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Doncel Invernizzi, Fredy. "Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica: breve reseña histórica". Reportes científicos de la FACEN 14, n.º 2 (30 de dezembro de 2023): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18004/rcfacen.2023.14.2.177.
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El presente artículo pretende realizar un breve recorrido de la historia de la Comisión Nacional de Energía Atómica que actualmente es una Institución dependiente de la Universidad Nacional de Asunción. Lleva trabajando en la promoción y el uso pacífico de la energía nuclear y de las radiaciones ionizantes en el país desde su creación. Se detalla sus funciones y los servicios especializados que brinda a la sociedad en la actualidad.
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Ehlermann, Claus-Dieter. "Role of the European Commission as Regards National Energy Policies". Journal of Energy & Natural Resources Law 12, n.º 3 (agosto de 1994): 342–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02646811.1994.11432998.
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Yanev, M. "Judicial and public control over the discretionary powers of the national regulatory commission in the fields of energy and public utilities". Uzhhorod National University Herald. Series: Law 2, n.º 77 (13 de julho de 2023): 133–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2307-3322.2023.77.2.22.
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The article analyzes the judicial and public control over the discretionary powers of the National Commission for State Regulation of Energy and Utilities. The Authority of the Regulator in the field of setting tariffs in the energy sector is a broad discretion, therefore, an important legal issue is the regulation and implementation of control activities for their implementation.
It has been established that the legislation does not provide for the responsibility of the National Commission for State Regulation of Energy and Utilities before consumers - natural persons for making illegal decisions, which can significantly complicate the process of receiving compensation by the consumer for losses incurred as a result of making such decisions by the National Commission for State Regulation of Energy and Utilities in court. This indicates a very high degree of risk and opportunities for abuse in decision-making by the regulator in the field of setting prices (tariffs), including for housing and communal services, which are related to his discretionary powers.
The article analyzes court cases over the past 3 years by courts of administrative jurisdiction in courts of first instance, in which of the National Commission for State Regulation of Energy and Utilities was a participant (in 2019 – 117 decisions were made, in 2020 – 167 decisions, in 2021 – 179 decisions). However, the results of the analysis led to the conclusion of a very low level of legal activity of consumers - natural persons. Such a low activity of appeals by natural persons against the decisions of the National Commission for State Regulation of Energy and Utilities in the field of setting tariffs may indicate either a low level of knowledge in the field of current mechanisms for setting tariffs in the field of energy and possible public control over their adoption, the need to incur significant costs of time and money to appeal the decisions of the regulator, and mistrust in court in terms of making fair decisions in a dispute with a subject of authority.
It was concluded that today the household consumer of services in the field of energy is practically not protected from the arbitrariness of the Regulator in the context of the presence of an effective mechanism for checking the use of discretionary powers by the regulator in the field of tariff insertion. In general, only a combination of judicial and public control can give a positive result in the direction of implementing the principle of good governance in the activities of all administrative bodies, including the National Commission, which carries out state regulation in the fields of energy and communal services.
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Livingston, Peter, e Rhys Hunt. "Reducing regulatory burden on the upstream petroleum sector". APPEA Journal 50, n.º 2 (2010): 687. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/aj09051.
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On 30 April 2009, the Productivity Commission released its Review of Regulatory Burden on the Upstream Petroleum Sector. The report identified significant unnecessary costs from delays and uncertainties in obtaining approvals, duplication of compliance requirements and inconsistent administration of regulatory processes. The commission found that these burdens could be reduced through new institutional arrangements—principally the establishment of a national offshore regulator—as well as implementation of best practice regulatory principles in all jurisdictions. On 5 August 2009, the Commonwealth Minister for Resources and Energy, the Hon Martin Ferguson AM MP, announced the Australian Government’s intention to establish a national offshore petroleum regulator in Commonwealth offshore areas, from 1 January 2012. The Council of Australian Governments is scheduled to consider an all-of-governments’ response to the commission’s recommendations in early 2010. The paper will discuss the policy rationale for reform, the proposed reforms and how they will be implemented.
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Raimov, R. I. "SYSTEM AND POWERS OF BODIES IMPLEMENTING ADMINISTRATIVE AND LEGAL REGULATION OF NATURAL MONOPOLIES". Legal horizons, n.º 17 (2019): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i17.p:83.
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The article is devoted to the problem of defining the system and powers of state bodies that carry out administrative and legal regulation of the activity of subjects of natural monopolies. The main attention is paid to the analysis of the legislation of Ukraine and the practice of its application. Changes in the status of these state bodies during their formation, which were carried out by different legal acts in different fields of law and various spheres, are investigated. The author has analyzed the authorizations on the implementation of the administrative and legal regulation of natural monopolies in the field of energy and utilities and the legal status of local state administrations, the Antimonopoly Committee, the Ministry of Energy and Coal Industry, the national commissions for the regulation of natural monopolies, the National Commission for the state regulation of the energy and utility sectors services. It is established that, in addition to the national commissions for the regulation of natural monopolies, the National Commission for State Regulation in the Spheres of Energy and Public Utilities implements state regulation in areas adjacent to and/or identical to natural monopolies. It is determined that the relevant state bodies, which carry out administrative and legal regulation of the activities of the subjects of natural monopolies, are empowered to form their own branched system forming structure, which is able to exist in parallel and independently of other branches of government. The powers of state bodies that carry out the administrative and legal regulation of the activities of natural monopoly entities are enshrined in both laws and by-laws. A study of these powers has shown that each public authority has specific rights and responsibilities. The creation of structural units in each case occurs in fundamentally different approaches. Some public authorities have more independent status than others. A number of conflicts of law and potentially unconstitutional provisions have been identified. Particular attention is paid to the ratio of powers of different state bodies. Keywords: natural monopolies, state bodies, administrative law, regulation.
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Iliopoulos, Theodoros. "Dilemmas on the Way to a New Renewable Energy Directive". European Energy and Environmental Law Review 27, Issue 6 (1 de dezembro de 2018): 210–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2018027.
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In 2016 the Commission put forward a Proposal for a revised Renewable Energy Directive for the period 2020 to 2030. This article focuses on the dilemmas on the way to this new Renewable Energy Directive, as reflected by the Commission's Proposal, but also by the European Parliament's amendments that followed in January 2018. Within this context, the Renewable Energy Directive currently in force is analyzed with the help of recent case law, and two core dilemmas are identified, to wit 1) whether the new RE target should be merely determined at the EU level or it should also be translated into national binding targets and 2) whether RE support schemes should be harmonised and open to other Member States.
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Đukić, Mališa, e Margareta Zidar. "Sustainability of Investment Projects with Energy Efficiency and Non-Energy Efficiency Costs: Case Examples of Public Buildings". Sustainability 13, n.º 11 (22 de maio de 2021): 5837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13115837.
