to save the development of schooling from insidious and fatal oblivion as a source of preservation and development of the national and cultural identity of a people, guardian and promoter of civilizational achievements, universal and humanistic values.

Education is the most powerful instrument to change the society. The welfare and economic progress of a country depends on the quality of education because education refers to the development of human skill and knowledge of the people or labor force and education is called human capital. Different education policies during the post independent period focused primarily to improve the enrolment in the primary school in India. In order to access all children up to 14 years of age the different National Education Policies gave priority to universialization of elementary education program on different times and many initiatives like Operation Black Board, Mid-day Meal, Sarvashiksha Abhijan (SSA) and Right to Education Act. Uttar Dinajpur district is not an exception. Literacy and education of the district shows dismal picture and according to census report 2011the district has the lowest rank in the state. The district is an economically and educationally back ward district. The present paper is an attempt to study the enrolment trend at the elementary level in the government school and private schools in Uttar Dinajpur during the period 2012-13 to 2016-17 and enquiry into the problems relating to the learning outcomes of the children at the elementary level in government schools of the district. The empirical findings point out many problems such as poor academic performances of the students, wastage of teaching time on mid-day meal related works, irregular attendance of the teachers in the school, teacher-guardian meet, guardians choice regarding admission of their children , lack of parents awareness and use of mobile phone in the class room.

Radicalism and Terrorism are still real and potential threats. There are many reasons why people can be exposed, one of which is the low economy of the community. Islamic boarding school educational institutions, so far, their economic resources sometimes come from donor funds, infaq, monthly students, and self-help educators. The economic potential of Islamic boarding schools in Indonesia is very large, it is hoped that with good management it can increase income so that the boarding school continues to exist in producing intellectual cadres as well as improving the economy of the surrounding community. By empowering MSMEs, they can become the driving force of the people's economy that continuously contributes to the prosperity and independence of the nation's economy. Indirectly, MSMEs are also a form of effort to manage strategic resources during peacetime in order to face threats to territorial integrity, state sovereignty and the safety of all nations in realizing national security. This study aims to analyze the empowerment of the Al-Ittifaq Islamic Boarding School in Bandung Regency in increasing income and developing teaching in order to encourage pesantren independence in supporting the defense economy. This study uses descriptive qualitative research methods. This research data collection technique is interview, observation, and literature study. The data obtained were then analyzed based on data analysis according to Miles, Huberman, and Saldana. The results showed that Pesantren Al-Ittifaq has an integrated and structured empowerment model, namely economic and business education as well as gradual, continuous, and synergistic empowerment, as well as the strength of a strong inter-element network on the principle of kinship. Fostering the economic independence of students at the Al-Ittifaq Islamic Boarding School is to involve students in economic endeavors. By providing basic training so that they become skilled workers. Thus there is a transformation of applied science (technical skills) to the students as a form of coaching to build a spirit of independence and entrepreneurship.

Training Russian entrepreneurs capable of generating the innovative approaches to the implementation of national and federal projects is an important task for increasing the efficiency of the economic system in the foreseeable future. Teaching entrepreneurship in secondary school and the development of entrepreneurial competencies among schoolchildren, starting from grades 6-7 in Russian secondary schools, is a necessary stage in achieving that goal. The authors have analyzed the current experience and the first results of the implementation of the pilot educational project “Small Academy of Economics, Finance and Law” that was implemented by the teachers of the Institute of Social and Humanitarian Education of the Moscow State Pedagogical University in early 2020. The target audience of this project was school students of grades 7-9 of educational institutions of secondary education in Moscow. The article reveals some didactic aspects of the entrepreneurial education and promising directions for improving the process of teaching entrepreneurship, taking into account the specifics and capabilities of secondary schools. The main methods used in the present study were methods of observation, conversation, synthesis, expert assessment. As a result of the analysis of the experience of teaching entrepreneurship in secondary school conclusions about the advisability of using the system-activity approach and contextual approach to organizing the cognitive activity of the school students were drawn by authors. To improve the educational process the authors have proposed to develop a standard program of entrepreneurship for the extra-time activities for educational organizations of secondary education and educational guidelines for teachers and schoolchildren. The article emphasizes that the experience of that project should be replicated as part of the interaction of universities and educational organizations of secondary education in all subjects of the Russian Federation.

Abstract: This research is based on the researcher's interest to know more deeply and then to describe the implementation of character education in a high school / vocational school. As one of the SMK "suburbs", SMK Tekom MBM has a heavier task compared to the favorite SMA / SMK / MA because of the condition early students in vocational "suburbs" in lower quality, lower discipline, less good character. Although there are some students who already have a positive character, but the conditions in general are very different. They also come from underprivileged economic conditions. Schools "outskirts should certainly try harder to help learners get better change during their educational process. In the context of this research is how SMK Tekom MBM conducts character education by developing character values ​​as outlined by the Ministry of National Education but inspired by the teachings of Islam. This research produces findings of character development based on religious values ​​in SMK Tekom MBM implemented by: (1) integrated with subject learning process; (2) integrated in extracurricular activities; (3) integrated in the activities of intra-school organizations (OSIS); (4) Integrated in extra-school organizational activities, ie IPNU-IPPNU; (6) integrated in school culture. Keyword: karakter religius, pendidikan karakter, pendidikan karakter di sekolah, pendidikan karakter religius di SMK

The 27th of January 1941 was a memorable day in the bizarre history of the Amsterdam International Institute of Social History during the German occupation. Within the scope of activity of his “Office for the Occupied Territories”, NSDAP Reichsleiter Alfred Rosenberg placed the Lieutenant-Commander and Nazi publisher Eberhard Kautter “in charge” of the IISH: “It is your duty to be responsible for the organizational supervision and the deployment of those staff members who qualify for the utilization of the institute. Your mission is to be carried out in agreement with the head of the Netherlands work group of the task force from my office, Oberbereichsleiter Schirmer.” On the same day, the bustling chief of the self-named Einsatzstab (task force), in his function as “Commissioner of the Führer for the Supervision of all Mental and Ideological Training and Education”, approached Robert Ley, the Reichsorganisationsleiter of the NSDAP and head of the Deutsche Arbeitsfront (DAF – German Labor Front). He had a letter sent to him that Eberhard Kautter had drafted already in early January and had obviously withheld until Kautter had been named to the post of IISH administrator. Rosenberg reminded Ley that, in a decree from 29 January 1940, Hitler had entrusted him with all of the preparations for the establishment of a Hohe Schule (Supreme School), that was to be the “central site of National Socialist research, instruction and education”. Thus, he was “setting up a number of branch institutes of the Supreme School”. Among these was an “academy”, the task of which would be to work out the close connection between the “National Socialist Weltanschauung” and the “practical way of structuring life” both for the present and the future. Now he was contacting him, since Ley was also interested in “the relationship between Weltanschauung and social structuring” in his function as Reichsleiter of the DAF and had certainly run up against similar problems within the scope of the extensive “economic-statistical work” of his office.

