Teses / dissertações sobre o tema "Mutations de l'ADNmt"
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Shebanov, Nikita. "Pathogenic mutations of the mitochondrial protein ND5 : the development of novel gene therapy strategies". Electronic Thesis or Diss., Strasbourg, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024STRAJ095.
Texto completo da fonteHuman cells contain multiple copies of mtDNA, which encodes 37 genes. mtDNA is prone to mutations that can lead to diseases severely affecting tissues with high energy demands. We focused on two pathogenic mutations in the MT-ND5 gene,13513G>A and 13514A>G, that alter Asp393, a residue critical for proton translocation during ATP synthesis. Our aim was to evaluate whether CRISPR/Cas12a technology can be applied to human mtDNA. We demonstrated that chemically modified crRNAs improve the specificity of the Cas12a system under physiological levels of Mg²⁺. The specific activity of AsCas12a-fused mitochondrial base editors targeting the ND4 and ND5 genes of mtDNA was shown both in vitro and, for the first time, in the mitochondria of cultured HEK293 cells. We also demonstrated that crosslinked Cas12a and crRNA were imported into isolated mitochondria, showing the potential of crosslink technology in enhancing crRNA mitochondrial delivery
Steffann, Julie. "Etude de la ségrégation de l'ADN mitochondrial au cours du développement embryofoetal humain". Paris 5, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA05N17S.
Texto completo da fonteInherited disorders resulting from mutations of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are serious diseases with a high recurrence risk due to their maternal mode of inheritance. Variability in clinical severity and various multi-tissual involvement result in a large extent from the coexistence of wild-type and mutant mtDNA molecules in various proportions in different tissues (heteroplasmy). Uncertainties regarding the potential variation of heteroplasmy load during human embryofetal development had hampered the development of prenatal (PND) and preimplantation (PGD) diagnostic procedures. Moreover, the restriction of the mtDNA molecule number, through a putative bottleneck at the time of
DEGOUL, FRANCOISE. "Mutations de l'adn mitochondrial dans differentes myopathies humaines". Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991CLF21276.
Texto completo da fonteBousard, Aurélie. "Etude génétique et épigénétique de l'adénocarcinome du rein à cellules claires". Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015EVRY0004/document.
Texto completo da fonteThis thesis is composed of three projects looking to improve molecular characterization and diagnosis of clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC). The first project concern the identification of oncogenic mutations located on active regulatory elements of ccRCC. The use of whole-genome sequencing data of an hundred patients affected by ccRCC and epigenetic data (ChIP-seq and ATAC-seq) from renal cancer cell lines enabled the identification of mutation islands located in these active regulatory elements. Moreover, the use of RNA-seq data highlighted the association between some mutation islands and gene expression changes. One mutation island has been identified on a regulatory element located in the first intron of KIBRA. This gene is a member of the Hippo pathway known to be involved in ccRCC tumorigenesis. This pioneer work in integrating approach of genetic and epigenetic data consists in the first study that describes non-coding mutations located on active regulatory elements identified on a cell type relevant to the study. The second project consists of a study of the molecular alterations of the FGF/FGFR pathway, that is currently the target of clinical assays in ccRCC. It suggests an involvement of the FGF/FGFR pathway activation in ccRCC tumorigenesis and in patient prognosis, partly through the expression alterations of negative regulators of this pathway such as SEF.Finally, the set-up of a ccRCC non-invasive diagnostic test from circulating DNA has been initiated. Hypermethylated biomarkers have been identified and sensible tests based on methylation-specific qPCR have been set up in the third project
Mayeur, Anne. "La prévention des maladies mitochondriales par mutation de l'ADNmt : de la clinique au transfert de pronoyaux". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASL084.
Texto completo da fonteMitochondria have the unique characteristic of possessing their own genome, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), which is exclusively transmitted by the mother through the cytoplasm of the oocyte. Pathogenic mutations in mtDNA are responsible for mitochondrial diseases. Pronuclear transfer (PNT), not authorized in France, is a technique proposed by the United Kingdom since 2016 to replace the mutated mitochondrial genome of a zygote with a non-mutated one. This method remains widely debated internationally regarding its efficacy and safety. The aim of our work was to evaluate the clinical and and technical feasibility of PNT. Our research confirmed that women carrying a pathogenic variant of mtDNA exhibited ovarian response criteria to stimulation comparable to a control group. Through a sociological study, we also showed that this technique received support from the majority of women surveyed, primarily because it maintains a genetic link between a woman and her child. Subsequently, we developed the PNT technique using triploid zygotes (3PN) donated for research, following authorization from the Biomedicine Agency. Finally, we assessed the relevance of using 3PN and demonstrated their limitations in terms of development and chromosomal status, even when diploidy was restored. This work opens up perspectives on the feasibility and acceptance of PNT. Future research is necessary to explore the safety of this technique
Warcoin, Mathilde. "Etudes de pathologies humaines atypiques associées à des défauts de réparation de l'ADN". Paris 7, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA077123.