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According to the European Commission Energy Union strategy from 2015, some of the main objectives are to improve energy efficiency, reduce dependence on energy imports, cut emissions, and drive jobs and growth. Achieving the objectives of the Energy Union requires significant financing, particularly for investments in energy efficiency. Serbia and Croatia included the objectives of the Energy Union in their national strategies and have implemented various investment projects in this area. This paper focuses on the sustainability of energy efficiency projects for public buildings which include not only energy efficiency investment cost but also non-energy efficiency investments. By applying the European Commission methodology for cost-benefit analysis, we assessed the sustainability of several projects in Serbia and Croatia. The sustainability assessment is done by quantifying energy savings, greenhouse gas emission reductions and the social and economic benefits that are related to non-energy efficiency project components. The values of economic performance indicators imply that society would be better off with projects that would contribute to achieving not only the targets set in national energy strategies but also to creating broader social benefits.
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Leiren, Merethe Dotterud, Kacper Szulecki, Tim Rayner e Catherine Banet. "Energy Security Concerns versus Market Harmony: The Europeanisation of Capacity Mechanisms". Politics and Governance 7, n.º 1 (28 de março de 2019): 92–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v7i1.1791.
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The impact of renewables on the energy markets–falling wholesale electricity prices and lower investment stability–are apparently creating a shortage of energy project financing, which in future could lead to power supply shortages. Governments have responded by introducing payments for capacity, alongside payments for energy being sold. The increasing use of capacity mechanisms (CMs) in the EU has created tensions between the European Commission, which encourages cross-country cooperation, and Member States that favour backup solutions such as capacity markets and strategic reserves. We seek to trace the influence of the European Commission on national capacity markets as well as learning between Member States. Focusing on the United Kingdom, France and Poland, the analysis shows that energy security concerns have been given more emphasis than the functioning of markets by Member States. Policy developments have primarily been domestically driven, but the European Commission has managed to impose certain elements, most importantly a uniform methodology to assess future supply security, as well as specific requirements for national capacity markets: interconnectors to neighbouring countries, demand side responses and continuous revision of CMs. Learning from other Member States’ experiences also play a role in policy decisions.
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Dyer, Robert F., e Thomas J. Maronick. "An Evaluation of Consumer Awareness and Use of Energy Labels in the Purchase of Major Appliances: A Longitudinal Analysis". Journal of Public Policy & Marketing 7, n.º 1 (janeiro de 1988): 83–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/074391568800700107.
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The National Energy Policy and Conservation Act of 1978 requires the Federal Trade Commission to mandate labels for appliances indicating their energy consumption. The purposes of this study are to measure the level of awareness of appliance energy labels by recent purchasers of refrigerators and washers, and to measure changes in the degree to which energy considerations entered into the purchase decisions of national samples of consumers before and after introduction of the FTC program.
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PLÁ, R. R., e N. R. RATTO. "ARCHAEOMETRY AT THE ARGENTINE NATIONAL ATOMIC ENERGY COMMISSION: CHARACTERIZATION OF ARGENTINE NORTHWESTERN POTTERY". Archaeometry 49, n.º 2 (maio de 2007): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4754.2007.00311.x.
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Seidel, Robert W. "The national laboratories of the Atomic Energy Commission in the early Cold War". Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences 32, n.º 1 (2001): 145–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/hsps.2001.32.1.145.
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Pashkovskaya, I. "EU Energy Policy on Shale Gas and Other Unconventional Fossil Fuels". World Economy and International Relations 60, n.º 4 (2016): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-4-29-37.
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The article presents a study of the EU energy policy regarding the exploration and production of shale gas and other unconventional fossil fuels using high-volume hydraulic fracturing, which the European Commission has developed since 2011. The author gives answers to the following questions: what are the factors making it inevitable for the EU to work out special energy policy in this sphere, and what is the essence of this policy; what the European Commission considers to be positive results of the EU energy development; what is the energy-related sore point of the EU economy? The European Commission activity for constructing the basis of the EU energy policy in the above-mentioned sphere was provoked and stimulated by the shale gas revolution – spectacular success of the USA and a number of countries, which followed them, in enhancing their national energy security due to the implementation of advanced technologies in shale gas exploration and extraction. In 2012–2013, the European Commission hold an online public consultation “Unconventional Fossil Fuels (e.g. Shale Gas) in Europe” which addressed relevant stakeholders representing oil and gas industry, national and local authorities, environmentalists, geologists, scientists, experts in industrial risks, and was aimed at taking account of their concerns and views on the shale gas production in the EU Member States in its upcoming work. According to the consultation results, a large majority of all respondents share the view that «the EU should take some action: "doing nothing" was the least favored option, ... and… there are important information needs associated with unconventional fossil fuels exploration and extraction, and… potential challenges should be addressed with appropriate measures». In 2014, the European Commission, stimulated by the support of public at large, activated its efforts and presented initiatives laying down the foundations of the EU energy policy in the sphere of shale gas and other unconventional fossil fuels exploration and production in the EU Member States.
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Fradin, Frank. "Up Close: Materials Science at Argonne National Laboratory". MRS Bulletin 11, n.º 5 (outubro de 1986): 34–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400054488.
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Basic and applied materials research at Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) is conducted by the Materials Science Division (MSD) and the Materials and Components Technology Division (MCT). Of the $30 million annual budget, $23 million comes from the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) that funds Basic Energy Sciences (BES)-Materials Sciences, Reactor Development, Fusion Energy, Fossil Energy, and Conservation Technology. Another $5 million of the $30 million budget comes from the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the remaining $2 million is from the Department of Defense.Representative projects in fission energy include fuel element behavior in the Advanced Breeder Reactor, fuel development for the Integral Fast Reactor, and supporting research in aqueous corrosion and in phase stability.Materials research for fusion environments includes containment materials, liquid metal compatibility, vanadium alloy development, defect production processes, radiation-induced segregation, sputtering of self-replenishing low atomic number coatings, and ultrahigh field superconductors.
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Hollingworth, Alan S. "California Gas: A Brief History and Recent Events". Alberta Law Review 31, n.º 1 (1 de fevereiro de 1993): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr678.
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The author discusses recent developments and ongoing issues related to regulatory authorities, contracts and pipeline matters affecting the gas industry in California, in comparison to elsewhere in the United States and Canada. Included is a review of some of the more important decisions of the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, the California Public Utilities Commission and the National Energy Board. This paper is solely the work of the author. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent the views of the author's firm or any client of that firm.
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O’Connell, Brian. "A ‘Made in Qatar’ Energy Transition Strategy". European Energy and Environmental Law Review 28, Issue 6 (1 de dezembro de 2019): 226–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2019023.