The phenomenon of pedagogical heritage of an outstanding scientist, teacher and organizer of scientific work Vasily Loburets is discovered in the article. It is proved that his scientific and pedagogical conception is the driving force for retro revival of the progressive achievements of the national higher education and is an important factor in the production of new pedagogical knowledge, creation of innovative educational systems and technologies. V. Loburets is a prominent educator who combining scientific and educational activities for over 50 years (1956–2006), taught historical sciences at V.G. Korolenko Poltava National Pedagogical University. It has been found that the scientist has made the significant didactic and organizational efforts to the establishment of historical education system. V. Loburets is the founder of the national scientific and pedagogical school, the author of the original textbooks, scientific methodological manuals, and a brilliant lecturer. For his meaningful pedagogical activity he was awarded many state awards.It is established that the combination of fundamentality and innovativeness as a characteristic feature is observed in all the components of scientist’s creative work, in particular: development of methodology of scientific and educational knowledge; enrichment the content, methods and forms of teaching historical disciplines; improvement lecturing skills; writing textbooks and manuals for higher schools; establishing the author’s scientific school.The study proved that the idea concerning the defining role of education in socio-economic and cultural development of society had been substantiated by V. Loburets. In the current context of growing crisis phenomena in society – environmental, informational, demographic, national and others – humanity consciously refers to prognostic and anticipatory functions of education. Not by accident the XXI century is proclaimed “the century of education” by UNESCO. Today there is an axiomatic view that without fundamental education it is impossible to realize personality, to build a state. Only the citizens’ level of education determines the place of the state in the global society and the development of civilization. Therefore his idea of about the defining role of education, in particular technical one, in socio-economic and cultural development of society, the necessity of its development for the progress of humanity and state sounds very topically today. The scientist had proved the idea of continuous education, the importance of its content renovation through the integration of scientific knowledge. In this regard, he emphasized systemically important nature of didactic content of the academic disciplines, which had been considered by the scientists as pedagogically developed systems that match students’ capabilities and bring their understanding of the foundations of modern science. The study proved that the creative work of V. Loburets is a set of theoretical ideas, methodological achievements and advanced experience of activity according to the criteria of significance and topicality, thoroughness and perspectivity, intensity and time appropriateness that should consider expediently as a combined phenomenon of fundamentality and innovativeness.

The coronavirus disease 2019, or COVID-19, forced the shift from normal to the new normal in the Philippines, the ASEAN region, and the rest of the world. This descriptive-qualitative inquiry sought to uncover the COVID-19 constructs of college students and to determine new normal learning delivery modalities in the context of a state-owned higher education institution. Anchored on the constructivist lens and the grounded theory, Ricoeur’s hermeneutic analysis served as a method of exploring the narratives. The perceived effects of the community quarantines were modes of schooling changed, mental health was tested, internet connectivity problems, economic impacts, and boredom. To better respond to the pandemic, the participants believed that the higher education institution may listen to all stakeholders, learn from other universities, and formulate research-based actions. Modular and online modes wherein blended learning synchronously and asynchronously served as the operational learning delivery modalities of the higher education institution. The learning delivery modalities of the higher education institution complied with the policies and guidelines of the national government, local government units, and the Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases. The new normal learning delivery modalities in a higher education institution based on the constructs of the COVID-19 pandemic of college students were formulated. The results of this study may serve as bases for developing participatory and proactive educational policies and guidelines in transitioning from normal to the new normal.

Background Recent work has documented declining public school racial/ethnic segregation, as students have become more evenly distributed across schools and districts since the turn of the century. However, we know little about how declines in school racial/ethnic segregation have affected students of different levels of economic resources. While some evidence suggests that class may be supplanting race as the defining force in structuring residential segregation, it is unclear whether this trend toward spatial assimilation is mirrored in schools. Objective In this study, we provide initial evidence linking racial/ethnic and socioeconomic segregation in schools. First, we disaggregate patterns and trends in metropolitan segregation by student race/ethnicity and household income to examine how changes in racial/ethnic segregation are experienced by students of different income levels. Second, drawing on theories of spatial assimilation and place stratification, we examine the relative importance of race/ethnicity vis-à-vis income in structuring patterns of segregation. Research Design We use unique data on the joint distribution of student race/ethnicity and family income from the National Center of Education Statistics’ Education Demographic and Geographic Estimates (NCES EDGE) system. For each U.S. metropolitan area, we calculate measures of between-district segregation from 2000 to 2011. We compute measures of racial/ethnic and socioeconomic segregation using the dual-group index of dissimilarity and the rank-order information theory index. We focus on two key comparisons: the segregation between non-White and white students in the same income quintile, and the segregation between non-White students in each income quintile and all White students. Findings We find that recent declines in racial/ethnic segregation were unevenly distributed across the income distribution. For example, while Black students of all income levels experienced declines in segregation from Whites, decreases were particularly pronounced for affluent Blacks. In addition, poor White students became more segregated from non-White students of all income levels. We also document shifts in the contributions of race/ethnicity and income to segregation: While income is increasingly implicated in Black–White and Hispanic–White segregation, Asian–White segregation is increasingly attributable to race/ethnicity. Conclusions Findings highlight the complexity of student experiences of segregation by race/ethnicity and income. Focusing exclusively on declines in racial/ethnic segregation or increases in income segregation may lead scholars to neglect phenomena such as the worsening segregation of poor White students, or improving segregation among affluent non-Whites. In addition, while racial/ethnic segregation remains high, segregation between non-Whites and Whites is increasingly attributable to income differences between racial/ethnic groups (i.e., spatial assimilation), with the exception of Asian students.

It has been established that advanced training of medical school teachers in the USA has two directions: the deepening of pedagogical competence and clinical and medical competence. An overview of the historical development of the teachers’ advanced training system has been made. The emphasis is placed on the role of globalization processes in the organization of advanced training. It has been established that in the USA in the field of advanced training, the emphasis is placed on consultations and strengthening of collegiality, as opposed to many other countries where advanced training is aimed at developing strategic approaches to improving teaching and learning at institutional level. The following conclusions have been made the development of the system of professional development of teaching staff in the USA is regulated by the activities of the US Department of Education for the organization of an effective system of university teachers’ advanced training; the reform of the American system of professional education and the improvement of the legal and regulatory framework of the system of advanced training resulted from the changing of socio-economic paradigm in society; the experience of the advanced training abroad became a necessary driving force for the implementation of an optimal system in the United States. It has been established that professional associations and organizations engage in the professional development of teachers at the national level. In addition to special institutions and agencies, most medical schools in the United States have separate divisions responsible for conducting advanced training courses for the faculty. These divisions include independent departments (for example, the Academy of Medical Teachers) or units of academic or other departments. The activities of the medical educators’ advanced training programs in the USA are carried out in the following areas: application of technologies in education, academic leadership, development of professional communication, development of the innovative evaluation techniques, conflict management, work in a multicultural environment, etc.