Texto completo da fonteInherited mutations in genes involved in DNA repair result in two différent pathologies. First, some mutations lead to severe pediatric diseases called "chromosomes breakage syndromes" such as ataxia-telangiectasia, the Nijmegen breakage syndrome and the ataxia-telangiectasia like disorder due to inactivation of the ATM, NBN/NBS1 and MRE11 gene respectively. These syndromes share some symptoms, including chromosomal instability, immune defect, radiosensitivity and a predisposition to cancer. Second, other alterations of some genes of the DlsfA damage repair pathway are responsible for an inherited predisposition to breast cancer. We screened adult and pediatric patients presenting some clinical features of those chromosomes breakage syndromes. In a family of two adult siblings, whose call sign was a hypofertility and an evocative cytogenetic we detected germline biallelic nonsense-mutations of the NBN gene. Hypersensitivity to ionizing radiation similar to that observed in the Nijmegen syndrome was found in these two patients. In a second family, the first case of a mono-allelic deletion of the RAD50 gene was identified in a young woman with isolated mild ataxia. Both genes encode proteins belonging to the MRN complex (MRE11/RAD50/NBN). This complex plays a role in the early response to DNA damage. These original observations demonstrate the existence of a new class of patients mutated in genes involved in the response to DNA damage. These adult subjects without developmental abnormalities, have hypomorphic variants of these genes that result in major defect of the DNA repair. In the context of infertility, cancer predisposition and unexplained hypersensitivity to radio / chemotherapy, abnormalities of these genes must be investigated
Jeanjean, Sophie. "Étude des mutations microsatellites par des approches basées sur l'utilisation de séquenceurs de première, deuxième et troisième génération". Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2025. https://www.biblio.univ-evry.fr/theses/2025/interne/2025UPASL010.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteMicrosatellites are tandem repeat DNA sequences with motifs of 1 to 6 nucleotides, present in nearly all genomes. Their high mutation rate, driving rapid evolution, results in significant polymorphism based on the number of repeats. They are widely used as genetic markers in various biomedical applications. The primary mutation mechanism involves polymerase slippage during replication, leading to contractions (deletions) or expansions (insertions) of microsatellites. This process exhibits directional bias, favoring deletions in prokaryotes and insertions in eukaryotes. The mismatch repair system (MMR) corrects these errors, significantly reducing the mutation rate. Several factors influence microsatellite mutations. Endogenous factors include nucleotide composition, motif size, and repeat number. Exogenous factors include microsatellite size and MMR efficiency. My thesis project aimed to study and characterize these mutations using first-, second-, and third-generation sequencing technologies. It was divided into three main parts. In the first part, I contributed to the development of a method to infer mutation rates, a crucial measure in genetics. This method identifies the genetic model underlying polymerase slippage among 32 considered models. It accounts for deletion and insertion rates up to four repeat unit jumps, with linear or exponential relationships between mutation rates and repeat units. The method was applied to experimental data from in vitro microsatellite amplification via PCR and isothermal methods (RPA), combined with fragment analysis. This revealed significant mutational differences. In the second part, I compared various next-generation sequencing (NGS) technologies to identify the best approach for determining the length of microsatellite alleles. I evaluated library preparation methods for short-read sequencing with Illumina technology, including protocols with or without PCR (“PCR-free”), using 1 to 20 PCR cycles and incorporating molecular barcodes. A PCR-free protocol was used for long-read sequencing with PacBio technology. My results showed that short-read sequencing without PCR is the most reliable approach. Finally, in the third part, I characterized microsatellite mutations based on various endogenous (repeat unit, repeat number) and exogenous (polymerase, temperature) factors. I developed a reporter system using plasmids containing microsatellites combined with capillary and/or NGS sequencing. In vitro studies involved three DNA amplification methods across temperatures from 15 to 65 °C. In vivo studies were conducted in Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae, using wild-type and MMR-deficient strains grown at temperatures from 20 to 45 °C. These studies revealed a modulatory effect of temperature on microsatellite mutations. In conclusion, this work improved microsatellite mutation characterization through innovative mathematical and technological approaches, highlighting a novel exogenous factor influencing their formation in vitro and in vivo
Thèves, Catherine. "Recherche de mutations ponctuelles de l'ADN mitochondrial dans l'os pour une détermination de l'âge". Phd thesis, Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales (EHESS), 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00308590.
Texto completo da fonteTheves, Catherine. "Recherche de mutations ponctuelles de l'ADN mitochondrial dans l'os pour une détermination de l'âge". Paris, EHESS, 2006. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00308590.
Texto completo da fonteIn the present study, we searched to evaluate the most efficient method for detecting low levels of heteroplasmy, determine whether these mutations were really age-related and assess the possible implications of heteroplasmies in anthropological and forensic studies. In first time, in two tissue types, muscle samples and buccal cells, we carried out the sensitive detection and quantification of point mutation A189G with peptid nucleic acid (PNA) and Real Time PCR (qPCR) together. In second time, we worked on bone tissues, on the one hand, from individuals where age was known in forensic identification, on the other hand, from ancient skeletons of the eastern Siberia, where age determination was done using bone indicators. We showed the A189G heteroplasmy accumulation on individuals of 70 years old or more, when age is known, and on identified old individuals by bone indicators. These investigations could be of interest in the detection and interpretation of mtDNA heteroplasmy in anthropological and forensic studies
Legros, Frédéric. "Étude de la dynamique du compartiment mitochondrial et des mutations hétéroplasmiques de l'ADN mitochondrial". Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077109.
Texto completo da fonteLefebvre, Anne. "Le site CpG dans l'ADN : impact possible des variations conformationnelles sur le taux de mutations". Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ECAP0485.
Texto completo da fonteForay, Nicolas. "Cassures double brin de l'adn, cassures chromosomiques et radiosensibilite des cellules humaines". Paris 11, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA11T021.
Texto completo da fonteMerlevede, Jane. "Altérations génétiques et épigénétiques dans la leucémie myélomonocytaire chronique - Modulation par les agents déméthylants". Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015SACLS007/document.
Texto completo da fonteChronic myelomonocytic leukemia is a clonal disorder of the hematopoietic stem cell, affecting mainly the elderly. The only curative therapeutic is allogeneic stem cell transplantation, which is rarely feasible. When transplantation is not an option, patients with a severe disease can be treated with a demethylating agent. Thirty to 40% of these patients show hematological improvement, but it remains unknown if these drugs increase overall survival. Analysis of candidate genes by Sanger sequencing, then by New Generation Sequencing, identified about thirty genes that are frequently mutated. These genes encode epigenetic regulators, splicing factors, transcription factors and cell signalling regulators. However, this approach catched only part of the genetic events that characterize this disease.The first objective of this study was to determine the mutational landscape of CMML cells by analyzing the coding and non coding regions of leukemic cell genome.We first performed whole exome sequencing analysis of leukemic and control cells in 49 patients. These analyses showed that in average, a patient carries 14 somatic mutations in its coding regions. We confirmed that the most frequent mutations were in TET2, SRSF2 and ASXL1 genes. We identified also recurrent mutations in 8 new genes, these recurrent mutations occurring at a low frequency. In average, 3 out of the 14 mutations identified in each patient affected recurrently mutated genes.Secondly, we performed whole genome sequencing of leukemic and control cells in 17 patients. These analyses showed that in average, a patient carries 475 somatic mutations in the non repeated regions of the genome. In both the coding and non coding sequences, alterations were observed to be mainly transitions. As a signature of CMML, two mutational processes were identified in all 17 patients and are found in various other cancer types, most likely resulting from the cytosine methylation observed with ageing. A third process, never seen before and without known significance, was also detected in two patients.We collected several samples from 17 patients on a more than two year period: 6 of these patients remained untreated whereas 11 were treated with demethylating agent, among which 6 showed a stable disease and 5 fulfilled criteria of hematological improvement. These sequential analyses showed that 1) the occurence of new mutations is a relatively rare event ; 2) the genetic heterogeneity of the malignant clone is limited ; 3) the mutation allele burden remains unchanged under treatment, whatever the response ; 4) new mutations can appear, even in responding patients.We selected 9 patients, 3 untreated, 3 stable on therapy and 3 responders. We collected monocytes before treatment and a few months later and we analyzed gene expression and DNA methylation in sorted monocytes at these two time points. We did not detect any significant change in gene expression and DNA methylation pattern in untreated patients. In those who responded to treatment, we noticed significant changes in both gene expression, with about 500 deregulated genes, and the DNA methylation pattern, with about 35,000 demethylated regions. In stable patients, the treatment had a limited effect with changes in the expression of about 60 genes, and in the DNA methylation pattern of about 100 regions. These results show that demethylating agents affect gene expression and DNA methylation of responding patients only, suggesting they have mostly an epigenetic effect rather than a cytotoxic one
Le, Roux Goglin Emilie. "Détection des mutations de /TP53/ et /CTNNB1/ dans l'ADN tumoral ou plasmatique : signification comme biomarqueurs de l'hépatocancérogenèse". Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00194209.