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Qatar is an independent constitutional monarchy and one of the world’s largest producers of natural gas. Qatar’s National Climate Change Plan commits the country to rapid decarbonisation of the energy system in line with the Paris Agreement. This analysis considers the international legal and regulatory frameworks that could enable the Qatari financial sector to support progress to domestic and global climate targets agreed to in the Paris Agreement. energy transition, Paris Agreement, sustainable finance action plan, Qatar, European Commission
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Lavrijssen, Saskia A. C. M., e Saskia A. C. M. Lavrijssen. "Networks on Track: From European Regulatory Networks to European Regulatory ‘Network Agencies’". Legal Issues of Economic Integration 36, Issue 1 (1 de fevereiro de 2009): 23–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/leie2009003.
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Recent legal and political science literature has become increasingly critical on the accountability of what are generically referred to as European administrative networks, in which national administrative authorities cooperate with the EU institutions in a myriad of formal and informal ways in the development as well as the implementation of secondary EU legislation. This article deals with two specific regulatory networks – the European Energy Regulators Group (ERGEG) and the European Regulators Group for Communications Networks and Services (ERG). In 2007, the Commission tabled legislative proposals aimed at formalising and strengthening the existing networks in the energy and electronic communications sectors by conferring on them independent agency status. The main aim of this article is to identify the legal and political accountability gaps in the present model of European regulatory networks (ERNs) and the proposed European network agencies. The authors conclude that the creation of the European network agencies will hardly lead to the strengthening of the political and legal accountability of the European regulatory coordination between the national regulatory authorities (NRAs) and the Commission. The authors recommend that the European legislator looks beyond traditional mechanisms to secure political and legal accountability; more attention is urgently required to the creation and detailing of mixed or complementary accountability mechanisms, in which representatives of the European and/or national accountability forums have a secure role to play. In this respect, this article puts forward a number of concrete recommendations to respond to accountability issues arising out of the mixed exercise of European and national powers, such as the creation of a mixed parliamentary commission consisting of members of the European parliament and the national parliaments to monitor the activities of the Commission and the European network agencies.
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Perissi, Ilaria, e Aled Jones. "Investigating European Union Decarbonization Strategies: Evaluating the Pathway to Carbon Neutrality by 2050". Sustainability 14, n.º 8 (14 de abril de 2022): 4728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14084728.
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Despite the rich and extensive documentation provided by European Member States and the European Commission in describing National Energy and Climates Plans and Long-Term Strategy plans, it is still very difficult to evaluate where and how the European Union as a whole has positioned itself on the path to achieving the Green Deal objectives, named the Fit 55% package in 2030 and the achievement of carbon neutrality by 2050. This research aims to fill this gap, proposing a simple but exhaustive semantic scaling methodology that allows, for the first time, a quantitative evaluation of the quality of the National Plans based on European Commission assessments to measure their compliance with the European Green Deal objectives. Results show that Member States have more clearly set the Green Deal targets than the actions to deliver against those targets. Actions, in term of nationals policies and funds administration, are still immature and partially addressed.
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Hollingworth, Alan S., e David M. Wood. "Recent Regulatory and Legislative Developments of Interest to Oil and Gas Lawyers". Alberta Law Review 37, n.º 2 (1 de julho de 1999): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr530.
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This article reviews numerous recent decisions of the National Energy Board, the Alberta Energy and Utilities Board, the British Columbia Utilities Commission and the Manitoba Public Utilities Board pertaining to oil and gas issues. In addition, changes in the national and provincial statutory frameworks governing the oil and gas industry are explored. While the emphasis throughout the article is placed on developments federally and in Alberta, significant decisions and legislative changes in other jurisdictions within Canada are also highlighted.
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Kubatko, V., e A. Pushkar. "SMART POWER NETWORKS FOR INCREASING THE COMPETITIVENESS OF THE NATIONAL ECONOMY". Vìsnik Sumsʹkogo deržavnogo unìversitetu 2021, n.º 3 (2021): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/1817-9215.2021.3-22.
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The article deals with the essence of the national economy competitiveness concept, as well as factors influencing its level, among which an important place is occupied by energy efficiency of the state. Theoretical aspects of the smart grids development are considered, the expediency of their implementation in the context of the national economy competitiveness level increasing is established. A study by reports from the European Commission and the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe has shown that the introduction and deployment of smart grids is one of the priority thematic areas in the implementation of the Trans-European Energy Networks concept. Their use will help to integrate renewable energy sources, optimize the energy market and increase the level of self-regulation of energy use by consumers, as well as to implement the main directions of sustainable development, which today has become an urgent requirement around the world. The ability of smart grids to generate supply and demand information is analyzed, which is important for the integration of an increasing number of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind energy, while maintaining the stability and efficiency of the energy system. To ensure the effective operation of the network, it is necessary to form a vision and organize the further deployment of technology platforms, as well as to integrate intelligent network applications that will support this vision. The article also examines the functional characteristics of smart grids, the benefits of their use, as well as the main issues related to their use. It is established that the main shortcomings of the smart grids introduction are insufficient confidentiality of customers and the level of information security, as well as network instability and lack of flexibility. The functions of smart grids are grouped according to separate paragraphs, their significance for consumers, investors, environment and competitiveness of the national economy is analyzed. In particular, it is determined that they are more intelligent, decentralized and sustainable than modern networks, and their use will improve the economic efficiency, investment attractiveness and sustainable development.
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Lowe, John E., e Jonathan M. Liteplo. "Recent Regulatory and Legislative Developments of Interest to Oil and Gas Lawyers, 2007 — 2008". Alberta Law Review 46, n.º 2 (1 de abril de 2009): 521. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr235.
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This article highlights regulatory and legislative developments during the period of May 2007 through April 2008 that are of interest to oil and gas lawyers. The article primarily examines decisions and other related jurisprudence of the National Energy Board and the Alberta Energy and Utilities Board, the latter of which was split into the Energy Resources Conservation Board and the Alberta Utilities Commission on 1 January 2008. Additionally, the article details policy and legislative developments affecting the National Energy Board and the two new Alberta regulators. Regulatory developments at the Alberta Surface Rights Board and in other jurisdictions are also considered.
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Tosun, Jale, Laura Zöckler e Benedikt Rilling. "What Drives the Participation of Renewable Energy Cooperatives in European Energy Governance?" Politics and Governance 7, n.º 1 (28 de março de 2019): 45–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v7i1.1782.