Executive SummaryIn 2020 a group of U.S. healthcare leaders formed the National Organization to Prevent Hospital-Acquired Pneumonia (NOHAP) to issue a call to action to address non–ventilator-associated hospital-acquired pneumonia (NVHAP). NVHAP is one of the most common and morbid healthcare-associated infections, but it is not tracked, reported, or actively prevented by most hospitals. This national call to action includes (1) launching a national healthcare conversation about NVHAP prevention; (2) adding NVHAP prevention measures to education for patients, healthcare professionals, and students; (3) challenging healthcare systems and insurers to implement and support NVHAP prevention; and (4) encouraging researchers to develop new strategies for NVHAP surveillance and prevention. The purpose of this document is to outline research needs to support the NVHAP call to action. Primary needs include the development of better models to estimate the economic cost of NVHAP, to elucidate the pathophysiology of NVHAP and identify the most promising pathways for prevention, to develop objective and efficient surveillance methods to track NVHAP, to rigorously test the impact of prevention strategies proposed to prevent NVHAP, and to identify the policy levers that will best engage hospitals in NVHAP surveillance and prevention. A joint task force developed this document including stakeholders from the Veterans’ Health Administration (VHA), the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), The Joint Commission, the American Dental Association, the Patient Safety Movement Foundation, Oral Health Nursing Education and Practice (OHNEP), Teaching Oral-Systemic Health (TOSH), industry partners and academia.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic severely affected Indonesia in health and socio-economic sectors. As a new disease and the challenge became an opportunity for policy creation of the government. AIM: The study explored how the government as a policymaker responded to the COVID-19 pandemic within the framework of the policy window, as seen in the news media. This study also looked at how the public perceived the policy creation and the implementation. METHODS: A qualitative case study was conducted to answer the research questions by reviewing three main national news media, namely, Respublika, Media Indonesia, and Kompas, on primary communication from three policies makers (president, ministry of health, and COVID-19 task force). The searching coverage was within 1 year of the pandemic, from March 2019 to February 2020. The articles were analyzed using content and contextual analysis approaches. The articles were coded thematically using open coding in the native language, supported by MS Excel and qualitative software ATLAS.ti version 8. The data discuss with the existing literature using the policy window framework. RESULTS: We found that 147 articles were eligible for the study, which the majority of them were president communication. The president communicated in all aspects COVID-19 related policy, including integrated policy, health policy, and the economic. Ministry of health mainly focused on health policy and the task force on public education. The study showed that the government has utilized a policy window for policy creation in addressing the COVID-19 pandemic. The policy addressed all related issues that were affected by the pandemic, ranging from healthcare to financing. There were weaknesses in the implementation, such as not adequately informed to the public and some inconsistency among stakeholders. CONCLUSION: Policy creation without consistent implementation led to public distrust and rejection.

Education is a bridge enabling children of low-skilled immigrants to access higher tiered professions in a segmented labor force in order to experience socio-economic gains and social mobility. Historically, Catholic immigrants (Irish, Polish, Italian and German) have been served by the parish school which provided a basis for household integration and economic advancement in American society. This paper explores the relationship between the parish school as an agent of socialization and children of new Catholic Latino immigrants. Comparative historical analysis of old and new patterns of immigration serves to demonstrate how the mediating role of the parish school has changed. Qualitative analysis contributes to a theory of institutionally generated social capital which is operationalized by measures of communitarian socialization. Using data from the Consortium of Chicago School Research, I use ordered logit regression to measure the effect of high school socialization patterns on student’s pro-social outcomes. I find that contrary to national data, Catholic high schools in Chicago are enrolling higher percentages of Latinos, a majority of whom are children of immigrants. A school climate characterized by affective support and inspirational ideology are significantly related to pro-social outcomes, while intergenerational closure is not. These findings are important because the parish school has a legacy of contributing to conditions necessary for children of immigrants to experience upward mobility.

Since 2009, the Chinese government has launched a basic public health services (BPHS) equalization program to provide the same BPHS to all the citizens. However, utilization of BPHS among older migrants is still low. The purpose of this paper was to explore the determinant individual and contextual factors of older migrants’ utilization of BPHS, and to provide suggestion for the government to improve BPHS utilization. Based on Andersen’s model of health services use, data from the China’s Regional Economic Statistics Yearbook 2014 and National Health and Family Planning Dynamic Monitoring Survey on Migrant Population 2015 were analyzed using a hierarchical random intercept model for binary outcomes. Results showed that the percentage of migrant older adults receiving free physical examinations, which is an important item of BPHS, was 36.2%. Predisposing (education, hukou, living duration in the host city, and scope of migration), enabling (health insurance and social networks), and need (self-rated health and chronic conditions) factors of individuals’ characteristics had significant impact on the use of BPHS. The proportions of both migrant children enrolled in public schools and people with established health records had a positive impact on an individual’s chance of receiving free physical examinations. These findings suggest that economic development and improvement at the level of the city’s health resources cannot effectively improve access to BPHS by older adult migrants. Instead, the driving force appears to be supportive policies for the migrant population.

The importance of vocational training and capacity assessment has grown since the 1980s. Vocational education is an important foundation for societal and economic development. Therefore, it is crucial to develop vocational training and education that meet the demands of the labor market. Modern industrial structure is different from that of the past, creating an imbalance in the supply and demand of the labor force. The purpose of the Skills Competition (the collective term for the regional competition under the Taiwan National Skills Competition in this research) is to encourage the young generation to participate in vocational education and training, thereby further improving the effect and efficiency of learning and training. In order to develop suitable indicators for the joinery trade of the regional competition, Taiwan National Skills Competition (hereinafter referred to as the Regional Competition), we first identify the level of importance of each indicator. Firstly, this study formed a hierarchical structure via the fuzzy Delphi method (FDM) with six training indicators (drawings, internal and external joints, assembly, measurements, finishing and appearance, and application of materials), and 27 sub-indicators were developed on the basis of these six major indicators. Secondly, in order to develop suitable training indicators for the joinery trade of the Regional Competition, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (fuzzy AHP) was adopted to seek the relative weight value of each indicator by assessing subjects through a paired-comparison. The results show that, among the six indicators, the relative weight value of measurements was the highest, followed by finishing and appearance and drawings. The indicators with higher relative weight value, such as measurement and finishing and appearance, should be paid more attention during the training processes. It is hoped that these results be presented to the trainers or instructors of training institutions or vocational schools as a reference to improve their training models, strategies, and quality.

It is indicated that to solve the task in the western regions of the Ukrainian SSR, methods and personnel tested during the «great terror» of the 1930s in the USSR were used. The management and operational staff of the NKVD-NKGB involved in the «clearing» operation, their professional training, and work methods were considered. Emphasis is placed on the use during the Sovietization of Western Ukraine of a significant number of new appointees in the NKVD–NKGB system, graduates of departmental schools who trained personnel for state security agencies. The origin, education, origins of national consciousness, motivation for the actions of individual members of the OUN underground are clarified, and their sacrifice is characterized. Dramatic clashes between members of the OUN and NKVD–NKGB employees during border crossings, arrests, staging, and imprisonment are highlighted. It is noted that in the confrontation between the Soviet repressive bodies and the participants of the Ukrainian national liberation movement, the former had state, military, economic, political institutions and tools at their disposal, while the opposing side could count on the solidarity of the members of their organization, their own knowledge and experience, and moral stability. Keywords Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists, People’s Commissariat of Internal Aff airs, People’s Commissariat of State Security, Rivne region, Sovietization, repression, arrests, interrogations, resistance, armed clashes, escapes, Sectoral State Archive of the Security Service of Ukraine.