Texto completo da fonteLe, Roux Émilie. "Détection des mutations de TP53 et CTNNB1 dans l'ADN tumoral ou plasmatique : signification comme biomarqueurs de l'hépathocancérogenèse". Lyon 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007LYO10103.
Texto completo da fonteHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is frequent in tropical regions where its diagnosis is late and its treatments are inefficient. Early diagnosis implies identification of HCC specific molecular markers which can be detectable in easily collected samples such as blood samples. In this work, we have studied the interest of mutations in TP53 and CTNNB1 genes as biomarkers for early detection and determination of HCC etiology. On one hand, we have analysed a specific mutation at codon 249 of TP53 gene (Ser249). We have shown that variations in concentration of Ser249 mutation in circulating DNA are a marker of exposure to aflatoxin B1 and hepatitis B virus, and that they may predict hepatocarcinogenesis. On the other hand, we have observed that mutations in TP53 and CTNNB1 genes can occur in the same HCC revealing complex mechanisms integrating the two pathways depending on etiology. Understanding these mechanisms will allow us to determine the value of mutations as molecular markers of HCC
Dally, Andreas. "Analyse cladistique de mutations de l'ADN chloroplastique et phylogénie des riz : section EU-Oryza du genre Oryza /". Bondy : Éd. de l'ORSTOM, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb34991064t.
Texto completo da fonteGARGOURI, ALI FAOUZI. "Recherches sur les introns de l'adn mitochondrial chez la levure saccharomyces cerevisae : mutations, suppressions et deletions genomiques d'introns". Paris 6, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA066195.
Texto completo da fonteNabholz, Benoît. "Dynamique évolutive de l'ADN mitochondrial des oiseaux et des mammifères : Mutation, Sélection et Taille des populations". Montpellier 2, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008MON20115.
Texto completo da fonteThe origin and evolution of mitochondrial genome is fascinating. Currently, it makes up less than 1% of the whole organism genome, but contains some of the most important genes. A particularly intriguing feature of the animal mitochondrial genome is its hypermutability. The first goal of this work is to progress in our understanding of the determinism of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) substitution rate variations by distinguishing between two classical hypotheses of evolutionary biology –the generation time hypothesis and the metabolic rate hypothesis– and an other hypothesis that comes from biomedecine, namely the longevity hypothesis. Using a phylogenetic approach, we obtained lineage-specific mitochondrial mutation rates across more than one thousand bird and mammalian species. This analysis reveals an unexpectedly high level of mitochondrial mutation rate variation between lineages. The bird/mammal comparison and a within-class analysis suggest that this variation could be linked to species longevity through a (direct or indirect) selective pressure reducing the mitochondrial mutation rate in long-lived species. In the second part of this work, we address the impact of natural selection and genetic drift on mtDNA. Recent evidence of positive selection acting on mtDNA (mostly in invertebrates) was used as a starting point. We showed that, contrary to invertebrates species, bird and mammal mtDNA evolution is mainly under purifying selection. Surprisingly, even in the absence of positive selection, population size variations have no effect on mtDNA genetic diversity, but influence the rate of non-synonymous substitutions. This result could be explained by strong stochasticity of population sizes. All these results contribute to increase our understanding of an unusually evolving genome, and also have implications for the numerous users of mtDNA as a tool to reconstruct population and species history
Casane, Didier. "L'adn mitochondrial des lapins. Role des mutations et de la selection dans l'evolution des sequences repetees apport de l'adn ancien a la connaissance de l'histoire des populations". Paris 11, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994PA112371.
Texto completo da fonteEl, Khoury Riyad. "Effets de mutations de la translocase ATP/ADP mitochondriale sur la stabilité de l'ADN mitochondrial et la longévité chez le champignon filamenteux Podospora anserina". Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112093.
Texto completo da fonteIn humans, several mutations in the adenine nucleotide translocase gene ANT1 are associated mtDNA deletions and autosomal dominant forms of progressive external ophthalmoplegia (adPEO). The mechanisms underlying mtDNA instability are still obscure. Two hypotheses are currently proposed. One suggests that pathogenic mutations primary uncouple the mitochondrial inner membrane,which secondary cause mtDNA instability and the second suggest that the primary effect of the pathogenic mutations is the perturbation of the mitochondrial adenine nucleotide pool, which causes increase in mtDNA instability. Using the model system Podospora anserina, I showed that the three adPEO-associated mutations equivalent to A114P, L98P and V289M introduced into the P. Anserina ANT1 ortholog dominantly cause severe growth defects, decreased reactive oxygen species production (ROS), decreased mitochondrial inner membrane potential (∆ψ) and accumulation of large-scale mtDNA deletions leading to premature death. Interestingly, I showed that for the M106P and A121P mutant alleles, the associated mtDNA instability cannot be attributed only to a reduced membrane potential or increased ROS level as it is generally proposed since in can be suppressed without restoration of th ∆ψ or the ROS level. This suppression was obtained by an allele of the rmp1 gene involved in nucleo-mitochondrial cross talk and also by an allele of the AS1 gene encoding a cytosolic ribosomal protein. In contrast, mtDNA instability caused by the S296M mutation was not suppressed by these alleles. These results put also in forward the central role of the genetic background in developing a disease
Colas, Chrystelle. "Conséquences cliniques et biologiques des déficiences constitutionnelles du système de réparation des mésappariements de l'ADN chez l'homme". Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066470.