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What determines the willingness of renewable energy cooperatives (RECs) to strengthen their involvement in politics at the different levels of governments (local/regional, national, transnational)? We address this research question by using data from an original survey distributed to RECs in Germany. The descriptive analysis shows that the RECs are less willing to participate in energy governance at the EU/transnational level than at the national and especially the subnational level. Our analytical findings, first, show that the odds of RECs to participate in governance processes in the future are greater for those RECs that are already involved in such processes. Put differently, we find that engagement in energy governance is affected by path-dependence. Second, participation in subnational governance processes is determined by dissatisfaction with policy decisions taken at that level: the more dissatisfied the respondents, the more likely they are to exert influence in the future. For the Energy Union to realise its aim of incorporating a broader range of stakeholders, the European Commission must highlight the opportunity structure it provides for participating in governance processes.
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Schultz, Nikol J. "Light-Handed Regulation". Alberta Law Review 37, n.º 2 (1 de julho de 1999): 387. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr527.
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This article examines the regulations of pipeline tolls and tariffs. In particular, concepts of fairness, economic rationale, selected Canadian and American case law and the discretion of regulators like the National Energy Board are discussed. The author presents lay aspects of the Westcoast Energy Inc. Framework for Light-Handed Regulation," explains the light-handed regulation of pipeline in Texas and by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission, and concludes with future developments in Canada.
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Smith, L. E., Marie H. Buchinski e And Deirdre A. Sheehan. "Recent Regulatory and Legislative Developments of Interest to Energy Lawyers". Alberta Law Review 48, n.º 2 (1 de dezembro de 2010): 417. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr160.
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This article identifies recent regulatory and legislative developments of interest to oil and gas lawyers. The authors survey a variety of subject areas, examining decisions of key regulatory agencies such as the National Energy Board, the Ontario Energy Board, the Alberta Energy Resources Conservation Board, the Alberta Surface Rights Board, and the Alberta Utilities Commission, as well as related court decisions. In addition, the authors review a variety of key policy and legislative changes from the federal and provincial levels.
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Husain, Tariq. "Pakistan’s Energy Sector Issues: Energy Efficiency and Energy Environmental Links". LAHORE JOURNAL OF ECONOMICS 15, Special Edition (1 de setembro de 2010): 33–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.35536/lje.2010.v15.isp.a3.
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This paper analyzes Pakistan’s energy sector issues and highlights (i) the importance of the link between energy and the environment, and (ii) the central importance of energy efficiency for high return demand-side solutions to meet the country’s energy needs. The paper argues that energy planning should integrate the external cost of energy use in deciding about the composition of supply: coal, oil, gas, hydropower, renewable, nuclear, and solar. By utilizing external cost estimates made by the European Commission for Europe, and the US National Academy of Sciences, a total cost (external + internal) ranking of primary energy sources for Pakistan is estimated. This estimate is at the low end of the cost spectrum because classic pollutants—sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide—in Pakistan are significantly higher than in Europe or the US. The paper also discusses the experiences of China and OECD countries in increasing energy-wide efficiency. A central lesson emerging from the analysis is that Pakistan will have to significantly increase its energy-related research and development expenditure in order to adequately address its energy sector issues. A quadrupling from 0.25 % of gross domestic product is recommended over a decade.
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Yu, Guanyi, e Yueyang Guo. "Development Status and Prospects of Clean and Efficient Coal-fired Power Technology in China". E3S Web of Conferences 118 (2019): 02059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201911802059.
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National Development and Reform Commission, National Energy Administration printed Energy Production and Consumption Revolution Strategy (2016~2030), planned clean and efficient production and utilization of coal industry from three aspects: centralized use of coal, promotion of clean coal utilization, and promotion of green coal production. For the coal-fired power industry, promoting clean coal utilization has become the most important target task for the current and future period. This paper analyzes China’s energy development status in terms of China’s energy, power development and power energy structure. Based on the existing application of China’s clean and efficient coal-fired power technology, we investigated the resource efficiency and environmental benefits of clean and high-efficiency coal-fired power generation, and offered suggestions for the upgrading of China’s energy system at a lower cost.
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Priddle, Roland. "Reflection on National Energy Board Regulation 1959-98: From Persuasion to Prescription and on to Partnership". Alberta Law Review 37, n.º 2 (1 de julho de 1999): 524. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr531.
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In this transcription of his keynote address given at the thirty-seventh annual Research Seminar of the Canadian Petroleum Law Foundation in Jasper, Alberta, Roland Priddle, former Chairman of the National Energy Board provides an historical summary of the regulatory role of the NEB. Starting with Canada s first Royal Commission on Energy, continuing with the energy crisis of the 1970s, through to the deregulation of the 1980s, Mr. Priddle describes numerous events and circumstances which have shaped the NEB's regulatory policies. The origins of the environment in which today's pipelines operate are traced, and the development of NEB's policies to address changing economic and political circumstances is described.
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Dunoma, Yahaya Alhaji, e Baba Isa Sanda Benisheikh. "An Overview of the Electoral Act, 2022". International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science VII, n.º V (2023): 1505–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.47772/ijriss.2023.70615.
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The Electoral Act, 2022 is a legislation meant to guide the Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) while conducting election in Nigeria. It is legal framework regulating the electoral processes in the country including the activities of political parties ranging from registration and merger. This article seeks to examine the Act in an abstract form using doctrinal means to analyse this novel legislation. It is observed that the legislation is perfect for the timing but was not implemented fully by the Commission in particular and Nigerians in general. To correct this anomaly, all stakeholders including the Commission need to put into use all vital provisions to give life to the legislation in all elections to come.
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Fedorenko, Serhii. "Regulatory control over the electricity market in Ukraine: the problem of duplication of powers". Visegrad Journal on Human Rights, n.º 6 (14 de março de 2024): 212–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.61345/1339-7915.2023.6.33.
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The purpose of this article is to substantiate the existence of the problem of duplication of powers in the system of regulatory control over the electricity market in Ukraine and to determine ways to solve it. This research task should be carried out using, first of all, the formal-dogmatic method within the framework of a critical assessment of the relevant legislative provisions, perceiving them being detached from the environment of their application, as well as relying on the method of legal and institutional modeling to outline the organizational and legal contours of the system of regulatory control over the electricity market in Ukraine. Results: the subject matter of regulatory control (supervision) over the electric power industry carried out by the State Energy Supervision Inspectorate of Ukraine covers the production, transmission, distribution of electric energy, energy storage, as well as the use of energy for their own needs by market participants in part of technical operation of power plants and networks, energy equipment, testing and repair of power plants and networks, performance of works on the design of power plants and networks, while the National Energy and Public Utilities Regulatory Commission carries out regulatory control over compliance by economic entities carrying out activities in the fields of energy with legislation in this area as well as with the licensing conditions by conducting scheduled and unscheduled on-site, as well as off-site inspections in accordance with the control procedures approved by this commission. Conclusions: the optimal institutional reform designed to ensure the exclusivity and indivisibility of powers regarding regulatory supervision (control) over the electric power market appears to be the concentration of these powers in the field of competence of the National Energy and Public Utilities Regulatory Commission as an independent market regulator with a complete and self-sufficient complex of control and supervision measures, which can be enriched with the prepared proposals on reforming the procedures of activity of the State Energy Supervision Inspectorate of Ukraine.