The aim of the present paper is to highlight the process of educational and cultural cooperative between China and African countries, particularly Burundi, the gap it came to fill and the positive outcomes it has generated. It is essentially based on a review of existing relevant documentation. African Universities were born during a period marked by rapid change as most of the countries of the continent were achieving independent nationhood. In this context, those young institutions were assigned the daunting task of contributing to national development through research activities and by producing competent manpower to help in solving the complex problems facing those societies. To this end, African states have sought to enhance the performance of their higher education systems through cooperation with China an emerging but experienced country. Hence, since the 1960s, China has been granting scholarships and other facilities to prospective African leaders and technocrats to study in different regions of the host country. Within this framework, Burundi has enjoyed cooperation assistance from the P.R. China, in economic, medical, cultural and educational matters since independence. This has helped the country to build the capacity of its education system, particularly higher education. We may conclude by saying that the offering of scholarships, the exchange of scholars, artistic performances on both sides as well as the widening Chinese language teachin programme in schools and universities through the Confucius Institute have gone a long way in promoting intercultural appreciation and understanding between the two countries. In this perspective, there is a need for highlighting the extent to which China-Burundi educational and cultural cooperation has contributed the building of mutual understanding between, the two countries.

The problem of population decline and local annihilation is directly linked to the problems of national existence and balanced national development. Despite massive fiscal and population growth policies to solve the problem of low fertility and aging according to the Framework Act on Low Fertility and Aging, the population fertility rate is 0.81 in 2021, which is the lowest in the world. As the phenomenon of concentration in the metropolitan area accelerated due to a decrease in local jobs and unbalanced development of the region, the Special Act on Balanced National Development, the Metropolitan Area Reorganization Planning Act, and the Local University Promotion Act have been enacted and implemented to solve the problem. development is not resolved. The government enacted the Special Act on Support for Depopulated Areas in June 2022 to respond to local annihilation. In the same law, local governments lead crisis response in areas with reduced population, national customized comprehensive support, strengthening cooperation between local governments and countries, and special provisions for childcare, medical care, housing, transportation, culture, and immigration in areas with reduced population is putting. Although it is necessary to distinguish between population reduction and local annihilation, the Special Act on Support for Depopulation Areas defines only the term “depopulation area” and does not define the concept of “local annihilation”. It is necessary to conceptually define a region that requires special social, economic, financial, and administrative measures from the state as local governments cannot survive on their own or are in danger of extinction as an area with a low population density. In this paper, after examining the main contents of Korea's Constitution, the Special Act on Balanced National Development, and the Special Act on Support for Depopulated Areas, to find implications for Korea and propose public law tasks by reviewing the Spanish Constitution and the legislative examples of Castile-La Mancha in Spain, present. First, although the Korean constitution provides for balanced national development, the principle of solidarity stipulated in Articles 2 and 138 of the Spanish Constitution is stipulated to provide positive preferential treatment to areas in danger of late extinction or concern, so that the lives of the residents of the area are made. quality should be improved. Second, shared accommodation through settlement subsidies, tax reductions, and vacant home village regeneration should be made to activate residential mobility and sedentity in areas with reduced population and local extinction. Third, the Special Act on Support for Areas with Decreased Population has special regulations regarding the establishment of childcare facilities and universities, hearing opinions from the heads of local governments when kindergartens and elementary schools are closed, subsidizing expenses, and special measures for school establishment. Since it is necessary to substantially guarantee the right to education and access to education, etc., legal and institutional arrangements should be made to ensure the right to access public education, maintain schools, guarantee equal access to education for students, internship programs, non-compulsory education programs, and vocational training. Fourth, since the expansion of jobs and local labor force is the key to recovering the lost population and suppressing the disappearance of local areas, it is possible to create effective and suitable jobs in the depleted areas, as well as incentives for workers in the depleted areas, and to develop public and private projects and projects. Promotion, deregulation, and simplification of administrative procedures, project projects and plan implementation management systems for local extinction areas, and funding programs (subsidies) should be introduced.

There are many gender imbalances in the social and economic sphere of Ukraine, the reasons for which originate in the peculiarities of the state policy of the Soviet Union with regard to women. Although the official ideology asserted that the "women's question" in the USSR had been resolved and equality between women and men had been achieved, this issue required deeper analysis and research. Despite a certain number of works devoted to the study of women's issues in the USSR, it must be stated that the problem of the economic activity of Ukrainian women in the Soviet national economy has not yet been given due attention and is very relevant and useful for further research on gender issues. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to trace the changes in the economic activity of Ukrainian women associated with the formation, establishment and modifications of the Soviet regime, to analyze the real situation of women in the USSR and their participation in social production.It was found that the involvement of the female labor force in the USSR production used legislating gender equality, domestic "emancipation" of women, the eradication of illiteracy and the involvement of women in different levels of education, the development of the system of social guarantees and benefits for women through active advocacy, deployed socialist competition. It was established that the gender division of labor was almost leveled thanks to the policy of widespread involvement of women in production activities at the stage of the formation of the Soviet economy and after the Second World War. However, later the concentration of women in certain sectors of the economy, mainly those where the use of their labor was explained as a continuation household responsibilities of women, which in turn affected the gender pay gap. It can be argued that the main task of the Soviet emancipation policy towards women was to use them additional labor resourse in the Soviet economy.

The article is devoted to one of the current problems of the modern labor market – youth employment. It is noted that today the main causes of youth unemployment are the mismatch of the volume and areas of vocational training to the needs of the economy and labor market, insufficient quality of training, unsatisfactory working conditions offered by young employers in specific jobs. All this requires immediate systemic transformations, both economic and social. Because youth is a component of the labor force, additional potential that may soon have a significant impact on improving the economic and social condition of the community and the revival of national and spiritual heritage of the Ukrainian people. Young people have a significant advantage over other age groups of the working population, as they have a longer working capacity, better physical health and endurance, a high level of education, greater professional and migratory mobility. It is concluded that in modern conditions it is necessary to intensify the process of supporting business initiatives of young people, to encourage them to actively seek work and get a profession that is in demand in the labor market; develop and implement projects aimed at financing active measures to promote youth employment; conduct research to determine the specialties, professional skills and qualifications that graduates must have; include mandatory student internships in educational programs; to develop a mechanism for promoting part- time work among young men and women in their free time and the organization of experimental enterprises in universities and vocational schools; introduce a program of “job guarantees for young people”, which would provide that no later than, for example, three months after graduation, everyone should get a job; organize meetings with employers and former unemployed who have successfully found a job or started their own business.

The issue of proper and careful use of the country’s labor resources is nowadays one of the most pressing ones. Low employment rates with low levels of remuneration, shadow labor market, and high rates of labor migration from Ukraine pose a threat to the economic and social security of the state. Under such conditions, the question of national employment policy development is highly relevant. The goal of this policy is to create optimal conditions in the labor market. It is also important to develop the public employment service as a social partner of labor market entities. The main objectives of this service are to help people find employment in Ukraine, analyze the labor market, assist people in organizing their entrepreneurial activities, provide vocational guidance and training, help specific categories of citizens with workplace and employment issues, provide financial and information support for the unemployed, etc. Therefore, it is necessary to form innovative approaches and solutions that will enable creation of a service-oriented model of the development of national employment policy. This model provides for use of outsourcing technology to optimize the employment tasks entrusted to government agencies. In this case, it is proposed that job search services for competitive citizens be transferred from public employment centers to private agencies that provide recruiting and outsourcing services. Interaction with employers and selection of jobs for specific categories of citizens should be left to units of the public employment service. An important task confronting regional employment centers is to analyze the requirements for skills and knowledge that employers want in their employees, industry prospects of job offers, staff turnover rates, and reasons for dismissal of employees. Participation of regional employment centers in regional clusters is innovative. Employment centers will supplement production and technical cooperation with required labor resources supply service. Cooperation of regional employment centers with business structures and institutions of higher education will help update the content of education, develop effective educational programs, and raise the quality of theoretical and practical training of students to match the current needs of the labor market for their successful employment in the future. Systematic labor market analysis will make it possible to propose measures to create conditions for legalization of employment and bringing the labor market out of the shadow based on social positions. As a result, this will lead to transformation of the labor force into a driving factor in the economic development and social well-being.