Texto completo da fonteRieunier, Guillaume. "ATM et régulation du stress oxydatif". Paris 7, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA077107.
Texto completo da fonteAtaxia Telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare disorder inherited in an autosomal recessive manner, characterized by cerebellar ataxia, telangiectasia, immune defect, chromosomal instability, radiosensitivity and cancers predisposition. A-T is caused by biallelic inactivation in ATM gene which encodes the ATM kinase. ATM can be activated by DNA damage and by oxidative stress and coordinates the cellular response to different stress through its roles in several metabolic pathways. We analyzed 3 series of A-T patients bearing ATM missense mutations. Analyses of ATM expression, localization and kinase activity in these patients allowed A-T diagnosis confirmation and raised new questions on the importance of ATM cytoplasmic fraction. Oxidative stress regulation analysis in atypical A-T patients led us to i) describe new active ATM cytoplasmic foci, ii) show ATM interaction with OXR1, an oxidative stress modulator, in these foci and iii) show the importance of this interaction for ROS homeostasis maintenance and for cell survival
Frigola, Rissech Joan 1991. "Determinants of the local mutation rate variability along the genome". Doctoral thesis, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/669530.
Texto completo da fonteLa velocitat a la que les mutacions s’acumulen al llarg del genoma no és uniforme sinó que depèn de diversos factors. Alguns dels més coneguts són l’empaquetament de la cromatina, el moment de replicació o la transcripció. La majoria d’aquests factors creen variacions mutacionals que abarquen grans àrees del genoma, incloent varies megabases. En els últims anys, però, també s’ha identificat variabilitat en el ritme en que s’acumulen les mutacions a escala molt més petita, en regions de poques bases. Aquesta tesi es centra en l’estudi de dos d’aquestes variacions locals en el ritme en que les mutacions tenen lloc. Primer, hem descrit una reducció en el número de mutacions somàtiques en els exons causades per errors de la AND polimerasa, que hem atribuït a una major eficàcia del mecanisme encarregat aquest tipus d’errors en els exons. En segon lloc, hem estudiat com les lesions en el DNA causades per la llum ultraviolada es generen i són reparades als llocs d’unió dels factors de transcripció i hem determinat fins a quin punt cada un d’aquests processos permeten explicar l’inesperat número de mutacions en aquestes regions. La presència d’aquestes variacions locals la velocitat a la que les mutacions s’acumulen al llarg del genoma posen de manifest la dificultat de modelar correctament aquest procés, un procediment central en molts estudis evolutius i de genòmica del càncer.
Aissi-Ben, Moussa Sana. "Caractérisation moléculaire des mutations germinales et somatiques associées au syndrome de Lynch en Tunisie". Lille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL2S001.
Texto completo da fonteGouge, Jérôme. "Etudes biophysique et structurale d'ADN polymérases". Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077087.
Texto completo da fonteIn all cells, the replication step is achieved by DNA polymerases that duplicate genetic information by adding nucleotides at the 3' end of a primer using complementarity to a template strand. The correct nucleotide is chosen after binding in the catalytic site. To get an error rate as low as 10"6 errors/replicated base, polymerases have the ability to degrade the primer strand if a mismatch is incorporated. However DNA is subjected to various exogenous and endogenous attacks so that polymerases are often facing damaged bases or double strand breaks. Depending on the organism they are able to replicate genetic information even if it has been corrupted. In some other cases they stop until DNA reparation pathways come into play. We have conducted structural studies on an archaeal (P. Abyssi) DNA polymerase to order to better understand the discrimination between canonical and deaminated bases. Using a dozen crystallographic structures we have proposed a model that describes how the protein recognizes damaged bases before they enter in the catalytic site. A second part of the work deals with studies of eukaryotic and bacterial polymerases involved in DNA repair. We solved at 2,5 À the structure of a eukaryotic ternary complex that shows new interactions between the protein and DNA. Crystallographic studies two bacterial polymerases recently led to a 3,4 À data set that allowed molecular replacement solution to be found. The SAXS data indicate a new arrangement of the different domains in an open and extended way
Le, Guyader Gwenaël. "Analyse du rôle joué par les protéines de la voie de réparation par jonction des extrémités non-homologues de l'ADN au cours du processus de commutation de classe des immunoglobulines". Paris 7, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA077122.
Texto completo da fonteThe immune System is the site of intense DNA damage. Indeed, DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) are a constant threat to ail living cells. Mammalian cells tend to utilize mainly the non-homologous end-joining pathway (NHEJ) to repair DSBs. Lack of one of the NHEJ proteins (Artemis or XRCC4) leads to a severe combined immune deficiency with radiosensitivity in mammals. Mature B cells migrate to secondary lymphoid organs, where they undergo antigen-driven immunoglobulin-gene diversification through somatic hypermutation and class-switch recombination (CSR). So far, XRCC and DNA Ligase IV are the only proteins required for ail types of NHEJ reactions that have no reported roles outside NHEJ. Therefore, although most available evidence points to a role for NHEJ factors in CSR, elucidation of the role of XRCC4 would provide the most unequivocal proof. To bypass the embryonic lethality and the V(D)J recombination defect of knockout models, we tried to develop four differents strategies to identify the role of Artemis and XRCC4 in CSR. The purpose of one of these strategies was to bring about conditional inactivation of Artemis murine gene in mature germinal center B cells. We found that Artemis-deficient B cells undergo robust CSR, indicating that NHEJ pathway functions mostly in CSR via an Artemis-independent mechanism. To formally implicate NHEJ process in CSR, we built up a strategy of conditional invalidation of XRCC4 gene in mature B cells. Our results connect XRCC4 and NHEJ pathway to CSR while reflecting the use of an alternative pathway using microhomologies in the repair of CSR DSB in the absence of XRCC4
Labalette, Pierre. "La neuropathie optique hereditaire de leber : etude de la mutation en position 11778nt de l'adn mitochondrial et de la liaison au locus chromosomique dxs 7". Lille 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991LIL2M229.
Texto completo da fonteSternberg, Damien. "Contribution à trois aspects de la génétique mitochondriale humaine : étude de transmission de l'ADN mitochondrial lors de fécondations in vitro - caractérisation de mutations de l'ADN mitochondrial dans les maladies mitochondriales et le vieillissement musculaire". Paris 12, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA120010.