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Raboaca, Maria Simona, Nicu Bizon, Catalin Trufin e Florentina Magda Enescu. "Efficient and Secure Strategy for Energy Systems of Interconnected Farmers′ Associations to Meet Variable Energy Demand". Mathematics 8, n.º 12 (7 de dezembro de 2020): 2182. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math8122182.
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Since ancient times, agriculture has been one of the most important resources of national development. At a national level, clean energy is a strategic objective of Romania, in accordance with the EC directive 2016/30.11.2016 (“Clean Energy for All”). At a European level, the European Commission published in January 2019 the “Towards a Sustainable Europe by 2030” strategy, highlighting the strategic importance of the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain technologies. In this context, the synergy between the energy management of a hybrid energy system and blockchain technology, applied to farmers’ associations, represents a priority research direction in the field of information and communication technology, blockchain, and security. This paper presents the integration of the management of the energy produced by photovoltaic panels owned by farmers’ association, to support the variable energy demand (necessary for water pumps, charging stations of the electric agricultural machines, the animal farms, and the auxiliary equipment) based on the IoT, DLT, blockchain technologies and smart contracts applied to farmers associations registered as users of the SmartFarm platform.
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KUROKAWA, Kiyoshi. "Fukushima Nuclear Accident Independent Investigation Commission by the National Diet of Japan ; Its Significance". Journal of the Atomic Energy Society of Japan 55, n.º 3 (2013): 146–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.3327/jaesjb.55.3_146.
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Jerrentrup, Lars, Bastian Lotz, Silvana Tiedemann e Lion Hirth. "Technology-Neutral Auctions for Renewable Energy: EU Law vs. Member State Reality". Journal for European Environmental & Planning Law 16, n.º 4 (6 de dezembro de 2019): 386–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18760104-01604005.
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European Union competition law, intended to thwart subsidies paid out by national governments, plays an important role in shaping EU Member States’ support schemes for renewable energy. The Environmental and Energy State Aid Guidelines 2014–2020, which formalize the European Commission’s take on subsidies in the electricity sector, prescribe technology-neutral auctions as the standard mechanism to determine support levels. In this study, we have assessed the formal decisions of the Commission with respect to technology-neutrality between July 2014 and May 2018. It turns out that 16 out of 18 schemes are not technology-neutral and figure high degrees of technology-differentiation. We have also studied the exemption clauses invoked to justify technology-discrimination, finding that the most ambiguous clause is used most frequently, and that the application and level of scrutiny varies strongly from case to case. The State Aid Guidelines are meant to increase transparency and legal certainty. We find that with respect to technology-neutral auctions for renewable energy, the Guidelines fail to deliver on their purpose.
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Simson, Raimo, Kirsten Engelund Thomsen, Kim Bjarne Wittchen e Jarek Kurnitski. "A Comparative Analysis of NZEB Energy Performance Requirements for Residential Buildings in Denmark, Estonia and Finland". E3S Web of Conferences 246 (2021): 14001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124614001.
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Direct comparison of building energy performance levels between countries is usually not possible due to differences in climatic conditions, calculation methods, primary energy (PE) weighing factors and input data. This paper aims to analyse performance requirements and calculation methodology for residential Nearly Zero Energy Buildings (NZEBs) in Oceanic and Nordic climate zone countries according to European Commission (EC) recommended values, focusing on Denmark, Estonia, and Finland. Performance levels for each country are compared with European Commission (EC) recommended values (EU 2016/1318) using normalization and benchmarking through detailed computer simulations. The study is based on two representative buildings: a Danish single-family house and an Estonian apartment building, both designed to meet national NZEB requirements. The buildings were modelled using national and standardized (EN 16798–1:2019) methodologies, including country-specific climate and input data. The simulated performances were compared with EC threshold values, modified, and re-calculated to meet the NZEB PE targets of each country. To match the recommended energy performance, on-site renewable energy production using photovoltaic panels was increased or decreased accordingly. Results show that Estonian requirements for NZEB fulfil the EC NZEB recommendation. In the warmer, Oceanic climate zone it was however impossible to fulfil EC NZEB even with Estonian NZEB. This indicates that PE recommendations are too strict for colder Oceanic locations, represented in this paper by the Copenhagen climate.
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Laprévote, François-Charles, e Camilla Cozzani. "EC proposed reform of the EU electricity market". European Energy and Climate Journal 11, n.º 3 (29 de setembro de 2023): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4337/eecj.2023.03.01.
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On 14 March 2023, the European Commission presented its proposals for reforming the EU’s electricity market design, supporting hedging and market-based price mechanisms to address volatility of wholesale electricity prices. Besides PPA, energy sharing and forward markets, the reform promotes especially the recourse to two-way CfD to allow the generator for a revenue guarantee for the electricity produced but with an upward limitation when market prices are high. The Commission also announced the probable end of inframarginal cap and recommends revaluing the importance of OPEX, in order to encourage further non-fossil flexibility services for renewable integration. Consumers are also at the centre of the reform with the Commission allowing for limited national price setting intervention, mandatory offer of fixed contract and a designated supply of last resort.
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Farmer, David J., e Layne N. Thiessen. "Recent Regulatory and Legislative Developments of Interest to Energy Lawyers". Alberta Law Review 51, n.º 2 (1 de dezembro de 2013): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr73.
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This article highlights important legislative and regulatory developments of relevance to energy lawyers, including those involving electricity matters and related jurisprudence that arose between May 2012 and May 2013. The authors have reviewed a wide variety of subject areas, including examining decisions of key regulatory agencies such as the National Energy Board, the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency, Alberta’s Energy Resources Conservation Board, the Alberta Utilities Commission, the Alberta Surface Rights Board, the Ontario Energy Board, the Ontario Environmental Review Tribunal, and the World Trade Organization. Additionally, federal and provincial legislation and regulations of significance introduced during this period are canvassed.
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Liu, Chun Chao, Qian Shan Yu e Jian Chun Li. "The Empirical Research on Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction Situation of SMEs in Zhejiang Province - A Case Study of Ningbo". Applied Mechanics and Materials 291-294 (fevereiro de 2013): 1275–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.291-294.1275.