There are influential factors in education management policy and actors who play a role in shaping this policy. The effective factors and actors in the educational processes in question show a wide variety. The general character of a country has a significant impact on the analysis of education policy. This makes the process of making education policy even more difficult in many ways. A historical and evolutionary perspective on the dynamics of politics over time allows the analyst to form a sense of why the policy was put forward at that moment in particular. By studying the past, one can probably learn about the speed of implementation of educational policies. The planning capacity of the state at the national level is one of the most important variables in terms of institutional analyses of the political sector. In addition, the professional opinions of bureaucrats educated at universities can influence the educational plans and ideologies of the elite. The economic development of a country is one of the most important factors affecting education policy. It is impossible to think of the economy and the country's development independently of each other. In democratic countries, parliament is one of the most important elements of the public policy process. If requests, needs, problems or expectations arising in any area of society come up and have a permanent feature, they are transmitted by official or civil institutions to the state, in other words, to the government or public institutions. A public policy programmed and shaped by laws or regulations by the legislative or executive branch during the public policy making process cannot enter into force if it is canceled by the judiciary. Therefore, judicial institutions can be Decried as among the official actors in the public policy making process. Bureaucracy is not something that constantly adds strength to deciding political questions, and in fact, with it, it also takes on the task of implementation. The application includes all the activities designed to reveal the policies issued by the law makers. Public institutions and their officials should be considered as the main source both in the shaping and implementation of public policies. Because political actors come and go by election and may not have technical knowledge about policies. In the public policy process, official persons and institutions belonging to the state, as well as persons and institutions present in society and expressed as civil actors, play a role in policy formation, implementation and evaluation. Civilian actors play a role in policy processes without any clear, legal duties to participate in. Key Words: Education Management, Education Policy, Official and Civil Actors

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the association between socioeconomic status and child overweight/obesity in Portugal and to evaluate income-related inequalities in its distribution. Design/methodology/approach Data come from the last Portuguese National Health Survey (2005/2006) – sample of 6,903 observations. To define child overweight/obesity, the International Obesity Task Force cut-offs for body mass index (BMI) were used; the logistic regression analysis was adopted to explain the risk of overweight/obesity and inequality was measured by means of concentration curve and index. Findings The evidence obtained points to income-related inequalities in child overweight/obesity favourable to the better-off. The probability of child overweight/obesity was lower for higher income households, but up to a certain point a positive association between income and caloric food intake was found. The concentration index obtained was −0.072 (p-value<0.001). Research limitations/implications Some data limitations, no information on: physical exercise; sleeping habits; parents’ education and BMI; age is coded in groups. Although the data are from 2005/2006, the current analysis is useful to future works aiming to discuss the impact of the economic and financial crisis which occurred after these data were collected. Social implications It is important to tailor policies targeting child obesity/overweight in order to tackle not only the prevalence of this disease but also its distribution. Originality/value Drawing attention on inequalities in child obesity/overweight in Portugal as the vast majority of studies have focussed on prevalence. The middle income effect is an issue raised in this work which deserves further investigation.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore some of the issues affecting successful employment outcomes for young women in male-dominated careers, focusing on those generally accessed via a traditional Australian apprenticeship model. Current patterns of participation in trades-based fields of education and training reinforce the highly gender segregated nature of the Australian Labour Force. Women are particularly under-represented in the large industries of construction, mining and utilities, where female employees account for only around 12, 15 and 23 per cent of employees, respectively, an issue of concern both in terms of increased economic participation of women and girls, and gender equality more broadly. The foundations for transition from education and training to employment are established during school. It is during these formative years that young men and women have notions of what is possible for them, and what is not possible, reinforced. Unfortunately, gendered stereotypes and perceptions around certain career options for young women are still reinforced within schools and create barriers to widening young women’s participation in a range of careers, particularly in fields traditionally dominated by males. The paper discusses strategies supporting initial apprenticeship opportunities for young women, and supportive structures to help women and girls build careers in these industries. Design/methodology/approach – This paper draws from a mixed method study, involving a national electronic survey of educators, industry and community groups, and a range of semi-structured interviews. Whilst the major study focused primarily on career exploration in relation to young women taking on careers in science, technology, engineering and mathematics and non-traditional industries, this paper focuses on one aspect of this study, young women taking up an apprenticeship in a male-dominated career. The research around career exploration was undertaken in 2014, and this paper has placed it in the current context of falling apprenticeships and increasing pressures to increase the number of women and girls employed in a wider range of careers. Findings – The findings of this particular study consider the barriers to young women taking on apprenticeships and identify strategies that hopefully will produce more successful pathways. This paper can be seen as adding to the public discourse to address the Australian Government’s stated reform objective in vocational education and training (VET), that trade apprenticeships are appropriately valued and used as career pathways. Originality/value – This paper can be seen as adding to the public discourse to address the Australian Government’s stated VET reform objective, that trade apprenticeships are appropriately valued and used as career pathways.