Texto completo da fonteMitochondrial genetics is important to consider when dealing with infertility, mitochondrial diseases or ageing. Our work contributes to the clarification of the role and behaviour of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in those three circumstances. First, we studied mtDNA inheritance in children born after a particular in vitro fertilisation technique, i. E. Intracytoplasmic injection of spermatozoon (ICSI). Although the risk of transmission of a paternal infertility-linked nuclear defect by this technique is well known, the possible transmission of the patemal mtDNA had never been addressed by means of highly sensitive detection assays. By using different sensitive techniques, we showed that there was no detectable paternally inherited mtDNA in the peripheral blood of the 27 children who were studied. Second, we aimed at determining the contribution of mtDNA tranfer RNA (tRNA) gene defects to the pathogenesis ofmitochondrial disorders. We set up an exhaustive scanning method to screen ah tRNA genes for mutations, and applied it to a large number of selected patients with mitochondrial disorders. We found numerous sequence variations of those genes, some of them already known to be pathogenic or polymorphie, others being questionable from a functional point of view. We performed an evaluation of each questionable sequence variation by all possible means, and were able to assign a precise significance to most of them. In retrospect, we tried to delineate the best indications for the screening ofmtDNA tRNA genes. Third, we wanted to determine the contribution of mtDNA mutations to the ageing process of human muscle, at a single fibre level. We looked for large-scale rearrangements and tRNA gene point mutations in a large number of fibres defective in cytochrome c oxidase (COX- fibres) activity and an equal number of normal fibres (COX+ fibres) from normal biopsy samples taken from ageing subjects. We detected large scale rearrangements in several fibres. Most interestingly, we detected, characterised and quantified tRNA gene point mutations in several COX- fibres, such mutations being absent from COX+ fibres. We showed that clonally expanded point mutations contribute toageing process in muscle, by a segmental alteration of the respiratory chain activity
Garlan, Fanny. "Nouvelles méthodes de détection de l'ADN tumoral circulant par PCR digitale en gouttelettes : application au suivi des patients". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016USPCB108/document.
Texto completo da fonteCirculating tumor DNA (ctDNA) carries tumor-specific alterations that are detectable by minimally invasive sampling. It represents a highly pertinent marker for cancer monitoring during patients’ follow-up. CtDNA detection requires a highly sensitive and quantitative technique. In this context, this project focused on ctDNA quantification and monitoring by picoliter-droplet digital PCR. Thanks to the compartmentalization in millions of picoliter droplets, this tool allowed the detection of single DNA molecule with a sensitivity reaching 0.001%. Testing of ctDNA was performed through the evaluation of different potential biomarkers: specific mutations, ctDNA fragmentation, and hypermethylation of target sequences. On one hand, we observed in cancer patients that ctDNA is more fragmented than wild-type DNA, and, globally more fragmented than circulating DNA in healthy individuals. On the other hand, a strong correlation between percentages of hypermethylated and mutated DNA was observed during the follow-up of patients. Such results suggest the feasibility to precisely and quantitatively monitor ctDNA by the evaluation of hypermethylation as an alternative to the determination of mutational status. We have applied such ctDNA detection strategies in the context of two clinical studies. The PLACOL study, enrolling 82 metastatic colorectal cancer patients, allowed to highlight two prognostic factors: a ctDNA concentration threshold of 0.1 ng / mL, and the evaluation of ctDNA decreasing slope. In the second study, ctDNA was monitored in 11 melanoma patients in the context of a targeted therapy (vemurafenib). An inverse correlation between the concentrations of vemurafenib and ctDNA was demonstrated. These results suggest the clinical relevancy of ctDNA in advanced cancer patients, for the optimization of therapeutic management
Jagla, Monika. "Etude de l'impact de mutations du domaine de liaison à l'ADN sur les fonctions du récepteur des androgènes dans le cancer de la prostate". Strasbourg 1, 2007. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2007/JAGLA_Monika_2007.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteJagla, Monika Bergerat Jean-Pierre. "Étude de l'impact de mutations du domaine de liaison à l'ADN sur les fonctions du récepteur des androgènes dans le cancer de la prostate". Strasbourg : Université Louis Pasteur, 2007. http://eprints-scd-ulp.u-strasbg.fr:8080/799/01/jagla2007.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteSzalat, Raphaël. "Rôle des voies de réparation des dommages de l'ADN dans l'instabilité génomique observée au cours du myélome multiple". Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC094.
Texto completo da fonteMultiple myeloma (MM) is a malignant hemopathy characterized by clonal proliferation of plasma cells. MM is clinically and molecularly hetereogenous and featured by different subgroups of MM with different prognosis. Various recurrent genomic events including reccurent translocations involving the immunoglobulin (Ig) gene, chromosomal abnormalities and various mutations contribute to MM heterogeneity. While the recurrent translocations the Ig gene gene are considered to occur during the Ig gene rearrangement, the maturation affinity or the isotype switch that are part of the B cell maturation process, the mechanisms leading to the observed wide spectrum of DNA lesions in MM remain largely unknown. DNA damage and repair pathways play an important role in DNA damage response, genome instability and resistance to DNA damage chemotherapies such as alylating agents that remain the gold standard of therapy despite the advent of new and effective treatments that have markedly improved patient’ survival with the exception of high-risk patients that still have short overall survival with a median inferior to 3 years. In this work, we have investigated the mechanisms involved in the complex genomic heterogeneity observed in MM. In particular we used next generation sequencing methods to characterize the mutational processes and the fusion genes landscape in a large cohort of MM patients. In addition, we have focused our genomic analysis on the myeloma subgroup harboring t(4; 14) translocation by studying a group of 58 t(4;14) MM. We identified new potential driver of this poor prognosis MM subgroup including mutations in ATM/ATR, FGFR3 and PRKD2. Finally, we combined next generation sequencing data and a novel functionnal assay to assess the role of nucleotide excision repair (NER) in resistance to alkylating agents. Altogether our data reveal a major role of DNA damage repair processes in the generation of expressed mis-sense mutations, and in resistance to alkylating agents, new markers of genomic instability specific to t(4; 14)MM and new fusion gene. Finally, our results suggest that a therapeutic strategy targeting the NER, and especially the helicase XPB, is potentially efficient to treat MM, and to sensitize cells to alkylating agents. Altogether, our data highlighted the impact of distinct DNA damage and repair mechanisms in MM biology and identified new potential therapeutic targets
Fiche, Jean-Bernard. "Etudes thermiques des puces à ADN par imagerie de résonance des plasmons de surface (SPRi) : vers la détection de mutations ponctuelles". Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10201.