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Our group applies both quantitative and qualitative research methods to survey the current energy conservation and emission reduction situation of SMEs in Ningbo and find out the problems during the implementation process of The Comprehensive Program for Implementation of Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction work and The Notification of implementation of SMEs’ Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction Work from National Development and Reform Commission. Based on the new situation in implementation of SMEs’ work of energy conservation and emission reduction and the research results on energy conservation and emission reduction at home and abroad, our group puts forward countermeasures and suggestions on the implementation of national and provincial laws, regulations, policies and standards on energy conservation and emission reduction of SMEs in Zhejiang Province with the combination of the current economic situation and development trend of Zhejiang province.
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Takase, Mohammed, e Rogers Kipkoech. "An Overview of Scientific Production of Renewable Energies in Ghana". Journal of Energy 2023 (18 de janeiro de 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/7414771.
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Ghana is experiencing an increase in energy demand as a result of increased industrialization activities. Nonrenewable energy sources, such as combustible fuels like petroleum, are the primary source of energy. Nonrenewable energy resources are associated with a number of issues, including environmental pollution. Renewable energy is a sustainable source of energy that is critical to the energy sector and the economy’s progress. Hydropower, biomass, solar energy, and wind energy are among the renewable energy resources available in Ghana. In Ghana, key institutions are responsible for the management and development of energy sources in the renewable energy sector. Among these institutions is the Ministry of Energy, which is responsible for the formulation and implementation of laws and policies, for instance, the Renewable Energy Act of 2011. Volta River Authority (VRA), Ghana Grid Company (GGC), and Electricity Company of Ghana (ECG) are among the institutions under the Ministry of Energy. There are also regulatory agencies established by parliamentary act to ensure that all actors in the sector are working properly. Among these are the Energy Commission, the Public Utilities Regulatory Commission (PUR), and the National Petroleum Authority. Active nongovernmental organisations (NGOs), research institutes and universities, and industry are also involved in renewable energy activities.
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Todorov, Ihor. "Ukrainian-Hungarian Relations in the Context of Ukraine’s Euro-Atlantic Aspirations". Diplomatic Ukraine, n.º XXI (2020): 645–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.37837/2707-7683-2020-31.
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The article examines Ukrainian-Hungarian relations against the background of Hungary’s three-year-long veto on meetings of the NATO-Ukraine Commission. The author outlined the origins and essence of the current conflict between Ukraine and Hungary after the adoption of the Law of Ukraine ‘On Education’ in September 2017. Hungary believed that Ukraine had violated the rights of the Hungarian national minority as well as several international and bilateral agreements. Throughout the years of Ukraine’s independence, the Hungarian ethnic minority in Transcarpathia has enjoyed the internationally recognised right to study in their mother tongue from primary school to university. This conflict is the reason why Hungary has vetoed meetings of the NATO-Ukraine Commission. The law was sent to the Venice Commission for expert legal assessment, but its recommendations did not reduce tensions between Kyiv and Budapest. They still have different interpretations of the opinion of the Venice Commission. The Alliance called on the parties to resolve the dispute bilaterally without taking it to the NATO level, but numerous bilateral talks at the level of foreign ministers, ministers of education, and representatives of national minorities did not bear fruit. Based on an examination of Hungary’s official statements, the author claims that the government is determined to protect the national minority by all legal means at the political and diplomatic levels. The article emphasises that both countries could implement joint projects in the fields of energy, regional security, environment, and combating transnational threats. Ukraine and Hungary are part of one region. Promoting cooperation and maintaining general agreement within its boundaries can significantly expand the capabilities of both countries and give them an opportunity to keep the conflict under control. Keywords: Ukrainian-Hungarian relations, NATO-Ukraine Commission, Euro-Atlantic integration of Ukraine, Law of Ukraine ‘On Education’.
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Lutz, Christian, Lisa Becker e Andreas Kemmler. "Socioeconomic Effects of Ambitious Climate Mitigation Policies in Germany". Sustainability 13, n.º 11 (1 de junho de 2021): 6247. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116247.
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The EU Commission has introduced the instrument of National Energy and Climate Plans (NECP) to better achieve energy and climate policy targets. In Germany, a comprehensive study was commissioned for this purpose. Its methods and main results are presented here. It starts with a set of energy system models that maps the necessary changes in the energy system, together with corresponding measures bottom-up. The results then enter the PANTA RHEI macroeconometric top-down model as scenario inputs to determine the socioeconomic effects. According to the bottom-up models, achieving the target of 55% GHG reduction by 2030 will not be easy. The macroeconomic effects are mostly positive. Driven by additional investment, GDP and the number of jobs will be higher than in the baseline. The construction and service sectors can benefit from energy and climate policy measures. The share of final consumer expenditures on energy in GDP declines by 2030 compared to today. However, the direction and magnitude of the effects are not undisputed in the literature. The results show that ambitious climate policies are possible in Germany, which can also improve the achievement of economic and social goals.
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Beltrán-Velamazán, Carlos, Marta Gómez-Gil, Belinda López-Mesa, Marta Monzón-Chavarrías e Francisco González González. "Comparison of Frameworks for the Assessment of Decarbonisation of European National Building Stocks". Environmental and Climate Technologies 27, n.º 1 (1 de janeiro de 2023): 506–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/rtuect-2023-0037.
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Abstract The European Union (EU), aware that having an energy efficient building stock is crucial to achieve decarbonisation goals and to improve people's quality of life, has established a legislative framework made up of Energy Performance of Buildings Directive (EPBDs) and Energy Efficiency Directive (EEDs) to support Member States’ (MS) governments in boosting energy performance of buildings by offering a broad range of policies and support measures. Since 2014, all EU countries must establish a long-term renovation strategy (LTRS) every three years to support the renovation of their national building stock into a highly energy efficient and decarbonised building stock by 2050, contributing to achieving the Member States’ energy and climate plans (NECPs) targets. The requirement for EU countries to adopt a LTRS was first set out in the EED (2012/27/EU) and was revised in 2018 EPBD (2018/844/EU). With the aim of facilitating the interpretation of the latter directive by the national governments, Commission Recommendation (EU) 2019/786 was published. In this recommendation a voluntary framework based on progress indicators to assess the decarbonisation of the building stock was proposed. Later, in 2021, a proposal for the recast of the EPBD was launched, and in 2023 it was amended. In these new versions, the LTRs are strengthened towards Building renovation plans (BRP). The plans will include national targets in a more unified and comparable approach, and progress will be measured through a compulsory assessment framework based on indicators, among other issues. In this paper, the assessment frameworks proposed in the Commission Recommendation (EU) 2019/786, the proposal for the EPBD recast (2021 version) and the 2023 amended version of the EPBD recast are compared. Additionally, 2020 Member States’ LTRSs are analysed, focusing on the indicators that each one proposes to assess the renovation progress in the country. Finally, the level of alignment between the indicators proposed by each national strategy and by the 2023 amended version of the EPBD recast is evaluated, in order to identify best practices among MS to get closer to the future ‘Building renovation plans’.