The article is dedicated to the elections to the State Assembly of Hungary on April 3, 2022, which ended with the victory and acquisition of a constitutional majority by the now ruling coalition of Fidesz-Hungarian Civil Union and the Christian Democratic People’s Party (KDNP) - (Fidesz–KDNP). It analyzes its electoral platform “War or Peace”, the center of which was the attitude to the Russian-Ukrainian war. It is indicated that this war divided the political forces of Hungary into two camps – supporters of neutrality (peace) or supporters of Ukraine (war). The ruling coalition advocated neutrality, non-intervention in the war, which guaranteed the preservation of peace and tranquility for the citizens of Hungary. All the opposition forces showed support for Ukraine against Russia. The authorities accused the latter of the fact that their pro-Ukrainian and anti-Putin activities posed a danger and threatened the spread of the war to the territory of Hungary. It is emphasized that thanks to this position, Fidesz–KDNP won a convincing victory in Hungary as a whole and especially among the Hungarian communities abroad, while the six-party opposition bloc, although it won convincingly in 17 of Budapest’s 18 districts, suffered a significant defeat in the country as a whole. The main reasons for the unexpected victory of the ruling coalition Fidesz - HDNP in these elections are highlighted. Among them: the coalition flexibly combined centrist and center-right values, synthesized them and rose above narrow party interests, turning into a broad popular front of the Hungarian nation. It is also noted that during the 12-year remaining stay in power in the country, transformations were completed, namely, a new Basic Law (constitution) was adopted, relevant legislation was formed, and a national democratic model of political and economic power was introduced according both to the state and EU standards that complies with state and EU standards. The internal policy was aimed at the development of traditional branches of the economy and the formation of modern forms of management. Relatively high economic development of the country was ensured thanks to by the effective use of foreign investments, international markets, which are far from being limited to EU countries. Hungary develops close cooperation with countries of all regions, if its national interests are ensured. Great attention is paid to the support and protection of Hungarian communities living in countries neighboring Hungary (Romania, Slovakia, Serbia, Ukraine). At the legislative level, the status of Hungarians abroad is almost equal to that of Hungarians in the country itself. The policy of national unity, the recognition of Hungarians, regardless of their residency country of residence, as members of a united single Hungarian nation, gained general approval. The concentration of domestic and foreign policy on the priority of Hungarian interests helped Fidesz to turn into an authoritative and reliable political force of the country, which, using civilized methods, fights for the future of Hungary, the comprehensive development of its people, the preservation of the identity of Hungarian communities abroad, the prevention of assimilation, mass emigration and the restriction of their rights along national lines. In addition, the ruling coalition managed to form a reliable financial, personnel, and media potential, to significantly expand the electoral field of its activities, which no opposition political force is able to compete with, especially during the elections to the State Assembly. The qualitative composition of the new parliament was analyzed. The progress of the election of the new President of Hungary on March 9, the speaker of the newly elected parliament, his deputies and heads of parliamentary factions on May 2, and finally the Prime Minister of Hungary on May 16 and the approval of the country’s new government headed by Viktor Orbán on May 24, is highlighted. Great attention is paid to the formation of Hungarian-Ukrainian relations. The analysis of political processes during the election campaign and in the first months after the end of the elections, in particular the attitude of Budapest to the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, to the formation of Hungarian-Ukrainian relations, allowed us to draw conclusions that the priorities of the international activities of the ruling coalition of Hungary will remain unchanged: serving the interests of the Hungarian nation on in all territories of its residence, in particular support, protection and assistance to Hungarian national communities in Romania, Slovakia, Serbia and Ukraine. The results of the parliamentary elections in Hungary on April 3, 2022 confirmed that these principles are unchanged and continue to be binding in the activities of the Hungarian government institutions. It is emphasized that the level of development of Hungary's bilateral relations with neighboring states will depend on ensuring the Hungarian foreign communities interests how the interests of the Hungarian foreign communities will be ensured (granting dual citizenship, autonomy status for the community, creating conditions for cultural and educational development based on in the national language and traditions). Hungarian-Ukrainian relations will be in the same condition state. Hungary supports the territorial integrity of Ukraine, its European choice, condemns Russian aggression, supports the EU’s sanctions policy against the Russian Federation, and provided shelter for 800,000 refugees from Ukraine. More than 100,000 people from Ukraine stay are in Hungary illegally. Since July 19, Hungary has allowed the transit of weapons from other countries through its territory to Ukraine. Yet But it continues to maintain neutrality in the Russian-Ukrainian war, supports EU energy sanctions against the Russian Federation in such a way that it does not harm its economic interests. At the same time, it does not agree to the application of certain legal provisions on education the procedure for using the Ukrainian language as the official language on the territory of Ukraine, that came into force in 2017 and 2019 to the Hungarian community of Transcarpathia of a number of provisions of the laws on education and the procedure for using the Ukrainian language as the official language on the territory of Ukraine, which came into force in 2017 and 2019. It is emphasized that the settlement of cultural and educational issues of the Hungarian community of Transcarpathia should become a priority task for both countries.

The article is dedicated to the elections to the State Assembly of Hungary on April 3, 2022, which ended with the victory and acquisition of a constitutional majority by the now ruling coalition of Fidesz-Hungarian Civil Union and the Christian Democratic People’s Party (KDNP) - (Fidesz–KDNP). It analyzes its electoral platform “War or Peace”, the center of which was the attitude to the Russian-Ukrainian war. It is indicated that this war divided the political forces of Hungary into two camps – supporters of neutrality (peace) or supporters of Ukraine (war). The ruling coalition advocated neutrality, non-intervention in the war, which guaranteed the preservation of peace and tranquility for the citizens of Hungary. All the opposition forces showed support for Ukraine against Russia. The authorities accused the latter of the fact that their pro-Ukrainian and anti-Putin activities posed a danger and threatened the spread of the war to the territory of Hungary. It is emphasized that thanks to this position, Fidesz–KDNP won a convincing victory in Hungary as a whole and especially among the Hungarian communities abroad, while the six-party opposition bloc, although it won convincingly in 17 of Budapest’s 18 districts, suffered a significant defeat in the country as a whole. The main reasons for the unexpected victory of the ruling coalition Fidesz - HDNP in these elections are highlighted. Among them: the coalition flexibly combined centrist and center-right values, synthesized them and rose above narrow party interests, turning into a broad popular front of the Hungarian nation. It is also noted that during the 12-year remaining stay in power in the country, transformations were completed, namely, a new Basic Law (constitution) was adopted, relevant legislation was formed, and a national democratic model of political and economic power was introduced according both to the state and EU standards that complies with state and EU standards. The internal policy was aimed at the development of traditional branches of the economy and the formation of modern forms of management. Relatively high economic development of the country was ensured thanks to by the effective use of foreign investments, international markets, which are far from being limited to EU countries. Hungary develops close cooperation with countries of all regions, if its national interests are ensured. Great attention is paid to the support and protection of Hungarian communities living in countries neighboring Hungary (Romania, Slovakia, Serbia, Ukraine). At the legislative level, the status of Hungarians abroad is almost equal to that of Hungarians in the country itself. The policy of national unity, the recognition of Hungarians, regardless of their residency country of residence, as members of a united single Hungarian nation, gained general approval. The concentration of domestic and foreign policy on the priority of Hungarian interests helped Fidesz to turn into an authoritative and reliable political force of the country, which, using civilized methods, fights for the future of Hungary, the comprehensive development of its people, the preservation of the identity of Hungarian communities abroad, the prevention of assimilation, mass emigration and the restriction of their rights along national lines. In addition, the ruling coalition managed to form a reliable financial, personnel, and media potential, to significantly expand the electoral field of its activities, which no opposition political force is able to compete with, especially during the elections to the State Assembly. The qualitative composition of the new parliament was analyzed. The progress of the election of the new President of Hungary on March 9, the speaker of the newly elected parliament, his deputies and heads of parliamentary factions on May 2, and finally the Prime Minister of Hungary on May 16 and the approval of the country’s new government headed by Viktor Orbán on May 24, is highlighted. Great attention is paid to the formation of Hungarian-Ukrainian relations. The analysis of political processes during the election campaign and in the first months after the end of the elections, in particular the attitude of Budapest to the aggression of the Russian Federation against Ukraine, to the formation of Hungarian-Ukrainian relations, allowed us to draw conclusions that the priorities of the international activities of the ruling coalition of Hungary will remain unchanged: serving the interests of the Hungarian nation on in all territories of its residence, in particular support, protection and assistance to Hungarian national communities in Romania, Slovakia, Serbia and Ukraine. The results of the parliamentary elections in Hungary on April 3, 2022 confirmed that these principles are unchanged and continue to be binding in the activities of the Hungarian government institutions. It is emphasized that the level of development of Hungary's bilateral relations with neighboring states will depend on ensuring the Hungarian foreign communities interests how the interests of the Hungarian foreign communities will be ensured (granting dual citizenship, autonomy status for the community, creating conditions for cultural and educational development based on in the national language and traditions). Hungarian-Ukrainian relations will be in the same condition state. Hungary supports the territorial integrity of Ukraine, its European choice, condemns Russian aggression, supports the EU’s sanctions policy against the Russian Federation, and provided shelter for 800,000 refugees from Ukraine. More than 100,000 people from Ukraine stay are in Hungary illegally. Since July 19, Hungary has allowed the transit of weapons from other countries through its territory to Ukraine. Yet But it continues to maintain neutrality in the Russian-Ukrainian war, supports EU energy sanctions against the Russian Federation in such a way that it does not harm its economic interests. At the same time, it does not agree to the application of certain legal provisions on education the procedure for using the Ukrainian language as the official language on the territory of Ukraine, that came into force in 2017 and 2019 to the Hungarian community of Transcarpathia of a number of provisions of the laws on education and the procedure for using the Ukrainian language as the official language on the territory of Ukraine, which came into force in 2017 and 2019. It is emphasized that the settlement of cultural and educational issues of the Hungarian community of Transcarpathia should become a priority task for both countries.