Texto completo da fonteLn the space of one decade, DNA-chips became tools which cannot be ignored in the present scientific context. Placed at the interface between traditional disciplines, th. Ey are currently used for gene expression studies, SNP detection or who le genome analysis. This work uses for the first time surface plasmon resonance imaging coupled with tempe rature control - from 20°C to 80°C - applied to DNA-chip studies. Ln the first part, we study the DNA hybridization process on a solid support from a both kinetic and thermodynamic point of view, assuming the theoretical Langmuir model, ΔH and ΔS parameters are estimated as a function of probes length and show a non-conventional behaviour compared to the theoretical prediction. We assume that it could be due to a lack of accessibility on the DNA-chip surface. The second part is dedicated to point mutation detection using tempe rature scan technique. Our results, obtained with two models (K-ras and Cycline D1), are in good agreement with theoretical predictions in solution and let assume that this method could be applied for SNPs (Single Nucleotide Polymorphism) detection on biological samples. A last application concerns the DNAglycosylase Fpg interactions with damaged DNA duplexes. Two lesions, 8-oxo-guanine and 5',8Cyclo-2'-desoxyadenosine, are used and Fpg enzymatic activity is only detected for the first one using an original thermal method
Solé, Ferré Anna. "Correction of point mutations at the endogenous locus of the mammalian dihydrofolate reductase gene using polypurine reverse hoogsteen hairpins". Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/379822.
Texto completo da fonteAquest treball es centra en l'estudi de pinces de polipurines "polypurine reverse Hoogsteen (PPRH)", i la seva capacitat com eina en la correcció de gens. La reparació d'una mutació puntual en el seu locus endogen ha sigut el principal tema de molts investigadors en les últimes dècades, utilitzant diverses estratègies com per exemple la teràpia de substitució de gens (GAT) i diferents oligonucleòtids de reparació. La fibrosi quística, anèmia de cèl.lules falciformes i la malaltia de Tay-Sachs son alguns exemples de la gran quantitat de trastorns causats per una mutació puntual. En aquest treball, presentem una metodologia de reparació alternativa que utilitza molècules PPRH, desenvolupades en el nostre laboratori inicialment com a eina de silenciament gènic, amb la hipòtesi que també es podrien aplicar com a eina de correcció de gens. Els PPRH son unes molècules d'ADN de doble cadena, formades per dos dominis de homopurines antiparal•eles, connectades per un bucle de 5 timidines, que formen enllaços de Hoogsteen reversos i intramoleculars. Els PPRHs s'han descrit per unir-se eficaçment a la doble cadena d'ADN formant una estructura de tríplex, i han sigut dissenyats tant contra la cadena motlle com contra la cadena codificant de l'ADN. Tenint en compte la capacitat dels PPRHs per formar una estructura de tríplex amb la cadena de pirimidines de l'ADN, en l'estudi presentat aquí volíem explorar la capacitat dels PPRHs per corregir mutacions puntuals. En primer lloc, es van estudiar les condicions in vitro en les que els PPRHs s'unien a la doble cadena de l'ADN i la mantenien oberta, mitjançant assajos d'unió. Tot seguit, hem dissenyat diferents PPRHs reparadors, tot afegint, al nucli del PPRH, una cua reparadora, complementaria a la regió mutada de l'ADN excepte pel nucleòtid que ha de ser corregit. Aquests PPRHs reparadors s'han utilitzat en cèl.lules de mamífer per reparar una mutació puntual en un plàsmid de la dihydrofolate reductasa (dhfr). Per últim, els resultats positius ens van portar a estudiar la capacitat dels PPRHs reparadors per reparar diferents línies cel.lulars que contenien diferents tipus de mutacions puntuals en el gen endogen de la dhfr. A més, també hem desenvolupat un PPRH millorat, anomenat LDR-PPRH, per "Long-Distance-Repair-PPRH", per reparar mutacions puntuals molt distants respecte la seqüència diana del nucli del PPRH. Tenint en compte la possible alta proporció de guanines en una seqüència de PPRH, es va dur a terme una caracterització in vitro d'aquestes molècules per estudiar l'efecte de les guanines en la formació d'estructures secundàries, com per exemple els G-quàdruplex. També es va estudiar la conformació de triple hèlix formada pels PPRH reparadors amb les seves seqüències diana de pirimidines, fins i tot quan el PPRH reparador es plega en una estructura de G-quàdruplex enlloc de en forma de pinça. Com a segona part de la tesi, hem desenvolupat una nova aplicació de la tècnica d'assaig de canvi de mobilitat electroforètica (EMSA), per demostrar la unció entre els miRNAs i les seves seqüències diana. Durant més de dues dècades, la investigació en el nostre laboratori s'ha centrat en l'estudi farmacogenòmic de la resistència al metotrexat (MTX) en la quimioteràpia contra el càncer, per la inhibició del gen de la dhfr. A més de l'amplificació gènica, el nostre grup ha demostrat que molts gens estan involucrats en el mecanisme, així com també hi estan involucrats els micro-RNAs. El miR-224 i els seus gens diana, SLC4A4, CDS2 i HSPC159 van ser identificats per jugar un paper important en la resistència al MTX en cèl.lules de càncer de colon. Per aquesta raó, el miR-224 va ser l'escollit per mostrar d'una manera directa i específica, la seva habilitat per unir-se al gen diana SLC4A4, establint així la tècnica d'EMSA com un mètode senzill i útil per validar la interacció entre un miRNA i la seva diana específica de mRNA.
Baillet, Victoire. "Étude de l’impact mutationnel d’une perte de méthylation de l’ADN chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEE041.