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Pitiakov, O. S. "ASSESSMENT OF THE COMPLIANCE OF THE PARAMETERS OF LED LIGHT SOURCES WITH THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE NEW EU COMMISSION REGULATIONS 2019/2020 and EU 2019/2015". Optoelektronìka ta napìvprovìdnikova tehnìka 58 (21 de dezembro de 2023): 102–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/iopt.2023.58.102.
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The results of studies of the energy efficiency and functional parameters of non-directional LED lamps for replacing incandescent lamps, which are supplied to Ukraine as aid for reducing electricity costs for lighting in the residential sector, and their compliance with the new requirements of the Commission Regulation (EU) 2019/2020 on establishing requirements are presented to ecodesign for light sources and Commission Delegated Regulation (EU) 2019/2015 on energy labeling of light sources, which entered into force in EU countries in 2021. In Ukraine, national technical regulations are being developed on the basis of these regulations. The following parameters of LED lamps with a power of 5-12 W were measured: power consumption, power factor, useful luminous flux, correlated color temperature, uniformity of color, color rendering index, short-term indicator of light flickering, indicator of the visibility of the stroboscopic effect, coefficient of preservation of luminous flux after 3000 hours of operation of the lamps and others The maximum power allowed by the Regulation was calculated, which is defined as a function of the declared useful luminous flux and the declared color rendering index, as well as energy efficiency classes in accordance with the requirements of the new energy labeling, the service life of the lamps was estimated according to the experimentally determined coefficient of preservation of the luminous flux and according to the data of the service life declared by the manufacturer. It is shown that most of the parameters of LED lamps entering Ukraine meet the requirements of the new Commission (EU) Regulations and despite the identified inconsistencies among individual manufacturers, there have been successes in increasing the energy efficiency and quality of LED lamps over the last decade. Keywords: Commission Regulations (EU), LED light sources, energy efficiency, functional parameters.
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Huhta, Kaisa. "C-718/18 Commission v. Germany: Critical Reflections on the Independence of National Regulatory Authorities in EU Energy Law". European Energy and Environmental Law Review 30, Issue 6 (1 de dezembro de 2021): 255–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2021025.
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EU energy law requires that national regulatory authorities (NRAs), which carry out key tasks in the energy sector, be independent. Such independence is considered essential to ensure that NRAs’ performance of their tasks is protected from shortterm political pressure, enabling the achievement of the EU’s long-term objectives in the energy sector. However, it also means that there is less oversight over what the NRAs do and how they perform their tasks, which underlines the need for a robust legal framework to ensure their legitimacy and accountability. This article critically assesses the NRAs’ independence requirement in the light of the Court of Justice of the European Union’s (CJEU’s) recent ruling in C-718/18 Commission v. Germany and utilizes the NRAs’ power to fix or approve energy network tariffs or tariff methodologies as an illustrative example of the powers they enjoy in EU Member States. EU energy law, national regulatory authority, independence, network tariffs, electricity, Electricity Directive, Electricity Regulation, legal reasoning
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Oberthür, Sebastian. "Hard or Soft Governance? The EU’s Climate and Energy Policy Framework for 2030". Politics and Governance 7, n.º 1 (28 de março de 2019): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.17645/pag.v7i1.1796.
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This article investigates the stringency of EU climate and energy governance along the soft-hard continuum as a key determinant of its ability to achieve its ambitions. It introduces four criteria for a systematic and differentiated assessment of the bindingness/stringency of legislative instruments and governance frameworks, namely: (1) formal legal status, (2) the nature of the obligations (substantive—procedural), (3) their precision and prescriptiveness, and (4) the means for effecting accountability and effective implementation. The application of this assessment framework to the EU’s Climate and Energy Policy Framework for 2030 in comparison with the preceding 2020 Framework and the international Paris Agreement on climate change demonstrates the added value of this approach. The focus is on regulations, adopted in 2018, regarding greenhouse gas emissions, renewable energy (RE), and energy efficiency as well as the surrounding framework for planning, reporting, monitoring, and enforcement. The EU’s 2030 Framework scores high on the four criteria. Despite implementing the comparatively soft Paris Agreement, it does not fall behind the stringency of the 2020 Framework, as the abandoning of binding national targets for RE is balanced by strengthened obligations to prepare national plans, long-term strategies, and regular progress reports, as well as the enhanced monitoring and supervisory powers of the European Commission. While actual delivery will not least depend on how the Commission will use its established and newly acquired powers and tools, the 2030 Framework reinforces EU interest in strengthening international climate governance under the Paris Agreement.
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Bréchon-Moulènes, Christine. "1988, Année «Marchés publics» ?" Revue française d'administration publique 48, n.º 1 (1988): 75–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3406/rfap.1988.2108.
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1988 : Government Contracting Year. The EEC Commission declared government contracting a priority issue for 1988. Its motives were the alarming cost of ‘Non-Europe’ cited in one survey, and the symbolic value of government procurement as an indicator of the common will to make a success of 1992. This article covers the three types of directives being drafted. The former Capital Schemes and General Supplies Directive involves a straightfor-ward rewrite of the General Supplies text and a true overhaul for ‘Special Capital Schemes’. The second type of directives cover new domaines (water, energy, public transport and telecommunications) with vast economie interests at stake. Under-standably, the Commission is busy building Europe with one eye on the USA and the other on Japan. Lastly, the Recourse Directive opens a Pandora’s box due do the sensitivity of member governments about national sovereignty and to fundamental differences in existing national legal Systems.
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Yin, Shuo, Xing Chen, Shiqian Wang, Zhe Chai, Man Jin, Xingwu Guo e Yao Lu. "Research on Electricity Retail Market Design Considering Renewable Energy Storage Resources". BCP Business & Management 15 (30 de dezembro de 2021): 355–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpbm.v15i.295.
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This research focus on electricity retail market design considering renewable energy storage resources under the background of the National Development and Reform Commission issuing the policy on establishing and improving the consumption and consumption guarantee of renewable energy power. Renewable energy storage resources are the key consideration in the design of current market mechanism problems. This research shows the investment and construction costs of renewable energy storage resources based on the analysis of the electricity retail market. The research results provide practical reference for electricity retail market players to design power retail packages that meet clean energy consumption in a diversified and competitive environment.
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Reuther, Theodore C. "Materials for Fusion Energy". MRS Bulletin 14, n.º 7 (julho de 1989): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400062114.