Actuality of research theme. The development of the economies of the leading countries of the world shows that today there has been a transition from the industrial stage of development to the post-industrial economy, also called the innovative economy, the knowledge economy, etc. In such circumstances, special attention is required to analyze the problems of the educational sector in the context of reform, as a component of the sustainable development of any society. Problem statement. The basis of national wealth, its most valuable resource is not the natural and reproducible capital, but the human and intellectual capital, as it is the level of its development and determines the economic growth rate of modern society. Today, in the context of educational reform, special attention needs to be paid to addressing the mismatch in the labor market supply and demand for labor resources of certain professions, qualifications and educational level of training. Analysis of the last researches and publications. Significant contribution to the consideration of human capital development problems were made by Boginya D. P., Vovkanych S. I., Heets V. M., Holubets M. A., Hrishneva O. A., Dolishnii M. I., Zlupka S. M., Kanigina Y. M., Kolot A. M., Kuzmin A. E., Mocherniy S. V., Fedulova L. I., Khmil F. I. [2-5] and others. Selection of unexplored parts of general issue. The issue of governance for sustainable development in the country is intrinsically linked to the process of reforming the country's education sector, so finding effective mechanisms for reform requires particular attention and in-depth theoretical and practical research. Therefore, there is a need to research the potential of such a segment of the market for educational services for higher education institutions, as retraining and advanced training of teachers of professional (professional-technical) education institutions in Ukraine. Task statement, research aim. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the potential and opportunities of expanding the segment of the market of educational services of higher education institutions for retraining and professional development of teachers of professional (professional-technical) educational institutions. Method or methodology of realization of research. In the process of realization researches drawn on scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analytical grouping) and special (abstracting, economical-mathematical design, etc.) methods of study of the economic phenomena and processes. Exposition of basic material (job performances). The analysis of prospects and opportunities of development of the segment of the market of educational services of institutions of higher education in relation to retraining and professional development of teachers of institutions of professional (professional-technical) education is conducted in the work. The analysis of the Ukrainian labor market shows that there is a mismatch of supply and demand for the labor resources of certain professions and qualifications, which confirms the need to solve problems related to the need to overcome imbalances. It is proved that in order to solve the problems of reforming the education system in order to improve its quality and competitiveness, there is a need to optimize the system of training and retraining of pedagogical staff for professional (professional-technical) education. It is established that the success of reforms in the system of professional (professional-technical) education can be ensured by more active involvement in the process of retraining and advanced training of teachers of higher education institutions. In order to determine the potential of the mentioned segment of the market of educational services for higher education institutions, the analysis of indicators of educational activity in the professional-technical system of Ukraine was conducted. It is established that during 1991–2018 there was a decrease in both the number of vocational education institutions and the contingent of persons studying there. It is proved that the shortage of skilled workers is a consequence of the fact that during the years of independence the number of vocational schools has decreased by 40%, and the number of trained workers has decreased by more than half. The analysis of the relationship between the number of professional (professional-technical) educational institutions, the number of students and students in them and the number of teaching staff indicates a decrease in all of these indicators. The dynamics of indicators of the level of financing of education in general and vocational-technical in particular and the comparison of these indicators in Ukraine and economically developed countries of the world have been conducted. The necessity of increasing the volume of financing to the level of economically developed countries has been proved in order to ensure the efficiency of the initiated reforms. Conclusions. The paper analyzes the prospects and opportunities for the development of the market segment of educational services of higher education institutions for retraining and professional development of teachers of professional (professional-technical) education institutions. The analysis of the labor market of Ukraine revealed the existence of a mismatch of supply and demand for labor resources of certain professions and qualifications. It is proved that in order to solve the problems of reforming the education system in order to improve its quality and competitiveness, there is a need to optimize the system of training and retraining of pedagogical personnel for vocational education by involving teachers of higher education institutions. In order to determine the potential of the specified segment of the market of educational services for higher education institutions, the analysis of indicators of educational activity in the system of professional (professional-technical) education in Ukraine was conducted. According to the analysis of the dynamics of indicators of the level of financing of education in general and vocational and technical in particular, the necessity of simplifying licensing of the provision of services for retraining and upgrading of qualifications, attraction to financing of these services by non-state sources (in particular, from employers and investors), creation of mobile institutions with the possibility of receiving educational services in the field of distance education, use of Internet technologies, provision of educational services at the place of realization of acquired competences and deepening of client-oriented approaches to the content and form of the provision of services. This will ensure that, from a variety of (mainly non-governmental) sources, funding is increased to the level of economically developed countries in order to ensure the effectiveness of the reforms started.

43 Background: Lung cancer remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality, with a predicted 1.8 million deaths worldwide yearly. The United States Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF) recommends screening for lung cancer with Low Dose Computed Tomography (LDCT) for all genres of age 55 to 80 with a 30 pack-year smoking history, current smokers or have quit within the past 15 years. Early detection has shown to reduce mortality. Only 4% of eligible patients in the US actually undergo lung cancer screening. Methods: A retrospective review of data was performed amongst the University of Connecticut Internal Medicine Residents acting as PCPs at a Clinic in Hartford, CT, USA. Results: 369 medical charts were reviewed. 115 patients (31.1%) met the USPSTF criteria for screening. 5.7% had an appropriately ordered LDCT scan. 2.71% had a LDCT completed and 2.98% had LDCT scheduled but pending or cancelled. 4 patients with smoking history who did not meet USPSTF criteria but had a LDCT due to clinical suspicion for lung cancer. Approximately 11% of patients had chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) or emphysema and asthma. 5 patients had a first degree relative with history of lung cancer. 6 patients had lung cancer, 3 of which had metastatic lung cancer at the time of diagnosis and are deceased. Conclusions: Lung cancer screening amongst resident PCP is insufficient. The results obtained were lower than the national average. This is likely due to newer trainees focusing less in prevention/screening and more on managing chronic medical conditions. Patients that attend resident PCP clinics in the US are typically of lower socio-economic status, less insurance coverage or uninsured and with a lower level of education. LDCT orders that were cancelled were likely because insurers declined it. Patients not realizing the importance of screening could also be contributing. It is unclear if lung disease or family history attributes a higher risk of developing lung cancer. In conclusion, educating resident PCPs and patients on lung cancer screening, as well as evaluating the reasons for cancelling LDCT could help ensure high quality care.