Texto completo da fonteIn both plants and mammals, DNA methylation plays a pivotal role in ensuring proper genome function and integrity, notably through the epigenetic silencing of transposable elements (TEs). However, as spontaneous deamination of 5- methylcytosine (5mC), which can lead to C>T transitions, is more frequent than that of unmethylated C, DNA methylation is also inherently mutagenic. This higher mutability of 5mC has indeed been proposed to explain the depletion in CpG dinucleotides in mammalian genomes, which are typically methylated at these sites except in socalled CpG islands. Despite this well-characterized effect of DNA methylation, we still lack a comprehensive view of its impact on the whole mutation spectrum in any given organism. Here, I take advantage of a population of so-called epigenetic Recombinant Inbred Lines (epiRILs) established in the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana to investigate the impact of DNA methylation on the spectrum of spontaneous mutations genome wide. The epiRIL population derives from a cross between a wild-type individual and a near-isogenic mutation deficient in DNA methylation, and it could be shown that parental differences in DNA methylation are stably inherited for at least 8 generations over >1000 regions across the genome. Building on whole-genome sequencing data available for >100 epiRILs, I performed a thorough characterization of non- TE DNA sequence variants that are either private to one line or segregating in the population, therefore establishing a resource for research groups that make use of the epiRIL population. Based on the pattern of private variants, I show a specific reduction in the rate of C>T transitions in the epiRILs, in line with the heritable hypomethylation in this population. I also describe that the extensive TE remobilisation at play among the epiRILs shapes the spectrum of short insertions and deletions yet does not translate into recurrent large-scale mutation events. On another note, I also present methodological developments aimed towards the identification of causal (epi)variants underlying so-called “epigenetic QTL” (quantitative trait loci) previously described in the epiRIL population
Azaiez, Aida. "Implication des gènes de réparation de l'ADN dans la stabilité du génome d'Arabidopsis thaliana - Étude de l'instabilité des microsatellites". Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18033.
Texto completo da fonteThe present study allowed us to develop a reporter system based on a bacterial gene encoding for β-glucuronidase (GUS), in order to measure microsatellite instability in Arabidopsis thaliana. Microsatellites are particular regions of the genome undergoing frequent mutations during replication. A correlation between length of the repetitive tracts and microsatellite instability was demonstrated. Besides, the orientation of the microsatellite influenced its instability. In two later studies, we have also studied the effect of mismatch repair genes (MMR) on microsatellite instability. Mismatch repair system corrects errors that occur during the replication of microsatellites. We showed that inactivation of AtPMS1 and AtMSH2 genes increased tracts instability, hence the importance of these genes in the maintenance of microsatellite stability and genome stability in general.
Domingue, Olivier. "Induction de répression génétique post-transcriptionnelle de ATMLH1, un des principaux gènes de correction des mésappariements de l'ADN chez Arabidopsis thaliana". Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/22556/22556.pdf.
Texto completo da fonteBarbier, Valessa. "Développement, étude et applications de nouvelles matrices "intelligentes" pour l'analyse automatisée d'ADN par électrophorèse : séquençage, cartographie et diagnostic". Paris 6, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA066388.
Texto completo da fonteGopalan, Nair Rekha. "Déterminants moléculaires de l'adaptation à l'hôte chez la bactérie phytopathogène Ralstonia solanacearum". Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30207.
Texto completo da fonteThe Ralstonia solanacearum species complex (RSSC) is a destructive plant pathogen that infects more than 250-plant species including tomato, potato, pelargonium, ginger and banana. In addition, this multihost pathogen is known for rapid adaptation to new plant species and new environments. In order to overcome this pathogen, it is important to understand the molecular mechanisms that govern host adaptation. The objectives of this thesis were (1) to decipher the genetic bases of adaptation of a RSSC strain to a resistant cultivar, (2) to investigate the potential role of epigenetic modifications in host adaptation and (3) to analyze to impact of the plant species on genetic, transcriptomic and epigenetic modifications in RSSC adapted clones. This study was conducted on clones generated by experimental evolution of GMI1000 RSSC strain after 300 generation of serial passages on the resistant tomato ‘Hawaii 7996’ plant, the susceptible eggplant ‘Zebrina’ and the tolerant plant Bean ‘Blanc precoce’. Competitive experiments with the GMI1000 ancestral clone demonstrated that 95% of the clones evolved on Hawaii 7996 were better adapted to the growth into this tomato plant than the ancestral clone. Genomic sequence analysis of these adapted clones found between 0 and 2 mutations per clone and we demonstrated that they were adaptive mutations. Transcriptome analysis of the Hawaii, Zebrina and Bean evolved clones revealed a convergence towards a global rewiring of the virulence regulatory network as evidenced by largely overlapping gene expression profiles. Two transcription regulators, HrpB, the activator of the type 3 secretion system regulon and EfpR, a global regulator of virulence and metabolic functions, emerged as key nodes of this regulatory network that were frequently targeted by either genetic or potential epigenetic modification affecting their expression. Significant transcriptomic variations were also detected in evolved clones showing no mutation, suggesting a potential role of epigenetic modifications in adaptation. Comparison of the DNA methylation profiles between the evolved clones and the ancestral clone revealed between 13 and 35 differentially methylated regions (DMRs). No impact of the host plant on the list of DMRs appeared. Some of these DMRs targeted genes that were identified to be differentially expressed between the evolved clones and the ancestral clone. This result supported the hypothesis that epigenetic modifications regulate gene expression and could play a major role in RSSC adaptation to new host plants
Raffour-Millet, Armêl. "Identification du mécanisme impliqué dans la formation de délétions de l'ADN mitochondrial : cas de la "Common Deletion"". Thesis, Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017MNHN0017/document.
Texto completo da fonteMitochondria is an essential organelle with its own circular DNA. This DNA may exhibit mutations and/or deletions, as a result of exposure to different types of damage or due to mutated proteins. These mutations or deletions are involved in many pathologies, including cancers, and aging. They may occur during replication or repair. For now, mitochondrial replication and repair have not yet been fully elucidated. The objective of this project is therefore to better understand the mechanisms and the emergence of anomalies by focusing on a deletion called "Common Deletion". This work was based on the assumption that this deletion could result from poor repair of double-strand break(s) and/or error during mitochondrial DNA replication. Analysis of these results reveals that the formation of the "Common Deletion" requires only a single double-strand break close to the repeated sequences surrounding the latter and involves the proteins of mitochondrial DNA replication. Thus, this work makes it possible to better understand the mechanisms of replication and repair ensuring the stability of mitochondrial DNA. A second project was to propose an in vitro model for topoisomerases using DNA minicircles allowing visualization of the covalent complex, a key step in the relaxation reaction of these enzymes
Koch, Nathalie. "Séquençage des gènes pol et env du VIH-1 pour le suivi virologique des patients infectés : optimisation et validation des techniques de séquençage de l'ARN viral et de l'ADN proviral". Aix-Marseille 2, 2000. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2000AIX20666.pdf.
Texto completo da fontePAUMARD, RIGAL SOLANGE. "Etude genetique et biochimique des variations de l'adn ribosomal du chromosome x chez la souche oregon r de drosophila melanogaster". Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077135.