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Materials research and development specifically for potential application in fusion energy development had its origin in the early 1970s, following the impetus of the 1973 report to the President on “The Nation's Energy Future” by Dixie Lee Ray then chairman of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission. The first scientific conferences on fusion materials took place in the summer and the fall of 1975 at Argonne National Laboratory and at Gatlinburg, Tennessee. Argonne's international conference set a direction for the use and development of irradiation testing facilities for fusion materials which continues today.In his keynote to the Gatlinburg meeting on “Radiation Damage and Tritium in Fusion Materials,” E.E. Kintner, then deputy director of the U.S. magnetic fusion program, spoke directly to the hearts of the materials community:“Materials is the Queen Technology of any advanced technical system. The economics eventually depend upon the materials, the reliability depends upon the materials, and the safety depends upon the materials. I assure you that before we are through with fusion, the physicists will give way to the materials engineers as being the leading lights of fusion.”Kintner spoke from his experience in naval and civilian nuclear power systems, with reference to the special threats of the fusion reactor environment to the integrity of materials, and from practical engineering issues in a broad sense.
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Panait, Daniela Zănescu. "Implementation by Romania of the Energy Governance based on the Integrated National Energy and Climate Plan". Proceedings of the International Conference on Business Excellence 16, n.º 1 (1 de agosto de 2022): 466–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/picbe-2022-0046.
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Abstract The current paper completes the empirical literature on the European Union (EU) climate and energy policy design and evaluation, namely the implementation part related to the development, assessment and approval of the Integrated National Energy and Climate Plans (NECPs) of the Member States (MS) for the period 2021-2030. These strategic documents are foreseen by the Governance Regulation no. EU 2018/1999 as the main tools used to implement the climate and energy policies and targets by 2030. This paper is organized as follows: the abstract gives an overview of the paper and its main conclusions. Section 1 depict the introduction and background about the whole process around NECPs and the main provisions related under the Governance Regulation. Section 2 reviews literature from the perspective of the EU negotiations on 2030&2050 energy and climate targets, legal aspects of climate and energy governance and the process of NECPs development and approval. It also includes a short presentation of the data used for the analysis, including their sources. Section 3 gives an insight about the approval of Romania‘s NECPs by the European Commission. At the same time, this section briefly comments on proposals made by the national authorities and the recommendations using as starting point Romania‘s position in 2014 during the 2030 climate and energy negotiations while taking into account the dynamic of the geopolitical situation to date. Section 4 concludes.
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McGowan, Francis. "Can the European Union’s Market Liberalism Ensure Energy Security in a Time of ‘Economic Nationalism’?" Journal of Contemporary European Research 4, n.º 2 (9 de julho de 2008): 90–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.30950/jcer.v4i2.92.
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The EU’s higher profile in energy policy matters is arguably due to the increased importance of market liberalisation as a policy objective over the last twenty years. Given the EU’s own competences in the internal market and competition policy, the European Commission has accordingly been able to play a more active role in energy policy-making. Moreover it has been active in extending this approach to its energy relations with its neighbours as manifest in the Energy Charter Treaty, the European Energy Community Treaty and bilateral agreements with third countries. The European Commission has been keen to assert the centrality of market liberalisation to its future energy policy and energy diplomacy, notwithstanding the changes that have taken place in energy markets. Given that there appears to be an increased interest in ‘national champions’ amongst both energy exporting countries and at least some EU member states, how far can the EU sustain a strategy of market liberalisation? The article will place current policy dilemmas (and the EU’s role) in the context of a shifting energy policy agenda – essentially from a supply security ‘economic nationalism’ to market liberalism and back again. It then considers how EU policy is adapting to these circumstances and assesses the effectiveness of this response.
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Karastergios, I., A. Gialofas e E. Karabetsos. "NATIONAL OBSERVATORY OF ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS: NATIONAL TELEMETRIC NETWORK FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF HIGH-FREQUENCY ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS IN GREECE". Radiation Protection Dosimetry 188, n.º 4 (5 de fevereiro de 2020): 413–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rpd/ncz301.
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Abstract At the end of 2015, the operation of the National Observatory of Electromagnetic Fields (established in 2012) has started. The National Observatory of Electromagnetic Fields is a network of 500 fixed (480 broadband and 20 frequency selective) and 13 mobile (vehicle mounted frequency selective) measurement stations throughout Greece that continuously monitor the electromagnetic field levels from all kinds of antenna stations in the frequency range 100kHz–7GHz. The results of this national monitoring network, which is operated and controlled by the Greek Atomic Energy Commission (EEAE), are presented through an interactive web portal (https://paratiritirioemf.eeae.gr), in which data are constantly updated with the latest station measurements. This paper presents the operational aspects and the measurement results of the first 3 years of operation (2016–2018). The measurement results revealed that all values were well below the reference levels for general public exposure, as defined by the Greek legislation.
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Charalampidou, Natalia. "Energy Corporations and Their Information Duties Towards State Authorities". European Energy and Environmental Law Review 30, Issue 2 (1 de abril de 2021): 62–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eelr2021007.
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This article identifies the statutory obligations, according to which energy corporations must disclose any information that national authorities and the European Commission deem relevant to their duties under European Law. It then specifies the protection of commercially sensitive information under European Energy Law and Law on Trade Secrets along with the mechanisms that transform this protection from paper into reality. It establishes that the Law on Trade Secrets can be used to draw the line at the authorities’ powers. This is significant, as the information that can be requested by the authorities can, and usually does, contain invaluable information, to the dismay of energy corporations electricity, natural gas, hydrocarbons, data, information, commercially sensitive information, trade secrets
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Simson, Raimo, Endrik Arumägi, Kirsten Engelund Thomsen, Kim Bjarne Wittchen e Jarek Kurnitski. "Danish, Estonian and Finnish NZEB requirements comparison with European Commission recommendations for office buildings in Nordic and Oceanic climates". E3S Web of Conferences 356 (2022): 01017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202235601017.
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Direct comparison of building energy performance levels between countries is usually not possible due to differences in climatic conditions, calculation methods, primary energy (PE) factors and input data. The aim of this paper is to analyse the differences in nearly zero energy office buildings requirements and energy calculation methodology in Denmark, Finland, and Estonia. The study is based on a newly built Estonian office building, designed to meet national NZEB requirements. To account for the climatic differences between the countries a heating-degree-days-based correction factor was applied for building envelope thermal transmittance. NZEB requirements for each country are compared with European Commission (EC) recommended values (EU 2016/1318) using normalization and benchmarking through detailed computer simulations. National NZEB primary energy threshold was needed to be reduced by 7% in Denmark and by 23% in Estonia to meet EC recommendations. At the same time, the flagship reference building, that was better than Estonian NZEB, met both Nordic and Oceanic EC recommendations. Finnish NZEB requirement was not exceeded with any building configuration applied in this study, indicating that Finnish NZEB is considerably less strict compared to Danish and Estonian ones.