Actuality of research theme. In the current context of reforming the education sector, the problem of financial support for the initiated reforms needs special attention, since its success depends on the degree of its sufficiency. This fully applies to the system of vocational education, as in recent years the problem of shortage of workers has been actualized. It is possible to solve the problem of providing the leading branches of the national economy with personnel only in the conditions of sufficient level of financing of education in general and profesional-technical in particular.Problem statement. The issue of managing the reform process and decentralizing power to ensure the country's sustainable development is intrinsically linked to the educational reform process, so finding effective reform mechanisms and funding levels requires particular attention and in-depth theoretical and practical research. Analysis of the last researches and publications. Significant contribution to the consideration of the problem of development of education and its financing were made by Burkovskaya Ya. G., Vovkanych S., Petrenko V.P., Palekhova V.A., Semov L. [1-4] and others. Selection of unexplored parts of general issue. The formation of conditions for the sustainable development of the national economy depends on the level of provision of the necessary personnel, compliance with the level of their preparation to the requirements of the present, which cannot be ensured without sufficient level of education funding. Therefore, there is a need to study the effectiveness of funding mechanisms for profesional-technical education in Ukraine in the context of decentralization and reform of the administrative and territorial structure in the country. Task statement, research aim. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the level and mechanisms of financing the process of reforming and developing profesional-technical education in Ukraine. Method or methodology of realization of research. In the process of realization researches drawn on scientific (analysis and synthesis, induction and deduction, analytical grouping) and special (abstracting, economical-mathematical design, etc.) methods of study of the economic phenomena and processes. Exposition of basic material (job performances). This paper analyzes the dynamics and mechanisms of financing the reform of profesional-technical education in Ukraine.As a result of the analysis of the structure of funding sources, it has been established that in recent years there has been a shift in the financial burden for the maintenance of profesional-technical education institutions from the state to local budgets.It is shown that according to the actual and planned indicators of financing, there is a coincidence in relation to the state budget with systematic failure to meet the planned indicators by local budgets.The effectiveness of financial support for the decentralization of profesional-technical education reforms has been analyzed. The results show that at the initial stage of reforms, their success was threatened by the under-financing by their local governments. At the state level, the problem was solved in 2016 through a stabilization grant.According to the analysis of the dynamics of the state budget subvention volumes to the local budgets for the modernization and updating of the technical and technical base of the profesional-technical institutions, its distribution between the regions of Ukraine and the level of implementation of the planned indicators, it has been found that during 2016-2018, its volumes increased from UAH 50 million to 100 million, and in 2019 decreased to the level of 2016. The actual amount of the subvention was lower than planned, which resulted in a total underfunding of UAH 11 million 235.3 thousand.The analysis showed that during 2016-2019, the regional funding priorities had changed, but the subsidy volumes did not depend on the size of the oblast and the corresponding amount of profesional-technical institutions in them.The conducted analysis showed that the highest level of subsidizing the modernization and updating of the material and technical base of vocational schools during the 2016-2019 years was received by Kharkiv, Kirovograd, Kherson, Dnipropetrovsk, Odessa, Ternopil and Kyiv regions. Poltava and Transcarpathian regions received the lowest subsidies in these years.Consequently, the imbalances in the distribution of subsidies are not justified and the subsidy mechanism needs a more prudent approach, since among the regions that have not received subsidies are those where there is a significant need for staffing.The foregoing makes it possible to conclude on the establishment of a system of financing vocational services, in particular continuous, non-deficit ways, taking into account regional needs of the labor market and the level of provision of educational services. It will be advisable in further studies to look for mechanisms to further attract financial resources for the development of profesional-technical education on public-private partnerships. It is promising to study the procedures for compensation of interest on credit resources by banking institutions in cooperation with stakeholders to improve educational services.Conclusions. The analysis of the dynamics and mechanisms of financing the reform of profesional-technical education in Ukraine shows that in recent years there has been a shift in financial burden for the maintenance of profesional-technical institutions from state to local budgets.It is established that there is a coincidence of actual and planned indicators of funding in the state budget and a discrepancy in local budgets.The level and effectiveness of financial support for the decentralization of profesional-technical education reforms have been analyzed. It has been shown that due to the underfunding of local budgets at the initial stage of reforms, their extension was in jeopardy. The situation was corrected by the use of a stabilization grant from the state budget.According to the results of analysis of the dynamics of the state budget subvention volumes to the local budgets for modernization and updating of the technical and technical base of the profesional-technical institutions, its distribution between the regions of Ukraine and the level of implementation of the planned indicators, it was established that during 2016-2019 the regional priorities for financing changed, but the volumes of the subvention did not depend the size of the area and the corresponding amount of profesional-technical institutions in them. The analysis showed that there are imbalances in the distribution of subsidies between regions, which is not justified, so the subsidy mechanism needs a more prudent approach, since among the regions that received subsidies are those where there is a significant need for staffing. The above makes it possible to conclude the establishment of a system of financing profesional-technical services, including continuous, deficit-free ways, taking into account the regional needs of the labor market and the level of provision of educational services (involvement of teaching staff of qualified specialists, exchange of experience, international internships, extension of the list educational services, etc.).

The article deals with the essence, factors, and patterns of macroeconomic risks mitigation. The purpose of the paper is to summarize and present a classification of systemic risks, to analyse principles and methods of macroeconomic risks evaluation. The methodological basis of the study is general scientific and special methods of cognition. The most extended analysis of systemic risks not only from the perspective of geographical and historical aspects but also in the context of modern economic processes is carried out. Results of the research prove that in the context of formation of a new economy of Ukraine and approval of the practice of timely prevention and mitigation of macroeconomic risks in accordance with imperative of modern time, it is necessary to: 1) give real state priority to the most advanced educational technologies. While providing maximum broad and equal access of youth to education, we should have the program for search and practical support of national intelligence phenomena in place; 2) create conditions for rehabilitation and advanced development of innovative directions of applied and, first and utmost, polytechnic sciences. It is the task of the state to ensure their financial support and direct employment at enterprises. All-round support of introduction of high-yield venture developments into the production; 3) secure efficient state protection of intellectual property, create legislatively the conditions for commercial usage of innovative achievements within the country; 4) encourage with maximum efficiency return of high-level engineers and blue-collar workers to the technological area; breathe new life into the system of professional and technical schools where information and programming professions prevail and which graduators would be engaged with priority into operations in unique productions; 5) create modern information market, allround support of introduction of a unified information field. Learning and striving to satisfy human needs without placing systemic risks on future generation being on the Earth should become the core principle of a civilizational development. Value/originality. We may lay down an essential principle of civilizational regulation of systemic risks when each state, specifically the international community, should set up (subject to all complexities of practical implementation) regulating constants, rules, and bans of such contents and in such direction to have business or entrepreneurial activities carried out ultimately in the risk-related mode, which would cause no detrimental effect on the economy as whole.