Texto completo da fonteBellocq-Goncalves, Delphine. "Etude sur modèle murin de la bioactivation métabolique des amines aromatiques hétérocycliques par les cellules épithéliales coliques mutées ou non sur le gène Adenomatous polyposis coli (Apc)". Toulouse 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008TOU30049.
Texto completo da fonteHeterocyclic aromatic amines (HAA) are formed in cooked red meat and fish and are considered as potent promoting dietary factors of colon carcinogenesis. Role of intestine cells in HAA bioactivation is not yet fully explained. Loss of function of the Adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) gene product is an early and frequent event in human colorectal carcinogenesis. Normal (Apc+/+) and premalignant (ApcMultiple intestinal neoplasia (Min)/+) mouse colonic epithelial cells allow to study carcinogenesis promotion, but were not characterized for bioactivation of HAA. The overall goal of this work was to characterize the metabolic bioactivation potential towards three HAA, i. E. PhIP, MeIQx and IQ in these colonic cell lines. ApcMin/+ cells when induced by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) produce significantly higher amount of HAA reactive metabolites than Apc+/+ cells. Parallel RT-qPCR experiments demonstrate that induction by TCDD has prevailing effects in gene expression of CYP1A1, CYP1A2 and CYP1B1 in ApcMin/+ cells. So, a more important metabolic HAA bioactivation potential measured in ApcMin/+ cells can be linked to a higher probability to generate in situ new mutations. After transfection of Apc+/+ and ApcMin/+ cells with human CYP1A2 gene, we have shown that mRNA and protein levels, and also a CYP1A2-related activity were increased in mutated cells. These results indicate that mutation of Apc gene leads to a co-ordinated dysregulation of CYPs expression in mouse colon epithelial cells. A possible link between the aryl hydrocarbon receptor, a main actor in the regulation of CYP1 family expression, with the Apc gene, a main actor of the Wnt/ß-catenin pathway may exist. This disrupted expression of CYP1 members in connection with the mutation of Apc may be of great importance in colorectal carcinogenesis
Touat, Mahdi. "Mécanismes et implications thérapeutiques de l'hypermutation dans les gliomes Mechanisms and Therapeutic Implications of Hypermutation in Gliomas Mismatch Repair Deficiency in High-Grade Meningioma: A Rare but Recurrent Event Associated With Dramatic Immune Activation and Clinical Response to PD-1 Blockade Buparlisib in Patients With Recurrent Glioblastoma Harboring Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase Pathway Activation: An Open-Label, Multicenter, Multi-Arm, Phase II Trial Hyman DM. BRAF Inhibition in BRAFV600-Mutant Gliomas: Results From the VE-BASKET Study Glioblastoma Targeted Therapy: Updated Approaches From Recent Biology Successful Targeting of an ATG7-RAF1 Gene Fusion in Anaplastic Pleomorphic Xanthoastrocytoma With Leptomeningeal Dissemination Ivosidenib in IDH1-Mutated Advanced Glioma". Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASL071.
Texto completo da fonteHigh tumor mutational burden (hypermutation) is observed in some gliomas; however, the mechanisms by which hypermutation develops and whether it predicts chemotherapy or immunotherapy response are poorly understood. Mechanistically, an association between hypermutation and mutations in the DNA mismatch-repair (MMR) genes has been reported in gliomas, but most MMR mutations observed in this context were not functionally characterized, and their role in causing hypermutation remains unclear. Furthermore, whether hypermutation enhances tumor immunogenicity and renders gliomas responsive to immune checkpoint blockade (e.g. PD-1 blockade) is not known. Here, we comprehensively analyze the clinical and molecular determinants of mutational burden and signatures in 10,294 gliomas, including 558 (5.4%) hypermutated tumors. We delineate two main pathways to hypermutation: a de novo pathway associated with constitutional defects in DNA polymerase and MMR genes, and a more common, post-treatment pathway, associated with acquired resistance driven by MMR defects in chemotherapy-sensitive gliomas recurring after temozolomide. Experimentally, the mutational signature of post-treatment hypermutated gliomas (COSMIC signature 11) was recapitulated by temozolomide-induced damage in MMR-deficient cells. While MMR deficiency was associated with acquired temozolomide resistance in glioma models, clinical and experimental evidence suggest that MMR-deficient cells retain sensitivity to the chloroethylating nitrosourea lomustine. MMR-deficient gliomas exhibited unique features including the lack of prominent T-cell infiltrates, extensive intratumoral heterogeneity, poor survival and low response rate to PD-1 blockade. Moreover, while microsatellite instability in MMR-deficient gliomas was not detected by bulk analyses, single-cell whole-genome sequencing of post-treatment hypermutated glioma cells demonstrated microsatellite mutations. Collectively, these results support a model where differences in the mutation landscape and antigen clonality of MMR-deficient gliomas relative to other MMR-deficient cancers may explain the lack of both immune recognition and response to PD-1 blockade in gliomas. Our data suggest a change in practice whereby tumor re-sequencing at relapse to identify progression and hypermutation could inform prognosis and guide therapeutic management
Grandval, Philippe. "Caractérisation des variations génétiques constitutionnelles de signification inconnue dans le syndrome de Lynch". Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AIXM5004/document.
Texto completo da fonteLynch syndrome is a frequent cancer predisposition with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance and caused by heterozygous germ line mutations in one of the major DNA mismatch repair (MMR) genes (MLH1, MSH2 and MSH6). For 20 years, the French laboratories network involved in Lynch syndrome identified a total of 6687 variations. Among them, 707, mainly missense variations, remained variants of uncertain significance (VUS), thus could not be used for reliable genetic counseling. The aim of our study was to develop an algorithm able to classify VUS, according to the international consensus (IARC). This algorithm was constructed based on criteria usually required for genetic characterization such as in silico analysis, phenotypical data (segregation, Amsterdam criteria's), MMR status in tumor cells, functional assays, splicing analyses and published data. Data were registered in the French database. As a result of this work, we were able to classify 370 variants of the 707 (52,3%). As part of this work, we also analyzed phenotypical data of patients with Lynch syndrome and showed that breast cancer can definitively be excluded from the spectrum of Lynch-related cancers, and that EPCAM mutations, which may lead to Lynch syndrome, are associated with a very low incidence of endometrial cancer and have probably to be considered as an allelic disease with specific clinical recommendations
Fleury, Hubert. "Implication des inhibiteurs de PARP dans le cancer de l’ovaire". Thèse, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/20221.
Texto completo da fonte